Vaginal candidiasis. How does candidiasis develop? We highlight the main reasons

Among numerous gynecological diseases, a significant increase in fungal infections has recently been noted. In particular, vaginal candidiasis ranks second among all vaginal diseases in the world. What are the reasons for its occurrence, how to cope with the disease? And most importantly, how to prevent future infection?

This is an infection caused by the penetration of spores of yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida into the vaginal mucosa. You can “catch the infection” through sexual contact or lack of personal hygiene (for example: dirty objects, fecal residues from the rectum).

As a result of fungal growth and spread, a painful condition develops, in other words, thrush. Candida, multiplying in the vagina, can smoothly flow to the mucous membrane of the cervix and vulva.

Vaginal candidiasis occurs mainly in young people. Girls usually have bad luck before their period. Ladies who are expecting a child suffer from this disease even more often. Women over forty-five years old have practically none.

Like any disease, vaginal candidiasis has its own forms:

• carrier status;
• true candidiasis (illness period of one to two months);
• Chronic candidiasis (lingers for three months or more).

Causes of vaginal candidiasis

There are quite a lot of them:

• improper functioning of the endocrine glands (endocrinological problems, diabetes);
• self-medication with antibiotics, incorrect dosage;
• bearing a fetus;
• protection from pregnancy by taking hormonal contraceptives;
• in case of oral sex (many people are carriers of Candida–)

Signs of thrush in women

The proliferation of candida is complemented by a general weakening of the body (due to toxins produced by fungi). This provokes inflammation. The mucous membrane intensively begins to get rid of the damaged layer. As a result, the ladies notice:

• “harassing” itching in the vagina and vulva, especially at night;
• specific discharge - leucorrhoea, which looks like crumbs of cottage cheese, sometimes whitish, yellowish or greenish;
• “smell” reminiscent of sour kefir;
• Some people experience a burning sensation and pain when walking “in a small way.”

Important! Vaginal candidiasis can be chronic. An itchy vagina in this case may be the only inconvenience for a sick woman. Itching intensifies after intimacy or before the onset of menstruation.

I would especially like to touch upon pregnant women, who already have enough worries, and then there’s this “grief.” Against the background of restructuring of the body for the full bearing of the baby, various changes in hormonal processes, metabolism and a decrease in the level of immunity occur. Well, a fungal infection is right there. The time has come for her to “bloom.”

The nature of vaginal candidiasis in expectant mothers is rapid, with all the “attractions”, that is, itching and “curdling”. If the number of thrush fungi begins to go off scale, then they will be able to break through to the uterus and into the amniotic fluid.

However, there is no need to grieve in advance; such agility of the fungus is not enough to infect an unborn baby. The uterus is designed in such a way that at critical moments it can cleanse itself. The baby can “pick up” the sore more likely during childbirth, when he moves along the affected birth canal of his mother. Pediatricians, in this case, talk about the possibility that the child will develop an intestinal disorder, inflammation of the oral mucosa, and even inflammation of the ear. The fungus can manifest itself wherever there has been direct contact with infectious waters.

I would like to give practical advice! Do not self-medicate under any circumstances and if you suspect vaginal candidiasis, consult a doctor immediately. Only a gynecologist will be able to give you comprehensive information about the methods of treating your disease.

Diagnostic measures

Often thrush is associated with an infection caused by bacteria. And the “victim,” along with treatment for candida, also has to be treated with antibiotics. To fully confirm the diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment, you will have to take a smear and undergo a medical examination by a specialist.

A smear to confirm and determine the type and number of fungi is taken by a health worker in a clinic setting. If you are scheduled for a test, you must purchase a disposable sterile gynecological kit with a cytobrush in advance. Vaginal secretions are spread onto a glass slide and then placed under a microscope. Using this analysis, you can determine the degree of damage to the body.

In addition, as prescribed by your doctor, you may need to culture the secretions on a nutrient medium (to determine the sensitivity of the infection to certain medications). This manipulation will give a final answer to the question of what is the best way to treat you.

Most likely, you will also have to undergo a general blood and urine test.

How to properly treat vaginal candidiasis

Preserving and strengthening women's health is the most important direction in the development of modern medicine. A healthy woman means a healthy family, healthy children, and therefore a healthy nation.

A vagina affected by candida is treated by a gynecologist. What is important here is adherence to the treatment period, a variety of dosage forms, and dosage.

An integrated approach will ensure the effectiveness of the therapy. You girls will have to take pills and use suppositories. Don't forget about personal hygiene. But this does not mean that you should endlessly wash (and God forbid, douche!) your intimate area. According to doctors, douching is not in fashion these days - it is ineffective and inconvenient.

Modern medicine offers a wide selection of medicinal antifungal medications in various forms. Candidiasis can be easily cured with vaginal suppositories. In a short time, all symptoms will go away and you will be able to live a normal life.

Important! If the candles are chosen incorrectly, they can have the opposite effect. Some negatively affect the baby while still in the womb. Timely consultation with a doctor is extremely important.

Effective pharmaceuticals:

• Miconazole. A vaginal suppository that combines both antifungal and antimicrobial “blow”. Treatment is prescribed for at least two weeks. And one dose per day.
• Clotrimazole. Candles that are most active against yeast-like and moldy fungi and many bacteria. Used once a day, period - from three days to a week.
• . One of the highest quality drugs that has a therapeutic effect not only against fungi, but also to a large extent against bacteria (as it contains a strong antibiotic). The suppository is inserted into the vagina. The course of treatment is from three to six days. The main difference from other “products” is that it is indicated for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
• Hexicon. Acts against thrush as a “disinfectant weapon.” Candida infection disappears within a period of one to three weeks, with a single application per day. But, be careful! Menstruation or allergies to the components of the drug are a contraindication.
• Livarol. The activity of the suppositories is expressed in an intense anti-candidiasis effect. Apply once a day. The duration of treatment is from three to ten days. Prohibited for use in the first months of pregnancy!

How to insert suppositories correctly:

• First, before the manipulation, wash yourself in the shower and go to the toilet. Using clean hands, quickly remove the candles from the shell, as the cocoa butter contained in the “rocket” will begin to melt.
• Secondly, in order not to stain your clothes, it is best to insert the drug when you go to bed. The suppository should be in the vagina deeply and for a long time. The substances inside the suppository are slowly absorbed through the mucous membrane.

Do not rush when introducing the candle, but do not hesitate either, try to do everything clearly and correctly.

The best traditional medicine recipes

From word of mouth, our precious ladies have been passing on methods for treating thrush for quite a long time. Modern methods of treatment will only complement folk remedies, improving the therapy.

Find out when is the best time to prepare herbs or buy them at the nearest pharmacy without bothering. It’s even cooler if you prepare a collection of medicinal herbs, including, for example: rose hips, eucalyptus, yarrow.

Infusions, decoctions, teas will help relieve itching, soreness, soothe injured mucous membranes and skin, and relieve swelling. They are used both externally and internally.

The therapeutic effect of herbs is accessible, safe, and most importantly, causes virtually no side effects.

The best are considered:

• — has an excellent anti-inflammatory, soothing and wound-healing effect;
• series - will give a disinfectant and anti-inflammatory effect;
• calendula - has a bactericidal effect;
• St. John's wort - will help the affected tissues heal and neutralize candida.

A “miraculous balm” in the form of an infusion made from chamomile flowers is indispensable for thrush, but what about calendula (commonly known as marigold).

Dried flowers - about one tablespoon, pour one glass of boiling water, let stand for twenty minutes, covered with a towel. Strain and use to wash and rinse the external genitalia.

Another way to stop “troubles” is homemade cotton balls wrapped in a bandage. They turn out very similar to tampons, only round and with long threads. You can, of course, buy a store-bought version, but it’s expensive. Don’t make them big, because the “tampons” still need to be dipped in the healing “potion.”

Drugs for “tampons”:

• First year honey. It should have a liquid consistency to make it easier to apply and absorb. Washing before the “process” is a must!
• Infusion of oak bark. By the way, it will stop the fungus not only in the vagina, but also in the mouth.
• Sea buckthorn oil is simply “super”! Regenerates damaged vaginal cells, restores microflora, cleanses. Plus it's not expensive at all. Place the tampon once at night for about a week.
• Crushed Kalanchoe leaves. Place them in a tampon instead of cotton wool. Insert into the vagina for five or six hours.
• A mixture of honey and onion juice diluted with boiled water (half and half). Use at night, also for about a week (not forgetting about hygiene).

Important! Natural products involve natural fabrics in underwear. The less synthetics, the better. Personal hygiene is encouraged! Refrain from lovemaking.

How to avoid recurrence of vaginal candidiasis

Vaginal thrush can periodically return, that is, recur (four times in a year). If this phenomenon is regular, then it becomes necessary to see a therapist. What if it turns out that you have diabetes or something chronic? Keep in mind that candidiasis requires attention, otherwise the genitourinary system (kidneys, bladder) and even the intestines may become involved in the process.

Restoring the microflora of the vagina and vulva after thrush is mandatory. The gynecologist often prescribes physiotherapy, medications to improve immunity, as well as vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12. Simultaneously with treatment, you need to include dairy products labeled BIFIDO in your food. But in order to confirm the end of treatment, be sure to visit the gynecologist again and do not forget to consult the “other half”.

To avoid thrush:

• Watch your diet. Fruits, vegetables, kefir, sour cream, cottage cheese have never harmed anyone, but in your case they will only help. Don't ignore garlic, onions, red peppers.
• Try to wear underwear that contains cotton threads. They allow air to pass through and do not cause excessive sweating.

When using "lube gels", be aware that they must be washed off with water. To put it mildly, douching is not the best way, once again there is no need to go where you don’t need to. Therefore, be selective about your sexual partners.

Vaginal candidiasis(candidiasis, thrush) is an infectious disease of the vaginal mucosa, which often spreads to the cervix and vulva.

What provokes / Causes of Vaginal candidiasis:

Causative agents of vaginal candidiasis are yeast-like fungi Candida albicans, genus Candida. These fungi can form part of the microbial microflora of the vagina, being in this case an opportunistic microorganism, but they can enter the vagina from the external environment, through infected objects, from the intestines, and also through sexual contact.

Pathogenesis (what happens?) During vaginal candidiasis:

The development of vulvovaginal candidiasis is facilitated by endocrine disorders, primarily diabetes mellitus, improper use of antibiotics, pregnancy, hormonal contraception (estrogens), conjugal candidiasis (as a result of transmission of Candida to a partner during sexual intercourse), oral-genital contacts contribute to infection, because many people carry Candida in the mouth.

Against the background of a decrease in the body's defenses, fungi become more active and begin to penetrate deep into the cells of the vaginal epithelium, causing an inflammatory response and massive desquamation of the affected cells.

Genital candidiasis is very common in pregnant women. This is due to changes in hormonal and endocrine status and weakened immune defenses that are typical during pregnancy.

Symptoms of Vaginal Candidiasis:

Women suffering from candidiasis of the vulva and vagina mainly complain of itching and leucorrhoea with an admixture of curdled-crumb-like inclusions, hence the name “thrush”. The discharge may be thick, white, yellowish-greenish, depending on the severity of the process. The smell is usually sour and unpleasant. Itching causes a lot of anxiety to patients, sometimes making them unable to work and greatly weakening the nervous system, since it practically does not subside, intensifies at night and leads to trauma to the vulvar mucosa due to scratching. Sometimes patients experience pain when urinating, as well as a burning sensation.

In chronic forms of vaginal candidiasis, itching can be almost the only complaint of the patient; sometimes it intensifies after sexual intercourse, as well as before menstruation.

Diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis:

Diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis based on the clinical picture and light microscopy results. Detection of fungi of the genus Candida by culture, direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and DNA diagnostics (PCR) does not have diagnostic value, since in case of candidiasis it is not just the presence, but the number of fungi of the genus Candida that is important. These mushrooms are present in small quantities in the mouth, vagina and colon of most healthy people.

When examined during the acute period of the disease, attention is drawn to swelling and redness of the mucous membrane of the vulva and vagina, cracks and abrasions caused by scratching. Grayish deposits are found on the walls of the vagina, which are difficult to remove, leaving behind a bright red, easily bleeding mucosa. Vaginal discharge is often represented by a thick cheesy mass of white color, sometimes with a greenish tint. When examining a vaginal smear, threads of fungus called mycelium are found.

Persistent candidiasis of the vulva and vagina, which is difficult to treat, is often a sign of such a serious disease as diabetes mellitus, so a blood sugar test for candidiasis is mandatory at any age.

Treatment of vaginal candidiasis:

Treatment of vaginal candidiasis carried out according to the same principles as other vaginal infections. Antifungal drugs of old and new generations are prescribed. New drugs are represented by such modern means as tablets and vaginal suppositories, as well as long-acting drugs that are prescribed according to special regimens.

For mild cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis (damage to the vagina and external genitalia), local treatment is sufficient. Preparations for local treatment(vaginal tablets or suppositories) include (international names listed first, followed by commercial names in parentheses):
Ciclopirox (Dafnegin)
Clotrimazole (Antifungol, Yenamazole 100, Candibene, Kanesten, Kanizon, Clotrimazole) is the most common drug for local treatment.
Isoconazole (Gyno-travogen Ovulum).
Miconazole (Ginezol 7, Gyno-daktarin, Klion-D 100).
Natamycin (Pimafucin).
Nystatin ([Makmiror Complex], Polygynax, Terzhinan).

At the same time, nystatin (part of the drugs Polygynax and Terzhinan) is an outdated and not very effective drug. The situation is completely different with the drug Macmiror Complex: Nifuratel, which is part of it, has double synergism with respect to nystatin. For this reason, the antifungal effect of nystatin in Macmiror Complex is an order of magnitude higher and the effectiveness of the drug Macmiror Complex is higher than Polygynax or Terzhinan.

Ketoconazole (Nizoral, Dermazol, Livarol)

Some doctors prescribe a 5-10% solution of borax in glycerin for candidiasis locally (in the vagina). This is a very old and ineffective method of treating candidiasis.

In addition, for mild cases of the disease, instead of drugs for local treatment, a single dose of fluconazole, 150 mg orally, is possible (commercial names of fluconazole drugs are Medoflucon, Diflazon, Diflucan, Mikosist, Forkan, Flucostat, Mikomax).

The use of broad-spectrum vaginal tablets and suppositories(Terzhinan, Polygynax, Betadine) for candidiasis is not advisable, since these drugs contribute to the development of gardnerellosis. These drugs contain broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that suppress the normal microflora of the vagina. This does not apply to Macmiror Complex, because nifuratel does not suppress the normal flora of the vagina, does not cause dysbiosis, but, on the contrary, helps restore normobiocenosis, increases the physiological protective barrier and prevents the development of candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis in the future.

In some cases, treatment is prescribed that complements antifungal drugs (immunotherapy, restorative drugs, physiotherapy, etc.), bacterial preparations of competing microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria, lactobacterin, colibacterin). The effectiveness of these treatments has not been proven.

When selecting vitamins, it is necessary to take into account that thrush often affects not only the vulva and vagina, but also the intestines. Therefore, it is necessary to prescribe B vitamins, the synthesis of which is disrupted due to intestinal dysbiosis. These vitamins can be used both in the form of injections and in the form of tablets, for example, a complex of B vitamins.

It is also recommended to use prebiotics containing lactulose: Lactusan, Bon-Sante (caramel containing lactulose), Duphalac, Normaze.

Treatment of recurrent vaginal candidiasis
If relapses of a fungal infection occur regularly in a woman, this is a serious reason to be examined for endocrine and other chronic diseases. It is important to take into account the fact that chronic genital candidiasis usually affects nearby organs and systems of the body - the bladder, intestines.

Therefore, to achieve complete cure and prevent re-infection, it is necessary to take antifungal drugs not only locally, but also orally. Treatment of patients with chronic forms presents significant difficulties. Treatment failure may be due to insufficient dosage and duration, as well as individual insensitivity to one or another group of antifungal drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct bacteriological studies (cultures) to determine sensitivity to antifungal drugs. It should be taken into account that fungi have the ability to quickly adapt and develop resistance to the drugs used.

For recurrent candidiasis (more than 4 exacerbations during the year), the following treatment options are possible:
Suppositories or vaginal tablets with clotrimazole (Antifungol, Yenamazole 100, Candibene, Kanesten, Kanizon, Clotrimazole) once a week for several months.
Fluconazole (Medoflucon, Diflazon. Diflucan, Mikosist, Forkan, Flucostat) 100 mg orally once a week for several months.
It is advisable to treat recurrent vaginal candidiasis as recommended by a doctor. In some cases, examination and observation are necessary.

Prevention of vaginal candidiasis:

A good remedy to prevent fungal growth is the consumption of yoghurts containing live lactic acid cultures, as well as the consumption of natural products that have a good antifungal effect, such as garlic, propolis, hot red pepper, lingonberry berries and leaves, grapefruit juice and seeds, nut leaves, tea tree oil.

There are a number of recommendations for preventing vaginal candidiasis:
1. Normalize weight - eat more fruits, vegetables, dairy products.
2. Use cotton underwear. Synthetic fabrics do not provide sufficient air access to the skin. Due to the increase in temperature and difficulty evaporating sweat, conditions arise for the occurrence of infection, including vaginal candidiasis.
3. If you use lubricants during sexual intercourse, use only water-soluble types.
4. If you have an allergic reaction to latex condoms, use polyurethane products. At the same time, it’s a good idea to visit a doctor and get tested to see if it’s not an allergy.
5. Don't douche unnecessarily. Experience shows that there is nothing useful in washing away healthy flora.
6. Avoid casual sex.

Which doctors should you contact if you have vaginal candidiasis:

Is something bothering you? Do you want to know more detailed information about vaginal candidiasis, its causes, symptoms, methods of treatment and prevention, the course of the disease and diet after it? Or do you need an inspection? You can make an appointment with a doctor– clinic Eurolab always at your service! The best doctors will examine you, study external signs and help you identify the disease by symptoms, advise you and provide the necessary assistance and make a diagnosis. you also can call a doctor at home. Clinic Eurolab open for you around the clock.

How to contact the clinic:
Phone number of our clinic in Kyiv: (+38 044) 206-20-00 (multi-channel). The clinic secretary will select a convenient day and time for you to visit the doctor. Our coordinates and directions are indicated. Look in more detail about all the clinic’s services on it.

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If you have previously performed any research, Be sure to take their results to a doctor for consultation. If the studies have not been performed, we will do everything necessary in our clinic or with our colleagues in other clinics.

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Other diseases from the group Diseases of the genitourinary system:

Vaginal candidiasis is a “thrush” known to almost any woman of reproductive age. The disease is caused by microscopic yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida, which belong to the opportunistic microflora of humans. They are not aggressive enough to cause disease in a woman with good immune defense, but with any decrease in immunity, Candida actively invades the mucous membranes of the urogenital tract. Vaginal candidiasis in women tends to be persistently chronic, despite treatment with antifungal drugs. What is the reason for this feature and how to treat vaginal candidiasis?

What causes candidiasis?

The causative agent of the disease is an opportunistic fungus of the genus Candida, which includes various species. In our country, the overwhelming majority of cases of candidiasis are caused by Candida albicans, however, there are other types of fungus: glabrata, tropicalis, crusei. Atypical fungi are often resistant to common antifungal drugs, which is why therapy fails.

Yeast-like fungi normally live on the skin, oral cavity, and digestive tract of humans. At the same time, the vagina of a healthy woman is reliably protected from the penetration of various microorganisms from the outside. A number of features are noted in its structure that create a barrier to any infection:

• tight closure of the vaginal walls;
• durable stratified epithelium lining the walls of the vagina;
• lactic acid microflora of the vagina, which prevents the proliferation of any other microorganisms in its cavity;
• secretory protective protein immunoglobulin in vaginal secretions;
• acidic environment, destructive for most microbes and fungi.

The vaginal epithelium is sensitive to female sex hormones. Under the influence of estrogens, a large amount of glycogen, a carbohydrate, accumulates in epithelial cells, which serves as a nutrient substrate for lactic acid bacteria. They break down glycogen and release lactic acid, so the pH value in the vagina does not rise above 5. Such an environment inhibits the growth and development of many microorganisms, so accidental entry of bacteria or fungi into the vagina of a healthy woman does not lead to illness.

Problems begin when hormonal status changes or the body's immune defense decreases. The causes of vaginal candidiasis are varied and include:

• pregnancy;
• abortion, miscarriage;
• trauma to the perineum and vagina after childbirth;
• diabetes;
• long-term use of hormonal contraceptives;
• HIV infection and other immunodeficiency conditions;
• antibiotic treatment;
• taking glucocorticoids or cytostatics;
• chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

The number of sexual partners and unprotected sex do not affect the incidence of fungal vaginitis, that is, it cannot be classified as a sexually transmitted infection. The intensity of friction plays a certain role, since mechanical damage to the vaginal walls can lead to an exacerbation of chronic candidiasis.

How does candidiasis develop?

As mentioned above, Candida fungi live on the skin, and the vagina is well protected from the penetration of microorganisms from the outer covers. When the protective forces of the reproductive tract are reduced, pathogens freely enter the vaginal cavity during sex, personal hygiene procedures, scratching the perineum, or through the ascending route. Fungi attach to the cells of the upper layer of the epithelium and begin to multiply intensively.

The number of lactobacilli with the listed provoking factors of the disease is significantly reduced. They free up large areas and do not interfere with the proliferation of fungi. The number of fungal bodies gradually increases, they release their waste products and destroy the cells of the mucous membrane. Fragments of destroyed cells trigger a cycle of reactions leading to the development of inflammation. The vaginal mucosa swells, becomes hyperemic and painful.

At this stage, immune cells are activated: they actively enter the vaginal tissue from the blood vessels. However, they are not as aggressive towards yeast-like fungi as they are towards pathogenic bacteria and cannot completely destroy them. This is due to the characteristics of the pathogen: fungi live in many cavities and on a woman’s skin, so immune cells recognize some of the candida proteins as safe. In this case, a perverted immune response develops: it is either too weak or takes the form of a sluggish allergic reaction.

Large accumulations of fungi, together with dead epithelial cells, stick together and are excreted with mucus. This is how typical manifestations of thrush are formed - a cheesy white coating, discharge and pain in the vagina. Among the products of fungal metabolism there are substances that irritate sensitive nerve endings and cause unbearable itching.

How does thrush manifest?

Approximately 20% of women are found to be asymptomatic carriers of Candida fungi. They coexist in a certain balance with lactobacilli and the immune system, without causing any inflammatory reaction. But under unfavorable conditions for the body, they can go on the offensive and cause typical symptoms of vaginal candidiasis.

A woman feels inflammation of the vaginal walls in the form of heat, discomfort, and distension in the perineum. She may experience pain when walking or during sex. In some cases, the signs of the disease are limited to only these manifestations, which significantly complicates the diagnosis. Sexual life during acute inflammation is disrupted or causes discomfort to the woman. She feels burning, dryness and pain during sexual intercourse.

The most characteristic sign of candidiasis is a white discharge. They are usually described as cheesy, scanty or mild, with a faint sour odor. However, they can also be in the form of thick cream: cloudy white in color, viscous, with a thick consistency. Sometimes white inclusions appear as flakes rather than lumps.

Itching occurs in varying degrees. In some patients it is weak and hardly bothers them. Severe itching occurs in women prone to atopic reactions or patients with diabetes mellitus. It intensifies closer to sleep, at night, after taking a hot bath or shower. The itching can be so painful that it causes serious suffering.

The general condition of the patient practically does not suffer. There are no symptoms of intoxication, body temperature does not rise, and performance is maintained. Deterioration in well-being is observed only in cases where a woman does not sleep well at night due to unbearable itching in the perineum or suffers from painful scratching.

How does the disease progress?

Acute vaginal candidiasis is the first episode of the disease. It usually occurs with a typical clinical picture with itching, discomfort in the perineum and discharge. The acute process resolves completely in less than 2 months. With improper treatment or its complete absence, the disease becomes chronic.

Chronic vaginal candidiasis is a condition in which inflammation in the vagina either occurs continuously or is interrupted for several months and occurs again. It can be complicated or uncomplicated. In the latter case, candidiasis is combined with diabetes mellitus and other somatic diseases. A complicated course also includes infection caused by non-albicans candida (glabrata, tropicalis, crusei), which is difficult to treat.

Recurrent vaginal candidiasis is diagnosed when there are 4 or more episodes of the disease within one year. It proceeds according to the type of remissions and exacerbations, and inflammation in the acute stage is less pronounced than during the first manifestation of thrush. The discharge is moderate, itching is mild or absent, pain in the perineum is insignificant.

Why is candidiasis dangerous for pregnant women?

The vast majority of women encounter thrush for the first time while pregnant. This is due to both a restructuring of hormonal balance and a decrease in immune defense. Suppression of the immune system is a necessary condition for bearing a child, since otherwise the immune response will lead to miscarriage. Thus, for Candida, pregnancy is the most fertile time.

Vaginal candidiasis during pregnancy is acute, with characteristic discharge and itching. Extensive contamination of the vagina with fungi can lead to infection breaking through into the uterus and fetal membranes, in which case the fungi enter the amniotic fluid. But, despite close contact with the baby, they extremely rarely become the cause of intrauterine infection. Much more often, a child becomes infected during passage through the birth canal. In this case, the fungus becomes the cause of candidal stomatitis, otitis media or intestinal dysbiosis in a newborn.

How is the diagnosis made?

A gynecologist diagnoses vaginal candidiasis. The doctor collects anamnesis, evaluates the patient’s complaints and how long ago the symptoms appeared, and examines her on the chair. As a rule, typical forms of the disease do not cause difficulties in diagnosis.

When examining the vagina in the speculum, the gynecologist sees hyperemic, swollen mucosa. At the beginning of acute inflammation, islands of white plaque are located on it, tightly fused to the underlying tissues. When they are removed, a shallow erosion remains, which may bleed slightly. The longer the disease is, the easier and without consequences the plaque is removed. The cervix also becomes covered with white lumps, and patches may appear on its surface.

The main method for diagnosing candidiasis is a microscopic examination of a smear. The gynecologist takes a small amount of mucus from the vaginal wall with a cotton swab, then transfers it to a glass slide and sends it to the laboratory. A laboratory doctor examines the smear under a microscope and sees a large number of fungi, if they are the cause of the pathological process.

Another important method is bacteriological. Vaginal secretions are inoculated on a sterile nutrient medium in order to grow colonies of the pathogen. They grow for at least 3-5 days, after which their quantity, type and sensitivity to drugs are determined. The detection of at least 10 5 grade CFU (fungal cells) is considered significant. Determining the type and sensitivity allows you to prescribe the most effective antifungal therapy.

If a concomitant infection with sexual transmission is suspected, the doctor will prescribe PCR. Blood tests, ELISA and other methods are not used to diagnose candidiasis.

How to treat candidiasis?

Treatment of vaginal candidiasis, in particular its chronic forms, is a big problem in modern gynecology. Despite the abundance of antifungal drugs, the infection remains viable for years, exhausting the patient and her doctor. Treatment is carried out on an outpatient basis; hospitalization and sick leave are not required. The diet for vaginal candidiasis is aimed at reducing the consumption of glucose and simple carbohydrates, since they are the main substrate for feeding the fungus.

The treatment of the disease is based on the local use of antifungal drugs. These include vaginal suppositories that contain:

• polyene antimycotics (antifungals) – Nystatin, Natamycin;
• triazole antimycotics – Fluconazole;
• imidazole antimycotics – Clotrimazole, Miconazole;
• a combination of antimycotics with antibiotics (Metronidazole/Miconazole) and glucocorticoids (Terzhinan, Pimafucin).

Pimafucin suppositories can be used to treat candidal vaginitis in pregnant women - they are safe for the mother and fetus. Combined drugs with glucocorticoids effectively eliminate the inflammatory reaction and itching by suppressing the immune system, so they can only be used as prescribed by a gynecologist. In case of acute candidiasis, in addition to local antifungal agents, douching with a weak soda solution is prescribed 2 times a day.

Chronic candidiasis, especially with a persistent recurrent course, is treated with a combination of local and systemic drugs. Tablets for vaginal candidiasis also contain antifungal substances. Unlike local remedies, they create a high concentration of it not only on the surface of the vaginal mucosa, but also in the thickness of its walls. The most famous and safest drug for the treatment of thrush is Flucostat capsules. For acute candidiasis, it is necessary to take 150 mg of the substance once, the chronic form of the disease is treated with higher doses and long-term use.

All antifungal drugs are very toxic to the liver, so their systemic use is possible after a doctor’s prescription and under his supervision. If necessary, additionally prescribed:

• antihistamines - to eliminate itching (Diazolin, Zodak);
• antibiotics – when a fungal infection is combined with a bacterial one (Metronidazole, Cipralex);
• immunomodulators – restore the body’s immune defense (Likopid, Timalin);
• lactobacilli preparations - to normalize the vaginal microflora (Acilact).

In order for the treatment of candidiasis to be effective, the dosage, frequency of administration and the duration of the course must be strictly observed. Otherwise, some fungi remain viable and become resistant to the drug that was used to eliminate them. Is it possible to get pregnant due to a fungal infection? Fortunately, candidiasis does not affect a woman's reproductive function and, although it remains a widespread problem, does not lead to a decrease in fertility.

On TV screens you can often hear advertisements about miracle drugs for thrush in women. But not everyone knows what exactly this disease is, what its symptoms are, and how to deal with it.

Candidiasis, also called thrush, is quite common, and no person is immune from its occurrence. In the human body there are fungi of the genus Candida, which cause mycosis, their main place of residence is the oral cavity and large intestine. Under normal conditions, these fungi do not cause harm, and people are not even aware of their existence. But as soon as provoking factors appear, colonies of fungi begin to grow rapidly, causing candidiasis.

Those who have an idea of ​​what thrush is may mistakenly believe that this disease affects only the genitals, since this manifestation of the disease is most common. In fact, colonies of fungi can settle in the mouth, causing candidiasis of the mucous membranes, or in the folds of the skin.

The most common form of thrush in women is vaginal candidiasis, which appears at least once in almost all representatives of the fairer sex. Women are more susceptible to candidiasis affecting the genital organs than men due to their different anatomical structure. The head of the man's penis is well covered by the foreskin, and the female organs are not protected by anything, in addition, a large number of folds allow fungi to multiply at incredible speed.

Causes of thrush

Without provoking factors, the fungus will not begin to multiply on its own, and a woman will not develop vaginal candidiasis, so it is important to determine the causes of the pathological growth of fungal colonies. These include:

• Decreased general immunity in a woman’s body;
• Dysbacteriosis, as a result of which lactobacilli, which restrain the onslaught of fungi, die;
• Sexually transmitted diseases, which thrush may “hint at”;
• A woman taking oral contraceptives or a serious hormonal imbalance in the body;
• Diabetes;
• A diet with a high amount of carbohydrates, since candida fungi are very fond of sweets and grow vigorously with such a diet, causing vulvovaginal candidiasis;
• Taking antibiotics;
• Allergies;
• A change in the pH level in a woman’s body to a more acidic side.

The following factors can provoke vulvovaginal candidiasis:

• A woman wearing tight synthetic underwear;
• Constant use of sanitary pads;
• Too frequent douching, which washes away beneficial microflora;
• Using aggressive intimate hygiene products.

In most cases, the main reasons are hormonal imbalance in a woman and dysbiosis while taking antibiotics, while all other factors are accompanying.

In most women who have already suffered from vulvovaginal candidiasis, the disease becomes chronic, recurring once every two to four years. While taking hormonal contraceptives, the risk of relapse increases several times.

Symptoms of thrush

Vaginal candidiasis in the fair sex does not have a pleasant course; it fills life with endless itching and discomfort. The following are the main symptoms of vaginal candidiasis in women:

• White vaginal discharge, reminiscent of curd mass in consistency;
• Unpleasant pungent odor of sour milk;
• Itching and burning, aggravated by urination and sexual intercourse;
• Redness, swelling, possible rash on the external genitalia;
• Discomfort when moving and walking.

The manifestations of vaginal candidiasis in women are simple and understandable, but still you should not self-medicate and immediately run for drugs from advertising at the first signs of itching and white discharge. The fungus tends to get used to the drugs used, which will no longer work the next time, so it is necessary to consult a doctor who will select the most effective drugs for the woman.

In addition, the partner should also undergo treatment, especially if the couple does not use a condom during sexual intercourse, since if the man does not undergo preventive therapy, the risk of recurrence of thrush in the woman increases many times over.

Forms of thrush in women

Vaginal candidiasis in women can occur in three forms:

• Acute thrush, which is characterized by the presence of pronounced symptoms, which are especially intensified in the mornings, evenings and after intimate contact. The acute form of vaginal thrush takes about two months;
• The chronic form of thrush retains all the symptoms, but they may be less pronounced, copious curdled discharge may not appear at all, and the duration of the disease is extended for several years, with periodic relapses;
• Carriage of candidiasis is a form in which a woman does not feel any unpleasant symptoms; at most, itching may appear, so only a specialist can determine the presence of this type of thrush.

At the appointment, the doctor is obliged to perform an examination during which he will determine the external signs of the disease. Then a smear is taken, which is examined under a microscope; if candidiasis is present, the fungi can be easily seen.

The scraping taken is sent to the laboratory, where bacteriological culture is done, which creates a nutrient medium for the fungus, and if the colony reaches a value of 10,000 colony-forming units per milliliter, this fact indicates that the woman has vulvovaginal candidiasis. When diagnosing, it is very important to determine the type of fungus, since some types cannot be destroyed by common drugs for candidiasis, so treatment will be ineffective.

Based on the results of laboratory tests, the doctor will write a prescription for the required drug and a dosage that should not be exceeded.

Complications of thrush in women

It would seem that such a harmless disease as vaginal candidiasis cannot lead to serious consequences, but in fact this is not the case. Untreated vaginal thrush can lead to the following complications:

• Infection of the kidneys and urinary tract;
• Problems during pregnancy, since in this condition thrush is much more difficult to cure and can lead to infection of the fetus or developmental pathologies;
• Spread of fungus to internal organs.

That is why you do not need to endure candidiasis of the vulva and vagina, but immediately contact a gynecologist.

Treatment of thrush in women

After the doctor has examined and received laboratory results, he develops a treatment program for vaginal candidiasis. Since the disease is caused by several factors at once, it is necessary to influence the disease in several directions:

• Drug treatment;
• Maintaining personal hygiene;
• Nutrition adjustments.

Drug treatment of thrush in women

Medicines used to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis are available in the following forms:

• Capsules and tablets;
• Suppositories and vaginal tablets;
• Ointments and sprays for external use.

Tablets for thrush, which are taken orally, are divided into the following groups:

• Triazole antibiotics prevent the proliferation of fungus, are quickly absorbed and act within thirty hours after taking the tablet. Often such drugs are prescribed if acute vaginal thrush has been diagnosed, as well as with frequent relapses. This type of drugs includes Flucostat, Mikosist and Diflucan, the main active ingredient of which is called Fluconazole.

• Antibiotics of the imidazole group have the ability to penetrate well into body tissues and cure vaginal candidiasis in more than 70% of cases. The main representatives are Clotrimazole and Ketoconazole.

• Polyene drugs destroy the cell membrane of the fungus. The disadvantage of such drugs is that some of them, for example, Nystatin, are not very active and must be combined with local drugs, while Levorin is considered toxic and is used very rarely.

• Macrolides are considered the least harmful; their advantage is that vulvovaginal candidiasis can be treated with such drugs even during pregnancy. Representatives: Pimafucin and Natamycin.

• Combination drugs contain several antibiotics at once; such drugs that treat vulvovaginal candidiasis include Terzhinan and Polygynax.

In most cases, in addition to tablets, the doctor will prescribe medications for thrush for external and local use, for example, ointments and suppositories. They also contain the above active substances and help to quickly relieve the symptoms that characterize vaginal candidiasis. The treatment period for thrush is about 7 days; the probability that the disease can be cured is approximately 90%.

A woman's personal hygiene

In order for vaginal candidiasis to be successfully treated, it is not enough to just use medications, since the answer to the question of how to treat vaginal candidiasis is unthinkable without observing basic rules of personal hygiene.

Gynecologists give the following tips to help you recover from thrush faster:

• Before starting treatment with ointment or using suppositories for thrush, you must thoroughly wash your genitals without using cosmetics with a high fragrance content. After the procedure, you must dry yourself with a separate towel, which can no longer be used for any parts of the body, much less give it to other residents of the apartment.
• You should not take a bath, since such a procedure may worsen vulvovaginal candidiasis; it is better to use a shower.

• Tight synthetic underwear, especially thongs, should be put aside (at least until recovery), and women who suffer from frequent relapses of thrush should not wear such things at all. Preferably regular natural cotton underwear.
• Do not use panty liners unless absolutely necessary.
• Intimate hygiene products must be carefully selected; in no case should you use antibacterial soap, which kills the beneficial microflora of the vagina, which can cause vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Adjusting a woman's diet

Vulvovaginal candidiasis often appears in women who love to snack on buns and consume a lot of chocolate and sweets. The fungus loves glucose very much, and on such a “diet” it begins to grow vigorously. Therefore, we can give the following tips for adjusting nutrition to treat candidiasis:

• Remove sweets and flour from your diet, which will be useful not only for the prevention of thrush, but also for your figure;
• Add as many vegetables and fruits to your diet as possible, as well as fermented milk products, which will help restore the supply of lactobacilli;
• There are many recipes for mixtures to boost immunity, for example, based on lemon, ginger and honey. Good immunity will allow you to actively fight the fungus, so it needs to be maintained;

• At the pharmacy it is worth purchasing multivitamins that the body needs to maintain the protective barrier and protect against thrush;
• Herbal teas will not only calm you down and reduce stress levels, but will also help get rid of thrush;
• If you have a cold or other disease, you should not immediately take antibiotics, you should consult your doctor, and if treatment still requires antibiotics, then you must take prebiotics and probiotics to avoid dysbiosis.

Unfortunately, thrush is a disease that tends to return if there is a relapse at least once, and it is often very difficult to cure completely. But following the rules of hygiene, monitoring nutrition and health status, competently maintaining intestinal microflora while taking antibiotics and strictly following medical prescriptions will allow you to forget for a long time how to treat thrush and what this unpleasant disease is.

In the fast pace of modern life, you cannot stop or slow down for a minute, otherwise there is a risk of falling behind the others and getting lost. This applies to everyone, including women.

However, there are conditions that, breaking into the usual rhythm of life, can greatly change it. These conditions include thrush (vulvovaginal candidiasis).

The unpleasant symptoms that appear with thrush cause discomfort, interfere with your normal lifestyle (swimming pool, gym, business meetings, conferences), and force you to stop and pay attention to your own health.

Let's get acquainted - Candida

The condition, so affectionately called “thrush,” develops due to the activation of the proliferation of opportunistic flora, namely, fungi of the genus Candida.

In total, more than 180 types of pathogen are known, but the most significant from a medical point of view is C. albicans, which, according to the latest data, is found in more than 80% of patients suffering from thrush.

The remaining 20% ​​is shared by C.tropicalis, C.glabrata, C.krusei and others, united under the general name C.non-albicans.

It should be immediately agreed that there is no fundamental difference between the pathogens in terms of clinical manifestations, but the approaches to treatment differ, since C.non-albicans are resistant to most antifungal drugs available on the market.

Pathogen

It is a small organism of round or oval shape. When cells multiply, they form pseudomycelium.

When the pH of the environment changes to alkaline or the temperature changes, the proliferation of the fungus slows down or completely stops until it completely dies.

Every woman should know and remember this, and especially young mothers who may encounter the problem of thrush in a newborn baby - banal boiling will not only overcome the existing one, but also prevent the development of thrush.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis or thrush of the vagina and vulva

Candida infection is quite widespread among all groups of the population, but women of reproductive age suffer most from it, which is associated with certain structural features of their genitourinary system and emotional lability.

Candida lives on the skin and mucous membranes of most people, but not everyone exhibits clinical symptoms of thrush. What provokes the fungus to aggression? Any condition that has a harmful effect on the macroorganism turns out to be beneficial for the microorganism.

Severe acute or chronic stress triggers processes against which vaginal candidiasis very often occurs.

Taking antibiotics leads to the death of not only pathogenic flora in the intestines and vagina, but also beneficial ones, but antibacterial drugs have no effect on the proliferation of fungi.

Candida, whose “competitors” have disappeared thanks to antibiotics, begins to divide rapidly and causes unpleasant symptoms. This is how thrush can appear in the vagina, in the mouth, and on the skin.

Monthly fluctuations in hormones responsible for the normal menstrual cycle also contribute to the appearance of vaginal candidiasis. Fungi “love” progesterone, the level of which increases significantly during the luteal phase.

In addition, monthly blood loss during menstruation and anemia in the female body also provoke vaginal candidiasis.

Candidiasis in the vagina can also appear due to the abuse of aggressive detergents, panty liners, lubricants, and also when wearing tight synthetic underwear.

Vaginal candidiasis - symptoms

Vaginal candidiasis is manifested by the following symptoms:

• discharge from the genital tract. This can be either classic curdled discharge from milky to green in color, or not very abundant liquid discharge with a slight inclusion of “cottage cheese”, and in the chronic process, discharge may be completely absent.
• itching and burning. These two symptoms appear due to fungi releasing waste products into the tissue, which irritate the nerve endings of the mucous membranes, causing the described symptoms. In response to the release of toxins, the body sends a large number of protective cells to the lesion (they, together with dead fungi and desquamated vaginal epithelium, form the previously described secretions), blood flow to the affected area increases, which is manifested by swelling and redness of the tissues of the external genitalia.
• pain during urination and during sexual intercourse is explained by the same effect on the receptors of biologically active substances and toxins, as well as microtraumas and abrasions of the damaged mucosa.

All these symptoms, especially if treatment is delayed, can be so pronounced that the woman refuses sexual activity, which affects her relationship with her sexual partner.

Girls before puberty quite often suffer from vulvitis, however, candida, as a pathogen, occupies one of the last places in this age group, which is due to certain age-related characteristics (for example, the pH of the vagina is alkaline, which in itself is unfavorable for the development of candida).

Candidiasis of the vagina and vulva in little girls develops while taking antibiotics, when the rest of the flora (both useful and not so useful) is “killed” by those same antibiotics.

In this case, thrush in babies manifests itself as swelling and redness of the vulva and hymen, accumulation of liquid greenish discharge in the folds between the labia.

Often the process spreads to the labia majora, pubic skin and perineum and looks like diaper dermatitis, which often leads to incorrect diagnosis and treatment.

This type of “diaper dermatitis” does not respond to standard treatment approaches and requires antifungal therapy.

In children, the first place in terms of fungal infections is still the oral mucosa, but this is a topic for a separate article.

Classification

In all available sources, candidiasis is divided as follows:

• Candidiasis is a condition in which fungi living in the body do not cause any clinical manifestations and are detected only using laboratory research methods. The condition requires treatment only in certain groups of patients with very weakened immune systems - with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, diabetes mellitus, etc.
• acute candidiasis - the episode lasts no more than two months and appears with all the previously described symptoms (curdy discharge, itching, burning, swelling).
• chronic candidiasis - the inflammatory process lasts more than two months and/or repeats more than four times a year. In this case, the processes of chronic inflammation predominate - dryness, tissue atrophy.

The simplest and most accessible method for diagnosing thrush is smear microscopy. A scraping of the mucous membrane is applied to a glass slide, the smear is dried and, after special staining, is examined under a microscope. In an acute process, clusters of cells are found in the smear; in a chronic process, pseudomycelium is found.

Sowing cell cultures on nutrient media to detect a specific pathogen and determine sensitivity to antimycotics and antibiotics.

It is widely used for differential diagnosis - to clarify who exactly caused the inflammatory process, as well as to select an individual treatment regimen in the absence of effect from standard therapy.

The method is relatively inexpensive and highly informative. Disadvantages: special equipment is required (the nutrient medium together with the pathogen is placed in a thermostat, which maintains favorable conditions for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms), and a long waiting time for a response.

PCR diagnostics - polymerase chain reaction - is a highly informative method that allows you to detect the pathogen from a small fragment of its cell. It is rarely used to diagnose thrush specifically, as it is expensive and gives a positive answer even with candidiasis that does not require treatment.

Another method available at this stage is rapid tests. You can buy them at a pharmacy without a prescription and, following the instructions, take the material, place it in a test tube and within 24 hours you will receive a reliable answer whether you have thrush or not.

Vaginal candidiasis - treatment

Recently, specialists are increasingly faced with atypical, erased, resistant forms of candidiasis, which requires the search for new effective drugs and new treatment regimens.

Treatment should be started immediately after laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis. The main goal of treatment is to remove the pathogen from the body. And it doesn’t matter that there are still a lot of predisposing factors, decreased immunity and disruption of the vaginal biocenosis!

First of all, it is necessary to deal with unpleasant symptoms that complicate a woman’s normal life.

Attempts to simultaneously influence all parts of the inflammatory process, all concomitant diseases, etc., do not lead to anything good.

Prescribing a large number of medications (polypharmacy) significantly increases the cost of the treatment regimen, complicates the patient’s life (all thoughts revolve around which drug and at what time should be administered, eaten, applied, etc.) and is less effective than a step-by-step integrated approach.

In some cases, treatment may not be effective. Causes:

• non-compliance with treatment regimen;
• severe course of candidal vaginitis;
• combination of fungi with other pathogens (mixed infection);
• resistance of the pathogen to the prescribed antifungal drug;
• misdiagnosis.

For uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis, the following are widely used:

1. Imidazole derivatives for intravaginal administration - miconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, butoconazole, isoconazole (treatment duration 1-6 days).
2. Intravaginal forms of polyene antibiotics - natamycin (3-6 days), nystatin suppositories (the latter is not prescribed often, since the therapeutic effect occurs when this drug is used for at least 14 days). Oral forms of these drugs are not used in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, because they are practically not absorbed from the intestines.
3. Systemic antimycotics, triazole derivatives (itraconazole, fluconazole) (1-3 days).

If there is no effect from short-term treatment regimens, treatment tactics are reviewed and the duration of antifungal therapy is increased: intravaginal forms of imidazoles are prescribed for 10-14 days, systemic antimycotics for 7 days.

Chronic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis causes certain difficulties in treatment. Therefore, it is recommended to determine, if possible, the type of Candida and its sensitivity to antimycotics.

The treatment of candidiasis in pregnant women deserves special attention. Under no circumstances should the expectant mother self-medicate, because... can harm the baby with harmful drugs.

For pregnant women, only local (suppositories, creams, ointments) forms of antifungal drugs are used. Triazole derivatives easily penetrate the placental barrier and have a harmful effect on the growing fetus, so they are prescribed only if the infection threatens the woman’s life.

Prevention

The main preventive measure is timely detection and treatment of infection.

For women who have already encountered candidiasis, the goal of prevention is to prevent recurrence of the infection, which means they are required to take measures that will strengthen the immune system and prevent the proliferation of fungi.

Preventive measures include everything that is beautifully called a healthy lifestyle - personal hygiene, proper nutrition, hardening, giving up alcohol and smoking, avoiding casual sex, the right choice of underwear and intimate hygiene products.

Features of symptoms and identification of signs of thrush in women

Due to the difference in anatomical structure, the symptoms of thrush in men and women, along with the similarity of sensations, have differences. Moreover, thrush is not only genital candidiasis (vaginal candidiasis and vulvitis).

Candida fungus can actively develop in the mouth (candidal stomatitis) or affect the mucous membrane of the throat and esophagus (esophagitis).

Manifestations in men

In men, thrush occurs in two types: damage to the genitourinary system and candidiasis of the skin. Moreover, the male genitourinary system is much less susceptible to candidiasis than the female one. This is explained by the absence of pockets and niches in the structure of the male genitalia - a convenient place for the development of fungal microflora.

Characteristic manifestations of the disease in men are balanoposthitis and balanitis. Candidal balanitis manifests itself as a fungal infection of the outer part of the penis, most often after sexual intercourse with an infected partner. Symptoms of candidal balanitis are clearly visible in the photo:

• swelling of the affected area;
• bright scarlet color of the skin;
• rash;
• maceration (swelling of the skin);
• erosive ulcerations;
• white cheesy coating on the head of the penis;
• specific sour-milky smell.

Candidiasis balanoposthitis is the next stage of the disease, when the process of infection of the tissues of the penis by the fungus moves to the foreskin.

Both balanitis and balanoposthitis occur due to narrowing of the foreskin, which interferes with the complete cleaning of the urethra and leads to the manifestation of stagnant processes. Candidiasis balanoposthitis occurs not only in men.

In women, balanoposthitis is quite rare, but, nevertheless, diagnosis determines it. As can be seen in the photo, the disease affects the inside of the vagina and the clitoris in the upper part. Inflammation of the foreskin, balanoposthitis - these diseases are also diagnosed in children, even in infants. In addition to damage to external organs, the fungus can infect the urethra and the bladder itself.

Urethritis has the following symptoms:

1. discharge of cloudy-whitish liquid;
2. slight itching.

Diagnosis defines cystitis as the result of a fungal infection of the bladder. Symptomatically, it is no different from inflammation of the bladder caused by other causes. Symptoms of candidal cystitis:

1. discomfort in the pubic area;
2. painful urination accompanied by burning;
3. the urine is cloudy and may contain blood.

How does the disease manifest itself in young men?

The occurrence of the disease in young men is most often associated with the following reasons:

• puberty, accompanied by hormonal changes;
• sexual promiscuity as a cause of fungal infection;
• bad habits – smoking, drinking alcohol.

Skin damage

Symptoms of thrush on the skin in men appear under the armpits, between the fingers and toes, in the groin area, in the folds of skin under the abdomen, between the genitals and the anus - the manifestations are clearly visible in the video. Diagnosis of the condition of obese men almost always reveals signs of thrush. The Candida fungus settles in the folds of the skin - the signs in the affected areas are quite characteristic:

1. skin irritation;
2. rash;
3. ulcerations;
4. a white cheesy substance on the surface of the diseased area.

It should be remembered that you cannot rely on self-diagnosis and treatment based on television advertising - no pills will cure a disease such as thrush. In order not to bring the disease to a chronic form, candidiasis should be treated comprehensively. This process is quite lengthy and requires mandatory medical supervision.

Manifestations in the female body

Women are more susceptible to diseases such as thrush - their hormonal levels are unstable every month. In addition, during pregnancy, the likelihood of vaginal candidiasis increases. This is due to the fact that changes in hormonal levels and weakened immunity in pregnant women are a normal process.

Symptoms of candidiasis of the reproductive system in women manifest themselves in the form of swelling of the genital organs, itching and discharge. If left untreated, vaginal candidiasis can affect internal organs such as the digestive tract and respiratory tract. This course of candidiasis leads to inflammation of the mucous membranes of the throat and vagina, the appearance of various dermatitis and eczema, and the lower abdomen may hurt. In cases of severe or prolonged illness, women always have signs of candidiasis. There have been cases where Candida fungus even affected the heart and brain.

Vaginal candidiasis usually manifests itself in the form of itching, white cheesy discharge, and pain in the lower abdomen may bother you.

Candida fungus (you can watch the video) is not an alien infection - as part of the vaginal microflora, it is constantly present in a woman’s body. And only based on test results and symptoms of the disease can a diagnosis of “vaginal candidiasis” be made.

Signs of candidiasis can be detected even in little girls, so you should figure out whether virgins get thrush? Since vaginal candidiasis in women may well develop due to internal problems of the body, it becomes clear that the symptoms of developing thrush can be detected not only in girls, but also in girls of any age.

Virginity cannot be an obstacle to vaginal candidiasis - after all, the pathogen is not outside, but inside the body. The conditions for the development of vaginal candidiasis in girls are the same as in adult women. When infected with thrush in girls, the following clinical picture may be observed:

• stabbing pain in the vaginal area;
• pain in the lower abdomen;
• curdled discharge.

Diagnosis of the disease in girls is carried out on the basis of tests for thrush - virginity does not prevent the gynecologist from taking a smear. Treatment is prescribed in a comprehensive manner, since if you take only pills, vaginal candidiasis will not be cured, but may become chronic, which is difficult to recognize and difficult to treat. You should not self-medicate at home: this will help alleviate the symptoms, but will not cure the disease; moreover, by postponing a visit to the doctor, you risk complications of the disease.

Oral lesions

Candidal stomatitis is a manifestation of a fungal infection, the symptoms of which can be observed in the mouth. The video shows the characteristic manifestations of the disease. Children and the elderly are most susceptible to the appearance of symptoms of thrush in the mouth; often, pregnant women are affected by yeast fungus in the oral mucosa.

In addition to general causes, candidal stomatitis in the mouth can be caused by:

1. gastrointestinal diseases;
2. taking pills or other medications that disrupt the balance of microflora;
3. lack of necessary oral hygiene;
4. caries and periodontal disease of teeth (especially in pregnant women).

Stomatitis in an infant is easy to determine at home. The main sign of damage is a whitish coating on the mucous membranes of the cheeks and palate. Most often, a child is infected through the nipple of an infected woman.

Inflammation of the esophagus

Another name for the disease is esophagitis. Candidal esophagitis, the diagnosis of which is difficult due to the similarity of the symptoms of esophageal candidiasis with a number of diseases, is, in fact, thrush, as well as candidal stomatitis and vulvitis. Signs of esophageal candidiasis may include:

• feeling of esophageal obstruction;
• heartburn and vomiting;
• soreness of the esophagus.

The symptoms of esophageal thrush in an adult and a child are similar, but the causes are different:

1. in adults, esophagitis is a consequence of stomach disease;
2. esophagitis in a child occurs as a result of swallowing a hard object or bone; in an infant, inflammation of the esophagus occurs from too hot infant formula.

Pregnant women are susceptible to inflammation of the esophagus: internal restructuring of the abdominal cavity during pregnancy causes heartburn and belching, and stomach acid irritates the esophageal mucosa, causing esophagitis. Therefore, in order to prevent the disease from developing, you should adhere to the diet recommended by your doctor and follow simple rules:

• wear loose clothing, especially if your stomach hurts;
• When sleeping, keep your head significantly higher than your legs;
• After eating, avoid putting pressure on your stomach.

Esophagitis is not treated at home, since pills will not help. Thrush of the esophagus, especially in children and pregnant women, is treated in a hospital setting. The treatment is complex, it combines the use of drugs, diet and feeding through a tube. In severe cases, esophagitis is operated on. Just like stomatitis and vulvitis, esophagitis can be acute and chronic.

Manifestations on the external genitalia

Vulvitis, or candidiasis of the female genital organs, is a consequence of irritation of the external genitalia. In girls and older women, vulvitis is provoked by pathogenic microflora. Another reason may be colpitis: the discharge accompanying this disease irritates the external genitalia, resulting in vulvitis.

Advanced vulvitis in girls and pregnant women is fraught with secondary infections; signs of the disease:

1. purulent watery (typical of E. coli) or thick white-yellow (staphylococcal infection) discharge appears;
2. Unbearable itching and hypertrophy of the external genitalia appear.

Vaginal candidiasis is the most common type of fungal infection, which is caused by a pathogen - fungi of the genus candida. Why does thrush appear in the vagina, what factors contribute to the development of yeast fungi, is there any way to protect yourself from this problem? Is it possible to confuse thrush with any other infectious disease of the female genital area?

We highlight the main reasons

The scientific name of thrush is candidiasis, the development of which is facilitated by the active reproduction of yeast fungi of the genus Candida, which are present in the body of even a healthy person, but are not in an “active” state.

Why does vaginal candidiasis occur?

The problem of candidiasis sooner or later appears in every woman.

It can manifest itself in adolescence during puberty, during which active hormonal changes occur. It can disturb a woman for the first time only during menopause or become a constant “companion” of certain events in life (pregnancy, every time before menstruation, stress, anxiety, etc.).

Let us highlight the main reasons why vaginal candidiasis occurs. So, first of all, vaginal “acute” candidiasis can be provoked by taking any medications or hormonal drugs, disruption and weakening of the immune system, the presence of acute or chronic diseases of other systems and organs, the presence of sexually transmitted diseases (including chlamydia), increased levels of blood sugar, improper intimate hygiene.

Also, the occurrence of thrush in the vaginal area can be provoked by other factors, such as metabolic disorders, the presence of diseases of the endocrine system (which in turn leads to hormonal imbalance in women).

Direct factors of vaginal infection

Direct factors can also provoke vaginal candidiasis, for example, frequent changes of sexual partners, casual sexual intercourse, the beginning of sexual activity, the use of antiseptic drugs after sexual intercourse, anal sex without a condom or in the absence of any hygiene rules.

Even if thrush was avoided even with frequent changes of sexual partners, this does not yet indicate that possible sexually transmitted infections were avoided, the most common and insidious of which is chlamydia.

Chlamydia is a disease whose symptoms are similar to those of thrush.

After infection (from a partner), a woman does not experience any changes in her condition during the first two to three weeks.

After this (incubation) period, chlamydia begins to manifest itself with the following symptoms: itching and burning when urinating, the appearance of unpleasant mucous discharge from the vagina, often it has an unpleasant odor and a yellowish tint. The first thing a woman begins to think about is thrush. But her treatment is usually useless for several weeks, after which everything returns to normal. But this does not mean that chlamydia has disappeared.

Chlamydia and its chlamydia continue to develop and affect cells of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and genitals in general. Next, chlamydia gives rise to an inflammatory process, resulting in adhesions, which result in possible infertility. Therefore, if you often (constantly) change sexual partners and are unsure of the “purity” of the new partner, immediately if any uncharacteristic symptoms occur, seek help from a gynecologist to rule out not only chlamydia, but also other sexually transmitted infections.

Many women who often change sexual partners naively believe that installing an IUD will help avoid thrush. It should be noted that spirals cannot protect against this disease. On the contrary, such spirals contribute to the development of infection. IUDs only help protect a woman from an unplanned pregnancy and nothing more.

Panty liners or panty liners can also cause the development of vaginal candidiasis. This is due to the fact that regular pads or panty liners have a protective film that prevents full gas exchange between the skin and air, resulting in a “greenhouse” effect in the labia area.

And, as you know, a damp, warm environment is an ideal environment for the development of microbes and fungi. In this case, vaginal candidiasis can be prevented if you change pads (both regular and daily) in a timely manner.

Symptoms of thrush

We have figured out what a thrush infection is and what causes it, now we should look at the possible symptoms. The first manifestations of thrush “make themselves felt” initially in the form of slight whitish discharge from the vagina. Itching may also occur on the clitoris, in the area of ​​the labia majora and minora. Further, if no measures are taken to eliminate the symptoms, the infection may take on new forms. You can observe a slight whitish coating on the clitoris, which cannot be removed.

There is dryness of the labia majora and severe itching of the labia minora. The nature of the discharge changes - it becomes white and quite thick. Untimely treatment allows the infection to continue to develop. The plaque on the clitoris increases, and its soreness is observed. Plaque appears on the lips, and the discharge becomes cheesy. There is a constant burning sensation, pain, increased dryness on the clitoris and lips.

If the infection in the first stages of development can dull and disappear on its own, then when it manifests itself in the form of cheesy discharge and increased dryness, itching and burning on the clitoris and lips, appropriate treatment is required.

For example, if your wife (partner) has this infection (dryness, burning lips, plaque on the clitoris), then you should refuse any sexual intercourse, otherwise there is a risk that the infection will spread to the male genital organs.

Treatment of vaginal candidiasis

Despite the fact that vaginal candidiasis is a common disease, it is advisable to treat it after examination by a gynecologist and after passing the appropriate tests - a smear for bacterial culture, because the infection can be caused by various types of fungi. Improper treatment of candidiasis can cause increased symptoms.

The most common method is treatment with tablets. All you need to do is take a pill once, and the symptoms of the disease will disappear. Although doctors do not always welcome such treatment, since the infection does not disappear, only its symptoms are dulled.

But what to do, how to be treated correctly? The simplest and most effective way is to use a vaginal suppository.

Using suppositories is quite simple, all you need to do is insert it into the vagina at night. This treatment lasts from 3 to 7 days, depending on the severity.

You can use the following medications and products:

• Pimafucin suppositories, the active ingredient of which is natmicin. It should be noted that this is an antibiotic and the use of such suppositories during pregnancy is not recommended. Nitamycin blocks cell membranes, causing fungi to die;
• Candles "Livarol". The active ingredient is ketoconazole, which changes the lipid balance of fungal membranes;

And also, Clotrimazole suppositories, Nystatin suppositories, Terzhinan suppositories, Flucostat suppositories, etc.

More recently, special panty liners have appeared on the market. Such pads have a special layer that releases ions (negative). The ion layer of the gasket allows you to destroy various painful microbes, fungi and other viruses that contribute to the development of various inflammatory processes. Such panty liners allow you to destroy developing fungi of the genus Candida and are used as a preventive measure for this disease.

If you have recurrent thrush, take care of your hygiene and take proper treatment.