Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence. A qualifying circumstance as a separate member of a sentence

Clarifying proposals And explanatory sentences differ from each other.
Clarification is a transition from a broader to a narrower concept.
Explanation is the designation of the same concept in other words.

In general, they have the function of additional messages.

Clarifying members of the sentence:

Isolated clarifying members of a sentence are members of a sentence that explain the meanings of other members of the sentence.
Clarifying isolated sentences answer the questions:
how exactly? where exactly? Who exactly? when exactly? and so on.

1. Specifying circumstances of time and place are identified.
(from there, everywhere, there, there, everywhere, then, then and others)
Here's an example:
There, (where exactly?) on the outskirts, a bright red strip of light shone;

2. Other circumstances may also be specified if they have a broader meaning than the clarifying one:
Here's an example:
She tossed her hair and coquettishly, (how exactly?) almost defiantly, stepped forward into the hall;

3. Agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc. can be clarified.
Here's an example:
One more, (which one?) last legend - and my chronicle is finished;

4. Clarifying inconsistent definitions are isolated more often compared to agreed upon definitions:
Here's an example:
The ship sailed, constantly moving in the dark, (what exactly?) almost ink-colored shadow cast by the high coastal cliffs;

5. The words more precisely, more accurately, otherwise, and so on, give the statement a clarifying character. The members of the sentence following them are not isolated.
Here's an example:
Her kindness, or rather his generosity, shocked me.
(the predicate in this sentence is consistent with the preceding word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma);
Quite recently, more precisely, in the latest issue of the journal, an article of similar content was published;

The data given in the report should be supplemented, or rather clarified.
Clarifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas or dashes (less often).

A dash is usually placed:
- in clarifying circumstances, when not only the clarifying, but also the insertive nature of the circumstances is emphasized,

The rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and in the grass - birds began to sing and chirp (A.N. Tolstoy);
- when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of clarifying and clarifying members, for example:
He got a job at a mine, part-time - after school (Baruzdin)
Using a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma will distort the meaning by equalizing the positions of all three circumstances: (at the mine, at part-time work, after school). The dash, in turn, emphasizes that circumstances are unequally related to each other;
- when specifying the nominal part of the predicate
(The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep).

Explanatory members of the sentence:
Before the explanatory part of the sentence there are the words: namely, namely, that is, that is.
For example:
At that time, namely a year ago, I was still collaborating with several companies.
In the absence of explanatory conjunctions, that is, namely, namely, and in the presence of an explanation, emphasis usually occurs using a dash rather than a comma.
For example:
There was only one conversation - about politics;
His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.
The placement of a colon is also found in the explanatory part of a sentence. It is often used to avoid two dashes.
For example:
Another option has been proposed: the use of certain types of marine plants - algae, rich in valuable substances.
Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a conjunction or (meaning “that is”):
It was Alexander Petrovich, or simply Sasha, who came from St. Petersburg.
Connecting members of the proposal
The connecting members of the sentence convey clarifications or comments, additional information that arose incidentally in connection with the content of the main statement.
The connecting parts of a sentence can be separated by commas (more often) or dashes (less often).
The reflection of light struck, shaking impetuously, in all directions, especially from above (Turgenev);

Connecting members of the proposal may have the following special connecting words: for example, moreover, and moreover, and even, especially, especially, mainly, in particular, including, yes and, and in general, yes and only, etc.
For example:
At night, especially in the heat, it was unbearable in the house.
The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular to organizational specifics.
Such members of a sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinctive role, a dot can be placed instead of a comma.
For example:
You have quite a bit of work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and the search for new forms. – Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual one.
An connecting construction can be separated from the preceding part of a sentence by a comma if this construction is closely related in meaning to the subsequent part of the sentence, from which it is not separated by a pause in pronunciation, for example:
It’s too late now, and there’s no point in returning to this issue.
A comma is not placed after the introductory word if the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word (for example, in particular, etc.)
There is no comma before the conjunction:
- if the conjunction is used in a connecting meaning.
So he went into the forest to hunt for nuts and got lost (Turgenev);
- in combinations like took and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb to denote an unexpected or arbitrary action):
They lived a year in perfect harmony, and the next year she just died (Uspensky);
- in combination no-no yes and:
...No, no, and he will remember her (mother), write a letter (Gladkov)

Affiliate members can be part of a sentence without the use of conjunctions, accompanied by a pause. In this case, the sentence is separated by a dash, comma, period or ellipsis.
For example:
At night I stand on duty as an orderly. (,)
We went to the dacha - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains. (-)
I'm completely frozen. My feet were frozen. And the face (Yu. Kazakov). (.)
It’s scary to admit, but I want this person to know that she is like a song to me... And it must be the last (N. Pogodin). (...)

Clarifying members of the sentence

1. Specifying circumstances of place and time are identified. For example:

• a) In the suburbs, near the slaughterhouses, dogs were howling (Chekhov); Across the river, in the pinkish sky, the evening star (Gorky) sparkled brightly; Even here, across the lake, a kilometer away, along with the hot air, a rumble and crackling sound could be heard (Gaidar);
• b) At noon, in clear, sunny weather, nothing can be imagined sadder than this ruin (Turgenev); ...He got up early to do housework, at three o'clock in the morning, and now his eyes were drooping (Chekhov); Now, in late autumn, when I live in Moscow, the box stands there alone in empty, unheated rooms... (Paustovsky).

Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as specifying; Wed: Far away, in the forest, blows of an ax were heard (the listener is outside the forest). - Far in the forest, blows of an ax were heard (the listener is also in the forest).

Less common are clarifying circumstances with other meanings, for example circumstances of the manner of action: He shook his curls and looked up self-confidently, almost defiantly (Turgenev); She looked up at him mischievously, like a girl... (Fedin); The women all made noise at once, in one voice, not allowing Davydov to say a word (Sholokhov).

2. Clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc. are isolated, for example: A long, several miles, shadow lay from the mountains on the steppe (L. Tolstoy); We were met by a young guy, about twenty, tall and handsome (Turgenev); She... looked with fear at her grandfather's hands with brown, clay-colored, senile freckles (Sholokhov); He... saw on the white cap of a mound not far away a red-yellow fox with a fiery tint (Sholokhov); In the middle of the hall there was an oval dining table covered with yellow marbled oilcloth... (Kuprin); ...blue, silver, sky (Gorky); ...pure, almost Hellenic marble, steps of the monument to Abraham Lincoln (Leonov).

3. Clarifying definitions can specify the general meaning of pronouns this, that, such and others (including substantivized ones), for example: Chichikov was a little puzzled by this somewhat harsh definition (Gogol); Then Dasha was surprised by the “homegrown” nature of all this much-talked-about boldness (A.N. Tolstoy); To everyone who arrived and arrived, they had to find and indicate a place to stay for the night (Chekhov); Something so extraordinary happened in the world that everything that was familiar and familiar seemed to waver in its power over life (Fedin).

4. Words give a clarifying character to the statement more precisely, more precisely, rather etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory (“more precisely” in meaning equals “more precisely”), are themselves separated by commas, for example: His kindness, or rather, his generosity touched me (see in this example the agreement of the predicate with the last word, from which it should not be separated by a comma); Quite recently, more precisely, last Friday, a note with similar content was published. It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the article (but: He was not frightened by this question, but rather pleased - without a comma after the word rather, which here does not clarify the previous statement, a strengthens the opposition); It is planned to equip with new equipment, otherwise, to reconstruct the entire plant (but: The boy must be stopped in time, otherwise he will do this - without a comma after the word otherwise, which here acts as an adversative conjunction with the meaning “otherwise”, “otherwise”).

A special place among the isolated members of the proposal is occupied by the so-called explanatory And clarifying members of the proposal.

Their function is to give additional characteristics to those members of the sentence to which they relate: to limit (narrow) or, conversely, to expand the scope of the concept expressed by the main member of the sentence (explained or to be specified), specify a member of a sentence by denoting it in other words, for example: Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, with the Oblonskys. , and did not accept anyone (L. Tolstoy); There, behind the quiet river, there is a high mountain (A. Pushkin). It is customary to distinguish between clarification and explanation. The word that is specified or explained is called clarified (explained); one that contains clarification (explanation) - clarifying (explanatory).

Clarification - this is a limitation of the scope of the concept, i.e. transition from a broader concept to a narrower one: In the east, behind the wavy line of hills, the dark golden light of the moon, ready to rise, grew (A. Kuprin).

Explanation - this is a designation in a given context of the same concept by another word or words: Before, that is, before arriving in the village, they lived in great harmony (I. Turgenev).

Clarifying(explanatory) all members of a sentence can be, including the main ones: The most early ripening mushrooms, For example birch trees And russula, reach full development in three days (S. Aksakov). (Birch trees And russulaclarify word mushrooms and also serve as the subject.) The tower would la high - no less than thirty meters(K. Paustovsky).(Here the qualifying member is the predicate.) A long shadow, several miles long, lay from the mountains on the steppe (L. Tolstoy)(clarifying definition). There was one thing he didn’t know how to do: train dogs (I. Turgenev)(clarifying addition).

Clarifying(explanatory) members can contact clarified (explainable) words using conjunctions that is, or (- that is), namely, and also with words especially, in particular, for example, including and so on.: It was a pleasant, noble, short challenge, il cartel... (A. Pushkin); Rhyme, i.e. the consonance of two words is at the end of the verse; Everyone, and especially officials, remained stunned for some time (N. Gogol); At that time, exactly a year ago, I was still collaborating on magazines (F. Dostoevsky).

Clarifying words give character to a statement more precisely, more precisely, rather etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated: His kindness, or rather his generosity, touched me.

Not all clarifying words are equally active in speech. The most active are the circumstances of place and time. They; can be lined up one after another, strung on top of each other, forming chains of clarifying members. For example: Before, long ago, in the years of my youth, in the years of irrevocably flashed childhood, it was fun for me to drive up to an unfamiliar place for the first time (N. Gogol); In the west, behind the village, behind the blackening wooded fields, the long Moscow summer dawn was still shining deathly (I. Bunin).

Theoretical information

1. Clarifying members of the sentence they clarify, specify, explain, narrow the meanings of different members of the sentence - main and secondary - and, as a rule, are isolated.

For example: Tower was high - at least thirty meters.

(K. Paustovsky) Long, several miles , the shadow lay from the mountains on the steppe.(L. Tolstoy)

1) Most often, clarification is required by the circumstances of place and time, since they can be indicated in a sentence very generally and vaguely by such words as: there, there, from there, in front, behind, everywhere, everywhere, then, then, now and so on.

It is precisely such general indications of space and time that usually require specification and a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one. From the specified member of the sentence to the clarifying one, you can ask a question with the word exactly:

For example: There, ( where exactly? ) behind the quiet river , there is a high mountain (A. Pushkin).

2) Clarifying members with the meaning of explanation call concepts already designated in the sentence in other words and are usually joined with the words : that is, exactly, namely,or(=that is). Such sentence members are sometimes called explanatory .

For example: From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtle doves . (S. Aksakov)

2. Connecting members of the sentence contain additional messages to the main statement that arise in the process of communication as a passing comment.

Often such sentence members are joined using connecting conjunctions ( yes and, yes and that, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and moreover, too, also) or particles and combinations of words ( even, especially, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and therefore, and only, and in general and etc.).

For example: All, including a funny bouncing guy , reached for the window. (A. Chekhov) Big, also square , the window looked out onto the garden.(S. Zalygin) At night especially in a thunderstorm , the faces of the images constantly lit up in the hall, the trembling pink-golden sky opened and swung open over the garden. (I. Bunin)

3. Clarifying and connecting members of the sentence can be separated not only by commas, but also by dashes and parentheses.

For example: We have fulfilled the duty of the guests - told city news - and spent the night with the Cossack.(K. Paustovsky) Rich deposits of selenite (types of gypsum ) are available in the Urals. Suddenly, interrupting his memories of the guys, a distant, distant day appeared before her - and also with the river .

4. Not separated by commas clarifying members of sentences with wordsor rather, more precisely, sooner. However, these words themselves are used as introductory words and are therefore separated by commas on both sides.

For example: His kindness more precisely , his generosity touched me. I I'll fix it or rather , I'll clarify article material. We heard his voice quicker , whisper and became silent.

5. Clarifying and connecting syntactic constructions are pronounced with a special emphatic intonation (intonation of clarification): with pauses and lowering of the voice. In this case, words with which such constructions are associated are highlighted with logical stress with a raised voice.

For example: There, II on the horizon ,// a pale pink strip of light glowed.(M. Gorky)

1. Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of previous words are isolated.

Most often, the circumstances of place and time are clarifying factors. For example:

a) In the suburbs, near the slaughterhouses, dogs were howling (Chekhov); Across the river, in the pinkish sky, the evening star (Gorky) sparkled brightly; Even here, across the lake, a kilometer away, along with the hot air, a rumble and crackling sound could be heard (Gaidar);

b) At noon, in clear, sunny weather, nothing can be imagined sadder than this ruin (Turgenev); ...He got up early to do housework, at three o'clock in the morning, and now his eyes were drooping (Chekhov); Now, in late autumn, when I live in Moscow, the box stands there alone in empty, unheated rooms... (Paustovsky).

Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as specifying; Wed: Far away, in the forest, blows of an ax were heard (the listener is outside the forest). – Far in the forest, blows of an ax were heard (the listener is also in the forest).

Less common are clarifying circumstances with other meanings, for example, circumstances of the manner of action: He shook his curls and looked up self-confidently, almost defiantly (Turgenev); She looked up at him mischievously, like a girl... (Fedin); The women all made noise at once, in one voice, not allowing Davydov to say a word (Sholokhov).

2. Clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc. are isolated, For example: A long shadow, several miles long, lay from the mountains on the steppe (L. Tolstoy); We were met by a young guy, about twenty, tall and handsome (Turgenev); She... looked with fear at her grandfather’s hands covered in brown, clay-colored, senile freckles (Sholokhov); He... saw on the white cap of a mound not far away a red-yellow fox with a fiery tint (Sholokhov); In the middle of the hall there was an oval dining table covered with yellow marbled oilcloth... (Kuprin); ...blue, silver, sky (Gorky); ...pure, almost Hellenic marble, steps of the monument to Abraham Lincoln (Leonov).

3. Clarifying definitions can specify the general meaning of the pronouns this, that, such, etc. (including substantivized ones), For example: Chichikov was a little puzzled by this somewhat harsh definition (Gogol); Then Dasha was surprised by the “homegrown” nature of all this much-talked-about boldness (A.N. Tolstoy); To everyone who arrived and arrived, they had to find and indicate a place to stay for the night (Chekhov); Something so extraordinary happened in the world that everything that was familiar and familiar seemed to waver in its power over life (Fedin).

4. The words more accurately, more precisely, more quickly, etc. give a clarifying character to the statement, but the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the specified words, which have the meaning of introductory words (more precisely, the meaning is equal to “more precisely speaking”), are themselves separated by commas, For example: His kindness, or rather his generosity, touched me (see in this example the agreement of the predicate with the last word, from which it should not be separated by a comma); Quite recently, more precisely, last Friday, a note with similar content was published; It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the article (but: He was not frightened by this question, but rather delighted - without a comma after the word rather, which here does not clarify the previous statement, but strengthens the opposition); It is planned to equip with new equipment, otherwise, to reconstruct the entire plant (but: The boy needs to be stopped in time, otherwise he will do this - without a comma after the word otherwise, which here acts as an adversative conjunction with the meaning “otherwise”, “otherwise”; Arctic fox, otherwise, the polar fox is valued for its fur - the entire phrase with the word otherwise stands out in the meaning “that is”).

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"Clarifying members of a sentence" in books

Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members of a sentence are commas between homogeneous members not connected by conjunctions § 25 with repeated conjunctions (such as and... and, neither... nor). § 26 with double repetition of the union and § 26 with double repetition of other unions, except and § 26 with pairwise association of members

Repeating sentence parts