Life of Russian estates in the 17th century. "the main estates of Russian society"

1. Nobility.

The ruling class - feudal lords . First of all, this boyars who had their own ancestral land holdings - estates. In the 17th century, as the Russian autocracy was asserted, the positions of nobility, which gradually turned into a new estate.

IN 1 649 Zemsky Sobor adopted a new Code, according to which the eternal right of feudal lords to dependent peasants was fixed and the transfer from one owner to another was forbidden(serfdom).

By the end of the century, up to 10% of peasant households in the country belonged to the tsar, 10% to the boyars, 15% to the church, and about 60% to the nobles.

The former system of filling the highest positions in the state by birthright (the system localism ) in 1682 year was finally cancelled. All categories of feudal lords were equalized in rights.

2. Peasants.

The situation of the peasants in the 17th century deteriorated significantly. The peasantry was divided into two main groups: possessory and black-mallowed. The first is the property of the feudal lords. They could be sold, exchanged, donated. The second owned vast lands (mainly in Pomorye and Siberia) and carried state duties.

The peasants worked for the feudal lords corvée (2-4 days a week), paid natural and monetary quitrent . The taxation system has changed. Instead of land tribute was introduced by courtyard.

By the end of the century serfs from semi-slaves they became clerks, messengers, grooms, tailors, falconers, etc.

The average size of peasant plots was 1-2 hectares of land. Prosperous peasants, whose allotments reached several tens of hectares, became entrepreneurs, merchants, and merchants.

3. Urban population.

In the 17th century, the urban population grew. In new cities, after the fortresses appeared tenements. Not only Russians lived in them, but also representatives of other peoples of Russia. Crafts and trade flourished there.

Dominant positions in urban life were occupied wealthy artisans and merchants . The position of the boyars, nobles and monasteries was also privileged. servants and servants who spent their free time in trade and crafts.

Wage labor is beginning to be used, but still on a small scale.

4. Clergy.

By the end of the 17th century, the number of Russian clergy increased (110,000 people in 15,000 churches). A new church hierarchy was formed. The closest to the believers and the most numerous in composition were parish priests . The top layer was bishops, archbishops and metropolitans. Headed the church hierarchy patriarch Moscow and all Russia.

In 1649, the Council Code forbade the church to increase its land holdings and eliminated the rights of white settlements.

5. Cossacks.

The Cossacks became a new estate for Russia, military class , which included the population of a number of outlying areas of Russia (Don, Yaik, Urals, Terek, Left-bank Ukraine). It enjoyed special rights and benefits on the terms of compulsory and general military service.

The basis of the economic life of the Cossacks was trades- hunting, fishing, cattle breeding and agriculture. The main part of the income was received in the form of state salaries and military booty.

The most important issues in the life of the Cossacks were discussed at a general gathering ("circle"). Elected leaders chieftains and petty officers s. The ownership of the land belonged to the entire community.

The main estates of Russian society in the 17th century Lesson for grade 7

Society is the people of one country and the relationship between them.

Estate -

Comparative table "The estates of Russian society in the 17th century"

First estate feudal lords

boyars

The nobility was formed from the servants of the princely and boyar courts:

Nobles:

Cathedral Code of 1649

Second Estate Clergy

Third estate: The peasantry is the most numerous estate.

The main duties of the peasants:

Cathedral Code of 1649

Service people

Posadsky (urban) people

Merchants

Black townspeople -

Posad artisans and merchants

Hierarchy of Russian estates in the 17th century

Conclusion:

.
(History reference).

The population of a state may consist either of various ethnographic groups, or of one nation, but in any case it consists of different social unions (classes, estates).
estate- a social group that occupies a certain position in the hierarchical structure of society in accordance with its rights, duties and privileges enshrined in custom or law and inherited.

in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, which determined the provisions of the estates, continues to operate. The law distinguished four main classes:

nobility,
clergy,
urban population,
rural population.

The urban population, in turn, was divided into five groups:

honorary citizens,
merchants,
workshop craftsmen,
tradesmen,
small proprietors and working people, those. employed

As a result of the class division, society was a pyramid, at the base of which were broad social strata, and at the head was the highest ruling stratum of society - the nobility.

Nobility.
Throughout the XVIII century. there is a process of strengthening the role of the nobility as the ruling class. Serious changes took place in the very structure of the nobility, its self-organization and legal status. These changes took place on several fronts. The first of these consisted in the internal consolidation of the nobility, the gradual erasure of differences between the previously existing main groups of service people “in the fatherland” (boyars, Moscow nobles, city nobles, boyar children, residents, etc.).

In this regard, the role of the Decree on Uniform Succession of 1714 was great, eliminating the differences between estates and estates and, accordingly, between categories of nobility that owned land on patrimonial and local rights. After this decree, all noble landowners had land on the basis of a single right - real estate.

There was also a big role Tables of ranks (1722) finally eliminated (at least in legal terms) the last remnants of parochialism (appointments to positions “according to the fatherland”, i.e. the nobility of the clan and the past service of the ancestors) and at the one who becamefor all nobles, the obligation to start service from the lower ranks of the 14th class (ensign, cornet, midshipman) in the military and naval service, collegiate registrar - in the civil service and consistent promotion depending on their merits, abilities and devotion to the sovereign.

It must be admitted that this service was really difficult. Sometimes a nobleman did not visit his estates for most of his life, because. was constantly on campaigns or served in distant garrisons. But already the government of Anna Ivanovna in 1736 limited the term of service to 25 years.
Peter III Decree on the liberties of the nobility of 1762 abolished compulsory service for the nobles.
A significant number of nobles left the service, retired and settled on their estates. At the same time, the nobility was exempted from corporal punishment.

Catherine II, during her accession in the same year, confirmed these noble liberties. The abolition of the obligatory service of the nobility became possible due to the fact that by the second half of the 18th century. the main foreign policy tasks (access to the sea, the development of the South of Russia, etc.) had already been resolved and there was no longer any need for extreme exertion of the forces of society.

A number of measures are being taken to further expand and confirm noble privileges and strengthen administrative control over the peasants. The most important of them are the Establishment for the management of the provinces in 1775 and Letter of commendation to the nobility in 1785

By the early 20th century, the nobility continued to be the ruling class, the most cohesive, the most educated, and the most accustomed to political power. The first Russian revolution gave impetus to the further political unification of the nobility. In 1906, at the All-Russian Congress of Authorized Noble Societies, the central body of these societies was created - Council of the United Nobility. He had a significant influence on government policy.

Clergy.
The next privileged estate after the nobility was the clergy, which was divided into white (parish) and black (monasticism). It enjoyed certain estate privileges: the clergy and their children were exempted from the poll tax; recruiting duty; were subject to ecclesiastical court according to canon law (with the exception of cases “according to the word and deed of the sovereign”).

The subordination of the Orthodox Church to the state was a historical tradition rooted in its Byzantine history, where the emperor was the head of the church. Based on these traditions, after the death of Patriarch Adrian in 1700, Peter 1 did not allow the election of a new patriarch, but first appointed Archbishop Stefan Yavorsky of Ryazan as locum tenens of the patriarchal throne with a much smaller amount of church power, and then, with the creation of state colleges, among them was formed An ecclesiastical college composed of a president, two vice presidents, four counselors, and four assessors to manage church affairs.

In 1721 the Theological College was renamed into Holy Governing Synod. A secular official was appointed to oversee the affairs of the Synod - Chief Prosecutor of the Synod subordinate to the Attorney General.
The synod was subordinated to the bishops who headed the church districts - dioceses.

After creation Synod, the lands were again returned to the church and the church was obliged to maintain part of the schools, hospitals and almshouses from its income.

The secularization of church property was completed by Catherine II. By decree of 1764, the church began to be financed from the treasury. Its activities were regulated by the Spiritual Regulations of 1721.

Reforms of church administration were carried out not only in the Orthodox Church, but also in Muslim. To manage the Muslim clergy in 1782 was established Muftiate. The head of all Muslims of the Russian Empire - the mufti was elected council of high Muslim priests and was approved in this position by the empress. In 1788, the Muslim Spiritual Administration (later transferred to Ufa) was established in Orenburg, headed by a mufti.

Urban population.
Posadskoye, i.e. the urban trade and craft population constituted a special estate, which, unlike the nobility and clergy, was not privileged. It was subject to the “sovereign tax” and all taxes and duties, including recruitment duty, it was subject to corporal punishment.

Urban population in the first half of the XIX century. divided into five groups: honorary citizens, merchants, craftsmen, burghers, small proprietors and working people, i.e. employed.
A special group of eminent citizens, which included large capitalists who owned capital over 50 thousand rubles. wholesale merchants, owners of ships from 1807 were called first-class merchants, and from 1832 - honorary citizens.

Philistinism- the main urban taxable estate in the Russian Empire - originates from the townspeople of Moscow Russia, united in black hundreds and settlements.

The burghers were assigned to their urban societies, which they could leave only with temporary passports, and be transferred to others with the permission of the authorities.

They paid a poll tax, were subject to recruitment duty and corporal punishment, did not have the right to enter the state service, and upon entering the military service did not enjoy the rights of volunteers.

Petty trade, various crafts, and work for hire were allowed for the townspeople. To engage in craft and trade, they had to enroll in workshops and guilds.

The organization of the petty-bourgeois class was finally established in 1785. In each city, they formed a petty-bourgeois society, elected petty-bourgeois councils or petty-bourgeois elders and their assistants (the councils were introduced from 1870).

In the middle of the XIX century. the townspeople are exempted from corporal punishment, since 1866 - from the soul tax.

Belonging to the bourgeois class was hereditary.

Enrollment in the petty bourgeois was open to persons obliged to choose a way of life, for state (after the abolition of serfdom - for all) peasants, but for the latter - only upon dismissal from society and permission from the authorities

The tradesman was not only not ashamed of his estate, but was even proud of it...
The word "philistine" - comes from the Polish word "misto" - a city.

Merchants.
The merchant class was divided into 3 guilds: - the first guild of merchants with a capital of 10 to 50 thousand rubles; the second - from 5 to 10 thousand rubles; the third - from 1 to 5 thousand rubles.

honorary citizens divided into hereditary and personal.

Rank hereditary honorary citizen was assigned to the big bourgeoisie, children of personal nobles, priests and clerks, artists, agronomists, artists of imperial theaters, etc.
The title of personal honorary citizen was awarded to persons who were adopted by hereditary nobles and honorary citizens, as well as those who graduated from technical schools, teacher's seminaries and artists of private theaters. Honorary citizens enjoyed a number of privileges: they were exempted from personal duties, from corporal punishment, etc.

Peasantry.
The peasantry, which in Russia accounted for over 80% of the population, practically ensured the very existence of society with their labor. It was it that paid the lion's share of the poll tax and other taxes and fees that ensured the maintenance of the army, navy, the construction of St. Petersburg, new cities, the Ural industry, etc. It was the peasants as recruits that made up the bulk of the armed forces. They also conquered new lands.

Peasants made up the bulk of the population, they were divided into: landowners, state possessions and appanages belonging to the royal family.

In accordance with the new laws of 1861, the serfdom of the landlords over the peasants was abolished forever and the peasants were declared free rural inhabitants with the empowerment of their civil rights.
Peasants had to pay a poll tax, other taxes and fees, gave recruits, could be subjected to corporal punishment. The land on which the peasants worked belonged to the landowners, and until the peasants redeemed it, they were called temporarily liable and carried various duties in favor of the landowners.
The peasants of each village who emerged from serfdom united in rural societies. For the purposes of administration and court, several rural societies formed a volost. In the villages and volosts, the peasants were granted self-government.

COSSACKS AS A MILITARY ESTATE WERE ABSENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THE MATERIAL

I FILL THIS GAP WITH MY MODERATOR'S INSERT

COSSACKS

military estate in Russia in the 18th - early 20th centuries. In the XIV-XVII centuries. free people who worked for hire, persons who carried out military service in the border areas (city and guard Cossacks); in the XV-XVI centuries. beyond the borders of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian state (on the Dnieper, Don, Volga, Ural, Terek), self-governing communities of the so-called free Cossacks (mainly from runaway peasants) arose, which were the main driving force behind the uprisings in Ukraine in the 16th-17th centuries. and in Russia XVII-XVIII centuries. The government sought to use the Cossacks to guard the borders, in wars, etc., and in the 18th century. subjugated him, turning him into a privileged military class. At the beginning of the XX century. there were 11 Cossack troops (Don, Kuban, Orenburg, Transbaikal, Tersk, Siberian, Ural, Astrakhan, Semirechensk, Amur and Ussuri). In 1916 the Cossack population was over 4.4 million people, over 53 million acres of land. About 300 thousand people fielded in the 1st World War

By the middle of the 19th century, in addition to merchants, breeders, bankers, there appeared in cities new intelligentsia(architects, artists, musicians, doctors, scientists, engineers, teachers, etc.). The nobility also began to engage in entrepreneurship.

The peasant reform opened the way for the development of market relations in the country. A significant part of the business was the merchant class.

The industrial revolution in Russia at the end of the 19th century. turned entrepreneurs into a significant economic force in the country. Under the powerful pressure of the market, estates and estate privileges are gradually losing their former significance....

The Provisional Government, by its Decree of March 3, 1917, abolished all class, religious and national restrictions.

Society is the people of one country and the relationship between them. Why do people unite in society? What are the challenges facing society?

The society is divided into spheres: Politics Economy Culture In each of these spheres there are special groups of people. In Russia, these groups of people were called estates.

Objectives of society Spheres of public life Estate Order and politics Security Feudal lords Provision of material benefits Taxable population (peasants and townspeople) Economy Explanation Culture of the meaning of life Clergy

The boyars included * serving princes (from among the descendants of the Rurikoviches) * Tatar Horde princes and nobility from Moldavia and Wallachia who transferred to the Russian service * representatives of the old Moscow boyars * boyars of specific principalities and lands annexed to Moscow.

Boyars Responsibilities: Carried public service Rights Ownership of land with peasants (patrimonies) on the basis of private property. The patrimony can be sold, bequeathed, donated.

The nobility was formed from the servants of the princely and boyar courts: Land-poor "Ranks" of the sovereign noble-landlords of the court: ("children of the boyars" and * "Duma ranks" "city nobles") boyars, okolnichie, and duma nobles; * "Moscow ranks" stewards, solicitors, Moscow nobles

Nobles: Responsibilities: Performed public service Rights: - owned the estate for life, while he could carry out military service; - the estate was inherited if the son reached the age of 15 at the time of his father's death and could serve the state.

Service people according to the device (by recruitment) The state hired them to carry out military and guard service: Moscow and city archers Pushkari State blacksmiths City Cossacks living in cities and border areas

Cathedral Code of 1649. It contained a special chapter that fixed all the most important changes in the legal status of landownership, (for example: both boyars and nobles could be owners of estates)

The peasantry is the most numerous class. Palace Landowners Church Chernososhnye (state) (personally free)

The main duties of the peasants: Corvee quitrent (cash and natural), as well as "land" and "household tax" (submit)

Cathedral Code of 1649 Chapter 11 of the Council Code - "The Court of the Peasants" - introduced an indefinite search for fugitive peasants. Outcome: Establishment of full serfdom.

Posad (city) people Gosti (Merchants) (in the 17th century more than 30 people) - the largest entrepreneurs, were close to the king, did not pay taxes, occupied financial positions. had the right to buy estates in their possessions; Members of the living room and cloth hundred (about 400 people) - occupied a place in the financial hierarchy, but were inferior to the guests in "honor". They had self-government, their common affairs were managed by elected heads and foremen.

Merchants Responsibilities pay taxes and customs duties to the state Rights Entrepreneurship - trade, organization of manufactories

Black townspeople The main taxable population of the city (paid taxes and carried duties). The population of the city was divided into: white settlements black settlements

History lesson grade 7.

Topic: The main classes of Russian society.

Goals:

To form an idea of ​​the class structure of Russian society ingiven period, the hierarchy of estates, the features of each of them.

Show the changes that took place both in the feudal and in the peasant environment.

To continue the formation of the skills to think logically, analyze, independently acquire knowledge.

Raise respect for your country.

Basic concepts:

New concepts: landowning peasants, black-eared peasants.

Lesson equipment: multimedia projector, pointer, handouts (drawing "The Royal Feast in the Faceted Chamber" on a desk, diagrams, text, dictionary with concepts).

Lesson form: learning new material.

Dictionary.

Hierarchy - arrangement of parts in order from highest to lowest.

Capitalism - a type of society based on private property.

Estates - a large group of people with rights and duties that are inherited.

Society These are the people of one country and the relationship between them.

Lounge hundred, cloth hundred - a privileged category of merchants.

ordered people - Employees in public institutions.

"Instrument" service people - archers, gunners - elected service people from peasants, townspeople. They received state salaries and land.

Yasak - fur tax from the peoples of the North and Siberia.

tax - monetary and in-kind duties of peasants and townspeople.

Corvee - the duties of the owner's peasants, work in the master's economy, primarily on the land.

quitrent - the duty of the possessing peasants, payments by products of labor or money.

White settlements - urban areas exempted from state duties.

Kravchy - court rank of the Muscovite statethe post of kravchey was the highest level for the stolnik, it was not connected with the highest official positions - the butler, okolnichi, boyar. In the 17th century, the kravchem was entrusted with the leadership of individual orders.Initially subordinate to the butler, but by the end of the 17th century, he took his place in the court hierarchy. He was responsible for catering to the monarch, holding official feasts and dinners, he was subordinate to the stolniks and chasniks, who directly served at the royal table, and a large staff of subordinates

servants who were responsible for cooking, table setting, serving dishes, etc. During the feast, he presented food and wine from the royal table to the awarded

organized the delivery of such gifts to the recipients at home, if for some reason they

reason were not present at the feast.

Stolnik - a court rank in the Russian state of the 13th-17th centuries. In the 16th and 17th centuries, stolniki served during solemn meals (“tables”) at the grand dukes and kings, accompanied them on trips. Stolniki were also appointed to voivodship, embassy, ​​clerk and positions. In the 17th century, stolniks especially close to the tsar were called “neighbors” or “room”. According to the list of ranks of the 17th century, the stolniki took fifth place after the boyars, okolnichy, duma nobles and duma clerks.

Black-nose peasants retained personal freedom, ran a household on state lands and had the right to sell, mortgage, transfer their land allotments by inheritance. The black-eared peasants lived in communities and elected village elders and sots at secular gatherings. Being independent and not incurring obligations in favor of the feudal lords, the black-haired peasants paid a high price for their freedom.

Owning peasants were a feudal-dependent population, lived in estates and estates under the rule of a landowner - a nobleman-landowner - paying him an annuity, and duties to the state.

parochial system - the system of filling the highest positions in the state according to the pedigree of origin.

During the classes

Organizing time.

Learning new material

Hello guys, my name is Svetlana Valerievna, I am very glad that we will work with you.

You have evaluation sheets on your desks, look and listen how you need to fill out. During the lesson, you will have to evaluate yourself. Each type of work is estimated at 1 point.

slide (1)

Tell me guys, who do you see here, who is shown on the slide? (see people, certain groups that make up one society). What is a society? (after answers - slide 2)Society – these are the people of one country and the relationship between them.

Society is divided into areas:

Politics

Economy

culture

In each of these areas there are special groups of people. In Russia, these groups of people were called estates.

What is an estate? (after answers - slide number 3) A large group of people with rights and duties that are inherited.

The feudal period was characterized by the division of society into estates.

Skomorokhova Svetlana Valerievna Orekhovo village

(slide 4) Thus, we will considerclass system of the Russian state, we will define the changes that took placein the social environment.(slide 5) and the topic of the lesson is called: “The main estates of Russian society”, write it down in your notebooks.

In the West inXVIIcentury, capitalism is developing, modernization is underway (a type of society based on private property). What happens to society during the development of capitalism? It is changing, new strata, classes appear, society becomes more homogeneous, estates are preserved, divided, new ones appear: the Cossacks, the landowning and black-tailed peasants. With the development of capitalism, the social structure is usually simplified, and in RussiaXVIIin. almost does not change, even becomes more complicated. Is it so.

Problematic question: What is happening with the estate structure of Russia inXVIIcentury? The social structure becomes more complicated or simplified in

Russian society?

slide number 6

Consider hierarchy of estates on the slide (7). Whom do we see on the lowest rung i.e. on the 5th - peasants (divided into owner and black-skinned), on the 4th Cossacks (military estate), on the 3rd urban population (townsman), on the 2nd clergy (divided into black and white, and on 1- and the feudal estate (which included boyars and nobles).

(Students on their desks have two schemes in a set: the estate system and the social structure, and they are displayed alternately on the slide of the scheme of the social structure of society).

You have two schemes on your desks in the set: class system and social structure of Ancient Russia and Russian society in the 17th century.

Guys, pay attention to the schemes of estate groups and "The social structure of the population of Ancient Russia" and to the schemes of estate groups and "The social structure of Russian society in the 17th century." When comparing the schemes of Ancient Russia with the schemes of Russian society in the 17th century, at first glance, what can be said about the estate system of Ancient Russia: a simplified or more complex estate system than in the schemes of the 17th century?

(Student answers: if simplified, then by the fact that the upper and lower classes are represented here; if more complex, then by the fact that the upper class included 5 categories of the population, and in the 17th century only two categories were in the first class: boyars and nobles.)

Thus, using the example of the first estates, we see where the estate structure is simplified, in what scheme? (in the second). Thus, in the 17th century. the previously complex social structure of Russian society is significantly

simplified.

Skomorokhova Svetlana Valerievna Orekhovo village

What is changing in the position of the first estate, the feudal lords?

Two students leave:

Scene 1: "Nobles' Promotion System

in the army, at court, in government"

In Moscow on the streetXVIIcentury, two people met.

1st nobleman: Hello, Vasily!

2nd nobleman: Hello, Alexei! We haven't seen you for a long time!

1st: No wonder! A year ago I was sent to the lower Volga to look for places for new cities, to get along with the security lines, and to fight off the infidels! Only recently was summoned to Moscow.

2nd: Well, how is it there, on the lower reaches?

1st: It is difficult for us, the ignorant. Service day and night, no rest. The nomads are disturbing, our villages are raided, burned. That and look, you will catch an arrow. In rank, I still go to centurions. And as a reward they gave me 30 acres of land with peasants. In a week I go back to the service, now to

Don, look for fugitives. One joy, we do not pay taxes, we do not bear taxes! And how are you?

2nd: And I have been serving at the court for a long time, kravchim,I serve dishes to the king himself at great feasts. You know, we, the Speshnevs, are old Moscow nobles. My ancestors began to serve as Romanovs under Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible! My grandfather served at court, my father was a steward, and I was a kravchim! The tsar father does not offend us with favors: he sends dishes from his table, he granted a fur coat from his shoulder, land with little people too. We have these tithes - do not count!

How did you understand which class representatives met in Moscow? (Feudal). What did promotion and awards depend on? (On nobility of origin, on proximity to the court). This system of promotion was called localism.

In what position was the land transferred to the nobles? (together with the peasants).

We continue to listen.

1st: They rewarded me for my service with 30 acres of land, but it was of little use. I have to arm myself from this land, fix my armor, buy a horse, and even arm 10 of my people! I take dues from the peasants in money, and they run away from the tax! Yes, how far they run, ten years is not enough to find them, yes! I heard that they increased the period of search for peasants to 15 years? return

2nd: And not only! This year, the Zemsky Sobor adopted a new Code, everything about the owner-owning peasants is said there correctly and clearly. Now it will be easier to collect taxes from them to the treasury, because they will sit still, they will not go anywhere!

Teacher:

And the peasants fled to the Don to the Cossacks. Why did the peasants flee? (From the tax -

Skomorokhova Svetlana Valerievna Orekhovo village

tax: quitrent, corvée). Open with. 117(43) and tell me what document was it? When was it accepted? Why is the nobleman sure that the peasants will sit still? Slide No. 7 (answers: because, according to the code, the peasants fell into complete personal dependence, it was forbidden to transfer from one owner to another, they fled from paying taxes, violence, the Cathedral Code of 1649)

Over time, the noble estates begin to prevail over the position of the boyars, who, in turn, weakened.

In 1682, the system of parochialism was finally abolished, pay attention to the dictionary (the system for filling the highest positions in the state by birthright).

Slide number 8 (Working with a document - drawing "Feast in the Pomegranate Chamber"). Teacher: Pay attention to the drawing on your desk, to the slide and to

dictionary in the handout. What event is shown in the picture? Find and show the stewards, and how you determined. Students go to

slide and show. (stolniks served during solemn meals ("tables") at the grand dukes and kings).

What does it mean to "sit lower" if the table and benches are horizontal?("sit lower" - sit further from the king).

Handout:

№1 Assignment to the drawing: To the right of the drawing is a table at which men in black hats are sitting. How do you explain this breach of etiquette? (Representatives of church authorities did not take off their hats either in church, or in the presence of the king, or when talking with him).

Make a conclusion about the changes in the position of the first estate. (The feudal lords did not remain a homogeneous estate, the first estate changed, well-born boyars gave way to less well-born nobles).

Anchoring

Someone came to visit us, do you recognize him?

Student:

Scene 2. "Coming to the Cossacks"

Hello, good people! (Bows, taking off his hat) Finally, I got to you! From under Vladimir himself he made his way, for four weeks he was buried in ravines, and through forests, hiding from the guards.

I ran away from my master Alexei. Tortured by corvee - 5 days a week on his land you have to work, and even pay quitrent with money, but the sovereign’s tax must be fulfilled. He sold my wife, she is a noble lace-maker, took the children into the yard, took the cow away for arrears. There was no more urine to endure ... I abandoned my yard, but leaned towards you on the Don. Accept me into your brotherhood! I really like your orders ... (Bows)

Teacher: What category of the population are we talking about? (peasants) To whom

Skomorokhova Svetlana Valerievna Orekhovo village

did the peasant move? (to the Cossacks).

Slide number 9 Task:

( I distribute multi-colored chips of 5 colors of the rainbow ). Let's remember how the colors of the rainbow are remembered (every hunter wants to know where the pheasant is sitting). Based on the knowledge gained, you need to go to the board and build a hierarchy according to the colors of the rainbow (arrangement of parts in order from highest to lowest) Russian estatesXVIIcentury? We line up in the order of colors: who has red in one group, etc. (feudal lords, clergy, townspeople, Cossacks, peasants).

Now we will create a tree of wisdom with our own hands. Please read the text carefully first.

(Students are given time to read the text.)

Among all classes and estates, the dominant place undoubtedly belonged to the feudal lords. In their interests, the state power carried out measures to strengthen the ownership of the land by the boyars and nobles and the peasants, to unite the strata of the feudal class. Service people took shape in XVII

century into a complex and clear hierarchy of ranks obliged to the state by service

military, civil, court departments in exchange for the right to own land and peasants. They were divided into duma ranks (boyars, okolnichie, duma nobles and duma clerks), Moscow (stewards, solicitors, Moscow nobles and residents) and city officials (elected nobles, nobles and children of boyar courtyards). By merit, service and nobility of origin, the feudal lords passed from one rank to another. The nobility turned into a closed class - estate.

Now each of you should ask one question about this text. Please take a pen, a sheet of paper, come up with and write down your question on the pieces of paper. To do this, you need to read the text again. Sign your name under the question so that we understand who its author is.

(Students come up with a question and write it down on a separate piece of paper.)

Then attach it with a paper clip to the "tree".

Now everyone in turn will come up to the tree, pick off a leaf, read the question aloud and try to give the fullest possible answer to the question. The rest evaluate both the question and the answer. In order to correctly evaluate all the answers and choose the winner, you need to watch all this very carefully. So be careful and choose the winner.

Children approach the "tree", tear off the leaves, answer questions.

At the end of the game, the teacher, together with the children, chooses the winner during the discussion.

Slide 10

Skomorokhova Svetlana Valerievna Orekhovo village

And now let's calculate the number of points scored and rate according to the proposed criteria

28-31 b. - "5"

22-27 b. - "four"

14-21 b. - "3"

0-13 b. - "2"

4. Summary of the lesson

5. Homework - §10, draw up a table “The main estates of Russian societyXVIIcentury».

LESSON IS OVER! THANK YOU VERY MUCH!

Skomorokhova Svetlana Valerievna Orekhovo village