What interrelated parts does the analyzer consist of. Lecture - analyzers

Analyzer

The nervous apparatus, which performs the function of analysis and synthesis of stimuli emanating from the external and internal environment of the body. The concept of A. was introduced by I. P. Pavlov. A. consists of three parts:

2) conducting paths are afferent, along which the excitation that has arisen in the receptor is transmitted to the overlying centers of the nervous system, and efferent, along which impulses from the overlying centers, especially from the cerebral cortex, are transmitted to the lower levels of A., including to receptors, and regulate them;

3) cortical projection zones.

Danilova Nina Nikolaevna

Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: PHOENIX. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .

Analyzer

A term introduced by I.P. Pavlov to designate a functional unit responsible for receiving and analyzing sensory information of any one modality. The nervous apparatus, which performs the function of analysis and synthesis of stimuli emanating from the external and internal environment of the body. Consists of three parts:

1 ) peripheral department - a perceiving organ or receptor that converts a certain type of irritation energy into a process of nervous excitation;

2 ) conducting paths:

a ) afferent - through which the impulses of excitation that have arisen in the receptor are transmitted to the overlying centers of the nervous system;

b ) efferent - through which impulses from the overlying centers, especially from the cerebral cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, are transmitted to the lower levels of the analyzer, including receptors, and regulate their activity;

3 ) the central section, consisting of relay subcortical nuclei and projection sections of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.

Depending on the type of sensitivity, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, skin, vestibular, motor, etc. analyzers are distinguished. There are also analyzers of internal organs. Each analyzer identifies a certain type of stimulus and ensures its subsequent division into separate elements. It also reflects the connections between these elementary influences in space and time. So, the visual analyzer, highlighting a certain area of ​​electromagnetic oscillations, allows you to differentiate the brightness, color, shape, distance and other features of objects. In the course of phylogenesis, under the influence of the environment, the analyzers specialized and improved through the continuous complication of the central and receptor systems. The appearance and differentiation of the cerebral cortex of the cerebral hemispheres ( cm.) ensured the development of higher analysis and synthesis. Due to the specialization of receptors, the first stage of the analysis of sensory influences is realized, when a given analyzer singles out only stimuli of a certain type from the mass of stimuli. In the light of data on neural mechanisms, analyzers can be defined as a hierarchical collection of receptors and detectors associated with them: detectors of complex properties are built from detectors of a simpler level. In this case, a number of parallel detector systems are built from a limited set of receptors. The analyzer is a part of the reflex apparatus, which also includes: an executive mechanism - a set of command neurons, motor neurons and motor units; and special neurons - modulators that change the degree of excitation of other neurons.

Dictionary of practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 .

Analyzer Etymology.

Comes from the Greek. analysis - decomposition, dismemberment.

Responsible for receiving and analyzing sensory information of any one modality.

The analyzer distinguishes:

A perceiving organ or receptor designed to convert the energy of irritation into a process of nervous excitation;

Conductor, consisting of ascending (afferent) nerves and pathways, through which impulses are transmitted to the overlying parts of the central nervous system;

The central section, consisting of relay subcortical nuclei and projection sections of the cerebral cortex;

Descending fibers (efferent), which regulate the activity of the lower levels of the analyzer from the higher, especially the cortical, departments.

visual analyzer,

Auditory,

Olfactory,

Taste,

Vestibular,

Motor,

Analyzers of internal organs.

Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000 .

ANALYZER

(from Greek. analysis- decomposition, dismemberment) - a term introduced by And.P.Pavlov, to designate a holistic nervous mechanism that receives and sensory information of a certain modality. Syn. sensory system. Allocate visual (see. ), auditory, , , skin A., analyzers of internal organs and motor() A., which analyzes and integrates proprioceptive, vestibular, and other information about the movements of the body and its parts.

A. consists of 3 departments: 1) receptor, which converts the energy of irritation into the process of nervous excitation; 2) conductive(afferent nerves, pathways), through which the signals that have arisen in the receptors are transmitted to the overlying departments of c. n. With; 3) central, represented by subcortical nuclei and projection sections of the cerebral cortex (see Fig. ).

The analysis of sensory information is carried out by all departments of A., starting with receptors and ending with the cerebral cortex. Apart from afferent fibers and cells that transmit ascending impulses, there are also descending fibers - efferents - in the conductive section. Impulses pass through them, regulating the activity of the underlying levels of A. from its higher departments, as well as other brain structures.

All A. are connected with each other by bilateral connections, as well as with motor and other areas of the brain. According to the concept BUT.R.Luria, the A. system (or, more precisely, the system of the central departments of A.) forms the 2nd of 3 brain blocks. Sometimes the generalized structure of A. (E. N. Sokolov) includes the activating system of the brain (), which Luria considers as a separate (first) block of the brain. (D. A. Farber.)

Big psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .

Analyzer

   ANALYZER (With. 43) is a complex anatomical and physiological system that provides the perception, analysis and synthesis of stimuli emanating from the external and internal environment of the body. The concept of "analyzer" was introduced by I.P. Pavlov in 1909 and actually replaced the less accurate concept of "sense organ".

The analyzer normally provides an expedient response of the body to changing conditions, which contributes to its adaptation to the outside world and maintaining the balance of the internal environment. Depending on the modality of the perceived and analyzed stimuli, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, skin and motor analyzers are distinguished. Each analyzer consists of three sections - a peripheral perceiving device (receptor), pathways and a cortical center. The analysis of stimuli begins at the periphery: each receptor responds to a certain type of energy; analysis continues in the intercalary neurons of the pathways (for example, at the level of neurons of the visual analyzer located in the diencephalon, it is possible to distinguish the location and color of objects). In the higher centers of the analyzers - in the cerebral cortex - a fine differentiated analysis of stimuli is carried out. Damage to any of the departments of the analyzer as a result of the action of various harmful factors leads to violations of the processes of higher nervous activity and causes an abnormal course of psychophysical development.

Popular psychological encyclopedia. - M.: Eksmo. S.S. Stepanov. 2005 .

See what "analyzer" is in other dictionaries:

Analyzer- (other Greek ἀνάλυσις analysis decomposition, dismemberment) The analyzer in biology is the same as the sensory system. A spectrum analyzer is a device for observing and measuring the relative distribution of electrical energy ... ... Wikipedia

ANALYZER- ANALYZER, a device that makes it possible to find the plane of polarization of light. An optical system can be any optical system that polarizes light. The light transmitted by A. reaches its maximum brightness when the plane of polarization of the device is parallel ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

ANALYZER- the upper mirror of the polarizing device. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. analyzer (gr.; see analysis) 1) in optics, a device (polarizing prism, polaroid, etc.) for detecting and researching ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

analyzer- noun, number of synonyms: 26 bioanalyzer (1) vibration analyzer (1) water analyzer ... Synonym dictionary

ANALYZER- (from the Greek. analysis decomposition), a complex of nerve formations, including a sensory organ, the corresponding part of the brain that perceives its impulses and the nerve pathways connecting them. The analyzer performs extremely quickly analysis of various external and ... ... Ecological dictionary

ANALYZER- in optics, a device for determining the nature of the polarization of light (polarizing prism, polaroid, etc.) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Analyzer- a term introduced by I.P. Pavlov to designate a functional unit responsible for receiving and analyzing sensory information of any one modality. Exist … Psychological Dictionary

ANALYZER- in optics, an instrument or device for analyzing the nature of the polarization of light. Linear polarizers serve to detect linear (planar) polarizers. light and determine the azimuth of its plane of polarization, as well as to measure the degree of polarization partially ... ... Physical Encyclopedia

The sensation arises as a reaction of the nervous system to a particular stimulus and has a reflex character. The physiological basis of sensation is a nervous process that occurs when a stimulus acts on an analyzer adequate to it.

The analyzer consists of three parts:

1. Peripheral department(receptor), which is a special transformer of external energy into the nervous process;

2. Afferent (centripetal) and efferent (centrifugal) nerves- conducting paths connecting the peripheral section of the analyzer with the central one;

3. Subcortical and cortical sections (brain end) of the analyzer where the processing of nerve impulses coming from the peripheral regions takes place.

In the cortical section of each analyzer there is a nucleus, i.e. the central part, where the main mass of receptor cells is concentrated, and the periphery, consisting of scattered cellular elements, which are located in one quantity or another in various areas of the cortex. The receptor cells of the nuclear part of the analyzer are located in the area of ​​the cerebral cortex where the centripetal nerves from the receptor enter. Scattered (peripheral) elements of this analyzer enter the regions adjacent to the nuclei of other analyzers. This ensures the participation in a separate act of sensation of a significant part of the cerebral cortex. The analyzer core performs the function of fine analysis and synthesis, for example, it differentiates sounds by pitch. Scattered elements associated with the function of rough analysis, for example, distinguishing between musical sounds and noises.

Certain cells of the peripheral parts of the analyzer correspond to certain parts of the cortical cells. So, spatially different points in the cortex are, for example, different points of the retina; spatially different arrangement of cells is presented in the cortex and the organ of hearing. The same applies to other sense organs.

Numerous experiments carried out by methods of artificial stimulation make it possible at the present time to quite definitely establish the localization in the cortex of one or another type of sensitivity. Thus, the representation of visual sensitivity is concentrated mainly in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex. Auditory sensitivity is localized in the middle part of the superior temporal gyrus. Tactile-motor sensitivity is represented in the posterior central gyrus, etc.

For a sensation to arise, the work of the entire analyzer as a whole is necessary. The impact of the stimulus on the receptor causes the appearance of irritation. The beginning of this irritation is expressed in the transformation of external energy into a nervous process, which is produced by the receptor. From the receptor, this process along the centripetal nerve reaches the nuclear part of the analyzer. When excitation reaches the cortical cells of the analyzer, the body responds to irritation. We feel light, sound, taste, or other qualities of stimuli.

The analyzer constitutes the initial and most important part of the entire path of nervous processes, or reflex arc. The reflex ring consists of a receptor, pathways, a central part, and an effector.. The interconnection of the elements of the reflex ring provides the basis for the orientation of a complex organism in the surrounding world, the activity of the organism, depending on the conditions of its existence.

What is an analyzer? What parts does the analyzer consist of? Where are the areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for the analysis of visual and auditory information located? Give examples showing the importance of processing information from the sense organs in the cerebral cortex.

Answers:

The signal from the receptors passes through several intermediate stages to the cerebral cortex. For the processing of information coming from each of the senses, a certain area of ​​​​the cerebral cortex is responsible. The receptors that conduct the pathways of the nervous system and the area of ​​the cerebral cortex together form the analyzer. In the occipital zone lies the visual area of ​​the cerebral cortex, in the temporal - auditory, in the parietal - the area responsible for the perception of touch. Damage to the corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex leads to a loss of the ability to analyze signals. So, if the occipital region of the cortex is damaged, a person cannot analyze visual information: he almost does not differ from a blind person. Scientists have called this disorder "central blindness." The following examples speak of the importance of analyzing information from the sensory organ in the cerebral cortex. The receptors of the hearing organs in different mammals have a similar structure. In the brain of a bat, the analysis of emitted and reflected sounds takes place, and in the dark it accurately determines the location of objects, which a person cannot do. But, thanks to the auditory cortex and speech centers located in the cerebral cortex, in humans, the sequence of sounds is compared with a certain semantic meaning. A person easily recognizes familiar melodies by comparing the sound signal with patterns of melodies (musical memory).

Analyzer (from the Greek. analysis - decomposition, dismemberment)- a term introduced by I.P. Pavlov, to designate an integral nervous mechanism that receives and analyzes sensory information of a certain modality. Syn. sensory system. There are visual (see Vision), auditory, olfactory, gustatory, skin A., analyzers of internal organs and motor (kinesthetic) A., which analyzes and integrates proprioceptive, vestibular, and other information about the movements of the body and its parts.

The analyzer consists of 3 sections:

1. receptor, converting the energy of irritation into the process of nervous excitation;
2. conductor (afferent nerves, pathways), through which the signals that have arisen in the receptors are transmitted to the overlying departments of c. n. With;
3. central, represented by subcortical nuclei and projection sections of the cerebral cortex (see).

The analysis of sensory information is carried out by all departments of A., starting with receptors and ending with the cerebral cortex. In addition to afferent fibers and cells that transmit ascending impulses, there are also descending fibers - efferents - in the conductive section. Impulses pass through them, regulating the activity of the underlying levels of A. from its higher departments, as well as other brain structures.

All A. are connected with each other by bilateral connections, as well as with motor and other areas of the brain. According to the concept of A.R. Luria, the A. system (or, more precisely, the system of the central departments of A.) forms the 2nd of 3 brain blocks. Sometimes the generalized structure of A. (E.N. Sokolov) includes the activating system of the brain (the reticular formation), which Luria considers as a separate (first) block of the brain. (D.A. Farber)

Psychological dictionary. A.V. Petrovsky M.G. Yaroshevsky

Analyzer- the nervous apparatus, which performs the function of analysis and synthesis of stimuli emanating from the external and internal environment of the body. The term Analyzer was introduced by I.P. Pavlov.

The analyzer consists of three parts:

1. peripheral department - receptors that convert a certain type of energy into a nervous process;
2. conducting paths are afferent, along which the excitation that has arisen in the receptor is transmitted to the overlying centers of the nervous system, and efferent, along which impulses from the overlying centers, especially from the cerebral cortex, are transmitted to the lower levels of A., including to receptors, and regulate their activity;
3. cortical projection zones.

Dictionary of psychiatric terms. V.M. Bleikher, I.V. Crook

Analyzer- functional formation of the central nervous system, which carries out the perception and analysis of information about the phenomena occurring in the external environment and the body itself. A.'s activity is carried out by certain brain structures. The concept was introduced by I.P. Pavlov, according to the concept of which the analyzer consists of three parts: receptor; conducting impulses from the receptor to the center of the afferent pathways and the reverse, efferent pathways, along which the impulses go from the centers to the periphery, to the lower levels of A.; cortical projection zones.

The physiological mechanisms of analyzer activity were studied by P.K. Anokhin, who created (see) the concept of a functional system. There are Analyzer: pain, vestibular, gustatory, motor, visual, interoceptive, skin, olfactory, proprioceptive, speech-motor, auditory.

Neurology. Complete explanatory dictionary. Nikiforov A.S.

Analyzer

1. Structures of the peripheral and central nervous system that carry out the perception and analysis of information about the external and internal environment. Each analyzer provides a certain kind of sensation and processing (

Analyzers- a set of nerve formations that provide awareness and evaluation of stimuli acting on the body. The analyzer consists of receptors perceiving stimulation, a conductive part and a central part - a certain area of ​​the cerebral cortex where sensations are formed.

Receptors- sensitive endings that perceive irritation and convert an external signal into nerve impulses. Conductor part analyzer consists of the corresponding nerve and pathways. The central part of the analyzer is one of the departments of the central nervous system.

visual analyzerprovides visual information from the environment and consists of three parts: peripheral- eye, conductive- optic nerve and central- subcortical and visual areas of the cerebral cortex.

Eye consists of the eyeball and auxiliary apparatus, which includes eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal glands and muscles of the eyeball.

Eyeball located in the orbit and has a spherical shape and 3 shells: fibrous, the rear part of which is formed by an opaque protein shell ( sclera),vascular and mesh. The portion of the choroid that contains pigments is called iris. There is a hole in the center of the iris pupil, which can change the diameter due to contraction of the eye muscles. Rear end retina perceives light stimuli. Its front part is blind and does not contain photosensitive elements. The light sensitive elements of the retina are sticks(provide vision in twilight and darkness) and cones(color vision receptors that work in high light). Cones are located closer to the center of the retina (macula lutea), and rods are concentrated on its periphery. The exit point of the optic nerve is called blind spot.

The cavity of the eyeball is filled vitreous body. The lens has the shape of a biconvex lens. It is able to change its curvature with contractions of the ciliary muscle. When viewing close objects, the lens contracts, and when viewing distant objects, it expands. This ability of the lens is called accommodation. Between the cornea and the iris is the anterior chamber of the eye, between the iris and the lens is the posterior chamber. Both chambers are filled with a clear liquid. Rays of light, reflected from objects, pass through the cornea, wet chambers, lens, vitreous body and, due to refraction in the lens, fall on yellow spot the retina is the place of the best vision. This gives rise to real, reverse, reduced image of an object. From the retina, along the optic nerve, impulses enter the central part of the analyzer - the visual zone of the cerebral cortex, located in the occipital lobe. In the cortex, the information received from the retinal receptors is processed and the person perceives the natural reflection of the object.

Normal visual perception is due to:

– sufficient luminous flux;

- focusing the image on the retina (focusing in front of the retina means myopia, and behind the retina - farsightedness);

- the implementation of the accommodation reflex.

auditory analyzer provides the perception of sound information and its processing in the central parts of the cerebral cortex. The peripheral part of the analyzer is formed by: the inner ear and the auditory nerve. The central part is formed by the subcortical centers of the middle and diencephalon and the temporal cortex.

Ear- a paired organ consisting of the outer, middle and inner ear.

outer ear includes the auricle, external auditory canal and tympanic membrane.

Middle ear consists of the tympanic cavity, the chain of the auditory ossicles and the auditory ( eustachian) pipes. The auditory tube connects the tympanic cavity with the nasopharyngeal cavity. This ensures equalization of pressure on both sides of the eardrum. The auditory ossicles, the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, connect the tympanic membrane to the membrane of the foramen ovale leading to the cochlea. The middle ear transmits sound waves from a low density medium (air) to a high density medium ( endolymph), which contains the receptor cells of the inner ear. inner ear located in the thickness of the temporal bone and consists of a bone and membranous labyrinth located in it. The space between them is filled with perilymph, and the cavity of the membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph. There are three sections in the bony labyrinth - vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals. The organ of hearing is the cochlea - a spiral canal of 2.5 turns. The cavity of the cochlea is divided by a membranous main membrane, consisting of fibers of different lengths. On the main membrane are receptor hair cells. The vibrations of the tympanic membrane are transmitted to the auditory ossicles. They amplify these vibrations by almost 50 times and are transmitted through the oval window into the fluid of the cochlea, where they are perceived by the fibers of the main membrane. The receptor cells of the cochlea perceive the irritation coming from the fibers and transmit it along the auditory nerve to the temporal zone of the cerebral cortex. The human ear perceives sounds with a frequency of 16 to 20,000 Hz.

Balance organ, or vestibular apparatus,
formed by two pouches filled with liquid, and three semicircular canals. Receptor hair cells located on the bottom and inside of the pouches. They are adjoined by a membrane with crystals - otoliths containing calcium ions. The semicircular canals are located in three mutually perpendicular planes. At the base of the canals are hair cells. Receptors of the otolithic apparatus respond to the acceleration or deceleration of rectilinear movement. The receptors of the semicircular canals are irritated by changes in rotational movements. Impulses from the vestibular apparatus through the vestibular nerve enter the central nervous system. Impulses from the receptors of the muscles, tendons, and soles also come here. Functionally, the vestibular apparatus is connected with the cerebellum, which is responsible for the coordination of movements, the orientation of a person in space.