Lesson "Orthoepy. Main rules of Russian orthoepy
Orthoepy is a system of norms for correct pronunciation. Orthoepic norms are historically established and socially accepted rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orthoepic norms are no less important for a literary language than the norms for the formation of grammatical forms of words and sentences or spelling norms.
It is customary to distinguish between different spelling norms: “senior” and “younger”, as well as norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.
The older norm, which primarily distinguishes the speech of educated older people, is characterized by the pronunciation of bulo[sh]aya, myag[ky], [z`v`]er. The younger pronunciation norm, observed in the speech of young people who speak a literary language, allows the pronunciation of bulo[chn]aya, soft[k`y], [zv`]vr.
The norms of a high pronunciation style (cf. the measured speech of a radio or television announcer, as well as an artist reading a solemn ode from the stage) allow, for example, the pronunciation of the unstressed sound [o] in borrowed words: p[o]et, s[o]net, nocturne. In a neutral style, these and similar words are pronounced according to the general rule of replacing the unstressed sound [o] with the sound [a]: p[a]et, s[a]net, n[a]cturn.
The system of modern norms of Russian literary pronunciation and the pronunciation features of more than 63,000 words and their grammatical forms are reflected in the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by R. A. Avanesov (the first edition was published in 1983, after which there were a number of reprints). The compact “Dictionary of Russian Pronunciation Difficulties” by M. L. Kalenchuk and R. F. Kasatkina (M., 1997) is also useful for both the student and the teacher, which presents 15,000 of the most common Russian words, the pronunciation of which can cause difficulties.
To master the norms of correct literary pronunciation, it is important to take into account four sections of orthoepy: orthoepy of consonant sounds; orthoepy of vowel sounds; spelling of individual grammatical forms; spelling of borrowed words.
Norms of orthoepy. Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. a language spoken and written by cultured people. Literary language unites all Russian speakers; it is needed to overcome linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other differences in language, interfere with people's communication by shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said. Pronunciation standards are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian, the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] (v[o]du - v[a]da, t[o]chit - t[a]chit); after soft consonants, stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to an unstressed sound [i] (m[ya]so - m[i]snoy, v[yo]l - v[i]la, l[e]z - get in); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to voiceless (du[b]y - du[p], moro[z]y - moro[s]). The same exchange of voiced for voiceless occurs before voiceless consonants (ru[b]it - ru[p]ka, slide - how much [s]ko), and voiceless consonants before voiced ones change to voiced (ko[s]it - goat, molo [t]it - young [d]ba). Phonetics studies these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows for several possibilities. Thus, in words of foreign origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires hard pronunciation (for example, [de]kada, [te]mp), sometimes soft (for example [d] "e]claration, [t"e]perament, mu[z"e]y). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [ch"n], cf. bulo[ch"n]aya and bulo[sh]aya, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to say kone[sh"o, and not kone[h"n]o. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: correctly pronounce document, not document, started, not started, zvont, not zvnit, alphabet, not alphabet). The basis of the Russian literary language, and therefore literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. This is how it happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okanye” (i.e. we would now pronounce in [o]da, and not in [a]da), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakanye” (i.e. we would speak in [l "a]su, and not in [l "i]su). Orthoepic rules prevent errors in pronunciation and cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation options recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia they “okayut” and “yakayat”: they pronounce v[o]da, g[o]v[o]rit, n[e]su), in the south - “akayat” and “yakayat” (they say v[a] ]da, n[ya]su), there are other phonetic differences. A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but is consciously mastering literary pronunciation, may encounter in his speech pronunciation features characteristic of the local dialect, which he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce in its place a voiced [x] (a sound denoted in transcription by the sign [g]). It is important to understand that this kind of pronunciation features are a violation of norms only in the system of a literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects. More details in the specified source
The term “orthoepy” is used in the science of language in two meanings: 1) a set of norms of a literary language associated with the sound design of words: norms of pronunciation of sounds, stress and intonation; 2) a science that studies the variation of pronunciation norms of a literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (spelling rules). Orthoepy ensures the unity of the sound design of the national language, which promotes fast and easy linguistic communication. The rules of orthoepy have a long history and usually emerge as language norms late, when various forms of public speech develop and the share of oral speech in the life of society increases. Theater, which preserved the norms of orthoepy in its purest form, was of great importance in the development of literary pronunciation. Stage speech in many languages is the basis of orthoepic norms. The importance of orthoepy increases with the development of sound cinema, radio, and television. The orthoepic norms of the Russian language developed in their most important features back in the first half of the 17th century as norms of the Moscow dialect, which later began to acquire the character of national norms. The norms of orthoepy were finally formed in the second half of the 19th century and are largely preserved today; Only some private rules have changed.
Orthoepic rules cover only the area of pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.
It should be highlighted:
a) rules for pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);
b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;
c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;
d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.
The differentiation of styles in the literary language in the field of vocabulary and grammar is also manifested in the field of pronunciation. There are two types of pronunciation style: conversational style and public (book) speech style. Conversational style is ordinary speech, dominant in everyday communication, stylistically weakly colored, neutral. The absence of a focus on perfect pronunciation in this style leads to the appearance of pronunciation variants, for example: [pr O s "ut] and [pr O s"ът], [high O ky] and [high O k"ii]. Book style finds expression in various forms of public speech: in radio broadcasting and sound films, in reports and lectures, etc. This style requires impeccable linguistic design, strict preservation of historically formed norms, and the elimination of pronunciation variations. In cases , when differences in pronunciation are due exclusively to the area of phonetics, two styles are distinguished: full and conversational (incomplete). The full style is distinguished by a clear pronunciation of sounds, which is achieved by a slow pace of speech. The conversational (incomplete) style is characterized by a faster pace and, naturally, less thorough articulation of sounds .
In the Russian literary language, due to certain sound laws (assimilation, dissimilation, reduction) In words, the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations was established, which did not correspond to the spelling. We write what, whom, went, studied, but we must pronounce [ what ], [cavo ], [hadil ], [student ], etc. This is generally considered to be the pronunciation norm of the literary language, which was established long before the appearance of the rules of orthoepy. Over time, pronunciation rules were developed that became mandatory for literary speech.
The most important of these rules are the following:
1. Vowel sounds are pronounced clearly (in accordance with their spelling) only under stress ( conversationAND li, xABOUT dim, cmE ly, bE ly, nABOUT Sim). In an unstressed position, vowel sounds are pronounced differently.
2. The vowel o in an unstressed position should be pronounced as a sound close to a [ VA Yes], [XA RA sho], [ToA force], [mountainsAT ], and write - water, good, mowed, city .
3. Unstressed e, i should be pronounced as a sound close to i [ VAND sleep], [passAND private], [plAND satiate], [PAND RAND smatreli], and write - spring, sowing, dance, reviewed .
4. Voiced consonants (paired) at the end of words and before voiceless consonants in the middle of a word should be pronounced as their corresponding paired unvoiced [ duP ], [mountainT ], [breadP ], [MaroWITH ], [daroSh ka], [grisP ki], [aboutZ bah], [smallD bah], [reWITH cue], and it is written - oak, city, bread, frost, path, fungi, request .
5. The sound g should be pronounced as a plosive, except for the word God, which is pronounced aspirated. At the end of words, instead of r, there is a paired voiceless k [ otherTO ], [booksTO ], [bootsTO ], [moTO ], and it is written - friend, books, boots, could etc.
6. Consonants s, z before sibilants zh, sh, ch should be pronounced as long sibilants [ AND burn], [AND feverish], [beLJ worn out], but it is written burn, with heat, lifeless . At the beginning of some words sch sounds like sch [SCH astier], [SCH no], [SCH italy], and it is written - happiness, counting, counting .
7. In some words the combination chn pronounced like [ caneShN A], [boredShN A], [Me andShN itza], [squareShN IR], [NikitiShN A], [SavvySh on], [laundryShN and I], but it is written of course, boring, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, Nikitichna, Savvichna, laundry . In some words, double pronunciation is allowed - bakery -[buloShN and I], lactic - [moloShN th], but only bakery, dairy is written. In most words, the combination chn is pronounced in accordance with the spelling (eternal, dacha, durable, night, stove).
8. Words that should be pronounced as [ what], [shtoby].
9. When a series of consonants collide - rdc, stn, stl, etc., usually one of these sounds is not pronounced. We write: heart, honest, stairs, happy , and we pronounce [ seRC e], [whatCH th], [leCH itza], [nowSL willow].
10. The endings -ogo, -it should be pronounced as ava, iva [ redAVA ],[synWILLOW ], [kavo], [chIVO], and write red, blue, whom, what.
11. Endings -tsya,-tsya(study, studies) are pronounced like - tsa [teachCC A], [daringCC A], [meetingCC A].
12. Letters at the beginning of words uh - e are written in accordance with pronunciation (this, echo, standard, experiment; ride, eat, huntsman).
In a number of foreign words after consonants and And is written e, although pronounced uh(diet, hygiene, atheist, atelier, muffler, coffee, pince-nez, parterre), exceptions: sir, mayor, peer. After other vowels, e is more often written and pronounced (poetry, poet, silhouette, maestro, but: project, register).
In a number of foreign words, after consonants that are pronounced softly, it is written and pronounced e(museum, technical school, academy, dean, decade, cologne, plywood, tempo).
In Russian words after f, w, c pronounced uh, but it is always written e(iron, even, six, quieter, whole, at the end).
13. Double consonants, both in native Russian words and words of foreign origin, are in most cases pronounced as single consonants (that is, without their extension).
We write : Russia, Russian, eleven, public, made, chord, cancel, accompaniment, assistant, carefully, balloon, Saturday, gram, flu, class, correspondent, tennis, etc., and we pronounce these words without doubling these consonants, for with the exception of a few words in which double consonants are written and pronounced (bath, manna, gamma, etc.).
In orthoepy, there is a law of reduction (weakening of articulation) of vowels, according to which vowel sounds are pronounced without change only under stress, and in an unstressed position they are reduced, that is, they are subject to weakened articulation.
In orthoepy, there is a rule according to which the voiced consonants B, V, G, D, Zh, 3 at the end of a word sound like their paired voiceless P, F, K, T, Sh, S. For example: forehead - lo[p], blood - cro[f"], eye - eye[s], ice - le[t], fright - fright[k]. (The sign " denotes the softness of the consonant).
In orthoepy, the combinations Зж and Жж, located inside the root of the word, are pronounced as a long (double) soft sound [ZH]. For example: I’m leaving - I’m leaving, I’m arriving - I’m coming, later - it’s burning, reins - reins, rattling - rattling. The word “rain” is pronounced with a long soft [SH] (SHSH) or with a long soft [ZH] (ZHZH) before the combination ZhZH: dosh, dozhzha, dozzhichek, dozhzhit, dozzhem, dozzhevik.
Combinations of MF and ZCH are pronounced as a long soft sound [Ш"]: happiness - happiness, count - schet, customer - customer.
In some combinations of several consonants, one of them falls out: hello - hello, heart - heart, sun - sun.
The sounds [T] and [D] are softened before the soft [V] only in some words. For example: door - door, two - two, twelve - twelve, movement - movement, Thursday - Thursday, solid - solid, branches - branches, but two, courtyard, supply.
In the words “if”, “near”, “after”, “unless” the sounds [S] and [Z] are softened and pronounced: “if”, “took”, “posle”, “razve”.
In the words ordinary, majestic, especialN-Nyn and others, two “Ns” are pronounced.
The reflexive particle SY in verbs is pronounced firmly - SA: washed, boyals, dressed. The combination of ST sounds before the soft sound [B] is pronounced softly: natural - natural, majestic - majestic.
In ordinary colloquial pronunciation, there are a number of deviations from orthoepic norms. The sources of such deviations are often the native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, letter pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okanye, and for southerners - the pronunciation of the [g] fricative. Pronunciation in place of the letter G at the end of the family pad. adjectives sound [g], and in place h(in words of course that) sound [h] is explained by the “literal” pronunciation, which in this case does not coincide with the sound composition of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.
There are a lot of rules in orthoepy and to master them you should consult the relevant literature.
Word stress
Russian stress is the most difficult area of the Russian language to master. It is distinguished by the presence of a large number of pronunciation options: loop and loop, cottage cheese and cottage cheese, rings and rings, beginnings and beginnings, means and means. Russian accent is characterized by diversity and mobility. Variability is the ability of stress to fall on any syllable of Russian words: on the first - iconography, on the second - expert, on the third - blinds, on the fourth - apartments. In many languages of the world, stress is attached to a specific syllable. Mobility is the property of stress to move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the same word: water - water, I go - you walk. Most words in the Russian language (about 96%) have movable stress. Variability and mobility, historical variability of pronunciation norms lead to the appearance of accent variants for one word. Sometimes one of the options is sanctioned by dictionaries as corresponding to the norm, and the other - as incorrect. Wed: shop, - incorrect; the store is correct.
In other cases, the options are given in dictionaries as equal: sparkling and sparkling. Reasons for the appearance of accent variants: The law of analogy - a large group of words with a certain type of stress influences a smaller one, similar in structure. In the word thinking, the emphasis moved from the root thinking to the suffix -eni- by analogy with the words beating, driving, etc. False analogy. The words gas pipeline, garbage chute are pronounced incorrectly by false analogy with the word wire with the emphasis on the penultimate syllable: gas pipeline, garbage chute. Development of the ability of stress to differentiate the forms of words. For example, with the help of stress, the forms of the indicative and imperative moods are distinguished: restrain, force, take a sip and restrain, force, take a sip. Mixing stress patterns. This reason operates more often in borrowed words, but can also appear in Russian ones. For example, nouns in -iya have two stress patterns: dramaturgy (Greek) and astronomy (Latin). In accordance with these models, one should pronounce: asymmetry, industry, metallurgy, therapy and veterinary medicine, gastronomy, cooking, speech therapy, drug addiction. However, in living speech there is a mixture of models, as a result of which variants appear: cooking and cooking, speech therapy and speech therapy, drug addiction and drug addiction. The effect of the tendency towards rhythmic balance. This tendency appears only in four- to five-syllable words.
If the interstress interval (the distance between stress in neighboring words) turns out to be greater than the critical interval (the critical interval is equal to four unstressed syllables in a row), then the stress moves to the previous syllable. Accent interaction of word-formation types. The variants in the cases spare - spare, transfer - transfer, platoon - platoon, push - push, tidal - tidal, otvodny - otvodny are explained by the accentual interaction of denominal and verbal formations: transfer - from transfer, transfer - from translate, etc. Professional pronunciation: spark (for electricians), mining (for miners), compass, cruisers (for sailors), boy (for salesmen), agony, bite, alcohol, syringes (for doctors), armhole, leaves (for tailors), characteristic (for actors), etc. Trends in the development of stress. In two- and three-syllable masculine nouns, there is a tendency for stress to shift from the last syllable to the previous one (regressive stress). For some nouns this process has ended. Once upon a time they said: turner, competition, runny nose, ghost, despot, symbol, air, pearl, epigraph. In other words, the process of stress transition continues to this day and is manifested in the presence of options: quarter (incorrect quarter), cottage cheese and additional. cottage cheese, contract and extras. contract, dispensary (wrong dispensary), catalog (catalogue not recommended), obituary not recommended (obituary). In feminine nouns also of two and three syllables, there is a shift of stress from the first word to the next (progressive stress): kerza - kerza, keta - keta, foil - foil, milling cutter - milling cutter. The source of the appearance of variants can be stresses in words with different meanings: linguistic - linguistic, developed - developed, chaos - chaos, flap - flap. Insufficient mastery of exotic vocabulary: pima or pima (shoes), high boots or high boots (shoes), shanga or shanga (in Siberia this is what they call cheesecake). Thus, the norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation are a complex phenomenon.
In general, the current spelling norms of the Russian language (and their possible variants) are registered in special dictionaries.
It should be highlighted:
a) rules for pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);
b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;
c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;
d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.
1. The pronunciation of vowel sounds is determined by their position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels are subject to reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. Thus, the vowels [у], [ы, [и] in an unstressed position retain their basic sound, while [a], [o], [e] change qualitatively. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends primarily on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.
a) in the first pre-stressed syllable the sound is pronounced: [va ъ ы́/ са ъ ы́/ на ъ жы́]. After hissing words it is pronounced: [zha ra / sha ra].
In place of [e] after the hissing [zh], [sh], [ts] the sound [y e] is pronounced: [ts y e pnóį], [z y e ltok].
After soft consonants in place of [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced: [ch٬i e sý/ sn٬ i e la].
b) in the remaining unstressed syllables, in place of the sounds [o], [a], [e], after hard consonants, the sound [ъ] is pronounced: [tskha ъ vóį / para ъ vó] After soft consonants, in place of the sounds [a], [e ] pronounced [ь]: [п "тa ъ ch" ok / ch "ма ъ н].
2. Pronunciation of consonants:
a) norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in the position in front of the deaf (voiced only) - voiced (voiced only) and at the end of the word (voiced only): [hl"ep] / trupk / proz"b];
b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency towards its loss: [s"t"ina] and [st"ina", [z"d"es"] and [z"es"].
3. Pronunciation of some vowel combinations:
a) in pronominal formations that, in order - what is pronounced as [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h"t] is almost preserved;
b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of chn: [ka ъ n "е́шнъ / на ъ ру́шнъ].
In words of book origin, the pronunciation [ch"n] has been preserved: [ml"ech"nyį / va stoch"nyį];
c) in the pronunciation of the combinations st, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), there is usually a reduction or loss of one of the consonants: [prazn"ik], [ch"asn"ik], [hello]
4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:
a) pronunciation of the form I.p. units adjectives m.r. without emphasis: [krasnyį / with "in"iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - й, - й; after back-lingual g, k, x ii: [t"ikh"iį], [m"ahk"iį];
b) pronunciation – sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation has become the norm: [ньч "и е ла́" / нъч" и е лс"а́];
c) the pronunciation of verbs na - ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g"], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt"ag"iv't"].
5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.
In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.
However, in some cases there are deviations:
a) pronunciation [o] in place: [boa/ otel"/poet], although [ra ʁman/[ra ĵal"/pra ʁtsent];
b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables: ;
c) before [e] g, k, x, l are always softened: [g "etry / k" eks / ba ъ l "et].
The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.
Speech norms operate differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (book) speech, of which the first is implemented in everyday communication, and the second in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant groups (in the colloquial style the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.
In linguistics there are such concepts as literary and spoken languages. The language in which intelligent people with a high level of education communicate and write is called literary. Works of fiction, articles in newspapers and magazines, and TV and radio presenters broadcast on it. The basis of the language is orthoepy and its norms. After all, orthoepy is translated from Greek as “correct (orthos) speech (epos).” Understanding the basics of oratory is also impossible without knowledge of literary norms.
What is orthoepy?
Unfortunately, today most people do not have the concept of orthoepy. Many are accustomed to speaking in the dialect that is common in the region of their residence, distorting words, placing emphasis in the wrong place. From a conversation, you can easily determine a person’s position in society. Anyone who is familiar with what orthoepy studies will never pronounce [document], instead of the correct [document]. is the first goal for someone who wants to become a respected business person.
Goals and objectives of orthoepy
The subject and tasks of orthoepy are impeccable pronunciation of sounds and learning how to correctly place stress. There are many cases where vowels and consonants in colloquial speech change from voiceless to voiced, and vice versa. For example, they pronounce mu[e]y, but they should say mu[e]y, or computer with a soft [t] instead of a hard one.
There are many cases of incorrect accent placement. All this distorts speech and makes it sound ugly.
This is most typical for people of the older generation, which grew up and was brought up in a period when intelligent, educated people were rejected by society, and a slightly distorted spoken language was in fashion.
The rules for pronunciation of orthoepy are designed to correct the situation and help all modern people (and not just writers and teachers) speak a beautiful language. And avoid mistakes in pronunciation. The main task of this science is to teach each person not only to pronounce sounds, but also to correctly place emphasis on adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech.
In the modern world, when there is fierce competition in the labor market, literate people with impeccable speaking skills are most in demand. Only a person who correctly emphasizes words and pronounces sounds clearly can become a successful businessman, politician, or make a career in any other field. Therefore, orthoepy, as a branch of linguistics, is becoming increasingly important today.
Rules and regulations of orthoepy
Errors in pronunciation are especially noticeable in the speeches of prominent political figures and some other celebrities, when they, knowingly or unknowingly, pronounce words with the wrong accent. But mistakes can be easily avoided if, before a speech, you look into the rules of spelling of the Russian language or a regular spelling dictionary.
The versatility of the Russian language allows us to establish orthoepic norms that allow for different pronunciation options for consonant sounds before the letter [e]. But at the same time, one of the options is considered preferable, and the other is marked in the dictionaries as acceptable.
The basic rules of spelling and spelling norms of the Russian language are developed by philologists, and before approving a particular pronunciation option, they carefully study its prevalence, connection with the cultural heritage of past generations and compliance with the laws of linguistics.
Orthoepy. Pronunciation styles
1. Literary style. It is spoken by ordinary educated people who are familiar with the rules of pronunciation.
2. Style book, which is characterized by clear pronunciation of phrases and sounds. Recently it has been used only for speeches in scientific circles.
3. Colloquial. This pronunciation is typical for most people in ordinary informal settings.
Pronunciation standards are divided into several sections. This is done to make it easier to master the literary language.
Orthoepy sections:
- pronunciation of vowel sounds;
- pronunciation of consonants;
- pronunciation of specific grammatical word forms;
- pronunciation of borrowed words.
Phonetics and orthoepy
The vocabulary of the Russian language contains a huge amount of information about stress in words and their pronunciation. Therefore, without special knowledge it is difficult to understand all phonetic patterns.
Pronunciation standards depend on the phonetic laws in force in the Russian language. Phonetics and orthoepy are closely related.
They study the sound of speech. What distinguishes them is that phonetics can allow several variants of pronunciation of sounds, and the orthoepy of the Russian language determines the correct version of their pronunciation according to the norms.
Orthoepy. Examples
1. According to phonetic laws in borrowed words, the consonant sound before the letter [e] can be pronounced both softly and firmly. Orthoepic norms establish in which specific words a hard consonant sound should be used during pronunciation, and in which - a soft one. For example, in the words [tempo] or [decade], a hard [t] must be pronounced - t[e]mp, d[e]kada. And in the words [museum], [temperament], [declaration] the consonant sound before e is soft (mus[e]y, t[e]temperament, d[e]declaration).
2. According to the laws of phonetics, the combination [chn] in individual words can be pronounced as written, or can be replaced with the combination [shn] (kone[chn]o, kone[shn]o). And the norms of orthoepy require that they pronounce - [of course].
3. Orthoepy norms require pronouncing [ringing], not [ringing], [kitchen], not [kitchen], [alphabet], and not [alphabet].
Correct, literary pronunciation, knowledge of the norms and rules of orthoepy are an indicator of a person’s cultural level. Knowing the norms of orthoepy and regular practice will help you both in your personal life and at work.
Introduction
Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) is a science that studies the pronunciation norms of oral speech.
Native speakers learn pronunciation norms from birth; we don’t need to explain how to say correctly: zu[b] or zu[p]. But foreigners learning Russian face difficulties. In English, for example, there is no deafening of consonants at the end of a word; the sound [d] in the word friend sounds ringing. This is how the English read the Russian words plant, year, fruit. Without even noticing, we tend to deafen the consonants in English words: This is my frien[t] Bo[p].
The peculiarities of pronunciation are so deeply ingrained in our consciousness that even people who have lived in another country for a long time usually speak with an accent. Based on the accent, it is easy for a specialist to determine where the speaker comes from. But even those who have spoken the same language since childhood often speak it differently. Everyone knows examples of the northern okanya (m[o]l[o]ko, s[o]baka) or the southern Russian fricative [ ?].Orthoepic features can complicate the perception of speech and distract the attention of listeners.
Maintaining consistency in pronunciation is important. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. Therefore, the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially at the present time, when oral speech has become a means of the widest communication in various spheres of human activity.
Modern Russian literary language
The Russian national language is the language of the Russian nation, of all Russian people. The level of its development reflects the level of development of the people and conveys the characteristics of the national culture. All social trends and processes can be traced in the national language; it serves a wide variety of communicative spheres, therefore the national language includes all the diversity of its territorial and social varieties. These are local dialects, vernacular, and jargon of different layers of society. Literary language is also part of the national language, its highest, written form.
Literary language is the basic, written form of the national language.
The period of existence of the modern Russian literary language is often defined as follows: from Pushkin to the present day. A. S. Pushkin is called the creator of the Russian literary language in the general form in which we use this language now. How did it happen that one person could have such an impact on the entire national language?
Pushkin, as often happens with brilliant people, caught the trends that were emerging in the language of that time, and was able to comprehend, systematize and approve these trends in literature. Of course, literature existed in Russia even before Pushkin. But the language of literature of the pre-Pushkin era was very different from the language that people spoke. On the one hand, church literature was strong, written in the Old Church Slavonic language, which many did not understand even then. On the other hand, there is secular literature, focused on confronting harsh reality, and therefore often characterized by excessive floridness of style. And, finally, scientific literature (philosophical, political) generally did not exist in Russian, but mainly in French, German, and English.
In everyday communication, the speech of educated people who spoke more French than Russian was sharply differentiated from the colloquial speech of peasants and urban residents. It can be said that the wealth of the Russian language was not realized or used by the educated part of the then Russian society. Remember, for example, Pushkin’s Tatyana, who1:
… I didn’t speak Russian well,
I haven’t read our magazines
And it was difficult to express myself
In your native language.
Pushkin’s innovation was especially clearly manifested in the central work of his work, the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin.” The poet describes the life of people as it is. Here Evgeniy begins to settle into the estate of his late uncle:
He settled in that peace,
Where is the village old-timer?
For about forty years he was quarreling with the housekeeper,
I looked out the window and squashed flies.
But Tatyana meets with relatives:
“How Tanya has grown! It's been a long time
I think I baptized you?
And I took it in my arms!
So, Pushkin’s contribution to the development of a modern literary language lies in the involvement of colloquial speech in literary works, the simplification of syntax, the pursuit of accuracy of word usage and the appropriateness of word choice, as well as the use of the entire richness of the language to achieve communicative and aesthetic goals.
2. Orthoepy and accentology of the Russian literary language
Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - “correct” and epos - “speech”) is the science of correct literary pronunciation1.
Orthoepic norms are the rules for the pronunciation of vowels and consonants.
The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over centuries, changing. Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, centers of the economic, political and cultural life of Russia, so it turned out that the basis for literary pronunciation was Moscow pronunciation, on which some features of St. Petersburg were subsequently “layered.”
To successfully master orthoepic norms you need:
) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;
) learn to listen to your own speech and the speech of others;
) listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which should be mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of literary expression;
) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;
) correct mistakes through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.
) incomplete (colloquial), which is common in everyday communication.
The complete style is characterized by:
) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic standards;
) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;
) correct placement of verbal and logical stress;
) at a moderate pace;
) correct speech pauses;
) neutral intonation.
With an incomplete pronunciation style, the following is observed:
) excessive abbreviation of words, loss of consonants and entire syllables, for example: shchas (now), thousand (thousand), kilogram of tomato (kilograms of tomatoes), etc.;
) unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;
) inconsistent pace of speech, unwanted pauses.
If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.
Accentology (from Latin accentus - “emphasis” and gr. logos - “word, concept, teaching”)2 is a branch of linguistics that studies the stress system of a language.
Accentological norms of the Russian literary language are the rules for placing stress in words.
Word stress is the emphasis of one of the syllables of a non-monosyllabic word. The stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its greater duration, strength and tone movement.
3. Orthoepic and accentological norms of literary pronunciation that must be adhered to
In the Russian language, the main norm for the pronunciation of vowel sounds is reduction - weakening the sound of unstressed vowels. Stressed vowels are pronounced with full articulation, unstressed vowels with weakened articulation, less clearly and for a long time than stressed ones. Moreover, the further the sound is from the stressed syllable, the weaker the sound.
The vowels [o] and [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as a weakened [^]: ravine, castle. In other unstressed syllables it is a very short, unclear sound, close to both [a] and [s]. Conventionally, it is denoted by [ъ]: g[b]l[^]va, d[b]r[^]goy. In some dialects, in place of [b], [s] is clearly heard, in others [a], such features of speech are called ykan and akan, respectively.
The pronunciation of [o] in unstressed syllables is typical for some foreign words: oasis, poet, radio, cocoa, surnames Voltaire, Flaubert, Shope
The vowels e and i in the first pre-stressed syllable denote a sound intermediate between [i] and [e]: straight, log.
The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are deafening and assimilation. We have already given examples of stunning. Here are a few more: pillar, pilaf, cottage cheese. In words ending with the letter g, you can sometimes hear the sound [x]: smo[x] (instead of smo[k]). This is mistake. The only word in which this variant of stunning is literary is God. It will also be normal to use the fricative [x], for example, in the phrase “Be afraid of Bo[x]a!” It is also correct to pronounce [g] in the word [g]lord. The sound [x] is in the Greek language, it was also in Old Church Slavonic, and in Russian it was supplanted by the plosive [g], surviving only in a few words of Christian themes.
Stunning is also observed in the middle of a word, before a voiceless consonant: lo[sh]ka, ro[p]ka. And before voiced consonants, voiceless ones are also pronounced voiced: do, give. This phenomenon is called assimilation. Before [l], [m], [n], [p], [v] there is no assimilation. Words are pronounced as they are written.
You should pay attention to the combination of chn, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. In the words absentee, eternal, careless, the pronunciation of this combination does not cause difficulties. But, for example, in the word bakery there are already possible variants: [chn] or [shn]. In accordance with the norms of the Russian language, double pronunciation of chn in words is permissible: milky, decent. In the words snack bar, creamy, the pronunciation [shn] is outdated. But in many words it remains the only possible one: mustard plaster, of course, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, in the patronymics Ilyinichna, Fominichna, etc.
Difficulties are often caused by the pronunciation of hard or soft consonants before e in borrowed words. If words have long been mastered in Russian, then, as a rule, the consonants before e are pronounced softly: museum, overcoat, rector, theory. But sometimes the firmness of the consonants remains: plug, square, model, dumping, energy. A short list of such words is given in the textbook “Russian Language and Culture of Speech,” published by our academy. The word manager is used so often in modern Russian that the old norm [manager] is gradually giving way to the new [manager]ger.
A common spelling error is related to the failure to distinguish between the letters e and ё in writing. Remember: scam, guardianship, bigamist, but bigamy; mockery, nonsense.
And in the word bile, both options are acceptable. Adjacent to the norms of orthoepy are accentological norms - the rules for setting stress.
The stress in Russian is free. It can fall on any syllable, which distinguishes it from the stress in some other languages, such as French or Polish. In addition, the stress in Russian can be mobile, that is, move in different forms of one word: for example, Order - orderA.
Thanks to freedom and mobility, stress can perform a semantic-distinguishing function (distinguish between words and word forms).
For example: book (cover with armor) - book (assign to someone);
privod (from the verb to lead, for example, to the police) - privod (technical device);
These same characteristics of Russian accent lead to the fact that sometimes we find it difficult to choose the correct pronunciation option. This is especially true for words that we use infrequently: sparkle or sparkle? nabelo or nabelo? Girlish or girlish? (In these words, both variants are acceptable.) Such words are called accent variants. The difficulty of using accent variants is that there are no uniform rules for their use. In some cases, both options exist within the framework of literary pronunciation: barge and barge, fonts and fonts, poor and poor, aggravate and aggravate. In other cases, there is one preferred option, and the other belongs to a limited field of use. For example, in the following words, the first option is commonly used, and the second is outdated: bills - bills, combiner - combiner, ChristianIn - Christianin,
Previously, these options were also the norm, you can hear them in the speech of older people, but today they are no longer relevant and are falling out of use. And in the next group of words, on the contrary, the second accentual variant exists in colloquial speech. This option has never been the norm, but perhaps someday, under the influence of the majority of speakers, it will become so: loMot - lomot, camphora - camphora, chum salmon - chum salmon. It happens that one of the accent options becomes part of professional speech. Many have heard a line from a song about sailors: “We say not compass, but compAs...”. Here are more examples:
complex - complex (mathematics)1, diopter - diopter (med.)2, fingerprint - fingerprint (forensic), report - report (in the speech of sailors), foil - foil (engineer, military).
In dictionaries, such options are accompanied by special marks, by which you can understand whether the word is normative or outdated, or colloquial, or used only in certain professional circles. But still, most words have a clearly defined norm of stress, and if unacceptable options are given in dictionaries, they have a prohibitive mark not marked with them. dubbing (not dubbing and not dubbing), pullover (not pullover).
Mistakes are often made in the words sorrel, tunic, mulberry, sealed (not sealed) (the correct version of the participle is sealed), rinsed.
In participles and adjectives, an accentological error often coexists with a failure to distinguish between e and e. In the following words it is written ё and, naturally, the corresponding sound is stressed:
long-haired
newborn
convicted
offered
The current state of the Russian accentological system is characterized by:
) strengthening of the grammatical function of stress, as a result of which a clearer contrast between the grammatical forms of the word arises (r. p. singular h. oknA - i. p. plural h. Okna).
) assigning outdated accent variants to stable combinations of words and phraseological units (in the morning, on the forehead).
) in some cases, the stress performs a semantic distinguishing function (happily - happily, castle - castle).
In order to avoid mistakes in stress placement, you need to know not only the norm, but also the types of its variants. There are three possible cases of correlation between accentological options:
only one option is the norm, the rest are prohibited (document, Ukrainian),
one option is the norm, the second option is acceptable (cottage cheese and cottage cheese, cooking and cooking),
both options are equal (salmon and salmon).
In many nouns, the stress is fixed in all forms; it can be fixed either at the base or at the ending (bAnt, tulle, ski, bench). There are five groups of nouns with movable stress:
) the emphasis from the singular stem moves to the plural ending in masculine nouns that have plural endings
and/s, -a/ya (bal - balY, poplar - poplar);
) the emphasis from the singular ending moves to the plural stem for feminine nouns with -а/я and neuter nouns with -о (kozA - goats, oknO - Okna);
) the emphasis from the stem in the singular moves to the ending in the indirect plural cases of feminine and masculine nouns ending in a soft consonant (horse - horses, dove - doves);
) the emphasis from the ending in the singular moves to the stem in three plural cases (nominative, genitive, accusative) for feminine nouns to -а/я (volnA - volny);
) the stress moves from the ending in the singular to the stem in the accusative case of the singular; in the plural there is no stable pattern of stress movement (chekA - cheek).
In adjectives, stress is least stable in short forms. In most adjectives, the stress in the short form falls on the same syllable as in the full form (golden - golden, bezkaznyy - bezkazen). Movable stress is characteristic of adjectives with monosyllabic stems (white - white, white, important - important, important). The short form of the plural receives emphasis depending on the ratio of the short forms of the feminine and neuter genders. If the stress coincides in these forms, then it is preserved in the plural (bogAta, bogAto - bogAty). If these forms have stress on different syllables, then in the plural the stress is placed according to the model of the neuter form (blenA, pale - pale).
The emphasis in comparative forms is determined by the feminine short form. If in this form the emphasis falls on the ending, then in the form of the comparative degree it falls on the suffix -ee (visible - visible, necessary - more necessary). If in the short form the emphasis is on the base, then in the form of the comparative degree it remains there (beautiful - more beautiful).
The predominant type of stress in verbs is fixed stress, falling on the root or suffix. Some groups of verbs are characterized by mobility of stress in the forms of the present tense (walk - walk). In past tense forms the stress is usually the same as in
infinitive (run - ran, ran). If the infinitive form ends in -ch, -sti, the stress in all forms of the past tense (except for the masculine gender) falls on the ending (vestI - led, veA, veI).
In the group of verbs with monosyllabic stems, the emphasis in the past tense moves to the ending in the feminine form (byl - bylA, byli).
Conclusion
Russian literary language orthoepic
A linguistic norm is the rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of a literary language, that is, the rules of pronunciation, word usage, and the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means accepted in social and linguistic practice.
The characteristic features of norms are relative stability, prevalence, common use, universal obligatory nature, and compliance with the capabilities of the language system.
The sources of the norm are cultural traditions, internal properties of the language and trends in its development, recognition of the norm by authoritative writers and journalists, the degree of use, prevalence, common usage, and universal obligatory nature. The value of the norm lies in the fact that it ensures the uniformity of the use of a speech unit, restrains language changes and regulates the speech behavior of people.
Speech culture presupposes compliance with language norms with varying degrees of commitment.
Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. These include pronunciation norms and stress norms.
Pronunciation norms determine the choice of acoustic variants of a phoneme. The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are deafening and assimilation.
Stress norms determine the choice of options for the placement and movement of a stressed syllable among unstressed ones. The features and functions of stress are studied by a branch of linguistics called accentology. Stress in Russian is free, it can fall on any syllable, which is why it is called heterogeneous.
List of used literature
1.Large orthoepic dictionary of the modern Russian language // Ed. Kasatkina. - M.: AST-Press, 2012.
.Dobrycheva A.?A. Russian speech culture: textbook. allowance. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: SakhSU Publishing House, 2013.
.Esakova M.N. Russian language and culture of speech. Norms of modern Russian literary language: textbook. manual for translators. - M. : FLINTA: Science, 2012.
.Kamenskaya O. G., Kan R. A., Strekalova E. T., Zaporozhets M. N. Russian language and culture of speech.: A textbook for students. - M.: Togliatti State Publishing House. University, 2005.
.Russian language and culture of speech: Course of lectures/G.K. Trofimova - M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2004 - P. 50
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