Test on topic 1 Russian revolution. My exam
The revolution of 1917 became a turning point, which largely predetermined the course of not only Russian but also world history.
Attention! There is no consensus in the historical literature about the number of revolutions in Russia in 1917. According to the prevailing concept, two revolutions took place in Russia - the February and the October. In recent years, the approach has become widespread, according to which in 1917 there was one revolution - the Great Russian Revolution of 1917, in which two stages are distinguished - the February and October events.
February Revolution of 1917
Causes of the February Revolution:political crisis:
- frequent changes in the composition of the government ("ministerial leapfrog") due to the inability of ministers to organize the life of the country in wartime conditions;
- the fall of the authority of the emperor, including in connection with the fact that G. E. Rasputin was surrounded by the imperial family (Rasputinism) and with the defeats of the Russian army in the First World War in conditions when, from August 1915, Emperor Nicholas II himself was the Supreme Commander;
- the preservation of autocracy, the exclusion of representatives of other classes, except for the nobility (the military-industrial committees created by the bourgeoisie to organize economic life in war conditions, did not receive any real rights);
- confrontation between the State Duma and the government, the emperor refused to create a government responsible to the State Duma;
economic crisis:
- reduction of arable land in connection with mass mobilization into the army and a reduction in production in agriculture;
- reduction of industrial production, closure of industrial enterprises due to the inability to deliver raw materials and fuel;
- rising prices for goods (inflation);
- unresolved land issue.
social crisis:
- deterioration of the material situation of workers;
- unresolved work issue;
- the introduction of a rationing system due to the inability of the authorities to ensure the supply of food to the cities in the required quantity;
- fatigue of the population from the war;
- the growing contradictions between the various estates of the Russian Empire.
The main tasks of the revolution:
- the overthrow of the autocracy;
- Russia's withdrawal from the war and the conclusion of a democratic peace;
- the solution of the agricultural problem.
As a result of the February Revolution, on March 2, 1917, Nicholas II abdicated in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, who on March 3 announced that he did not accept the throne and that the question of the future of the monarchy in Russia should be decided by the Constituent Assembly. In Russia, new state administration bodies have been created and a dual power: the Provisional Government and the Soviets claimed the role of all-Russian power. The Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies formally recognized the authority of the Provisional Government, but stated that the orders of the Provisional Government could be carried out only after approval by the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. In addition, in the spring and summer of 1917, local governments were created in various regions - the Central Rada in Ukraine, the Mountain Government in the North Caucasus, etc.
The main activities of the Provisional Government:
- proclaimed political rights and freedoms (speech, press, unions, meetings and strikes);
- all class, national and religious restrictions have been abolished;
- the death penalty has been abolished;
- abolished censorship;
- carried out a complete and immediate amnesty for all political and religious matters;
- the police were replaced by the people's militia with elected authorities subordinate to local governments;
- arrested Nicholas II and the ministers of the tsarist government;
- An Extraordinary Commission was created to investigate the illegal actions of the tsarist government;
- an agreement was concluded with the Society of Manufacturers on the introduction of an 8-hour working day;
- proclaimed the principle of inviolability of private property.
Crises of the Provisional Government
The provisional government failed to resolve the main issues of Russian life in 1917. The government's decision to continue the war did not correspond to the mood of the main part of the population. The declarations of the ministers of agriculture on the need for a fair solution of the land issue came into conflict with the proclamation of the inviolability of private property, which outlawed the mass seizures of landed estates by peasants in the spring of 1917. The solution of the question of the political structure of the state was delayed. Russia was proclaimed a republic only on September 1 after a military mutiny led by L. G. Kornilov. Active preparations for the elections to the Constituent Assembly began only in August. And the elections themselves were held in November 1917 after the overthrow of the Provisional Government.
The inability of the Provisional Government to solve the acute problems facing the country, taking into account the prevailing sentiments in society, and to lead the country out of the crisis became cause of his fall.
October Revolution
Preparation of the Bolsheviks to seize power. The course towards a socialist revolution was proclaimed by the leader of the Bolsheviks V. I. Lenin in April 1917 after his return from exile in the April Theses. But then he did not receive support, including among other leaders of the Bolshevik Party, since he did not correspond to the Marxist theory accepted among the Russian Social Democrats, according to which a socialist revolution could only take place in a country with highly developed capitalism. In Russia, the capitalist system of relations was still in the formative stage and had not fully established itself.The slogan put forward by V. I. Lenin “All power to the Soviets!” did not receive support in the Soviets themselves, representative bodies of public power, which in the spring and summer of 1917 were headed by representatives of the Menshevik Party. After the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets in June and the dispersal of anti-government demonstrations in Petrograd on July 3-4, 1917, the Bolsheviks at the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b) set a course for preparing an armed uprising. The slogan "All power to the Soviets!" was temporarily removed. In late summer and early autumn, the Bolsheviks seek re-elections of the Soviets, and by autumn they take the Soviets under their control in both capitals and in large industrial centers of Russia.
V. I. Lenin in the articles “The Bolsheviks Must Take Power”, “Marxism and Insurrection”, “Advice from an Outsider”, etc. theoretically substantiated the possibility of the seizure of power in Russia by the socialist party.
Organizational preparation the uprising was carried out in October 1917: on October 10 and 16, the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) adopted resolutions on an armed uprising, on October 12 a military revolutionary committee (MRC) was created to protect Smolny (Bolshevik headquarters) from counterrevolution, on October 16 a Military Revolutionary Committee was created center (VRTs), which became part of the VRC, to prepare the seizure of power.
On October 24, 1917, the Petrograd garrison went over to the side of the Military Revolutionary Committee. Detachments of the Red Guard, soldiers and sailors capture the key points of the capital - railway stations, post office, telegraph, etc.
On the evening of October 25, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets begins its work, at which representatives of the RSDLP (b) had a majority. On the night of October 25-26, the ministers of the Provisional Government were arrested, after which the congress adopted an appeal to "Workers, soldiers and peasants!" on the transfer of power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.
The Congress of Soviets adopted the first decrees of the Soviet government:
- Decree on peace, calling on the warring countries to stop hostilities and start negotiations on a democratic peace without annexations and indemnities;
- Decree on land, announcing the nationalization of the land and its transfer to the peasants;
- Decree on power, which created the first Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by V. I. Lenin.
L. B. Kamenev was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) - the body that exercised legislative power between congresses.
The Bolsheviks did not refuse to hold elections in Constituent Assembly. The demand for the convocation of the Constituent Assembly was contained in the programs of all political parties opposed to the autocracy. The idea of a constituent assembly was popular among the population. Elections were held on November 12 and 19, 1917. The Bolsheviks received 24.5% (175 out of 715) of the deputy seats. The Constituent Assembly opened on January 5, 1918. After the deputies refused to approve the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People", i.e., to recognize, in this way, the power over themselves of the Soviets, the Bolshevik faction left the meeting room. On the evening of January 5, the meeting was dispersed by revolutionary-minded soldiers and sailors (sailor A. G. Zheleznyak announced to the deputies: “The guard is tired!” and asked to leave the premises). On the night of January 6-7, the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was adopted. After working for 1 day, the Constituent Assembly in Russia ceased to exist. The deputies who disagreed with the decision of the Soviet government created in the summer of 1918 in Samara the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), dispersed in December 1918 by the Supreme Ruler A. V. Kolchak.
Social policy of the Bolsheviks in the first years of Soviet power:
- the prohibition of all opposition publications (October 27, 1917);
- the introduction of an 8-hour working day (October 29, 1917);
- adoption of the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia" (November 2, 1917);
- adoption of the Decree on civil marriage (December 18, 1917);
- adoption of the "Declaration of the rights of the working and exploited people" (January 3, 1918);
- Proclamation of freedom of conscience, separation of church from state and school from church (January 20, 1918);
- adoption of decrees that abolished the estate system, ranks, titles and awards that existed in the Russian Empire;
- Adoption of the Labor Code in December 1918
Economic policy in the first years of Soviet power.
Two stages are distinguished in economic policy - the Red Guard attack on capital (October 1917 - spring 1918) and the policy of war communism (mid-1918 - March 1921).
During " Red Guard attack on capital»:
- banks were nationalized;
- all industry, transport and communications were nationalized;
- the state monopoly of foreign trade was introduced;
- in the course of the implementation of the Decree on Land and the "Basic Law on the Socialization of Land" of February 9, 1918, landowners', church and all privately owned lands were confiscated, an equalizing redistribution of peasant allotments was carried out;
- food dictatorship introduced on May 13, 1918
Politics of war communism was an attempt to directly introduce the communist principles of production, distribution and consumption, which, in the conditions of the outbreak of civil war, was accompanied by emergency measures.
Measures of war communism:
- accelerated nationalization of industry;
- abolition of private property,
- centralized management of the economy;
- prohibition of free trade;
- introduction of surplus appropriation;
- prohibition of land lease;
- prohibition of the use of hired labor both in industry and in agriculture;
- an attempt to introduce direct product exchange between the city and the countryside;
- introduction of equal pay;
- naturalization of wages (ration system);
- the introduction of labor service;
- militarization of labor (forced mobilization into labor armies);
- cancellation of payment for housing, utilities, transport, postal services.
The policy of war communism aroused dissatisfaction among the country's population and led in 1920 - early 1921 to an acute social and political crisis and mass demonstrations against the Bolsheviks. The largest are the uprising of peasants in the Tambov province (Antonovshchina), the uprising of workers in Astrakhan, workers' strikes in Petrograd, the uprising of sailors in Kronstadt. What forced the leadership of the Bolshevik Party in March 1921 to abandon war communism and move on to the New Economic Policy. The call made in the Decree on Peace of October 26, 1917 to all the belligerents to stop hostilities and start peace negotiations without annexations and indemnities was not supported by the Entente countries. The Soviet government at the end of November 1917 begins separate negotiations with Germany in BrestLitovsk. Among the leaders of the Bolsheviks there was no unity on the question of the war. The "Left Communists" (N. I. Bukharin) advocated the continuation of the revolutionary war. L. D. Trotsky put forward the slogan "No war, no peace", hoping in many respects for the beginning of a world socialist revolution, which would remove the very problem of war. V. I. Lenin, in the conditions of the actual decomposition of the old tsarist army and the inability of the Red Guard detachments to resist the regular army of Germany, advocated making peace at any cost.
The Soviet delegation at the talks adopted the tactic of dragging out the negotiations as much as possible. But in February 1918, Germany issued an ultimatum and launched an offensive along the entire front. On March 3, 1918, the Soviet government was forced to sign a peace treaty on difficult conditions for Russia: the loss of the western territories, the payment of indemnities, the loss of the fleet, etc.
Russian Civil War
Causes of the Civil War:- exacerbation of socio-economic and political contradictions in the country as a result of the change of power;- the economic policy of the Bolsheviks, primarily nationalization and the abolition of private property;
- dispersal of the Constituent Assembly and the collapse of the democratic alternative for the development of the country;
- rejection of the Brest peace;
- the dominance in society of a psychological attitude towards confrontation and the solution of issues of political life by force;
- lack of democratic experience in finding a political and social compromise between various political forces and social strata.
Attention! In the historical literature, there are different points of view on the start of the Civil War in Russia - February 1917 (overthrow of the autocracy), October 1917 (seizure of power by the Bolsheviks), May 1918 (mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps in Russia), July 1918. (uprising of the Left SRs against the Bolsheviks).
The most common dating of the Civil War is 1918–1922. Two stages are distinguished in the Civil War - the Great War of 1918–1920, which ended with the cessation of hostilities in the European part of Russia after the defeat of the army of P. N. Wrangel in the Crimea, and the Small War of 1920–1922, during which anti-Bolshevik forces and foreign the invaders were defeated in Siberia and the Far East.
Main opposing forces:
- Bolsheviks (Red Army);
- White movement, which means a combination of anti-Bolshevik forces of different political orientations - monarchists, Cossacks, Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, etc.;
- "green" (anarchist chieftains Zeleny, Makhno, etc.);
- national movements of various peoples who advocated separation from Russia.
The Russian Civil War was accompanied by foreign intervention involving Germany, Great Britain, France, the United States, and Japan.
Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks:
- the nationalization of land and the abolition of estate privileges ensured the support of the Soviet government from a significant part of the population;
- centralization of management, mobilization of all resources to achieve victory - the transformation of the country by the Bolsheviks into a single "military camp";
- successful national policy;
- the cementing role of the Bolshevik Party;
- the use of contradictions in the ranks of opponents who lacked military, ideological, political and social unity;
- the successes of the Bolsheviks in state building.
Please help me to solve the test, I will be sooooo grateful!!!
Revolution 1905-1907
1. What was the cause of the first Russian revolution?
1) lack of political rights and freedoms among the population
2) strengthening serfdom
3) the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war
4) the assassination of Nicholas II.
2. What event in the course of the first Russian revolution occurred later than others?
1) the formation of the first Council of Workers' Deputies
2) all-Russian October strike
3) dissolution of the II State Duma
4) the formation of the party "Union of the Russian people".
3. What did the first Russian revolution lead to?
1) to the destruction of autocracy
2) to the liquidation of the peasant community
3) to the creation of representative legislative bodies of power
4) to the granting of independence to Poland and Finland.
4. What was the task of the first Russian revolution:
1) the elimination of serfdom
2) the destruction of the remnants of feudal fragmentation,
3) cancellation of the terms of the Paris Peace,
4) the destruction of landownership.
5. What ideas and requirements were included in the program of the Union of the Russian people?
1) Establishment of a constitutional monarchy
2) preservation and strengthening of autocratic power
3) Russia for Russians
4) convocation of the State Duma
6. The abolition of private ownership of land without redemption, turning it not into state property, but into public property without the right to buy and sell, was the demand of the party
1) cadets
2) Socialist-Revolutionaries
3) RSDR
4) Octobrists
7. An armed uprising in Moscow happened
1) in December 1905
2) in October 1905
3) in December 1906
4) in September 1905
8. The manifesto of October 17 was called:
1) "On the improvement of state supervision"
2) "On granting democratic rights and freedoms"
3) "On changing the regulation on elections to the State Duma"
4) "On the improvement of the state order"
9. What principles formed the basis of the Russian electoral system?
1) direct participation in the elections of the entire population
2) equal participation in the elections of the entire population;
3) curial system of elections
4) a multi-stage system of elections
10. The result of the strike of textile workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk was:
1) the appearance of the first Council in the country
2) restoring the autonomy of universities
3) issuance of a decree on elections to the First Legislative Duma
4) creation of the Workers' Liberation Union
11. In the First State Duma, the most numerous faction was:
1) Trudoviks
2) monarchists
3) cadets
4) RSDLP
12. Which provision does not correspond to the content of the Manifesto of October 17
1) cancellation of redemption payments
2) freedom of speech, press
3) universal suffrage
4) creation of the State Duma
13. Which party was in favor of reforms from above and the preservation of the title of "autocrat"
1) cadets
2) Union of the Russian people
3) RSDLP
4) Octobrists
14. What did the first Russian revolution lead to?
1) to the liquidation of the monarchy
2) to the destruction of communal land ownership,
3) to the establishment of an 8-hour working day
4) to the establishment of democratic rights and freedoms.
What was the reason for the dissolution of the First State Duma?
1) the revolutionary mood of the deputies of the Duma
2) the establishment of a military dictatorship in the country
3) the refusal of the Duma to adopt the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People
4) expiration of the term of its activity established by law
Explanation.
The reason for the dissolution of the First State Duma in July 1906 was the revolutionary mood of the deputies, who were in opposition to the government.
Answer: 1
What was the consequence of the events known as "Bloody Sunday"?
1) the creation of the Supreme Administrative Commission
2) the beginning of the Russo-Japanese war
3) the collapse of the faith of the workers "in the good king-father"
4) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
Explanation.
"Bloody Sunday" - the execution by the tsarist troops of a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg on January 9, 1905 - led to the collapse of the workers' faith "in the good tsar-father", dispelled the monarchical moods of the workers.
Answer: 3
Disagreements led to the split of the Russian Social Democrats into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903
1) about the program and charter
2) on participation in the activities of the State Duma
3) about the overthrow of the autocracy
4) participation in the Congress of the Second International
Explanation.
The split of the Russian Social Democrats into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903 was caused by disagreements about the program and rules at the Second Congress of the RSDLP. As a result, in the elections to the central bodies of the party, Lenin's supporters received the majority of votes and began to be called Bolsheviks, Martov's supporters remained in the minority, and they were called Mensheviks.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
1) limiting the legislative power of the king
2) nationalization of the landed estates
4) the decision of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to stop fighting the government
Explanation.
The consequences of the publication of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905 include the establishment in Russia of the State Duma - an elected legislative representative body of power. That is, there was a restriction of the legislative power of the king.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
What are the reasons for the defeat of the Russian army in the Russo-Japanese War?
1) economic and military-technical backwardness of Russia
2) commissioning of the Trans-Siberian Railway
3) dissolution of the First State Duma
4) activities of the Entente
Explanation.
The reason for the defeat of the Russian army in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904−1905. was the economic and military-technical backwardness of Russia. The war ended with the signing of the infamous Peace of Portsmouth.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
The defeat of the Russian fleet at Tsushima in 1905 was caused
1) the presence of the US Navy in the Far East
2) the military-technical backwardness of the Russian fleet
3) the intervention of foreign diplomacy
4) a strike of the lower ranks of the ship's staff
Explanation.
The defeat of the Russian fleet at Tsushima in 1905 was caused by the military-technical backwardness of the Russian fleet, as well as the economic backwardness of Russia from European countries and Japan. Ostr raised the question of modernizing the Russian army and navy.
Answer: 2
Russia's failures in the First World War were caused by
1) Germany's international support
2) a crisis in the supply of the army
3) an agreement on mutual assistance in case of hostilities with Serbia
4) the creation of the Triple Alliance
Explanation.
Russia's failures in the First World War were caused by a crisis in the supply of the Russian army, which began in 1915. Russia was unable to overcome the crisis (“shell hunger”) until the end of the war.
The correct answer is numbered: 2
Answer: 2
Source: Demo version of the USE-2013 in history.
What was one of the causes of the First Russian Revolution of 1905−1907?
1) difficult working conditions and lack of rights for industrial workers
2) defeat in World War I
3) nationalization of enterprises and banks by the government
4) the growing conflict between the tsar and the State Duma
Explanation.
World War I - 1914-1918, the nationalization of enterprises and banks began carried out by the Soviet government in 1918. The State Duma appeared already in the course of the revolution.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
What event happened during World War I?
1) Tsushima battle
2) Brusilovsky breakthrough
3) defense of Port Arthur
4) defense of Shipka
Explanation.
Battle of Tsushima - 1905 Russo-Japanese War; Brusilovsky breakthrough - 1916, World War I; defense of Port Arthur - 1904, Russian-Japanese war; defense of Shipka - 1877−1878, Russian-Turkish war.
The correct answer is numbered: 2
Answer: 2
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Center. Option 1.
What was one of the consequences of the All-Russian political strike in October 1905?
1) giving the population of Russia political rights and freedoms
2) the creation of a government responsible to the State Duma
3) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
4) creation of factory legislation
Explanation.
On October 17, the tsar issued a manifesto on the granting of political rights and freedoms to the population of Russia and on elections to the State Duma, frightened by the unprecedented scope of the strike movement.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3., USE in history 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3.
1) establishing a republic in the country
2) creation of factory legislation
3) permission for the legal activities of political parties
4) dissolution of social democratic organizations
Explanation.
By a manifesto of October 17, 1905, the tsar introduced political rights and freedoms in the country and allowed the activities of political parties.
The correct answer is numbered: 3
Answer: 3
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Ural. Option 4.
What was one of the consequences of the All-Russian political strike in October 1905?
1) creation of factory legislation
2) permission for the legal activities of political parties
3) dissolution of social democratic organizations
4) establishing a republic in the country
Explanation.
The manifesto of October 17, 1905, the tsar introduced political rights and freedoms in the country, allowed the activities of political parties.
The correct answer is numbered: 2
Answer: 2
Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Ural. Option 5.
What was one of the reasons for the defeat of Russia in the First World War?
1) lack of allies in the war
2) a crisis in the supply of the army
3) an agreement on mutual assistance with Serbia in case of hostilities
4) the creation of the Triple Alliance
Explanation.
The main reason for the defeat of the Russian army during the First World War was the crisis in the supply of the army, which arose due to the general crisis in the country.
The correct answer is numbered: 2
Answer: 2
Source: Demo version of the USE-2014 in history.
What was one of the reasons for the failures of the Russian army in World War I?
1) a significant numerical predominance of enemy troops
2) the inability of domestic industry to meet the needs of the army
3) the performance of Japan on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary
4) the surrender of France at an early stage of the war and the liquidation of the Western Front
Explanation.
The enemy did not have a significant advantage in the number of troops.
Japan took part in the First World War on the side of the Entente.
France did not capitulate at an early stage of the war, and did not capitulate at all, but together with the Allies won.
But the domestic industry, in fact, was unable to meet the needs of the Russian army.
The correct answer is numbered: 2
Answer: 2
What was the consequence of the adoption of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905?
1) limiting the legislative power of the king
2) the decision of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to stop fighting the government
3) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
4) the proclamation of Russia as a republic
Explanation.
As a result of the Manifesto, a new legislative body appeared in the country, which limited the power of the king. Everything else is wrong: 2. the Socialist-Revolutionaries never made a decision to stop fighting the government
3. The Constituent Assembly was convened in 1918;
4. Russia was proclaimed a republic in 1917.
The correct answer is numbered: 1
Answer: 1
What was one of the consequences of Russia's socio-economic lagging behind the leading Western countries at the beginning of the 20th century?
1) lack of railways
2) the need to import food to Russia
3) insignificant volume of oil production in Russia
4) dependence on foreign investment
Explanation.
Due to Russia's lagging behind, the country was forced to attract foreign investment, as there were not enough of its own funds.
The rest is incorrect:
1. There were railways.
2. Russia exported food.
3. The volume of oil production was significant.
Correct answer: 4.
Story. A new complete reference book for schoolchildren to prepare for the Unified State Examination Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich
First Russian Revolution (1905–1907)
G Lubin's reasons for the revolution were the unresolved agrarian question, the absence of effective labor legislation, the existence of autocracy, and the national question. Because the revolution began in
1905 also contributed to the failure of the Russian army and navy in the Russo-Japanese War. The immediate cause for the beginning of the revolution was the execution January 9, 1905 on Palace Square in St. Petersburg, a peaceful demonstration of workers who intended to submit a petition to the tsar with their demands.
It should be noted that from January to December 1905 the revolution was on the rise. The revolutionary movement developed in three directions, corresponding to the social structure of Russian society: 1) workers' protests, 2) peasant and soldier riots, 3) oppositional activities of the liberal intelligentsia (see. "Bulyginskaya Duma").
Actions of the working class are connected with strikes in May - June 1905, with the activities of the Soviets of Workers' Deputies (see Adviсe) in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Moscow and St. Petersburg, with the All-Russian October political strike, as well as with an armed uprising in Moscow in December 1905
Revolutionary unrest among the peasantry were spontaneous riots. During the period of the greatest activity of peasant uprisings, the First All-Russian Peasant Congress took place (July 1905). At it, the delegates demanded the abolition of redemption payments and the liquidation of landownership. The abolition of redemption payments, the punitive actions of the government, the partial satisfaction of peasant demands for permission to leave the community with land - all this led to a decline in the peasant movement.
The fermentation also affected the main stronghold of the autocracy - the armed forces: the uprising on the battleship Potemkin ( June 1905), mutiny at the naval base in Kronstadt ( October 1905), a rebellion led by Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt in Sevastopol ( November 1905), soldier performances on the Trans-Siberian Railway. The liberal movement grew in breadth, various unions of the intelligentsia were formed everywhere, which in May 1905 united in the "Union of Unions" under the leadership of P.N. Milyukov. The work of representatives of the zemstvos became more active, and on June 6, 1905, after an extraordinary congress, they presented an address to Nicholas II with demands to establish an elected government within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. The voices of the opposition in the press began to sound louder.
The Manifesto was of great importance for the development of the revolution. October 17, 1905 This document was literally wrested from the emperor thanks to the unified pressure of the opposition forces during the All-Russian October political strike. Nicholas II, wishing to relieve social tension, granted the highest name civil liberties - speech, press, meetings, organizations; expanded the electoral rights of the population; declared the creation State Duma- the legislature. In fact, Russia embarked on the path of a constitutional monarchy, although the Manifesto did not mention a constitution. The appearance of the Manifesto had certain consequences: the liberals took it enthusiastically and focused on preparing for the elections, hoping to push the autocracy to continue reforms through Duma activity; the revolutionary parties, the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats did not compromise. On the contrary, they saw the weakness of autocratic power in the tsar's concession, boycotted the elections to the First Duma and called on their supporters to continue the struggle until the imperial power was completely overthrown. Thus, there was a split in the united front of the opposition forces, which made it easier for Nicholas II and the government to restore order in the country.
I State Duma began work in April 1906 d. with pressure on the government, demanding general elections, expanding the legislative rights of the Duma, guarantees of civil liberties, the abolition of the death penalty, etc. The government rejected the Duma's demands, receiving a "vote of no confidence" in response. As a result of the confrontation between the Duma and the government July 9 I Duma was dissolved.
II State Duma, which worked with February 20th By June 3, 1907, in its composition was even more radical and irreconcilable to the government, which was headed by P.A. Stolypin. Disputes were over the agrarian law and on the issue of emergency measures against the revolutionaries. Having spoken out against emergency measures, the Second Duma was called in conservative circles a "hotbed of riots and disobedience" and June 3, 1907 was also dissolved by the highest command (cf. Third June coup d'état). This day is considered the day of the end of the First Russian Revolution. The new electoral law sharply reduced the number of Russians who had the right to participate in elections to the Third State Duma (the vote of one landowner was equal to the votes of 7 petty bourgeois, 30 peasant voters and 60 workers). As a result, the government received a constructive Duma, and the emperor abandoned some of the provisions of the Manifesto on October 17th. III Duma worked for the entire five-year term and 1912 transferred powers to the IV Duma, which became the last in the pre-revolutionary history of Russia.
During the revolution, the following range of political parties and organizations was formed. On the extreme right flank were monarchist organizations, the largest of which were the "Union of the Russian People" (headed by A.I. Dubrovin) and the "Russian People's Union named after Michael the Archangel" (headed by N.E. Markov 2nd) (see. Black Hundred organizations). The programs of these organizations were based on the principle of the inviolability of autocracy and the recognition of a priority position in the empire for the Orthodox Great Russians. The organizations had fighting squads, the so-called "Black Hundreds", which took part in the dispersal of workers' demonstrations and in Jewish pogroms. These parties unconditionally supported all the decrees issued by the sovereign and the government. Next on the political spectrum is the "Union of 17 October", or Octobrists- the moderate wing of the liberal movement (leader A.I. Guchkov). They considered the political ideal to be a monarchy based on elected representation of the people. Together with the nationalists, the Octobrists made up the majority in the III State Duma and supported the policy of P.A. Stolypin. The party was mainly composed of representatives of business circles and the intelligentsia.
Constitutional Democrats - cadets, or the party of "people's freedom" (leader P.N. Milyukov), united the Zemstvo and broad sections of the Russian intelligentsia. They represented the more radical wing of the liberal movement. They advocated a constitutional monarchy or a parliamentary republic, freedom of the individual, respect for the rights of national minorities, and a constitutional state. In the First and Second State Dumas, the Cadets constituted the majority.
Among the revolutionary parties, the greatest activity was during the revolution of 1905-1907. demonstrated by the socialist revolutionaries and social democrats. These parties, with the exception of the Mensheviks, boycotted the elections to the First Duma. More than 100 socialist deputies were elected to the Second Duma. Representatives of these parties viewed the Duma as a tribune for denouncing government policies and for inciting revolutionary sentiments. The speeches of the deputies were published without cuts in all major newspapers, and they themselves enjoyed the right of personal immunity.
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1 option
1. Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905 began with a Japanese attack on a naval base in (in)
1) Port Arthur
3) Novorossiysk
4) Vladivostok
2. Which of the named statesmen held the posts of Minister of Finance in 1892-1903, Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1905-1906, was the head of the Russian delegation in Portsmouth at the peace negotiations with Japan in 1905 and one of the initiators of the signing by Nikolai II manifesto October 17, 1905?
1) M. T. Loris-Melikov
2) I. A. Vyshnegradsky
3) S. Yu. Witte
4) A. I. Guchkov
3. Which of these events is considered the end of the revolution of 1905−1907?
1) dissolution of the II State Duma
2) Lena execution
3) the emergence of dual power
4) Bloody Sunday
2) nationalization of the landed estates
4) the decision of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to stop fighting the government
5. What was one of the reasons for the First Russian Revolution of 1905−1907?
1) harsh working conditions and disenfranchisement of industrial workers
2) defeat in World War I
3) nationalization of enterprises and banks by the government
4) the growing conflict between the tsar and the State Duma
6. Read an excerpt from the emperor's letter and indicate in what year the events described in it took place.
“It seemed to choose one of two ways - to appoint an energetic military man and try with all his might to suppress sedition. And another way is to grant civil rights to the population, freedom of speech, press, assembly, unions, etc. In addition, the obligation to pass all sorts of bills through the State Duma ... This, in essence, is the constitution. Witte ardently defended this path. And everyone to whom I addressed answered me in the same way as Witte. The manifesto was drawn up by him and Alexei Obolensky. We discussed it for two days, and finally, after praying, I signed it.”
1) 1905
2) Council of Ministers
3) The State Duma
4) Constituent Assembly
8. Which three of the following events are associated with the revolution of 1905-1907?
Write the corresponding numbers in the answer.
2) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
3) " Bloody Sunday»
4) Milyukov's note
5) convocation of the First State Duma
6) regime of "dual power"
9. At the beginning of January 1905, the “Assembly of Russian factory workers of the city of St. Petersburg”, headed by the priest Gapon, decided to submit a petition to the tsar, which would set out the demands of the workers. The desire of the workers to submit a petition was known to the authorities, including the tsar.
Give three reasons why workers are dissatisfied with their position.
Test “The First Russian Revolution. Reforms of the political system”. Grade 9
Option 2
1. Which of the following events happened before the others?
1) the beginning of the First Russian Revolution
2) Russia's entry into World War I
3) publication of the manifesto on the legislative State Duma
4) the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War
2. Which of the listed statesmen served as Minister of Finance in the late XIX - early XX centuries. and carried out a monetary reform, during which the golden ruble became the basis of the monetary system?
1) M. M. Speransky
2) S. Yu. Witte
3) P. D. Kiselev
4) K. P. Pobedonostsev
3.What was the reason for the dissolution of the State Duma I?
1) revolutionary sentiments of the Duma deputies
2) the establishment of a military dictatorship in the country
3) the refusal of the Duma to adopt the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People
4) expiration of the term of its activity established by law
4. What was one of the consequences of the All-Russian political strike in October 1905?
1) granting political rights and freedoms to the population of Russia (publishing the Manifesto)
2) the creation of a government responsible to the State Duma
3) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
4) creation of factory legislation
1)limiting the legislature of the king
2) the decision of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to stop fighting the government
3) convocation of the Constituent Assembly
4) the proclamation of Russia as a republic
6. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and indicate the year in which the events described took place.
“... October 17 ... under the threat of a general strike led by the headquarters of the Bolshevik section of the Social Democratic Party, and agrarian unrest of the peasants who demanded a redistribution of land, [Grand Duke] Nikolai Nikolayevich persuaded the sovereign to sign ... a manifesto that could to satisfy only the chatty representatives of the Russian intelligentsia.
1) 1905
7. Read an excerpt from the speech of Nicholas II and indicate the name of the state body to whose representatives he addressed.
“The care given to me by the Most High Providence for the good of the Fatherland prompted me to call for assistance in the legislative work of the elected from the people.
With fiery faith in the bright future of Russia, I welcome in your person those best people whom I commanded my beloved subjects to choose from myself. Difficult and complex work is ahead of you. I believe that love for the Motherland, an ardent desire to serve it will inspire and unite you.”
1) Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
2) Council of Ministers
3) The State Duma
4) Constituent Assembly
8. Which three of the listed names refer to the political parties of the early 20th century? Write the corresponding numbers in the answer.
1) cadets
2) non-chaevs
3) People's Will
4) Petrashevites
6) SRs
9. When in the summer of 1905 negotiations began between the Russian and Japanese delegations on the conclusion of peace, patriotic forces in Russia opposed the conclusion of peace, nevertheless, the peace was concluded.
Give three explanations for the fact that the Russian delegation signed the peace treaty, despite the dissatisfaction of the patriots in Russia.