In Russia, this step was called “odious”, but they believe that it will be easier for the organization to work. United States world and cultural heritage sites connected

United States of America (USA) The USA is one of the largest and most influential states in the modern world. It is located in North America and is the fourth largest in terms of territory after Russia, Canada and China. The United States of America is a diverse and diverse country that has made significant contributions to world culture and science. It is able to offer travelers almost everything that the modern world or nature is rich in: from the wonders of the Grand Canyon, the Great Lakes, mountains and the Pacific coast to the metropolises of New York, Las Vegas and Miami. Here you can enjoy whale watching in Oregon, skiing in the Rocky Mountains, clubbing in San Francisco, unparalleled entertainment and gambling in Las Vegas, or catching theater productions in between shopping trips in Manhattan.

US attractions that are included in the UNESCO list 22 of the 981 UNESCO World Heritage Sites are located in the United States. These sites were selected due to their natural or cultural significance. And now we will look at some of them:

Kluane, Rangel St. Elias, Glacier Bay, and Tatshenshini-Alsek Parks and Reserves, Alaska and Canada. Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. This park system includes an impressive range of glaciers and mountains on both sides of the US-Canadian border. Glacier Bay is home to the world's largest non-polar ice field and some of the world's longest and most beautiful glaciers.

Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. The Grand Canyon is also called one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. The landscape of the canyon is changing under the influence of the flow of the Colorado River even today, although this process began approximately 17 million years ago. The unique combination of the bright colors of the rock and the original forms of erosion makes the canyon a spectacular natural attraction. Grandee. The canyon stretches for 446 kilometers and reaches up to 29 kilometers wide and 1.6 kilometers deep. Almost 5 million tourists come to see this wonder of the world every year, and there are many access points to the canyon for them to admire its beauty.

Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky Mammoth Cave is the longest cave. system in the world over 644 kilometers long. It is home to about 130 species of flora and fauna, as well as many wild cave animals. Visitors can enjoy cave tours, rock climbing, canoeing, picnic areas, horseback riding, biking, camping and other outdoor activities. If you are going to Mammoth Cave, it is recommended that you plan your trip in advance. "

Chaco National Historical Park, New. Mexico This collection of monumental public and official buildings indicates that its builders had a precise knowledge of astronomical phenomena. Excursions around the Chaco, its hiking and cycling routes, evening gatherings around the fire and night sky observation programs help you understand the meaning of life and feel a connection with the people who lived here before (850 and 1250 BC).

Taos Pueblo, New Mexico Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. This adobe village in the valley of a small tributary of the Rio Grande represents the culture of the Pueblo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. Mud dwellings and ceremonial buildings stand as evidence of the eternal culture of an ethnic group formed at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. These houses, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, have been inhabited continuously for over 1,000 years.

This table lists the properties in the order they were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

#	Name	Location	Time of creation	Year of inclusion in the list	Criteria
1	Mesa Verde National Park (English) Mesa Verde National Park)	State: Colorado	1906	1978	iii
2	Yellowstone National Park (English) Yellowstone National Park)	States: Wyoming, Montana, Idaho	1872	1978	vii, viii, ix, x
3	Kluane, Rangel St Elias, Glacier Bay and Tatshenshini Alsek Parks and Reserves (English) Kluane/Wrangell - St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek )	State: Alaska (shared with Canadian Kluane National Park)	1980	1979, 1992, 1994	vii, viii, ix, x
4	Grand Canyon National Park (English) Grand Canyon National Park)	State: Arizona	1919	1979	vii, viii, ix, x
5	Everglades National Park (English) Everglades National Park)	State: Florida	1947	1979	viii, ix, x
6	Independence Hall (English) Independence Hall)	City: Philadelphia State: Pennsylvania	1732-1753	1979	vi
7	Redwood National Park (English) Redwood National Park)	California State	1968	1980	vii, ix
8	Mammoth Cave National Park (English) Mammoth Cave National Park)	State: Kentucky	1941	1981	vii, viii, x
9	Olympic National Park (English) Olympic National Park)	Washington state	1938	1981	vii, ix
10	Cahokia Mounds Historical Monument (English) Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site )	State: Illinois	VII-XIII century	1982	iii, iv
11	Great Smoky Mountains National Park (English) Great Smoky Mountains National Park )	State: North Carolina, Tennessee	1934	1983	vii, viii, ix, x
12	Fortress La Fortaleza And historical part city of San Juan on the island of Puerto Rico (English) La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico )	Puerto Rico	XV-XIX centuries	1983	vi
13	Statue of Liberty (English) Statue of Liberty)	City: New York State: New York	1886	1984	i, vi
14	Yosemite National Park (English) Yosemite National Park)	California State	1980	1984	vii, viii
15	Chaco National Historical Park (English) Chaco Culture National Historical Park )	State: New Mexico	850-1250	1987	iii
16	Waterton International Peace Park - Glacier (English) Waterton Glacier International Peace Park )	State: Montana, USA Province: Alberta, Canada	1976	1995	vii, ix
17	Hawaii Volcainos National Park (English) Hawaii Volcanoes National Park )	State: Hawaii	1916	1987	viii
18	Monticello Estate and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville (English) Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville )	City: Charlottesville State: Virginia	XVIII-XIX century	1987	i, iv, vi
19	Indian settlement of Taos Pueblo (English) Taos Pueblo)	City: Taos State: New Mexico	1000-1450	1992	iv
20	Carlsbad Caverns National Park (English) Carlsbad Caverns National Park )	State: New Mexico	1930	1995	vii, viii
21	Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Park (English) Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument )	State: Hawaii	2006	2010	iii, vi, viii, ix, x
22	Poverty Point monumental earthworks (English) Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point )	State: Louisiana		2014	iii
23	San Antonio Missions (English) San Antonio Missions)	State: Texas		2015	ii

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Excerpt characterizing the List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the United States

The night was dark, warm, autumn. It had been raining for four days now. Having changed horses twice and galloping thirty miles along a muddy, sticky road in an hour and a half, Bolkhovitinov was in Letashevka at two o'clock in the morning. Having dismounted from the hut, on the fence of which there was a sign: “General Headquarters,” and abandoning his horse, he entered the dark vestibule.
- The general on duty, quickly! Very important! - he said to someone who was rising and snoring in the darkness of the entryway.
“We’ve been very unwell since the evening; we haven’t slept for three nights,” the orderly’s voice whispered intercessively. - You must wake up the captain first.
“Very important, from General Dokhturov,” said Bolkhovitinov, entering the open door he felt. The orderly walked ahead of him and began to wake someone up:
- Your honor, your honor - the courier.
- I'm sorry, what? from whom? – said someone’s sleepy voice.
– From Dokhturov and from Alexey Petrovich. “Napoleon is in Fominskoye,” said Bolkhovitinov, not seeing in the darkness who asked him, but by the sound of his voice, suggesting that it was not Konovnitsyn.
The awakened man yawned and stretched.
“I don’t want to wake him up,” he said, feeling something. - You're sick! Maybe so, rumors.
“Here’s the report,” said Bolkhovitinov, “I’ve been ordered to hand it over to the general on duty immediately.”
- Wait, I’ll light a fire. Where the hell do you always put it? – turning to the orderly, said the stretching man. It was Shcherbinin, Konovnitsyn's adjutant. “I found it, I found it,” he added.
The orderly was chopping the fire, Shcherbinin was feeling the candlestick.
“Oh, disgusting ones,” he said with disgust.
In the light of the sparks, Bolkhovitinov saw the young face of Shcherbinin with a candle and in the front corner a still sleeping man. It was Konovnitsyn.
When the brimstones lit up with a blue and then a red flame on the tinder, Shcherbinin lit a tallow candle, from the candlestick of which the Prussians ran, gnawing it, and examined the messenger. Bolkhovitinov was covered in dirt and, wiping himself with his sleeve, smeared it on his face.
-Who is informing? - said Shcherbinin, taking the envelope.
“The news is true,” said Bolkhovitinov. - And the prisoners, and the Cossacks, and the spies - they all unanimously show the same thing.
“There’s nothing to do, we have to wake him up,” said Shcherbinin, getting up and approaching a man in a nightcap, covered with an overcoat. - Pyotr Petrovich! - he said. Konovnitsyn did not move. - To the main headquarters! – he said, smiling, knowing that these words would probably wake him up. And indeed, the head in the nightcap rose immediately. On Konovnitsyn’s handsome, firm face, with feverishly inflamed cheeks, for a moment there remained the expression of dreams of a dream far from the present situation, but then suddenly he shuddered: his face took on its usually calm and firm expression.
- Well, what is it? From whom? – he asked slowly, but immediately, blinking from the light. Listening to the officer’s report, Konovnitsyn printed it out and read it. As soon as he had read it, he lowered his feet in woolen stockings onto the earthen floor and began to put on his shoes. Then he took off his cap and, combing his temples, put on his cap.
-Are you there soon? Let's go to the brightest.
Konovnitsyn immediately realized that the news brought was of great importance and that there was no time to delay. Whether it was good or bad, he did not think or ask himself. He wasn't interested. He looked at the whole matter of war not with his mind, not with reasoning, but with something else. There was a deep, unspoken conviction in his soul that everything would be fine; but that you don’t need to believe this, and especially don’t say this, but just do your job. And he did this work, giving it all his strength.
Pyotr Petrovich Konovnitsyn, just like Dokhturov, only as if out of decency was included in the list of so-called heroes of the 12th year - the Barclays, Raevskys, Ermolovs, Platovs, Miloradovichs, just like Dokhturov, enjoyed the reputation of a person of very limited abilities and information, and, like Dokhturov, Konovnitsyn never made plans for battles, but was always where it was most difficult; he always slept with the door open since he was appointed general on duty, ordering everyone sent to wake him up, he was always under fire during the battle, so Kutuzov reproached him for this and was afraid to send him, and was, like Dokhturov, alone one of those inconspicuous gears that, without rattling or making noise, constitute the most essential part of the machine.
Coming out of the hut into the damp, dark night, Konovnitsyn frowned, partly from the intensifying headache, partly from the unpleasant thought that came into his head about how this whole nest of staff, influential people would now be agitated at this news, especially Bennigsen, who was after Tarutin at knifepoint with Kutuzov; how they will propose, argue, order, cancel. And this premonition was unpleasant for him, although he knew that he could not live without it.
Indeed, Tol, to whom he went to tell the new news, immediately began to express his thoughts to the general who lived with him, and Konovnitsyn, who listened silently and tiredly, reminded him that he needed to go to His Serene Highness.

Kutuzov, like all old people, slept little at night. He often dozed off unexpectedly during the day; but at night, without undressing, lying on his bed, he mostly did not sleep and thought.
So he lay now on his bed, leaning his heavy, large, disfigured head on his plump arm, and thought, with one eye open, peering into the darkness.
Since Bennigsen, who corresponded with the sovereign and had the most power in the headquarters, avoided him, Kutuzov was calmer in the sense that he and his troops would not be forced to again participate in useless offensive actions. The lesson of the Tarutino battle and its eve, painfully memorable for Kutuzov, should also have had an effect, he thought.
“They must understand that we can only lose by acting offensively. Patience and time, these are my heroes!” – thought Kutuzov. He knew not to pick an apple while it was green. It will fall on its own when it is ripe, but if you pick it green, you will spoil the apple and the tree, and you will set your teeth on edge. He, as an experienced hunter, knew that the animal was wounded, wounded as only the entire Russian force could wound, but whether it was fatal or not was a question that had not yet been clarified. Now, according to the dispatches of Lauriston and Berthelemy and according to the reports of the partisans, Kutuzov almost knew that he was mortally wounded. But more evidence was needed, we had to wait.
“They want to run and see how they killed him. Wait and see. All maneuvers, all attacks! - he thought. - For what? Everyone will excel. There's definitely something fun about fighting. They are like children from whom you can’t get any sense, as was the case, because everyone wants to prove how they can fight. That's not the point now.
And what skillful maneuvers all these offer me! It seems to them that when they invented two or three accidents (he remembered the general plan from St. Petersburg), they invented them all. And they all have no number!”
The unresolved question of whether the wound inflicted in Borodino was fatal or not fatal had been hanging over Kutuzov’s head for a whole month. On the one hand, the French occupied Moscow. On the other hand, undoubtedly with his whole being Kutuzov felt that that terrible blow, in which he, together with all the Russian people, strained all his strength, should have been fatal. But in any case, proof was needed, and he had been waiting for it for a month, and the more time passed, the more impatient he became. Lying on his bed on his sleepless nights, he did the very thing that these young generals did, the very thing for which he reproached them. He came up with all possible contingencies in which this certain, already accomplished death of Napoleon would be expressed. He came up with these contingencies in the same way as young people, but with the only difference that he did not base anything on these assumptions and that he saw not two or three, but thousands. The further he thought, the more of them appeared. He came up with all kinds of movements of the Napoleonic army, all or parts of it - towards St. Petersburg, against it, bypassing it, he came up with (which he was most afraid of) and the chance that Napoleon would fight against him with his own weapons, that he would remain in Moscow , waiting for him. Kutuzov even dreamed up the movement of Napoleon’s army back to Medyn and Yukhnov, but one thing he could not foresee was what happened, that crazy, convulsive rushing of Napoleon’s army during the first eleven days of his speech from Moscow - the throwing that made it possible something that Kutuzov still did not dare to think about even then: the complete extermination of the French. Dorokhov's reports about Broussier's division, news from the partisans about the disasters of Napoleon's army, rumors about preparations for departure from Moscow - everything confirmed the assumption that the French army was defeated and was about to flee; but these were only assumptions that seemed important to young people, but not to Kutuzov. With his sixty years of experience, he knew what weight should be attributed to rumors, he knew how capable people who want something are of grouping all the news so that they seem to confirm what they want, and he knew how in this case they willingly miss everything that contradicts. And the more Kutuzov wanted this, the less he allowed himself to believe it. This question occupied all his mental strength. Everything else was for him just the usual fulfillment of life. Such habitual fulfillment and subordination of life were his conversations with staff, letters to m me Stael, which he wrote from Tarutin, reading novels, distributing awards, correspondence with St. Petersburg, etc. n. But the death of the French, foreseen by him alone, was his spiritual, only desire.

Independence Hall

Independence Hall (English: Independence Hall, lit. Independence Hall) is a building in Independence Square in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, known as the place where the Declaration of Independence was discussed, agreed upon and signed in 1776; place where the US Constitution was signed. From 1775 to 1783, the building was used as a meeting place for the Second Continental Congress. Currently, the building is part of the US Historical Park and is listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Designed in Georgian style by Edmund Woolley and Andrew Hamilton, the building was built by Woolley between 1732 and 1753. The building was originally intended for the Pennsylvania government.

Independence Hall is built of red brick. The highest point of the building rises 41 meters above the ground. There are 2 more buildings adjacent to the building: the old city council building to the east and the Congress Hall to the west.

Liberty Bell

The bell tower of Independence Hall was where the Liberty Bell was originally located. Currently, the bell tower houses the Centennial Bell, created in 1876 on the centenary of the declaration of independence. The Liberty Bell is on display to the public in one of the adjacent pavilions.

In 1976, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, while visiting Philadelphia, presented as a gift to the American people a replica of the Century Bell, manufactured by the same factory as the original bell. It is now installed in the bell tower near Independence Hall.

Image of Independence Hall on the 1975-1976 50-cent coin

Work of the Second Continental Congress and the Declaration of Independence

Assembly Hall
From 1775 to 1783, Independence Hall was the main meeting place for the Second Continental Congress, drawn from representatives from each of the thirteen colonies. The Declaration of Independence was adopted here on July 4, 1776, and then read to the public in what is now known as Independence Square. This document united the North American colonies and declared their independence from Great Britain. This event is celebrated on July 4th as Independence Day.

On June 14, 1775, at Independence Hall, delegates to the Continental Congress elected George Washington as commander of the Continental Army. On July 26, Benjamin Franklin was elected postmaster general.
Cahokia Mounds Historic Site

Cahokia or Cahokia is a group of 109 North American Indian mounds located near the city of Collinsville in Illinois on the banks of the Mississippi, opposite the city of St. Louis. The largest archaeological monument of Mississippian culture (VII-XIII centuries) Since 1982, it has been protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Covering more than 2,000 acres, Cahokia is the only prehistoric Indian city north of Mexico and the largest archaeological site of the famous Mississippian culture. Cahokia consists of 109 mounds of the North American Indians known as the Mound Builders, but it remains a great mystery how they were able to build such huge, complex mounds.

Cahokia is famous for its huge mounds, large clay structures. This city was inhabited from approximately 700 to 1400 AD by ancient peoples. At the beginning there were only a few thousand, but then the population of Cahokia grew to tens of thousands.

A ceramic jug with an image of the so-called “underwater panther”, belonging to the Mississippian culture. Found in Parkin State Archaeological Park, Cross County, Arkansas, USA, dating: 1400-1600, height 20 cm
The real name of the city is unknown and the inhabitants apparently did not use writing. The name Cahokia comes from an unrelated tribe that lived in this area when the first French explorers arrived (late 17th century).
The ancient Cahokia Indians built more than 120 clay mounds. Some mounds have not survived to this day, as they were destroyed by subsequent tribes. The Cahokia mound complex is an amazing sight. Some mounds do not exceed a few meters in height, while others exceed a height of 30 meters. More than 50 million cubic feet of earth were moved to build these embankments, with huge quarries still standing in some places. The Indians carried the soil on their backs, dragging large, heavy baskets.

At the height of the Cahokian culture (1,100 to 1,200 AD), the city covered nearly six square miles and had a population of 20,000 people. The buildings were built in rows around spacious areas. Food came to the city from small villages around, where they were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. The Cahokians traded with other tribes as far as Minnesota.

Flourished from 1050 to 1250 AD. e. the city fell into complete decline by 1500. It is estimated that 40,000 people lived in an area of about two square miles at that time. About one and a half million cubic meters of earth were required to create the mysterious ritual mounds.

Here is a place of power, the largest man-made earthen structure in North America - the Monastic Mound, so named because for several years at the beginning of the 17th century. a group of French monks of the mysterious Trappist order lived there. The mound covers an area of fourteen acres and is over 30 m high.

The most likely reason for the desolation of this place is the depletion of natural resources. According to another version, climate change has affected soil fertility, or perhaps the inhabitants of these places have become victims of external aggression.

During the exploration and excavation of the Cahokia mounds, a number of mysterious and shocking discoveries were discovered. One of the mounds, known as number 72, contained a burial dating back to 1050

A tall man, who died at a little over forty years of age, rested on a bed decorated with an ornament of twenty thousand shells and eight thousand arrowheads. In the mystical crypt, items made of mica, copper, plaster, as well as stones used in various games were discovered.

Scientists have suggested that the deceased held an important position in the hierarchy of his tribe. In the same burial were the remains of four men with severed heads and hands and fifty-three women aged from fifteen to twenty-five years, most likely strangled. Due to the fact that all the deceased were approximately the same age and died a violent death at the same time, a version of the act of human sacrifice was put forward. A certain number of people were sent to accompany their leader in his afterlife. This is the largest burial of its kind ever discovered in North America.

Model of the leader's burial.

In front of the main temple of Cahokia stretched a peculiar area measuring at least 19 hectares. A 3-kilometer palisade was built around Monakhov Mound, which was updated several times. The size of the settlement suggests that at its height it was the largest on the continent north of Mexico.

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Researchers believe that the creation of mounds began in this area in the middle of the 7th century. By the 10th-11th centuries, Cahokia reached its maximum prosperity and acquired the status of the largest North American city

Fortress of La Fortaleza and the historical part of the city of San Juan

During the period XV-XIX centuries. a system of defensive structures was built at this strategic location in the Caribbean to protect the city and San Juan Bay. They are excellent examples of the adaptation of European military architecture to the characteristics of American harbors.

Puerto Rico (Spanish Puerto Rico, translated as “rich port”), officially the Freely Associated State of Puerto Rico, is located in the Caribbean Sea on the island of Puerto Rico from the group of the Greater Antilles and a number of adjacent small islands.

“Old San Juan,” or Viejo San Juan, lies at the very tip of the peninsula of the same name, which juts out into the waters of the Atlantic in a long, irregular strip. It was here that the first buildings of the future city were moved from Caparra, it was here, between the deep waters of San Juan Bay and the open sea, that the first caravels with a load of treasures of the New World moored, and it was here, on a strip of land convenient for defense, that the capital of the country grew.

Caguanas Indigenous Ceremonial Center
The entire Old Town, literally replete with buildings and structures of the 16th-17th centuries, is today a National Historical Zone and the main point of attraction for numerous tourists. The old town is more of an open-air museum of darkened Spanish colonial-era buildings, many of them, most notably the area around Plaza del Cinto Centenario, considered the best-preserved example of the style in the Western Hemisphere.

The steep and narrow streets here are paved with smooth bars known as "adequines", and the pastel facades of the buildings and balconies with wrought-iron trellises entwined with flowering plants seem to have stepped out of the pages of the classics of Spanish literature. Stone fortress walls stretch along the entire northern side of Viejo San Juan, forming, together with its forts, a powerful defensive system designed to protect the city from attacks by British, Dutch and French corsairs.

Today, only the walls of La Muralla and the ramparts of El Morro and San Cristobal have remained intact, but this area is enough to appreciate the former greatness of this fortress.

In the very north-west of the city, on Cape Punta del Moro, stands the most impressive example of the Spanish fortification school - Fort Fuerte San Felipe del Moro, guarding the entrance to San Juan Bay. This fortress, considered one of the largest and most advanced in the Caribbean, was built by Spanish engineers over more than 200 years - it was founded in 1539, and the last of its six tiers was completed only in 1787.

This massive structure has withstood countless attacks, including such famous ones as the attacks of the pirate Francis Drake's fleet in 1595, the attack of the Dutch fleet in 1625, or the fire of the guns of the entire American Atlantic squadron in 1898. The majestic walls of the fort rise 42 meters above the waters of the Atlantic. meters, and in its depths hide countless barracks, galleries, dungeons and firing positions, many of which are simply carved into the rocky soil of the cape. A huge number of exhibitions are regularly held on the territory of El Morro, showing the role of Puerto Rico in the conquest of the New World.

The northeastern tip of the Old Town is covered by the second fortress of this system - Fuerte San Cristobal. Stretching from Avenida Muñoz Rivera to Calle Norzagaray, this majestic fort was built between 1634 and 1790. and originally occupied an area of 27 acres (this is the largest fortification built by the Spaniards in the New World).

Today, tourists can freely explore its labyrinth-like structures and nearly six kilometers of network of secret tunnels, ditches, and dungeons of military positions built within the depths of 45-meter walls, which offer beautiful panoramic views of San Juan and its bays. Fuerte San Felipe del Moro and Fuerte San Cristobal are National Historic Monuments and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The Plaza de San José lies in the very center of the old part of the city. Around this colorful square, decorated with a statue of the city's founder, Juan Ponce de Leon, are many small museums and pleasant cafes.

In the northern part of the square rises the Iglesia San Jose Church (1530) - one of the few Gothic churches in America (the second is also in Puerto Rico - this is Porta Coelli in San Germán, 1606).

Porta_Coeli_in_San_Germán Both the first church on the island and one of the oldest in the Western Hemisphere, Iglesia San José was built as a Dominican monastery and chapel dedicated to St. Thomas Aquinas (the original building was badly damaged by a hurricane and rebuilt by the Jesuits in 1865).

Other attractions of the Old Town include Casa Blanca (1523, was built as the residence of Ponce de Leon),
Dominican convent (1523, now houses the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture),

residence of the island's governor - La Fortaleza (1540 - the oldest residence in the Western Hemisphere), Alcalde, or City Hall (1604-1789), Casino (not a gaming club at all, but a fashionable palace built in 1917 and recently excellent renovated),

Cathedral of San Juan (1520-1535, restored 1977), neoclassical building of La Princesa (built as a prison in 1837, now the main office of the Tourist Company
Puerto Rico and a wonderful exhibition gallery of works by local artists),

fragments of the city wall of La Muraglia (1539-1782) up to 6 meters thick,

Cemeterio de San Juan cemetery behind the northern edge of the walls of La Muralla, the old fortress gates of La Puerta de San Juan (1635),
the Casa del Libro mansion and the nearby Capilla del Libro chapel,
Capilla del Cristo (1753) and the nearby Parque de las Palomas (a real pigeon sanctuary),
the magnificent El Convento hotel in the building of an old convent, as well as the amazing sculptural group La Rogativa (1797) in commemoration of the miraculous salvation of the city from the British invasion
beautiful house Casa Rosada (1812)

Museo_de_las_Americas_

It is not surprising that within the old part of the city there are many museums, including such famous ones as the Museo de Las Americas in the building of the old army barracks
Cartel de Balahona (the most interesting archaeological finds of the island are concentrated here, as well as many artistic works by masters of Puerto Rico and the USA),
"Children's Museum" Museo del Niño,

Museo del Arte e Historia (extensive exhibition of Puerto Rican art and musical traditions),
Casa Blanca Museum (collection of objects and things from the era of the beginning of the Conquest),
Francisco Oller Art Museum in the old city hall (many historical works),
Puerto Rico Museum of Art (www.mapr.org),

g Museum of Contemporary Art (www.museocontemporaneopr.org),
Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty (English Statue of Liberty, full name - Liberty Enlightening the World) is one of the most famous sculptures in the USA and in the world, often called the “symbol of New York and the USA”, “symbol of freedom and democracy", "Lady Liberty". This is a gift from French citizens for the centennial of the American Revolution.

The Statue of Liberty is located on Liberty Island, approximately 3 km southwest of the southern tip of Manhattan, in New Jersey. Until 1956, the island was called “Bedloe's Island,” although it was popularly called “Liberty Island” since the beginning of the 20th century.

Statue of Liberty (view from the pedestal)

The goddess of freedom holds a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left. The inscription on the tablet reads “English. JULY IV MDCCLXXVI" (written in Roman numerals the date "July 4, 1776"), this date is the day of the Declaration of Independence of the United States. “Freedom” stands with one foot on broken shackles.

Visitors walk 356 steps to the crown of the Statue of Liberty or 192 steps to the top of the pedestal. There are 25 windows in the crown, which symbolize earthly precious stones and heavenly rays that illuminate the world. The seven rays on the crown of the statue symbolize the seven seas and seven continents (the Western geographical tradition includes exactly seven continents).

The total weight of copper used to cast the statue is 31 tons, and the total weight of its steel structure is 125 tons. The total weight of the concrete base is 27 thousand tons. The thickness of the copper coating of the statue is 2.57 mm.

The height from the ground to the tip of the torch is 93 meters, including the base and pedestal. The height of the statue itself, from the top of the pedestal to the torch, is 46 meters.

The statue was constructed from thin sheets of copper hammered into wooden molds. The formed sheets were then installed on a steel frame.

The statue is usually open to visitors, usually arriving by ferry. The crown, accessible by stairs, offers expansive views of New York Harbor. The museum, located in the pedestal (and accessible by elevator), houses a history exhibition

The French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to create the statue. It was intended as a gift for the centennial anniversary of the Declaration of Independence in 1876. According to one version, Bartholdi even had a French model: the beautiful, recently widowed Isabella Boyer, wife of Isaac Singer, the creator and entrepreneur in the field of sewing machines. “She was freed from the awkward presence of her husband, who left her with only the most desirable attributes in society: fortune... and children. From the very beginning of her career in Paris, she was a well-known personality. As the beautiful French widow of an American entrepreneur, she proved a suitable model for Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty."
Manor Monticello

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), author of the American Declaration of Independence and third President of the United States, was also a talented architect of classicist buildings. He designed Monticello (1769–1809), his plantation home, and his ideal “academic village” (1817–1826), which is still the core of the University of Virginia. Jefferson's use of classical architectural language suggests that the new republic in America saw itself as the heir to the European tradition. It also symbolized the country's reaching maturity to allow it to experiment in the field of culture.

Monticello is the only house in the United States to be designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Jefferson, who grew up on one of Virginia's largest tobacco plantations, inherited several thousand acres of land at age 21, including the hills of Monticello (Italian for "little mountain"), where he began building his mansion in 1768.

The estate stands on the crest of a 264-meter hill, from where its name comes, meaning “hillock” in Italian. The manor house was founded by Jefferson in 1769 according to his own design, inspired by the drawings of Andrea Palladio. On the sides of the manor house there were two long terraces in the shape of the letter L, which hid from the eyes of guests the kitchen, laundry and other utility rooms where black slaves lived and worked.

. Jefferson thought out not only the exterior of the building, but also the interior details, including ingenious devices, like an elevator hidden behind the fireplace in the dining room that takes you directly down to the wine cellar.

Monticello Palace is unique not only in its design, but also in its use of resources. Bricks for construction in the 18th century were imported from England. Jefferson produced all his building materials, including nails, on site. Among other improvements, he added a mezzanine and an octagonal dome, the first of its kind in America.

The initial design for Monticello consisted of 14 rooms, but after several years in Europe as the U.S. Secretary to France, Jefferson became interested in fashionable trends in French architecture and changed the plan. The building has doubled its size to 1000 sq.m., not counting pavilions and terraces, and now includes 43 rooms.

Additional rooms were used not so much for housing and guests, but for storing an enormous collection of books, European art, Indian artifacts and souvenirs from travel. The Monticello Palace also contains Jefferson's unique inventions: rotating shelves, a photocopier, a spherical sundial and many other devices.

Jefferson
Born into one of the wealthiest families in the United States and known for his extravagance, Jefferson left his heirs numerous debts. He bequeathed the Monticello Palace to the state to establish a school for the children of deceased naval officers. However, his daughter, Martha Randolph, was forced to sell the palace for $4,500 to an admirer of her father's talent, Captain Levi. In 1923, Monticello purchased the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation and opened it to the public as a museum.

Monticello Palace reflects Jefferson's personal ideas and ideals. The original main entrance through the portico is equipped with a plate connected to a weather vane, indicating the direction of the wind. The large clock face on the east wall has only an hour hand, as Jefferson believed this was a fairly accurate time indicator for workers.

Submission of the draft Declaration by the Committee of Five to Congress. John Trumbull's famous painting reproduced on the back of an old $2

Jefferson's private quarters are located in the south wing. The library contains books from his third collection. The first library burned down in a fire, and he donated the second to the US Congress after the Capitol fire in 1814.

Most of the furniture at Monticello is original, but other pieces were restored by the foundation for the 250th anniversary of Thomas Jefferson's birth in 1993.

Visitors are offered a tour on the ground floor, or can take the elevator to the mezzanine. The second and third floors are closed to the public. In addition to the palace, stroll through Monticello's extensive gardens, which housed an experimental laboratory for ornamental and useful plants from around the world.

The article was prepared based on the results of exploratory research work within the framework of the implementation of the federal target program "Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia" for 2009-2013. The authors have made an attempt to summarize the main data obtained from studying the history and heritage of Russian America, to summarize the results of the first experience of field interdisciplinary research and to outline the prospects for studying Russian influence on the diversity of life and activity in the region. The article does not pretend to be a comprehensive and detailed analysis of sources and literature on the stated topic - this goal is set in the monograph that the team is working on.

In 1867, Russia sold the Alaska Peninsula and its adjacent islands to the United States. America received a huge territory with significant natural resources, a harsh climate, which is home to one of the largest predators on the planet - the Kodiak brown bear. Surprisingly, all this - the vast territory, the natural resources, the climate, and the bear - became for Americans a symbol of the Soviet Union, and then of modern Russia. In other words, Alaska appeared to the residents of the American continental states as a kind of Russia in miniature.

For a long time, stereotypes prevailed in Russian-American relations, and they also spread in the scientific community. Thus, some scientists considered the topic of Russian America to be insignificant, but found it difficult to attribute it to Russian or American history. School and university textbooks say practically nothing about the great Russian geographical discoveries in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and the history of Russian America. At the same time, many myths are widespread. Only in recent years, thanks to the efforts of specialist scientists and participants in research expeditions to Alaska, the study of Russian America has reached a new level.

We propose to consider the heritage of Russian America as a historical and cultural phenomenon in different aspects. In the narrow sense, this means Alaska, groups of the Aleutian Islands, settlements in California, the Hawaiian, Kuril and Commander Islands. This is the area of activity of the Russian-American Company, which managed these territories in 1799-1867. In a broad sense, we understand Russian America as the New World, new frontiers in the consciousness of our ancestors. “America” is a term that designates not so much a continent as a new, unknown land, a border. In the first half of the 19th century alone, more than 50 expeditions around the world set off from Russia. They were the pride of the Russian fleet and led to qualitative changes in science, because many major geographical discoveries were made. It is important to emphasize that the final goal of almost all expeditions was Alaska, and they were equipped with funds from the Russian-American Company (RAC). Without an understanding of this factor and a proper assessment of the financial and economic activities of the RAC in Russia and abroad, it is extremely difficult to compile a “Russian globe” and study the Russian heritage abroad. Therefore, in a broad sense, by Russian America we mean countries and regions visited by participants of Russian round-the-world expeditions.

We offer a brief overview of some of the results of domestic research in this area.

Historical research. The basis for the study of Russian America and the Russian-American Company was laid by domestic historians P. A. Tikhmenev and S. B. Okun. Later, several trends in historiography emerged. One of them is related to the study of geographical discoveries. A significant number of works are devoted to the advance of the Russians to the Pacific coast at the end of the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries, domestic expeditions, the organization of the fur trade and cartography of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands.

The recognized leader of the second direction, associated with the study of diplomatic relations of countries in the North Pacific Ocean, was Academician N. N. Bolkhovitinov. In a series of works devoted to Russian-American relations, he studied in detail all aspects of diplomatic contacts between the United States, Russia, Spain, Great Britain and other powers in this region. Russian-Spanish relations in the Pacific Ocean in the last third of the 18th century. reflected in the works of M. S. Alperovich.

The third direction can be called historical-ethnographic. A number of scientists have written monographs and published collections of documents on the history of relations between Russians and the local population of Alaska and California (Aleuts, Eskimos, Athapaskan, Tlingit, Pomo, etc.). Their works also traced the problems of the cultural development of the peoples of Alaska during the period of Russian colonization of this region.

The accumulated material and established methodological principles of research allowed modern scientists to create a major work on the history of Russian America, in which many aspects of the almost century and a half process of Russian colonization of Alaska were illuminated. The research work of the book's authors occurred in the early 1990s, when little was known about the Russian influence on the interior of Alaska, and knowledge of the archeology and linguistics of Russian America was limited. In general, almost exclusively historians and ethnographers worked on this topic. The study of the financial and economic activities of the RAC, the organization of special scientific research expeditions to the interior of Alaska were still issues for the future. Based on the then source and scientific research knowledge, N. N. Bolkhovitinov expressed the idea that the Russian heritage had disappeared: “Nothing has survived from the once vast American possessions of Russia. The last remnants of the Russian heritage at the end of the 19th century were washed away by a gigantic wave of adventurers and gold miners that poured into the Klondike region, and then into Alaska itself. The specter of Russian influence dissipated “like smoke, like morning fog.”

On the initiative of N. N. Bolkhovitinov, a center for the study of the history of Russian America was created at the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which included many famous scientists. The main directions of the center’s work formed the basis of the leading scientific school founded by him, supported by the President of the Russian Federation. Currently, regional centers have developed, operating mainly at universities. Scientists from these centers teach special courses on the history of Russian America, conduct conferences and seminars, and publish monographs and articles in domestic and foreign publications. The development of relations with these centers is part of the large program of the Center for the Study of the Historical, Cultural and Spiritual Heritage of Russian America, which is headed by Academician A. O. Chubaryan.

Modern trends in the study of Russian America are characterized by an attempt to generalize existing knowledge, at the same time, new areas of research are emerging concerning the financial and economic activities of the RAC, the development of colonial law in Russian America and the activities of the RAC in Siberia and the Far East. In recent years, efforts have been made to form an international association of scientists - specialists in this field.

Orthodoxy in Russian America. Part of historical research and at the same time an independent direction was the study of the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska. According to domestic and foreign researchers, it was the spread of Orthodoxy that became a significant confirmation of Russian cultural influence on the life of the aborigines in this part of the New World. Orthodox missionaries closely interacted with the flock and in their spiritual activities relied on the study and preservation of the characteristics of the culture of indigenous peoples. Through their efforts, the written language of the main ethnic groups of Alaska was formed, and books of the Holy Scriptures, liturgical and doctrinal texts were translated into native languages. During the Russian period, the Russian Orthodox Church had a civilizational impact on the autochthonous population of the colony, making a significant contribution to the development of self-awareness, culture and the improvement of social relations in the local environment. Unlike the RAC, the Russian Orthodox Church continued its activities in Alaska even after it became an American state. Carrying out pastoral work in a multi-religious country with a state-political and socio-economic system sharply different from Russia, the Orthodox clergy defended the interests of their flock before authorities at all levels, as well as before American commercial structures and representatives of other faiths. N. N. Bolkhovitinov noted that it was the Orthodox Church that became the main custodian of the Russian heritage in North America. But this unique experience has so far been poorly reflected in the research literature.

Publications about Orthodoxy in Alaska in the 19th – early 20th centuries, including books by St. Innocent (Veniaminov), essays on the first spiritual mission, and field journals of missionaries, were mainly descriptive in nature. In Soviet times, for ideological reasons, this topic was taboo; information objectionable to the authorities was confiscated; even when archival documents were published, the words “saint” were excluded from the names of ships and even geographical names. At this time, American authors were studying issues of church history in Alaska.

Domestic research publications on this topic appeared in the post-Soviet era. N. N. Bolkhovitinov was the first secular scientist to write a separate work on the spread of Russian spiritual culture in Alaska. The legacy of Orthodox missionaries who worked in Russian America became the topic of articles by R. G. Lyapunova and G. I. Dzeniskevich, included in the collection “Russian America”. Metropolitan of Kaluga and Borovsk Clement (Kapalin) was the first to undertake a study of the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska after 1867. His monographic study of the history of Orthodoxy in this territory from its opening to 1917 covered both the Russian and American periods of the presence of the Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska. His latest publications reveal certain issues of the spread of Orthodoxy in Russian America.

Cultural heritage and collections of material culture of Russian America. The fate of the Russian heritage and, in general, the influence of Russian culture on modern life in Alaska is the topic of special research carried out by a researcher at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. Peter the Great (Kunstkamera) RAS S.A. Korsun based on domestic museum collections. In publications based on the results of this work, he managed to show all the wealth of natural science, historical, anthropological and ethnological collections on the history of the peoples of Russian America.

Archaeological research. It should be noted that the Russian period in the history of Alaska left excellent objects for archaeological research - fortresses, redoubts and trading posts. The capital of Russian America, the city of Novo-Arkhangelsk has long attracted the attention of specialists as a unique object of Russian cultural heritage, a center of navigation and one of the major ports on the west coast of North America in the first half of the 19th century. In the 2000s, for several seasons, a Russian-American group of researchers consisting of A.V. Kharinsky, V.V. Tikhonov, T. Dilliplain and D. McMehan conducted archaeological excavations in Novo-Arkhangelsk (now Sitkha), including the so-called Baranov Castle - the seat of the main ruler of the colonies. Artifacts found and identified during these excavations, as well as in other Russian settlements, will make it possible to find out how the trade routes were, how intense the trade was, and what the life of the Russians, Creoles and local residents of Alaska was like. Some regions associated with Russian America have also become objects of archaeological research - settlements on the Kuril Islands, office buildings of the Russian-American Company in the Far East, Fort Ross in California and even buildings on the Hawaiian Islands.

These same researchers became the first underwater archaeologists to explore the waters of Russian America. In 2003, not far from Kodiak Island, a ship of the Russian-American company with the same name "Kodiak" was found, which sank in 1860 while transporting ice to California. It became the object of careful study using underwater archeology methods, which made it possible to accurately assess the capabilities of the company’s fleet, the reliability of ship construction, cargo capacity, etc.

Philological studies. Leading domestic experts in the field of linguistics of Russian America, A. A. Kibrik and M. B. Bergelson, are the authors of works prepared based on the results of expeditions to Alaska. There they studied the language and culture of the Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskans (the Russians called them “Kolchans”), as well as the Russian dialect that had been preserved on the Kenai Peninsula since the times of Russian America. These works deal not only with language, but also with the cultural heritage of Russians in Alaska in general. A. A. Kibrik traced the ways of penetration of Russian borrowings into the Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan language. In total, about 80 lexical borrowings from the Russian language were identified. The study showed that some of them entered the language of the Upper Kuskokwim people during direct, although very rare, contacts with Russian pioneers, the other part - through related Athabascan languages or the Eskimo language. Major cultural contacts took place along a water route, the Kuskokwim River. Research into the languages of the indigenous peoples of Alaska, in particular the Aleutian language, is carried out by E.V. Golovko, N.B. Bakhtin and A.S. Asinovsky.

The accumulated rich material allows us to begin preparing a fundamental dictionary of the languages of the peoples of Alaska, which will significantly enrich domestic science.

Natural science research. When studying the heritage of Russian America, collaboration between representatives of the natural sciences and humanities can be very effective, for example, in the field of the history of the development of natural resources in the Pacific Northwest. Even the first domestic researchers of the local fauna in the 18th-19th centuries. I was interested not only in fishing itself, but also in the diversity of organic life on the islands and coasts, the reasons for the similarities or differences between animals living on two closely located continents, etc. One of the first attempts to generalize the existing works can be considered the research of B. S. Shishkin, who came to the conclusion that further cooperation between historians, biologists, and representatives of other specialties is necessary to master the natural scientific activities of the RAC and naturalists working in Russian America.

At the beginning of its activities, the Russian-American company carried out predatory fishing for marine animals. However, in the 1840s, due to the depletion of fur resources, rational hunting methods began to be used. So-called “starts” were established - bans on catching animals in a certain area. Thanks to a balanced fishing scheme, it was possible to preserve and regulate the number of marine animals. Methods and methods of hunting fur-bearing animals, as well as the impact of the volume of its production on the animal population and ecosystem of the region are promising directions in the study of Russian America and belong to interdisciplinary approaches.

Currently, the Russian Geographical Society pays close attention to interdisciplinary research related to the geography, history and heritage of Russian America.

Anthropological, ethnological and other studies. Collaboration between archaeologists, ethnologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists has led to amazing discoveries in recent years. Thus, as a result of the work of specialists led by the student and follower of M. M. Gerasimov, Professor V. N. Zvyagin (Russian Center for Forensic Medical Examination of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation), the appearance of Captain-Commander Vitus Jonassen Bering was reconstructed from the skull. It turned out that the textbook-famous portrait did not belong to the famous traveler, but to his uncle, the Danish historian and poet Vitus Pedersen Bering. Currently, V.N. Zvyagin and his collaborators are planning to study the necropolis of Fort Ross with the aim of recreating the appearance of its founders and perpetuating their memory.

Study of museum and archival collections. Russian museums have a wealth of materials on the ethnography of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific region, collected by Russian sailors and researchers during expeditions. Many collections are unique and preserved only in Russia. In addition, in our country there are architectural structures, religious monuments and simply places associated with world travel, the history of Russian America (houses of the offices of the Russian-American company in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Irkutsk and other cities, temples built by explorers, monuments to the travelers, etc.). Museums or special exhibitions on this topic are located in many cities from Sakhalin to St. Petersburg.

Representatives of domestic federal and regional archives are involved in research devoted to the development of Alaska - more than 20 archives and manuscript departments of libraries and museums, and their number is growing every year. Particularly close were the ties between the team of scientists at the Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, studying the history of Russian America, and the Russian State Archive of the Navy in St. Petersburg. The archive contains the richest collections of documents and maps, which have not yet been fully introduced into scientific circulation; excellent specialists - experts on Russian America - work here. It is impossible not to note the support of the named archive in establishing interaction with the archives of Crimea, in particular, with the State Archive of Sevastopol.

Study of the artistic heritage of Russian America and philosophical research. The history of Russian America is full of bright, sometimes dramatic events. Works of art based on American subjects of Russian history have become a reflection of the heritage that is accessible and known not only to specialists, but also to a huge number of connoisseurs of beauty. It is in artistic images ("Juno and Avos" by A. Rybnikov and A. Voznesensky, novels by V.N. Isaev and G. Chavigny) that symbols important for public consciousness are fixed.

The direction of art history and philosophical research has only been indicated so far; the historian and writer V.V. touched on this topic in his works. Ruzheinikov.

Geopolitical research is especially relevant in connection with the approaching summits of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region in the Far East in 2012. The development of knowledge about the history of Russian America is very important for understanding the strategy of Russia's foreign policy activities in the region.

Results of field research in recent years. In 2009 and 2010 Two research expeditions were conducted along the Yukon, Kuskokwim and Innoko rivers in Alaska. In August-September 2011, the third expedition to study Alaska took place in the area of the Nagashak River. A comprehensive analysis of the results of the three expeditions will be presented in the form of a special study. The participants of the first two expeditions completed the route in kayaks in conditions that were maximum; close to the middle of the 19th century. They repeated the path of the famous Russian explorer of Alaska, Lavrenty Zagoskin, who in 1842-1844. studied the internal territories of Russian America. The result of L. A. Zagoskin’s expedition was his book “Pedestrian inventory of part of the Russian possessions in America, produced by Lieutenant L. Zagoskin in 1842, 1843 and 1844,” published in two volumes in St. Petersburg in 1847. It was republished in 1956 under the title "Travel and research of Lieutenant Lavrenty Zagoskin in Russian America in 1842-1844." During the expeditions of 2009 and 2010. in total, about 2,500 km were covered along the rivers of Alaska and scientific research was carried out in 35 remote settlements. These are the largest Russian expeditions to Alaska since the Russian-American Company. They were part of a project dedicated to the 200th anniversary of his birth; L. A. Zagoskina. One of the results of the expeditions was the creation of the Ryazan Museum of Travelers and Russian America on the basis of Zagoskin’s house in Ryazan, the development of contacts between research, educational, public and business organizations in Russia and the USA.

The scientific goals of the expeditions included a description of the modern socio-economic living conditions of the indigenous population along the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, conducting historical, geographical and ethnographic research as part of the study of the influence of Russian culture on the modern life and culture of local peoples, a comparative description of the studied territories in comparison with what Zagoskin did, search for a fortified settlement at the mouth of the Yukon, known from his diaries.

The main methods of sociological research were observation and survey; the express observation technique was used, which has proven itself well in conditions of strictly limited time and heavy physical activity. The essence of the methodology is a clear distribution of research blocks between expedition participants with a detailed observation scheme and description of the object - the planning and spatial structure, system-forming objects in populated areas, streets, exteriors and interiors of buildings, personal plots, etc.

Particular attention was paid to clarifying the traditional and new, inherent in the local population and borrowed Russian, comparing what Zagoskin saw with what is now in the same territory. The surveys were conducted in English. In order to identify Russian words, two approaches were used: first, the respondent was directly asked which Russian words he knows or considers Russian; second, Russian words were identified during a semi-structured interview. Qualitative research methods were supported by quantitative data from the 2000 and 2008 censuses. In addition, information about the socio-economic status (passport) and history of the village was requested from the administrations of settlements.

Largely due to the wide coverage of the territory during the expeditions, a significant layer of Russian heritage was identified, which until now has not been the subject of special research and has not been comprehended as a single phenomenon.

The research was carried out in the territory of residence of two main ethnic groups - the Athabascans (Koyukon, Ingalik, Upper Kuskokwim) and the Yupik Eskimos (minor - Inupiat Eskimos). Most of the surveyed settlements are sparsely populated - 50-500 people, 90% of them are indigenous people. Some villages are completely cut off from others, there is only air communication. In the 1950-1970s, there was a twofold reduction in the number of settlements and their consolidation.

The main occupation of indigenous peoples is hunting and fishing, but only for self-sufficiency. Everywhere there is a high level of technical equipment of households (washing machine, refrigerator, sometimes dishwasher, microwave oven, TV); the vast majority of families have an ATV, a snowmobile, a boat with a motor (often more than one). Each settlement has a centralized water supply, sewerage and treatment facilities, a school, a church, a post office, a store, an airport (airstrip), and a club.

Population dynamics in Athabaskan villages for 2000-2008. negative and varies within narrow limits across all settlements - 11.3-13%. In Eskimo settlements along the Yukon River, this dynamics, on the contrary, is positive and varies between 9.4-9.6%. An interesting fact is that in Eskimo settlements on the ocean coast the population is stable, which cannot be said about the “river” Eskimos. In turn, the increase/decrease of the Eskimo population along the banks of the Kuskokwim River differs from the same indicators among the Eskimos of the Yukon and the coast. This indicates the presence of clear ethnodemographic boundaries that coincide with the historical boundaries of ethnic groups and subgroups of Alaska Native peoples, and undoubtedly deserves serious analysis.

In almost all communities in the Yukon and Kuskokwim, the number of permanent jobs is very limited. The main employer here is the state. Workplaces are provided by schools, post offices, nature reserves, fire departments, cultural institutions (libraries), and medical centers. Some permanent jobs are provided by private individuals, owners of shops, airfields, airlines, hotels, cafes, and river transport.

The officially registered income level is relatively low when compared with the average for the United States of America - $30-40 thousand per year per household. Important sources of income include seasonal earnings (on shifts, mines, commercial fishing), as well as funds received from the activities of corporations formed in the 1970s under the Act recognizing the claims of indigenous peoples.

Over the past 100 years, the culture of indigenous peoples has undergone dramatic changes - from nomadism in the mid-19th century. and the use of stone tools before settled agriculture and the latest technical means by the end of the 20th century. The local population was influenced by European culture - Russian and American. At the present stage, many traditions that were described by past researchers have been lost. National languages are forgotten (mostly only the older generation speaks them). There is a traditional ritual of remembrance with the distribution of gifts, dancing and singing, and a large table with food (recorded by the last expedition). Since the 19th century For example, the dual system of self-government of foreigners of Russian America, reflected in the statutes of the RAC, has been preserved, subordinating the indigenous inhabitants, on the one hand, to the colonial administration, on the other, to the elected toen: in modern settlements there is a head of local government (he can be called a mayor) and a head of the community indigenous people (chief).

As part of the 2010 expedition, two clergy from the Kaluga diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church dealt with the issues of the heritage of Russian Orthodoxy in the study area. They conducted scientific research in accordance with the instructions and plan developed by Metropolitan Clement and performed divine services in Orthodox churches together with the clergy of Orthodox communities in Alaska. Almost all of them belong to the Orthodox Church in America, which is in canonical communion with the Russian Orthodox Church. It was found that in settlements across the Yukon and Kuskokwim there are various Christian churches and movements, among which the Orthodox Church plays a key role. The Catholic Church and Protestant denominations (Episcopal Church, Bible Church, Baptists, etc.) also have their representations. It should be noted that Orthodox communities exist mostly in Eskimo villages. In the memory of the local population, ideas about the modus operandi of the first Orthodox missionaries are preserved, who reconciled warring tribes, and for Christian preaching gathered residents in tents specially erected for this purpose - camp churches. The holiness of the new religion and the need to observe reverence in the house of God were imprinted in the consciousness of the local population. By declaring everyone brothers in Christ during baptism and giving them communion from the same cup, the missionaries changed social relationships and eradicated inter-tribal hostility and slavery. It is through the prism of Orthodoxy that many representatives of indigenous peoples perceive and understand the Russian period of their history. Most of them know the names of American Orthodox saints - the martyr Peter Aleut, the Monk Herman of Alaska, St. Innocent Veniaminov, the righteous Jacob Netsvetov.

The results of expeditionary research showed that, despite the fact that the Russian stage in the Yukon and Kuskokwim was quite insignificant in duration (40-60s of the 19th century), many influences of Russian culture have survived to this day and play a significant role in the life of the indigenous people. peoples Among the borrowings are Russian words found in the language of Indians and Eskimos, denoting products and household items: “tea”, “sugar”, “milk”, “spoon”, “shawl”, “bath”, etc. A similar dictionary of Russian borrowings has not yet been created, but their large number gives reason to talk about the existence of a special Alaskan dialect of the Russian language. Russian surnames and names have become widespread (Kozhevnikov, Ivanov, Vaska, Pitka, Ismalka, Nikolai, etc.). All Eskimos and Athabaskans always say that Russian blood flows in them, and this is considered a source of pride.

Settlements consisting of log buildings, huts, storage sheds, and their layout are the subject of borrowing (initially, the indigenous peoples were nomadic, and the idea of permanent settlement was first introduced by Russian colonists, who essentially shaped the appearance of modern settlements). Russian toponyms and hydronyms are widespread.

During the expedition, a unique discovery was made - a set of metric books in Russian (about 30 books) for the years 1852-1950 was discovered, which contains information on the statistics and history of villages in almost the entire interior of Alaska. These books were not known to the scientific community of America and Russia. The earliest of them (1852) contains autographs and may have been written by the hand of priest Yakov Netsvetov, canonized by the American Orthodox Church. After the expedition, almost all the books were transported to the archives on Kodiak Island.

Documents never before used for scientific purposes allowed us to conclude that the influence of Russian culture was great even after the sale of Alaska to the United States. All office work before the beginning of the 20th century. It was conducted in Russian, the names and surnames of local residents were Russian, the Creole layer was significant (descendants of Russians, Eskimos and Aleuts), ethnic Russian immigrants from the provinces of Russia who remained to live in Alaska were also indicated. The local population is represented by several tribes - these are the Kvikhpakians, Incalits, Kuyukans, Kolchans, and Kuskokwimts.

A large number of monuments to the history of Russian exploration have been preserved in Alaska, many of which have not been studied or protected. During the expedition, graves and gravestones of Russian colonists and Creoles were discovered (in Russian Mission), the remains of Russian forts and singles were preserved (fort in Nulato, in Russian Mission, Kolmakovsky redoubt, etc.). It is required to compile a register of objects associated with Russian colonization, plot them on a map and conduct a detailed study.

In 1844 L.A. Zagoskin discovered and gave a brief description of a destroyed fortified settlement 7 miles from the mouth of the extreme right branch of the Yukon - the Aphun River. It is typical for many Central Russian and Siberian settlements - forts - and fully fits into the Russian tradition. At the mouth of the Yukon, other Russian settlements are unknown. Moreover, local tribes, according to American archaeologists, never built fortifications. Thus, Zagoskin’s data does not fit into the usual scheme for the development of Alaska. Perhaps this settlement is related to the long-standing legend about the first Russian settlement in Alaska, founded in the 17th century. people from the lost ships of Semyon Dezhnev or some other expedition.

In 1985, under the leadership of the American archaeologist K. Pratt, field research was carried out in the lower reaches of the Yukon to identify both existing and abandoned Eskimo settlements. During the expedition, several kilometers above the modern village of Kotlik along the Aphun River, the remains of an abandoned Yupik Eskimo settlement were recorded. The settlement was surveyed and listed as an annex to the Alaska Native Land Use Agreement.

During the 2010 expedition, the southern detachment explored the Kolmakovsky redoubt, founded in 1841 by Russian industrialists. This is one of the monuments of Russian Alaska, included by the United States among the national historical treasures; its restoration is planned in the near future. At the same time, a unique historical experiment was conducted for the first time to study the routes of Russian pioneers and the possibilities of transport and trade communications along the rivers and lakes of Alaska. The northern detachment of the expedition made a water-land crossing from the Yukon to Kuskokwim along the route used by local residents of Alaska and Russian explorers, including L.A. Zagoskin. It turned out that the role of natural and climatic conditions (water level, season and other phenomena) was often underestimated by researchers studying the local population of Russian America and the Russian colonization of these territories. During the experiment, it was established that the transport capabilities of the transition depended to a large extent on natural and climatic conditions (for example, high water levels contributed to increased contacts between the population of different areas).

As a result of the study, it was established that the Russian heritage in Alaska did not disappear under the onslaught of settlers from the continental United States, but has survived to the present day, despite a long period of lack of interaction with Russia. The materials collected during the expeditions, as well as the identified archival sources, allowed us to conclude that the relatively short-term interaction of the Russians with the natives of the interior and hard-to-reach areas of Alaska had a very strong influence on them. It remained significant even after the sale of Alaska to the United States. The results of preliminary research show the depth of penetration of Russian traditions, especially the spiritual culture of Russia - Orthodoxy, into the culture of the indigenous people of Alaska, which has been preserved in their modern life.

The financial and economic activities of the Russian-American company lay at the basis of the development of a huge region. The results of reconnaissance work show that the history of Russian America is the foundation for the development of a positive image of Russia in the United States. The data provided by historical science can be considered a starting point for further research in related and other disciplines. The political potential of the Russian heritage is currently not sufficiently tapped; in the future, this may become the most important element of the scientific and cultural policy of Russia in the United States. Colonial and international law, intercultural communication and other phenomena that developed in the first half of the 19th century took root and, with a certain transformation, continue to influence modern life on the peninsula.

Of course, there is still a vast field for further interaction. Alaska has not yet been the subject of special interdisciplinary research. Despite the fact that Russian elements of culture show significant resistance to the processes taking place in the United States, they are gradually leaving the people's life. In this regard, it is extremely important to study and preserve these traditions. In Alaska, there is an extensive complex of material objects - evidence of Russia's active activities in America. They need scientific description and further research. Amazing monuments of writing are kept here - numerous archives of church parishes, many of which have not yet been identified. The first stage of research could be a register and map of Russian heritage in the American northwest. The methodology used can be applied to other US territories. In this regard, the most important area of research should be the creation of a guide to the archives of Russia and America, dedicated to the topic under consideration.

One of the pressing problems remains the training of young scientists locally, their defense of dissertations and their involvement in the general process of studying the history and heritage of Russian America. The available archival materials in local regional museums and libraries should be more actively used to train new specialists. Particular attention should be paid to Internet resources. So far, domestic developments in this regard lag behind those in the United States, both in volume and in the popularization of the sources involved.

It should be noted, however, that the Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, under the leadership of Academician A. O. Chubaryan, has developed a plan to expand international cooperation in this area. This is especially relevant in connection with the approaching anniversary date - the 200th anniversary of the founding of Fort Ross. It is important that representatives of all scientific, educational and research centers for the study of Russian America take part in upcoming scientific events. The results of the study lead to the need to unite the efforts of scientists from various specialties and representatives of church historical science to enter a new stage in the study of the heritage of Russian America. This study can be considered as a basis for studying the cultural and historical heritage, the implementation of which can become an important factor in Russia’s domestic and foreign policy. This article is intended to determine the main directions of a new stage in the study of Russian heritage abroad using the example of Russian America.

LITERATURE

1. Tikhmenev P.A. Historical overview of the formation of the Russian-American Company and its actions to the present day. SPb.: Type. Eduard Weimar, 1862-1863. T. 1-2; Okun S.B. Russian-American company. M.-L.: Sotsekgiz, 1939.

2. Berg L.S. Discovery of Kamchatka and the expedition of V. Bering, 1725-1742. M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1945; Efimov A.V. From the history of great Russian geographical discoveries. M.: Geographgiz, 1950; Divin V.A., Russian sailors on the Pacific Ocean in the 18th century. M.: Mysl, 1971; Makarova R.V. Russians on the Pacific Ocean in the second half of the 18th century. M.: Nauka, 1968; Pasetsky V.M. Arctic travels of Russians. M.: Mysl, 1974; Postnikov A.V. Russian America in geographical descriptions and maps, 1741-1867. St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 2000.

3. Bolkhovitinov N.N. The formation of Russian-American relations, 1775-1815. M.: Nauka, 1966; 9. Same. Russian-American relations, 1815-1832. M.: Nauka, 1975; It's him. Russian-American relations and the sale of Alaska, 1834-1867. M.: Nauka, 1991; It's him. Russian America and International Relations // Russian American Colony. Durham: Duke University Press, 1987. pp. 251-270; Alperovich M.S. Russia and the New World (last third of the 18th century). M.: Nauka, 1993.

4. Dzeniskevich G.I. Athapaskan of Alaska. Essays on material and spiritual culture. The end of the 18th - the beginning of the 20th century. L.: Nauka, 1987; Lyapunova R.G. Aleuts. Essays on ethnic history. L.: Nauka, 1987; Fedorova S.G. Russian population of Alaska and California. The end of the 18th century - 1867. M.: Nauka, 1971; A. V. Grinev. Who's who in the history of Russian America. M.: Academia, 2009; Istomin A.A. “Indian” factor in the Californian policy of the Russian-American company at the initial stage of colonization (1807-1821) // History and semiotics of American Indian cultures. M.: Nauka, 2002. P. 452-463; Russia in California: Russian documents on the Ross Colony and Russian-California connections, 1803-1850. In 2 volumes / Comp. and ready-made Istomin A.A., Gibson J.R., Tishkov V.A. M.: Nauka, 2005. T. 1.

5. History of Russian America. 1732-1867. In 3 volumes / Ed. acad. Bolkhovitinov N.N. T. 1. Founding of Russian America. 1732-1799. M.: International Relations, 1997; T. 2. Activities of the Russian-American company. 1799-1825. M.: International Relations, 1999; T. 3. Russian America: from zenith to sunset. 1825-1867. M.: International relations, 1999.

6. Bensin B.M. Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska 1794_1967. N.Y., 1967; Gregory (Afonsky), bishop. A History of the Orthodox Church in Alaska (1794-1917). Kodiak Saint Herman's Theological Seminary Press, 1977; Smith B.S. Orthodoxy and Native Americans: The Alaskan Mission. N.Y.: Syosset, 1980.

7. Bolkhovitinov N.N. At the origins of Orthodoxy in North America (mid-18th century - 1794) // American Yearbook 1993. M.: Nauka, 1994. pp. 127-132; Russian America: According to personal impressions of missionaries, explorers, sailors, explorers and other eyewitnesses / Rep. ed. Dridzo A.D., Kinzhalov R.V. M.: Mysl, 1994; Clement (Kapalin), Metropolitan. Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska before 1917. M.: JSC "OLMA Media Group", 2009; It's him. On the issue of the participation of clergy in the Second Kamchatka Expedition // Bulletin of Tambov University. Ser. "Humanitarian sciences". 2010. Issue. 2 (82) pp. 219-224; It's him. Questions of the history of the Kodiak Vicariate and synodal management of missionary activity in Alaska // Bulletin of Tambov University. Ser. "Humanitarian sciences". 2010. Issue. 3(83). pp. 307-316.

8 Korsun S.L. Russian heritage in Alaska // Kunstkamera: Ethnographic notebooks. 2003. Vol. 13. p. 57-69; Ethnography and archeology of the indigenous population of America. St. Petersburg: MAE RAS, 2010.

9. McMahan D. An Overview of the Archeology of Russian America: the Past, Present and Future // Russian America. Materials of the III international scientific conference "Russian America" (Irkutsk, August 8-12, 2007). Irkutsk: Reprocenter AI LLC, 2007. P. 328-344; Dilliplane T., Isaev A.Yu., Klementyev A.M. and others. Research at the office building of the Russian-American company in Irkutsk // Ibid. pp. 133-148.

10. Kibrik A.A. Russian borrowings in the Upper Kuskokwim language and the expedition of L.A. Zagoskina // Lavrenty Zagoskin. Russian traveler and public figure. Research and materials. Ryazan: OJSC "Rybnovsky Printing Enterprise", 2008. P. 141-147; Bergelson M.B. Pragmatic and sociocultural motivation of linguistic form. M.: University Book, 2007.

11. Language of the Commander Aleuts: dialect of Bering Island / Comp. Golovko E.V., Bakhtin N.B., Asinovsky A.S. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2009.

12. Shishkin VS. Domestic researchers of the animal world of Russian America: historical and environmental aspects // American Yearbook for 1999. M.: Nauka, 2001. pp. 155-163.

13. Zvyagin V.N., Musaev Sh.M., Stanyukovich A.K. Vitus Jonassen Bering (1681-1741). Medical and forensic portrait // Baku: Azerneshr, 1995; Zvyagin V.N. Historical monuments of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. M.: Scientific world, 2002.

14. Ruzheinikov V.V. Russian America: reflection of a historical and geographical phenomenon in the domestic mentality // Lavrentiy Alekseevich Zagoskin and studies of Russian America. Expeditions and travels of Russian researchers in an international context. Collection of conference materials. Ryazan: IP "S.K. Fomin", 2008.

PETROV Alexander Yurievich - Doctor of Historical Sciences, leading researcher at the Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Metropolitan CLIMENT (KAPALIN) - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Chairman of the Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church.

MALAKHOV Mikhail Georgievich - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Hero of Russia, honorary polar explorer, head of the Ryazan branch of the Russian Geographical Society.

ERMOLAEV Alexey Nikolaevich - Candidate of Historical Sciences, senior researcher at the Institute of Human Ecology SB RAS.

SAVELIEV Ivan Vyacheslavovich - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after. M.V. Lomonosov.

US Heritage

This brings us to Dvorkovich.

The Constitution and history of the United States makes us the source and model of leadership that civilization requires. This model has been around since the 17th century Massachusetts Bay Colony, where the idea originated. Its roots are in Europe, but it was born in New England. The prototype of the United States first arose in Massachusetts. And everything that happened then was a consequence of what developed in Massachusetts under special conditions, when some degree of independence appeared there, this was the meaning of colonization - to take sensible people from England and Holland to North America, at a safe distance from the British and European politics.

We see that to this day Europeans do not have the constitutional concept of government or economics that was the foundation of the United States and that emerged in Massachusetts in the 17th century. We are the only country on the planet with such a heritage. And in times of crisis in our history, these traditions manifested themselves, this was the case during the civil war and during the world wars.

(But in World War I we were on the wrong side. We were on the side of the British, it happened because the British organized the assassination of President McKinley, as a result of which Theodore Roosevelt came to power. And we exchanged a right cause in history for a wrong. And remained on the wrong side until President Franklin Roosevelt came to power.)

After the death of F. Roosevelt, we again found ourselves in the camp of the wrong cause. President Kennedy was assassinated after attempting to return to the policies of Franklin Roosevelt, to some extent inspired by Eleanor Roosevelt. Economics was at the core. Kennedy tried to save the US economy and make it develop, this explains his support for the space program. And he tried to prevent US intervention in the wars in Asia.

British interests were behind his murder, aiming to destroy the United States after a protracted war that actually lasted 10 years in Southeast Asia. And since then, under different presidents, we have been continuously waging such wars.

There was a moment in this process where I played my part in history. In the mid-50s, when I worked as an economist, I already had the economic views that I adhere to today. They are based on my understanding in 1953 of the concepts of Bernhard Riemann. Since then, my main area of research has been physical economics, and I have been looking at things from the point of view of Riemann, and accordingly from the point of view of the ideas of Einstein and Vernadsky. This is the only true point of view in physical science today. Very few adhere to it, and this is the root of some of our problems.

Roosevelt's death ended the purpose of the United States as a continuation of the Massachusetts traditions of the Winthrops and Mathers. We have become a puppet of the British Empire, fools bullying the USSR and China. During Truman's time, the country was overwhelmed by unprecedented political corruption, and it continues in one form or another to this day.

We are a corrupt nation, easily drawn into pointless wars, and today we see the prospect of an Israeli attack on Iran, look at what is being done in Afghanistan. We are destroying ourselves, at the hands of our governments. And Russia returns the compliment under the new president through the mouth of Arkady Dvorkovich.

From the book Ark of the Covenant by Hancock Graham

THE LEGACY OF TUTANKHAMUN I was convinced that I was right after visiting the Cairo Museum. Situated in the heart of the Egyptian capital, on the eastern bank of the Nile, this imposing building is an unparalleled repository of human artifacts.

From the book Immortality is already real! [In search of the elixir of eternal life] by Casse Etienne

Highlander's Legacy At first glance, this seems unlikely. Atlantis disappeared under water, and no one - or almost no one - managed to escape from it. On the other hand, there are still secret bases in Tibet and Bermuda: the former Shakkab Mountains, where in better times, in fact,

From the book To the Barrier! 2009 No. 04 author Newspaper Duel

GORBACHEV'S LEGACY The situation in Afghanistan has become noticeably more complicated, says Rainer Arnold, an expert on defense issues for the SPD faction in the Bundestag. In an interview with the German radio station Deutschlandradio Kultur, he said that in the Kunduz region in the north of the country there are units

From the book Newspaper Tomorrow 847 (6 2010) author Zavtra Newspaper

THE POET'S LEGACY February 17-18, 2010 Literary Institute named after. A. M. Gorky, together with the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Propaganda Bureau of the SP of Russia, is holding the Fourth Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the creative heritage of the largest Russian poet of the turn of the 20th century

From the book Literary Newspaper 6330 (No. 26 2011) author Literary Newspaper

Venetian heritage Time travel Venetian heritage ONCE UPON A TIME WITH ALICE DUNSHAU Once we had lunch with my foreign guest at an Italian restaurant in Moscow. She was surprised by the deliciousness of everything served and the high quality of service. We are proud

From the book Maintaining Dignity by Bernanos Georges

Chamberlain's legacy Translation by A.V. DubrovinMarch 1942 Some facts allow us to predict the early recognition of the Free French leadership by the allies. Any sane person will say that they delayed this for too long. I once promised my readers not to write

From the book Meanwhile [TV with human faces] author Arkhangelsky Alexander Nikolaevich

5. LEGACY But neither freedom nor repentance is possible if unconsciousness becomes the cultural norm. In the “dashing 90s”, total indifference to the fate of, for example, classical estates, it was possible to find at least some justification (the majority are busy with survival; new money is too

From the book Gates to the Future. Essays, stories, sketches author Roerich Nikolai Konstantinovich

Great heritage Almost forty years ago I had the opportunity to draw attention to the remarkable in their stylization Scythian antiquities and related to them in spirit, so called then, Chud plaques. At that time, Scythian antiquities were understood only as a reinterpretation of the Greek

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The Tsar's Legacy - Yu.I., you have already said that the main reason for the defeats of the Red Army in the Great Patriotic War was its bad officers and generals. Could you elaborate on this? Why were they bad? - Because it was just an improved modification

From the book Spain. Fiesta, siesta and manifesto! author Kazenkova Anastasia

Celtic heritage When you just enter Galicia from the center of the peninsula and you can’t even see its rocky coastlines cut by the sea, you already understand: something is not right here. Hills covered with heather, centuries-old trees at their feet, areas where there is water

From the book People and Phrases [collection] author Desnitsky Andrey Sergeevich

Mauritanian heritage They say that one of the points of Bin Laden's doctrine was the revival of Muslim rule in Spain. A person who is little familiar with the history of the Iberian Peninsula is unlikely to connect one of the world symbols of Christianity, the country with the third

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From the book “In the Danish Kingdom...” by John Updike

A meager heritage Economics is a young science, about three hundred years old (compare with the centuries-old traditions of philosophy, psychology or social science). Until the middle of the 18th century, that is, before the start of the industrial revolution, the doctrine of rational management was mainly built into

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Literary heritage

From the book A Future Without America by LaRouche Lyndon

Bogdan's legacy In the darkness of the new Maidan turmoil, we completely forgot about the 360th anniversary of the event that forever changed the fate of not only Ukrainian, but also all-Russian history - the Pereyaslav Rada. Officially it is dated January 8, 1654 - it was on this day that the Cossack foreman

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British Heritage There is a problem in Russia, it is a political, moral and intellectual problem that is rooted, although not entirely, in Marx. The significance of Marx, or Marxism, in history is twofold. He was raised by the British. Marx is a product of the British intelligence services. AND