Scientist biologist Pavlov short biography. The main achievements and contributions of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov to general psychology

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, whose contribution to medicine can hardly be overestimated, made many discoveries that influenced many sciences.

Ivan Pavlov: contribution to science

Discoveries of Ivan Pavlov in the physiology of digestion have earned the highest international recognition. His work served as an impetus for the development of a new direction in physiology. We are talking about the physiology of higher nervous activity.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov devoted about 35 years of his life to his work. He is the creator of the conditioned reflex method. The study of mental processes occurring in the body of animals using this method led to the creation of the doctrine of the mechanisms of the brain and higher nervous activity.

The brilliant Russian academician I.P. Pavlov, having carried out a series of experimental works, revealed to the world the concept conditioned reflex. Its essence is that by combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response, a stable temporary new formation appears. In his experiments, Pavlov used a sound signal (conditioned stimulus) before feeding the dog. Over time, he noticed that salivation ( unconditioned reflex) appears in an animal only with an already familiar sound, without demonstration of food. However, this connection turned out to be temporary, that is, without periodic repetition of the “stimulus-response” scheme, the conditioned reflex is inhibited. In practice, we can develop a conditioned reaction in a person to any stimulus: smell, a certain sound, appearance, etc. An example of a conditioned reflex in a person is the sight or simply the idea of ​​a lemon. Saliva begins to be actively produced in the mouth.

Another important achievement of his is the development of the doctrine of what exist types of higher nervous activity. He also owns the doctrine of the “dynamic stereotype” (a set of reactions to certain stimuli) and other achievements.

Academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is a Soviet physiologist, the creator of the materialist doctrine of and modern ideas about the digestive process.

He was the first Russian scientist to be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his many years of work on the mechanisms of digestion. I.P. Pavlov studied the nature of the main digestive glands during the digestion of various types of food and their participation in the regulation of the digestive process, re-creating the physiology of digestion. To do this, he had to develop a whole series of ingenious operations that made it possible, without disturbing the digestive processes, to see what was happening in the digestive tracts hidden deep in the body.

I. P. Pavlov made important contributions to many areas of physiology, including, by studying the features of reflex regulation and self-regulation of blood circulation. His main merit is the study of the functions of the cerebral hemispheres, the creation of the doctrine of. In the process of these studies, Pavlov discovered a special type that is formed in animals individually. Subsequently they were called conditional. On the one hand, conditioned reactions are physiological reactions and can be studied by physiological methods, and on the other hand, they are an elementary mental phenomenon.

No physiologist in the world was as famous as Pavlov. He was elected a member of the academies of sciences in 22 countries and an honorary member of 28 scientific institutions.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the Council of People's Commissars issued a special decree, signed by V.I. Lenin, on creating conditions to ensure the scientific activity of the scientist as absolutely exceptional and of great importance. A Physiological Institute was organized in Leningrad, and a biological station was established in the village of Koltushi, which became known as the “capital of conditioned reflexes.”

The outstanding scientist raised a huge army of students and followers. On behalf of the physiologists of our planet, who gathered in Leningrad at the World Congress in 1935, Pavlov was awarded the title of “elder physiologists of the world.” In the same year, addressing young people, Ivan Petrovich wrote: “Remember that science demands from a person his entire life.” All of it is a confirmation of these words.

I. P. Pavlov is remembered not only as a great scientist, but also as a fighter for world peace. Congress delegates from 37 countries gave him a standing ovation when, opening the meeting, he addressed one and a half thousand listeners with a passionate appeal to brand war as the most shameful phenomenon of humankind. “...I am happy,” said the scientist, “I am happy that the government of my great Motherland, fighting for peace, for the first time in history proclaimed: “Not an inch of foreign land...”

All of Pavlov's work was imbued with ardent love for the Motherland. “No matter what I do,” he wrote, “I constantly think that I am serving as much as my strength allows, first of all, my fatherland, our Russian science.”

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14 (26), 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 “for his work on the physiology of digestion.” He divided the entire set of reflexes into two groups: conditioned and unconditioned.

Ivan Petrovich was born on September 14 (26), 1849 in the city of Ryazan. Pavlov's paternal and maternal ancestors were clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church. Father Pyotr Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), mother Varvara Ivanovna (née Uspenskaya) (1826-1890).[* 1]

After graduating from the Ryazan Theological School in 1864, Pavlov entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary, which he later recalled with great warmth. In his last year at the seminary, he read a small book “Reflexes of the Brain” by Professor I.M. Sechenov, which changed his whole life. In 1870 he entered the Faculty of Law (seminarists were limited in the choice of university specialties), but 17 days after admission he transferred to the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University (he specialized in animal physiology with I. F. Tsion and F. V. Ovsyannikov ). Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov, worked a lot on nervous regulation. Because of intrigues, Sechenov had to move from St. Petersburg to Odessa, where he worked for some time at the university. His chair at the Medical-Surgical Academy was taken by Ilya Faddeevich Tsion, and Pavlov adopted Tsion’s masterful surgical technique. Pavlov devoted more than 10 years to obtaining a fistula (hole) of the gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, since the juice pouring out of the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. I.P. Pavlov sewed the skin and mucous membranes together in such a way, inserted metal tubes and closed them with plugs, that there were no erosions, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which is exactly what happened he did it on hundreds of experimental animals. He conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food did not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of reflexes for the release of gastric juice. Over the course of 10 years, Pavlov essentially re-created the modern physiology of digestion. In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a report at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid. And the next year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for research into the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to I.P. Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.

In the Madrid report, made in Russian, I. P. Pavlov first formulated the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity, to which he devoted the next 35 years of his life. Concepts such as reinforcement, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes (not entirely successfully translated into English as unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, instead of conditional) have become the main concepts of the science of behavior, see also classical conditioning (English) Russian.

There is a strong opinion that during the years of the Civil War and War Communism, Pavlov, suffering poverty and lack of funding for scientific research, refused the invitation of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and in the vicinity of Stockholm it was planned build, at Pavlov’s request, the kind of institute he wants. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia anywhere.

This was refuted by the historian V.D. Esakov, who found and published Pavlov’s correspondence with the authorities, where he describes how he desperately fights for existence in the hungry Petrograd of 1920. He assesses the development of the situation in the new Russia extremely negatively and asks to let him and his employees go abroad. In response, the Soviet government is trying to take measures that should change the situation, but they are not completely successful.

Then a corresponding decree of the Soviet government followed, and an institute was built for Pavlov in Koltushi, near Leningrad, where he worked until 1936.

Academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov died on February 27, 1936 in the city of Leningrad. The cause of death is listed as pneumonia or poison.

Stages of life

In 1875, Pavlov entered the 3rd year of the Medical-Surgical Academy (now the Military Medical Academy, Military Medical Academy), and at the same time (1876-1878) worked in the physiological laboratory of K. N. Ustimovich; After graduating from the Military Medical Academy (1879), he was left as head of the physiological laboratory at the clinic of S. P. Botkin. Pavlov thought very little about material well-being and before his marriage did not pay any attention to everyday problems. Poverty began to oppress him only after in 1881 he married Rostovite Serafima Vasilyevna Karchevskaya. They met in St. Petersburg in the late 70s. Pavlov's parents did not approve of this marriage, firstly, due to Serafima Vasilievna's Jewish origin, and secondly, by that time they had already chosen a bride for their son - the daughter of a wealthy St. Petersburg official. But Ivan insisted on his own and, without receiving parental consent, he and Serafima went to get married in Rostov-on-Don, where her sister lived. The wife's relatives gave money for their wedding. The Pavlovs lived very crampedly for the next ten years. Ivan Petrovich’s younger brother, Dmitry, who worked as an assistant to Mendeleev and had a government-owned apartment, allowed the newlyweds to visit him.

Pavlov visited Rostov-on-Don and lived for several years twice: in 1881 after his wedding and, together with his wife and son, in 1887. Both times Pavlov stayed in the same house, at the address: st. Bolshaya Sadovaya, 97. The house has survived to this day. There is a memorial plaque on the façade.

1883 - Pavlov defended his doctoral dissertation “On the centrifugal nerves of the heart.”
1884-1886 - was sent abroad to improve his knowledge to Breslau and Leipzig, where he worked in the laboratories of W. Wundt, R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig.
1890 - elected professor of pharmacology in Tomsk and head of the department of pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1896 - head of the department of physiology, which he headed until 1924. At the same time (since 1890) Pavlov was head of the physiological laboratory at the then-organized Institute of Experimental Medicine.
1901 - Pavlov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1904 - Pavlov is awarded the Nobel Prize for his many years of research into the mechanisms of digestion.
1925 - until the end of his life, Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
1935 - at the 14th International Congress of Physiologists, Ivan Petrovich was crowned with the honorary title of “elder physiologists of the world.” Neither before nor after him, no biologist has received such an honor.
1936 - February 27, Pavlov dies of pneumonia. He was buried on the Literary Bridges of the Volkov Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Cotenius Medal (1903)
Nobel Prize (1904)
Copley Medal (1915)
Croonian Lecture (1928)

Collecting

I. P. Pavlov collected beetles and butterflies, plants, books, stamps and works of Russian painting. I. S. Rosenthal recalled Pavlov’s story, which happened on March 31, 1928:

My first collecting began with butterflies and plants. Next was collecting stamps and paintings. And finally, all the passion turned to science... And now I cannot indifferently pass by a plant or a butterfly, especially those that are well known to me, without holding it in my hands, examining it from all sides, stroking it, or admiring it. And all this gives me a pleasant impression.

In the mid-1890s, in his dining room one could see several shelves hung on the wall with specimens of butterflies he had caught. Coming to Ryazan to visit his father, he devoted a lot of time to hunting insects. In addition, at his request, various native butterflies were brought to him from various medical expeditions.
He placed a butterfly from Madagascar, given for his birthday, at the center of his collection. Not content with these methods of replenishing the collection, he himself raised butterflies from caterpillars collected with the help of the boys.

If Pavlov began collecting butterflies and plants in his youth, then the beginning of collecting stamps is unknown. However, philately has become no less a passion; Once, back in pre-revolutionary times, during a visit to the Institute of Experimental Medicine by a Siamese prince, he complained that his stamp collection lacked Siamese stamps, and a few days later the collection of I.P. Pavlov was already decorated with a series of stamps of the Siamese state. To replenish the collection, all acquaintances who received correspondence from abroad were involved.

Collecting books was unique: on the birthday of each of the six family members, a collection of works by a writer was bought as a gift.

The collection of paintings by I. P. Pavlov began in 1898, when he bought a portrait of his five-year-old son, Volodya Pavlov, from the widow of N. A. Yaroshenko; Once upon a time, the artist was amazed by the boy’s face and persuaded his parents to allow him to pose. The second painting, painted by N. N. Dubovsky, depicting the evening sea in Sillamyagi with a burning fire, was donated by the author. And thanks to her, Pavlov developed a great interest in painting. However, the collection was not replenished for a long time; It was only during the revolutionary times of 1917, when some collectors began to sell the paintings they owned, that Pavlov assembled an excellent collection. It contained paintings by I.E. Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Viktor Vasnetsov, Semiradsky and others. According to the story of M. V. Nesterov, with whom Pavlov became acquainted in 1931, Pavlov’s collection of paintings included Lebedev, Makovsky, Berggolts, Sergeev. Currently, part of the collection is presented in Pavlov’s museum-apartment in St. Petersburg, on Vasilyevsky Island. Pavlov understood painting in his own way, endowing the author of the painting with thoughts and plans that he, perhaps, did not have; often, carried away, he began to talk about what he himself would have put into it, and not about what he himself actually saw.

Awards named after I. P. Pavlov

The first award named after the great scientist was the I.P. Pavlov Prize, established by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1934 and awarded for the best scientific work in the field of physiology. Its first laureate in 1937 was Leon Abgarovich Orbeli, one of Ivan Petrovich’s best students, his like-minded person and associate.

In 1949, in connection with the 100th anniversary of the birth of the scientist of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a gold medal named after I.P. Pavlov was established, which is awarded for a set of works on the development of the teachings of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Its peculiarity is that works that have previously been awarded a state prize, as well as personal state prizes, are not accepted for the gold medal named after I.P. Pavlov. That is, the work performed must be truly new and outstanding. This award was first awarded in 1950 by Konstantin Mikhailovich Bykov for the successful, fruitful development of the legacy of I.P. Pavlov.

In 1974, a Commemorative Medal was made for the 125th anniversary of the birth of the great scientist.

There is a medal of I.P. Pavlov of the Leningrad Physiological Society.

In 1998, on the eve of the 150th anniversary of the birth of I. P. Pavlov, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences established a silver medal named after I. P. Pavlov “For the development of medicine and healthcare.”

In memory of Academician Pavlov, Pavlov readings were held in Leningrad.

The brilliant naturalist was 87 years old when his life was interrupted. Pavlov's death came as a complete surprise to everyone. Despite his advanced age, he was physically very strong, burned with ebullient energy, worked tirelessly, enthusiastically made plans for further work, and, of course, thought least of all about death...
In a letter to I.M. Maisky (USSR Ambassador to England) in October 1935, several months after contracting influenza with complications, Pavlov wrote:
“Damned flu! It knocked down my confidence to live to be a hundred years old. The tail from it still remains, although I still do not allow changes in the distribution and size of my activities.”

MedicInform.net›History of Medicine›Biographies›Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

You have to live 150 years

Pavlov was in good health and never got sick. Moreover, he was convinced that the human body was designed for a very long life. “Don’t upset your heart with grief, don’t poison yourself with tobacco potion, and you will live as long as Titian (99 years),” said the academician. He generally proposed that the death of a person under 150 years of age be considered “violent.”

However, he himself died at the age of 87, and a very mysterious death. One day he felt unwell, which he considered “flu-like,” and did not attach any importance to the illness. However, succumbing to the persuasion of his relatives, he nevertheless invited a doctor, and he gave him some kind of injection. After some time, Pavlov realized that he was dying.
By the way, he was treated by Dr. D. Pletnev, who was executed in 1941 for the “incorrect” treatment of Gorky.

Was he poisoned by the NKVD?

The unexpected death of an old, but still quite strong academician, caused a wave of rumors that his death could be “accelerated.” Note that this happened in 1936, on the eve of the Great Purge. Even then, the former pharmacist Yagoda created the famous “laboratory of poisons” to eliminate political opponents.

In addition, Pavlov’s public statements against Soviet power were well known to everyone. They said that he was then almost the only person in the USSR who was not afraid to do this openly and actively spoke out in defense of the innocently repressed. In Petrograd, supporters of Zinoviev, who ruled there, openly threatened the brave scientist: “After all, we can hurt you, Mr. Professor! - they promised. However, the communists did not dare to arrest the world-famous Nobel Prize laureate.

Outwardly, Pavlov’s death strongly resembles the same strange death of another great Petersburger, Academician Bekhterev, who discovered Stalin’s paranoia.
He, too, was quite strong and healthy, although old, but he died just as quickly after being visited by “Kremlin” doctors. The historian of physiology Yaroshevsky wrote:
“It is quite possible that the NKVD authorities “eased” Pavlov’s suffering.”

Source(http://www.spbdnevnik.ru/?show=article&id=1499)
justsay.ru›zagadka-smerti-akademika-1293

Perhaps every Russian person is very familiar with the surname Pavlov. The great academician is known both for his life and death. Many people are familiar with the story of his death - in the last hours of his life, he called on his best students and, using the example of his body, explained the processes occurring in a dying body. However, there is a version that he was poisoned in 1936 for his political views.

Many experts believe that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was the greatest scientist of St. Petersburg, second only to Lomonosov. He was a graduate of St. Petersburg University. In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion and circulation. It was he who was the first Russian to become a laureate of this award.

His works on the physiology of the nervous system and the theory of “conditioned reflexes” became famous throughout the world. Outwardly, he was stern - a thick white beard, a firm face and rather bold statements, both in politics and in science. For many decades, it was by his appearance that many imagined a true Russian scientist. During his life, he received many invitations to the most prestigious world universities, but he did not want to leave his native country.

Even after the Revolution died down, when life was quite difficult for him, like many representatives of the intelligentsia, he did not agree to leave Russia. His home was repeatedly searched, six gold medals were taken, as was the Nobel Prize, which was kept in a Russian bank. But what offended the scientist most of all was not this, but Bukharin’s impudent statement, in which he called the professors robbers. Pavlov was indignant: “Am I the robber?”

There were also moments when Pavlov almost died of hunger. It was at this time that the great academician was visited by his friend the science fiction writer from England, Herbert Wells. And seeing the life of an academician, he was simply horrified. The corner of the office of the genius who received the Nobel Prize was littered with turnips and potatoes, which he grew with his students so as not to die of hunger.

However, over time the situation changed. Lenin personally gave instructions according to which Pavlov began to receive enhanced academic rations. In addition, normal communal conditions were created for him.

But even after all the hardships, Pavlov did not want to leave his country! Although he had such an opportunity - he was allowed to travel abroad. So he visited England, France, Finland, and the USA.

Tainy.net›24726-strannaya…akademika-pavlova.html

The purpose of this article is to find out the cause of death of the Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV according to his FULL NAME code.

Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.

Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

16 17 20 32 47 50 60 63 64 78 94 100 119 136 151 154 164 188
P A V L O V I V A N P E T R O V I C H
188 172 171 168 156 141 138 128 125 124 110 94 88 69 52 37 34 24

10 13 14 28 44 50 69 86 101 104 114 138 154 155 158 170 185 188
I V A N P E T R O V I C H P A V L O V
188 178 175 174 160 144 138 119 102 87 84 74 50 34 33 30 18 3

PAVLOV IVAN PETROVICH = 188 = 97-SICK + 91-FLU.

Readers can easily find the numbers 97 and 91 in the upper table if the code of the letter “E”, equal to 6, is divided by 2.

6: 2 = 3. 94 + 3 = 97 = SICK. 88 + 3 = 91 = FLU.

On the other hand, these numbers can be represented as:

188 = 91-DYING + 97-FLU\a\.

188 = 125-DYING FROM... + 63-FLU\a\.

188 = 86-DIES + 102-FROM DISEASE.

Let's look at the columns in the top table:

63 = FLU
______________________
128 = DYING\th

64 = FLU
______________________
125 = DYING BY...

The final decipherment of the code for the FULL NAME of Academician I.P. PAVLOV removes all veils from the mystery of his passing away:

188 = 125-COL + 63-FLU.

DATE OF DEATH code: 02/27/1936. This = 27 + 02 + 19 + 36 = 84.

84 = UNHEALTH \ = END YOUR LIFE \.

188 = 84-UNHEALTH + 104-GRIPPED.

188 = 119-ILLNESS + 69-END.

270 = 104-GOT GRIP + 166-ENDED LIFE.

Full DATE OF DEATH code = 270-TWENTY-SEVENTH OF FEBRUARY + 55-\19 + 36\-(CODE OF THE YEAR OF DEATH) = 325.

325 = 125-COLD + 200-DEATH FROM FLU.

Code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE = 164-EIGHTY + 97-SIX = 261.

261 = DEATH FROM A COLD.

189-EIGHTY W\ is \, DYING FROM FLU - 1-A = 188-(FULL NAME code).

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Greetings to all readers who are interested in psychology! Today we will talk about an outstanding scientist, a physician, who devoted his life to the study of reflexes and made a huge contribution to the knowledge of the human nervous system, although he worked with dogs. It is not for nothing that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is considered a representative of the largest modern school of physiology.

Life and scientific activities

Ivan Pavlov is a native of the city of Ryazan. Until the age of 21, he studied theology and planned to continue his father’s career (a parish priest), but he abruptly changed his direction and went to study at St. Petersburg University, where he began to study physiology and chemistry. If it were not for this turn in the fate of the remarkable scientist, we would not have been able to get acquainted with his theory of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, and temperaments would continue to be distinguished by the fluid prevailing in the body, as Hippocrates bequeathed.

The interests of the young scientist were formed under the influence of outstanding specialists: Karl Ludwig and Rudolf Heidenhain. He was seriously interested in blood pressure problems, and when he was 41 years old he became a real professor at the Imperial Medical Academy. These walls gave him the opportunity to study the connection between digestion and salivation, as well as conduct experiments on dogs. By the way, Pavlov was a wonderful surgeon, which helped him in setting up his experiments.

It was in the course of research where dogs were experimental subjects that Ivan Petrovich came to the theory of the conditioned reflex, and by 1930 he was able to transfer his knowledge to people suffering from psychosis. It is important to understand what he meant by conditioned reflex. This is the body’s reaction that occurs to a stimulus as a result of their repeated coincidence. Why did this discovery become so significant, and the very concept of “conditioned reflex” - the crown of Pavlov’s scientific activity? Yes, because the learning process has become manageable and scientifically substantiated. And subsequently his ideas became the basis for the development of behavioral psychology (or behaviorism).

The scientist lived in difficult times; his relations with the Soviet government were very uneven. After visiting America (1923), he intensified his criticism of the communist regime and began to openly speak out against violence and arbitrariness of power. When in 1924 all students who had priestly fathers were expelled from his academy, he himself demonstratively left his post as a professor. Pavlov died in Leningrad in 1936.

Conditioned reflex theory

Pavlov's main work was the formation of conditioned reflexes using associations. In fact, everything is brilliantly simple. You can see this for yourself. When an unexpected sharp sound is heard, a person involuntarily flinches. This is his unconditioned reflex (automatic, innate) to an unconditioned stimulus. If we repeatedly encounter a situation where such a sharp sound occurs after a strong blow on the table with a fist, then it is quite logical that we will associate the sound (unconditioned stimulus) with the movement of the fist (already a conditioned stimulus), and begin to flinch even before the fist comes down on the table. This new reaction of the body will be called a conditioned reflex.

Experience with dogs

Initially, the scientist studied the digestive function of dogs. But while observing how the salivary glands of animals work, I discovered an interesting fact. Dogs salivate when they see an edible product. And this is an unconditioned reflex. But the salivation of Pavlov’s dogs began already when an assistant in a white coat entered, carrying food for the experiments. The researcher rightly noted that the cause of the reflex was not the smell of food, but the appearance of a white coat (conditioned stimulus). He also successfully proved this through experiments.

Role for science

Of course, Pavlov became famous for his experiments with dogs, which were appreciated and recognized during his lifetime. It is remarkable that he was awarded the honorary title of “elder of physiologists of the world,” and this is a great honor for a scientist. Experts also appreciate his enormous contribution to understanding the functioning of the human nervous system (after all, the concepts of “strong nervous system” and “weak nervous system” are also his achievement). It was the researcher’s discoveries that made it possible to find new ways to treat anxiety disorders (phobias, panic attacks).

We got acquainted with a brief biography of the scientist and the basic concepts of his theory. It is interesting that the knowledge that Pavlov gave us does not become outdated over the years. This makes them even more valuable and significant. I hope that the information that I tried to convey to you was clear enough even to non-specialists in the field of psychology. I will be glad to repost and comments.

Until we meet again, with respect, Alexander Fadeev.

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Not a single physiologist in the world was as famous as Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (09/26/1849, Ryazan - 02/27/1936, Leningrad) - the creator of the materialistic doctrine of the higher nervous activity of animals and humans. This teaching is of great practical importance. In medicine and pedagogy, in philosophy and psychology, in sports, work, in any human activity - everywhere it serves as the basis and starting point. The creator of the largest physiological school of our time, new approaches and methods of physiological research, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925; academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1907, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1917). Classic works on the physiology of blood circulation and digestion (Nobel Prize, 1904). Knight of the Legion of Honor (1915) - the highest award in France.

Born in the city of Ryazan in 1849 in the family of a clergyman. In 1860, at the age of 11, Pavlov entered a church parish school, and after graduating, he entered a theological seminary, but did not graduate. . 60s of the XIX century. were the years of the rise of the liberation movement in Russia. Young people were looking forward to the next issues of leading magazines in which N.A.’s articles were published. Dobrolyubova and A.I. Herzen, D.I. Pisarev and N.G. Chernyshevsky; they also contained works on natural science. Articles by D.I. Pisarev, books by I.M. Sechenov and the popular book by D. Lewis “Physiology of Everyday Life”, the ideas of revolutionary democrats, disputes in Ryazan youth circles did their job.

Ivan Pavlov left the seminary, left Ryazan for St. Petersburg and in 1870 entered the University in the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. His interest in physiology increased after he read I. Sechenov’s book “Reflexes of the Brain,” but he managed to master this subject only after he was trained in the laboratory of I. Zion, who studied the role of depressor nerves. Pavlov's first scientific research was the study of the secretory innervation of the pancreas. For him, I. Pavlov and M. Afanasyev were awarded a gold medal from the university.

In 1875 he brilliantly completed the course with the academic degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences and entered the 3rd year of the Medical-Surgical Academy (currently the Russian Military Medical Academy of St. Petersburg). He graduated from it in 1879 with a gold medal, receiving a doctor’s diploma, and began working in the physiological laboratory of the S.P. clinic. Botkin, conducting research on the physiology of blood circulation. In 1875, Pavlov received the title of Candidate of Natural Sciences. In the summer of 1877 he worked in Germany with Rudolf Heidenhain, a specialist in the field of digestion. In 1878, at the invitation of S. Botkin, Pavlov began working in the physiological laboratory at his clinic in Breslau, not yet having a medical degree, which Pavlov received in 1879. In the same year, Ivan Petrovich began research on the physiology of digestion, which lasted more than twenty years. Pavlov defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1883, devoted to a description of the nerves that control the functions of the heart. He was appointed privatdozent at the Academy, but was forced to refuse this appointment due to additional work in Leipzig with Heidenhain and Karl Ludwig, two of the most prominent physiologists of the time. Thus, Pavlov was sent abroad to improve his knowledge and returned to Russia two years later.