What is the difference between a personality and an individual? The concepts of "person", "individuality". How an individual differs from a developed personality: definition of concepts and their differences

Ticket number 1.

1. 
   What is the difference between the concepts “person”, “individual”, “personality”?
2. 
   Inflation, its types. How does inflation affect economic development?
3. 
   Classification of rights and freedoms of citizens.

“Man” - the concept “man” is used to denote the universal abilities inherent in all people that distinguish us from the animal world.

“Individual” is a single representative of the human race, a bearer of social and mental traits: reason, will, interests, etc.

Its characteristics are such features as gender, age, race, status, role.
“Personality” is a human individual who is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that he realizes in public life. Outside society, an individual cannot become a person.
Question 2.

Inflation(from Latin inflatio - inflation) - depreciation of paper money, manifested in the form of rising prices for goods and services, not ensured by an increase in their quality.

Types of inflation

According to the nature of the course:

• 
  open – characterized by a prolonged increase in prices for goods and services;
• 
  hidden (suppressed) – occurs when retail prices for goods and services remain constant and the population’s monetary incomes grow at the same time.

• 
  moderate (creeping) – prices rise at a moderate pace and gradually (up to 10% per year);
• 
  galloping – rapid rise in prices (approximately 100-150% per year);
• 
  hyperinflation - ultra-high price increases (up to 1000% per year)

• 
  balanced – prices of various goods relative to each other remain unchanged;
• 
  unbalanced - the prices of various goods in relation to each other are constantly changing.

For the production sector:

• 
  decline in employment, disruption of the entire system of economic regulation;
• 
  depreciation of the entire accumulation fund;
• 
  loan impairment;
• 
  stimulating, through high interest rates, not production, but speculation.

• 
  redistribution of income by increasing the income of those who pay fixed interest debts and reducing the income of their creditors (governments that have accumulated significant public debt often pursue short-term inflation policies that contribute to the depreciation of debt);
• 
  negative impact on populations with fixed incomes that are depreciating;
• 
  depreciation of household incomes, which leads to a reduction in current consumption;
• 
  determining real income no longer by the amount of money a person receives as income, but by the number of goods and services that he can buy;
• 
  decrease in the purchasing power of the monetary unit.

• 
  business owners do not know what price to put on their products;
• 
  consumers do not know what price is justified and what products are more profitable to buy first;
• 
  suppliers of raw materials prefer to receive real goods rather than rapidly depreciating money, barter begins to flourish;
• 
  Lenders avoid lending.

• 
  money loses its value and ceases to serve as a measure of value and a means of circulation, which leads to financial collapse.

Question 3.

1. 
   ^ Civil (personal) rights – belong to man as a biosocial being (Articles 19-25; 27-29; 45-54; 60; 62)

2. ^ Political rights – provide the opportunity for citizens to participate in the political life of the country (Articles 30-33; 63)

The right to elect and be elected to bodies of state power and local self-government; peaceful assemblies; create unions and associations; send personal and collective appeals to authorities, etc.

3. ^ Economic rights – provide the opportunity to freely dispose of the means of production, labor, consumer goods (Articles 34-37)

The right to be an owner; right of inheritance; right to work; to freely choose a profession and occupation; to rest; for protection against unemployment, etc.

1. 
   ^ Social rights – ensure prosperity and a decent standard of living (Articles 38-43)

5.Cultural rights – provide spiritual development and self-realization of the individual (Article 26; 44)

The right to participate in cultural life, to access cultural values; freedom of creativity; on cultural identity (use of native language, national customs, traditions, etc.)

Ticket number 2.

1. 
   Tell us about the typology of societies based on their mode of production.
2. 
   What is social conflict and what are its stages?
3. 
   President of the Russian Federation, his status and activities.

Typology of societies by mode of production:

1. 
   Society of hunters and gatherers.

1. 
   Society of Gardeners.

1. 
   Cattle Breeding Society.

1. 
   Agricultural Society.

1. 
   Industrial society.

^ Social conflict (from lat. conflictus - collision)- this is a relationship between several subjects of society that arises as a result of a collision and contradiction of their interests.

The subjects of social conflict are individuals, small and large groups, social associations between which a contradiction has arisen. Participants in conflicts include opponents, involved groups and interest groups.

Opponents are directly opposing subjects of the conflict. The object of a social conflict is what the conflict participants clashed about. Conflict arises as a result of the collision of various objective and subjective tendencies in the activities of individuals, groups, social structures as a confrontation of ideas, positions, etc.

Conflict between subjects is distinguished agonistic(reconcilable) antagonistic(irreconcilable) contradictions. Missed opportunities to resolve an agonistic conflict contribute to its transition to chronic forms and development into an antagonistic one. And vice versa, through mutual compromises, you can first turn an antagonistic conflict into an agonistic one, and then resolve the conflict.

In an objective historical process, conflict as a social phenomenon can be positive, productive, and vice versa - destructive, inhibiting development.

Conflicts are also divided into hidden ones according to the form of their development (latent) and open.

Conflicts can arise both horizontally - within social and political structures, and vertically - between governing structures and subordinates, controlling bodies and those accountable to them.

Conflicts are dynamic and go through several stages:

¦ a conflict situation during which potential people become aware
subjects of the conflict of contradictions that have arisen;

¦ escalation (increase) of the conflict;

¦ the outcome of the conflict; conflicts both fully and partially resolved;

¦ post-conflict syndrome, characterized by tension in relationships
conflicting parties, the ongoing discrepancy between assessments and opinions
regarding the ended conflict; post-conflict syndrome with acute illness
The breakdown of a relationship can be the beginning of a new conflict.

Based on the nature of the result, conflicts can be grouped into those that ended in the form

1) success,

2) compromise,

3) exiting the conflict,

4) defeats.

President of Russian Federation- head of state, that is, an official who occupies the highest position in the system of government bodies. The President of the Russian Federation does not belong to any of the three branches of government. Carrying out the tasks assigned to him by the Constitution, the President ensures the necessary coordination of the various branches of government, allowing the entire state mechanism to operate uninterruptedly. The President has immunity.

Ticket number 3.

1. 
   The concept of "anthropogenesis". How did the process of anthropogenesis proceed?
2. 
   Describe the main factors of production.
3. 
   Describe the electoral process in Russia. Anticipate the classification of elections.

The theory of the origin of man, which examines the process of his emergence and development, is called anthropogenesis.

There are several theories of human origins:

1. 
   Religious theory - the divine origin of man. The soul is the source of humanity in man.
2. 
   The paleo-visit theory - man is an unearthly creature, aliens from outer space, having visited the Earth, left human beings on it.
3. 
   Natural science (materialist) theories

• 
  C. Darwin's theory - man as a biological species has a natural, natural origin and is genetically related to higher mammals.
• 
  The theory of F. Engels is the main reason for the emergence of man - work. Under the influence of labor, specific human qualities were formed: consciousness, language, creative abilities.

Factors of production– resources that participate in the process of production of goods and services.

IN Lately a new type of resource is allocated to a separate group - information.

Factors of production, like all types of resources, are limited.

1. The electoral system is a political institution that ensures the formation of elected bodies of state power.

2. Components of the electoral system:

1. suffrage– a set of legal norms on the procedure for elections.

• 
  in the narrow sense of the word - the political right of citizens to elect (active) and to be elected (passive suffrage);
• 
  in the broadest sense of the word – electoral laws and regulations (instructions) related to the electoral process

• 
  preparatory stage (setting the date of elections, registration and registration of voters);
• 
  nomination and registration of candidates;
• 
  pre-election campaigning and election financing;
• 
  voting and summing up election results.

3. Principles of democratic suffrage (highlighted). Voting can be:

• 
  equal (one person – one vote; equal rights of candidates) – unequal;
• 
  universal (everyone over 18 years old, no qualifications)– qualification;
• 
  secret– open;
• 
  direct– multi-stage (indirect, i.e. voting for an elector, not a deputy);

1. 
   by object:

• 
  presidential
• 
  parliamentary
• 
  local government

1. 
   by scale:

• 
  federal
• 
  regional
• 
  local

1. 
   by timing:

• 
  regular
• 
  early
• 
  repeated.

Ticket number 4.

1. 
   What is marriage? What are the conditions and procedure for marriage?
2. 
   How are evolution and revolution different? How did these processes manifest themselves in the lives of individual peoples and of all humanity?
3. 
   What are the features of the Constitution? How is it different from other legal acts?

Question 1.

The Family Code came into force on March 1, 1996. A family is a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are bound by a common life, mutual assistance and moral responsibility. Marriage is considered to be a family union between a man and a woman, which gives rise to rights and responsibilities towards each other and towards children. Marriage takes place in the registry office. Rights and obligations arise from the date of state registration of marriage in the registry office. The basis for registering a marriage is a joint application of the persons entering into marriage. After 1 month, the marriage is concluded in the presence of the persons who are getting married.

Conditions for marriage:

1. 
   Mutual agreement
2. 
   Reaching marriageable age (18 years). Also, if there are good reasons, it is allowed to marry at 16 years old and the authorities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are not prohibited from lowering this age at their discretion.

1. 
   If the person is already married
2. 
   Between close relatives
3. 
   Between the adoptive parent and the adopted child
4. 
   If a person is declared incompetent

Question 2.

Evolution is gradual and smooth changes in social life that occur naturally.

Revolution is a relatively rapid and profound qualitative change, a radical revolution in the life of society.

Constitution - (from Latin constitutio - establishment, device) - this is a single normative legal act with special legal properties, through which the people establish the basic principles of the structure of society and the state, secure the legal status of a person and a citizen.

The Constitution, as the fundamental law of the state and society, has a number of differences from other legal acts.

Differences between the constitution and other legal acts

It has constituent, fundamental character. Regulates a wide range of social relations, the most important of which affect the fundamental interests of all members of society, all citizens. Secures the foundations of the socio-economic system of the state, its state-territorial structure, fundamental rights, freedoms and responsibilities of man and citizen, the organization and system of state power and administration, establishes law and order and legality. Therefore, constitutional norms are fundamental for the activities of government bodies, political parties, public organizations, officials and citizens. The norms of the constitution are primary in relation to all other legal norms.

Possesses supreme legal power. The Constitution applies to the entire territory of the state. All laws and other acts of state bodies are issued on the basis and in accordance with the constitution. Strict and precise adherence to it is the highest standard of behavior for all citizens and all public associations.

Characterized by stability. This is determined by the fact that the constitution establishes the foundations of the social and state system, and is designed for a long period of validity, as well as by the special procedure for its adoption and amendment.

Contains norms that have direct effect. Constitutional norms operate without approval by any government bodies or officials.

Man as an integral system in the broad sense of the word, it includes two subsystems:
- organism - morphophysiological organization;
- personality - socio-psychological organization.

Both systems are interconnected and interdependent. The development of the body is largely programmed genetically and depends on the lifestyle, which is determined precisely by the socio-psychological organization of a person. But, in turn, socio-psychological development depends on a person’s inclusion in various types of social activities in a specific social and historical community.

Human- a biological creature belonging to the class of mammals of the species Homo sapiens, endowed with consciousness and a special bodily organization.

Human- a biological creature.

Individual- a creature belonging to the human race.

Personality- a social being included in social relations, participating in social development and performing a certain social role.

Individuality emphasizes the unique identity of a person, that in which he is different from others.

Despite all its versatility, the concept of “individuality” primarily refers to the spiritual qualities of a person.

The concepts of “” and “individuality” contain various dimensions of a person’s spiritual essence. With the word “personality” they usually use such epithets as strong, energetic, independent, thereby emphasizing its active representation in the eyes of others. We often talk about individuality - bright, unique, creative.

The concept of “personality” has many variations, both historically and psychologically. In ancient Rome, this term denoted a ritual mask taken from the face of the deceased owner of the house and kept in the house of his heirs (from the word face). She was associated with a name, individual rights and privileges transmitted through the male line. The concept of “personality” correlated with the official position of an important person - the legal content of this concept was dominant.

In Russian the concept " personality“for a long time carried an offensive connotation and meant a guise. A mask under which the true face was hidden (a mask worn by buffoons at performances).

In Ancient Greece, this term referred to the mask worn by actors during performances, as well as the roles they played. The ancient Greek philosopher Theofast in his treatise “Ethical Characters” (318 BC) identified more than 30 personality types (chatterer, flatterer, braggart, pretender, etc.).

The modern encyclopedia gives two interpretations of the concept of “personality”:
1) a person as a subject of relationships and conscious activity;
2) a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize an individual as a member of society or a community.

The concept of “personality” is distinguished from the concepts of “individual” and “”. Personality is formed under the influence of social relations, culture, immediate environment and is also determined by biological characteristics. Currently, in combination with other concepts (individual, personality, person) it emphasizes the individuality of a person and his social significance. Personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon presupposes a certain hierarchical structure.

The personality is not only an object and product of social relations, not only experiences social influences, but also refracts and transforms them. It acts as a set of internal conditions through which the external influences of society are refracted.

These internal conditions are an alloy:
- hereditary biological properties;
- socially determined qualities.

Personality is not only an object and product of social relations, but also an active subject of activity, communication, consciousness, and self-knowledge.

The development of personality depends on activity, on its activity - in turn, personality is manifested in activity.

Despite the fact that there are personality qualities where the role of biological factors is great, there are qualities where social factors are predominant. People are not born as individuals, they become individuals. Social and psychological aspects of personality are considered in various psychological theories of personality: A. Adler, A. Amosov, A. Leontiev, A. Maslow, G. Allport, C. Rogers, L. Hall, Z. Freud, C. Jung, etc.

One of the pressing problems in psychology is the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in a person. This relationship was most fully examined by K. Platonov (1906-1984).

He believed that the personality structure includes four levels:
- the first level - the lowest - consists of the biological and constitutional properties of a person, practically independent of social factors (the speed of nervous processes, gender and age characteristics, etc.);
- the second level includes individual characteristics of forms of reflection (features of cognitive processes: memory, thinking, etc.);
- the third level is represented by a person’s individual social experience (knowledge, skills, habits, abilities);
- the fourth - the highest level characterizes the orientation of the individual (beliefs, worldview, ideals, views, self-esteem, character traits).

Thus, in the structure of personality, innate and “acquired” principles, biological (genetically inherited) and social (acquired in ontogenesis) are closely intertwined. At the same time, in the early years the biological principle dominates in the personality (shaded area in the figure), the elements of which are mostly genetically determined and are weakly influenced by social factors. Further, as the personality develops, its structure is almost completely filled by the social principle (unshaded area in the figure), formed by the living conditions of a person as a member of society.

The characteristics of a personality will be incomplete without it - the totality of individual mental characteristics that make it unique, inimitable. It manifests itself, as a rule, in several or all areas of the functioning of the human psyche.

A person who, thanks to work, emerges from the animal world and develops in society, carries out joint activities with other people and communicates with them, becomes a person, a subject of knowledge and active transformation of the material world, society and himself.

A person is born into the world already a human being. This statement only at first glance seems to be a truth that does not require proof. The fact is that the genes of the human embryo contain natural prerequisites for the development of actually human characteristics and qualities. The configuration of a newborn’s body presupposes the possibility of walking upright, the structure of the brain provides the possibility of developing intelligence, the structure of the hand provides the prospect of using tools, etc., and in this way a baby - already a person in terms of the sum of its capabilities - differs from a baby animal. In this way, the fact that the baby belongs to the human race is proven, which is fixed in the concept of an individual (in contrast to a baby animal, which is called an individual immediately after birth and until the end of its life). In the concept “ individual” embodies a person’s tribal affiliation. Individual can be considered both a newborn and an adult at the stage of savagery, and a highly educated resident of a civilized country.

Therefore, when we say of a particular person that he is an individual, we are essentially saying that he is potentially a person. Having been born as an individual, a person gradually acquires a special social quality and becomes a personality. Even in childhood, the individual is included in the historically established system of social relations, which he finds already ready. The further development of a person in society creates such an interweaving of relationships that shapes him as a person, i.e. as a real person, not only not like others, but also not like them, acting, thinking, suffering, included in social connections as a member of society, a participant in the historical process.

Personality in psychology, it denotes a systemic (social) quality acquired by an individual in objective activity and communication and characterizing the degree of representation of social relations in the individual.

So, personality can only be understood in a system of stable interpersonal connections, which are mediated by the content, values, and meaning of joint activity for each of the participants. These interpersonal connections are manifested in specific individual properties and actions of people, forming a special quality of the group activity itself.

The personality of each person is endowed only with its own inherent combination of psychological traits and characteristics that form its individuality, constituting the uniqueness of a person, his difference from other people. Individuality is manifested in traits of temperament, character, habits, prevailing interests, in the qualities of cognitive processes (perception, memory, thinking, imagination), in abilities, individual style of activity, etc. There are no two identical people with the same combination of these psychological characteristics - a person’s personality is unique in its individuality.

Just as the concepts of “individual” and “personality” are not identical, personality and individuality, in turn, form unity, but not identity. The ability to add and multiply large numbers very quickly “in the mind”, thoughtfulness, the habit of biting nails and other characteristics of a person act as traits of his individuality, but are not necessarily included in the characteristics of his personality, if only because they may not be represented in forms activities and communications that are essential to the group in which the individual possessing these traits is included. If personality traits are not represented in the system of interpersonal relationships, then they turn out to be insignificant for characterizing the individual’s personality and do not receive conditions for development. The individual characteristics of a person remain “mute” until a certain time, until they become necessary in the system of interpersonal relationships, the subject of which will be this person as an individual.

The problem of the relationship between the biological (natural) and social principles in the structure of a person’s personality is one of the most complex and controversial in modern psychology. A prominent place is occupied by theories that distinguish two main substructures in a person’s personality, formed under the influence of two factors - biological and social. The idea was put forward that the entire human personality is divided into an “endopsychic” and “exopsychic” organization. “ Endopsychics“as a substructure of personality expresses the internal mechanism of the human personality, identified with the neuropsychic organization of a person. “ Exopsyche” is determined by a person’s attitude to the external environment. “Endopsychia” includes such traits as receptivity, characteristics of memory, thinking and imagination, the ability to exert volition, impulsiveness, etc., and “exopsychia” is a person’s system of relationships and his experience, i.e. interests, inclinations, ideals, prevailing feelings, formed knowledge, etc.

How should we approach this concept of two factors? Natural organic aspects and traits exist in the structure of the individuality of the human personality as its socially conditioned elements. The natural (anatomical, physiological and other qualities) and the social form a unity and cannot be mechanically opposed to each other as independent substructures of the personality. So, recognizing the role of the natural, biological, and social in the structure of individuality, it is impossible to distinguish biological substructures in the human personality, in which they already exist in a transformed form.

Returning to the question of understanding the essence of personality, it is necessary to dwell on the structure of personality when it is considered as a “supersensible” systemic quality of an individual. Considering personality in the system of subjective relations, three types of subsystems of an individual’s personal existence are distinguished (or three aspects of the interpretation of personality). The first aspect to consider is intra-individual subsystem: personality is interpreted as a property inherent in the subject himself; the personal turns out to be immersed in the internal space of the individual’s existence. Second aspect - interindividual personal subsystem, when the sphere of its definition and existence becomes the “space of interindividual connections.” The third aspect of consideration is meta-individual personal subsystem. Here attention is drawn to the impact that, voluntarily or unwittingly, an individual has on other people. Personality is perceived from a new angle: its most important characteristics, which were tried to be seen in the qualities of an individual, are proposed to be looked for not only in himself, but also in other people. Continuing in other people, with the death of the individual the personality does not completely die. The individual, as the bearer of personality, dies, but, personalized in other people, continues to live. In the words “he lives in us even after death” there is neither mysticism nor pure metaphor, it is a statement of the fact of the ideal representation of the individual after his material disappearance.

Of course, a personality can be characterized only in the unity of all three proposed aspects of consideration: its individuality, representation in the system of interpersonal relationships and, finally, in other people.

If, when deciding why a person becomes more active, we analyze the essence of needs, which express the state of need for something or someone, leading to activity, then in order to determine what activity will result in, it is necessary to analyze what determines its direction, where and what this activity is aimed at.

A set of stable motives that guide an individual’s activity and are relatively independent of existing situations is called orientation of a person's personality. The main role of personality orientation belongs to conscious motives.

Interest- a motive that promotes orientation in any area, familiarization with new facts, and a more complete and profound reflection of reality. Subjectively - for the individual - interest is revealed in the positive emotional tone that the process of cognition acquires, in the desire to become more deeply acquainted with the object, to learn even more about it, to understand it.

Thus, interests act as a constant incentive mechanism for cognition.

Interests are an important aspect of motivation for an individual’s activity, but not the only one. An essential motive for behavior is beliefs.

Beliefs- this is a system of individual motives that encourages her to act in accordance with her views, principles, and worldview. Contents of needs, acting in the form of beliefs, is knowledge about the surrounding world of nature and society, their certain understanding. When this knowledge forms an orderly and internally organized system of views (philosophical, aesthetic, ethical, natural science, etc.), they can be considered as a worldview.

The presence of beliefs covering a wide range of issues in the field of literature, art, social life, and industrial activity indicates a high level of activity of a person’s personality.

Interacting and communicating with people, a person distinguishes himself from the environment, feels himself to be the subject of his physical and mental states, actions and processes, acts for himself as “I”, opposed to “others” and at the same time inextricably linked with him.

The experience of having a “I” is the result of a long process of personality development that begins in infancy and which is referred to as the “discovery of the “I.” A one-year-old child begins to realize the differences between the sensations of his own body and those sensations that are caused by objects located outside. Then, at the age of 2-3 years, the child separates the process that gives him pleasure and the result of his own actions with objects from the objective actions of adults, presenting the latter with demands: “I myself!” For the first time, he begins to realize himself as the subject of his own actions and deeds (a personal pronoun appears in the child’s speech), not only distinguishing himself from the environment, but also opposing himself to everyone else (“This is mine, this is not yours!”).

It is known that in adolescence and adolescence, the desire for self-perception, to understand one’s place in life and oneself as a subject of relationships with others intensifies. Associated with this is the formation of self-awareness. Senior schoolchildren develop an image of their own “I”. The image of “I” is a relatively stable, not always conscious, experienced as a unique system of an individual’s ideas about himself, on the basis of which he builds his interaction with others. The image of “I” thereby fits into the structure of the personality. It acts as an attitude towards oneself. Like any attitude, the image of “I” includes three components.

Firstly, cognitive component: idea of ​​one’s abilities, appearance, social significance, etc.

Secondly, emotional-evaluative component: self-respect, self-criticism, selfishness, self-deprecation, etc.

Third - behavioral(strong-willed): the desire to be understood, to win sympathy, to increase one’s status, or the desire to remain unnoticed, to evade evaluation and criticism, to hide one’s shortcomings, etc.

Image of “I”- stable, not always conscious, experienced as a unique system of an individual’s ideas about himself, on the basis of which he builds his interaction with others.

The image of “I” is both a prerequisite and a consequence of social interaction. In fact, psychologists record in a person not just one image of his “I”, but many successive “I-images”, alternately coming to the forefront of self-awareness and then losing their meaning in a given situation of social interaction. “I-image” is not a static, but a dynamic formation of an individual’s personality.

The “I-image” can be experienced as an idea of ​​oneself at the moment of the experience itself, usually referred to in psychology as the “real Self,” but it would probably be more correct to call it the momentary or “current Self” of the subject.

The “I-image” is at the same time the “ideal I” of the subject - what he should, in his opinion, become in order to meet the internal criteria of success.

Let us indicate another variant of the emergence of the “I-image” - the “fantastic I” - what the subject would like to become, if it turned out to be possible for him, how he would like to see himself. The construction of one’s fantastic “I” is characteristic not only of young men, but also of adults. When assessing the motivating significance of this “I-image,” it is important to know whether the individual’s objective understanding of his position and place in life has been replaced by his “fantastic self.” The predominance in the personality structure of fantastic ideas about oneself, not accompanied by actions that would contribute to the realization of the desired, disorganizes the activity and self-awareness of a person and in the end can severely traumatize him due to the obvious discrepancy between the desired and the actual.

The degree of adequacy of the “I-image” is clarified by studying one of its most important aspects—personal self-esteem.

Self-esteem- a person’s assessment of himself, his capabilities, qualities and place among other people. This is the most significant and most studied aspect of a person’s self-awareness in psychology. With the help of self-esteem, the behavior of an individual is regulated.

How does a person carry out self-esteem? K. Marx has a fair idea: a person first looks, as in a mirror, into another person. Only by treating the man Paul as one of his own kind does the man Peter begin to treat himself as a man. In other words, by learning the qualities of another person, a person receives the necessary information that allows him to develop his own assessment. In other words, a person is oriented toward a certain reference group (real or ideal), whose ideals are its ideals, interests are its interests, etc. d. In the process of communication, she constantly compares herself with the standard and, depending on the results of the check, appears satisfied with herself or dissatisfied. Too high or too low self-esteem can become an internal source of personality conflicts. Of course, this conflict can manifest itself in different ways.

Inflated self-esteem leads to the fact that a person tends to overestimate himself in situations that do not provide a reason for this. As a result, he often encounters opposition from others who reject his claims, becomes embittered, displays suspicion, suspiciousness and deliberate arrogance, aggression, and in the end may lose the necessary interpersonal contacts and become withdrawn.

Excessively low self-esteem may indicate the development of an inferiority complex, persistent self-doubt, refusal of initiative, indifference, self-blame and anxiety.

In order to understand a person, it is necessary to clearly imagine the action of the unconsciously developing forms of a person’s control over his behavior, to pay attention to the entire system of assessments with which a person characterizes himself and others, to see the dynamics of changes in these assessments.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “person”, “individual”, “personality”.

« Human“is a general, generic concept; it indicates the presence in the world of such a historically developing community as the human race (homosapiens), which is distinguished by its unique way of life.

The concept " individual" indicates an individual, specific representative of the human race, with its unique biological, mental and social characteristics.

The concept " personality“emphasizes the social essence of the individual, characterizes the individual as a product of social development, the result of inclusion in the system of social relations through communication and active activity. These factors manifest themselves in the process of socialization. Socialization- this is the process of assimilation by an individual of socially accepted patterns of behavior, social norms and values, the process of forming social qualities, knowledge and skills necessary for successful self-realization in a given society. Socialization is a process that plays a huge role in the life of both the individual and society. The success of socialization determines how much an individual will be able to realize himself and his abilities in society. For society, the success of the socialization process determines whether the new generation will be able to adopt the experience, skills, values, and cultural achievements of older generations, and whether continuity in the development of society will be maintained.

Personality is social in its essence, but individual in the way of its expression. The unique way of existence of a particular individual in society (the ability to be oneself within the framework of a social system) is expressed in the concept “ individuality».

The dialectical relationship of these concepts is revealed through categories general –single –special . Individuality is formed in the process of dialectical interaction:

1) universal human characteristics (both natural and social),

2) special (as a representative of a certain specific historical stage in the development of society with its specific national features, socio-political characteristics, cultural traditions),

3) single (unique features of bodily organization, mental makeup (character, will), social qualities inherent only to a given individual. These features are determined by hereditary traits, unique conditions of the microenvironment in which the personality is formed - family, friends, educational or work collective, etc. – as well as a unique individual experience).

3. Man as a unity of biological, mental and social. The problem of human essence.

Man is a unity of three elements: biological, mental and social. Biological is expressed in morphophysiological, genetic phenomena, as well as in neuro-brain, biochemical and other processes occurring in the body. The biological level in the structure of the human personality emphasizes its connection with the natural world. Under mental the inner world of a person is understood: his consciousness and unconscious processes, character, temperament, experiences, emotions, etc. Social factor manifests itself in the fact that human qualities are formed and manifested only in society, as a result of social relations. At the social level, man is included in the history of mankind, in human culture.

None of these aspects separately reveals the essence of a person. Man stands out from the natural world as a being with reason. Human thinking is a complexly organized biopsychosocial phenomenon. At the biological level, consciousness is a function of a special organ - the brain. Those. mental activity is based on physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex. At the same time, consciousness is a product of social development and cannot develop outside society.

Understanding the essence of man as a biopsychosocial unity is fundamental in philosophy. At the same time, there are concepts that absolutize the role of the biological, mental or social principle in a person.

Biologization concepts(socialdarwinism ) treat man as a predominantly natural-biological being. Social qualities are seen here as a simple complication of the group instincts of animals as a way of survival (“there is nothing in human behavior that has not already been encountered in animals”). A similar point of view was held by the Russian thinker Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin . For example, he believed that in the animal world there is a “law of mutual assistance”, which in the process of evolution is transformed into such ethical principles as a sense of duty, justice, compassion, and respect. Widespread in the West sociobiology (the most prominent representative is the American scientist Ed. Wilson), which tries to explain human social activity by evolutionary-biological and genetic characteristics. From the point of view of sociobiology, most forms of human behavior have developed as a result of natural evolution and are characteristic not only of humans, but also of animals (protection of habitat, altruism and aggressiveness, adherence to certain norms of sexual behavior, nepotism, etc.). Representatives of sociobiology try to solve such complex social issues from a naturalistic position as freedom and responsibility of the individual, equality of men and women, overcoming the environmental crisis and set the task of preserving humans as a species with its inherent gene pool. At the same time, within the framework of sociobiology, a number of anti-humanistic concepts have emerged that defend the idea of ​​dividing races into “higher” and “lower” and the right to combat the problem of overpopulation through “natural selection.”

Freud's psychoanalysis (Freudianism) can be considered as a type of biologizing approach. absolutizing the mental principle. Z. Freud believed that the motives of any human actions, the incentives for creative activity, are in the sphere of the unconscious. He reduced the role of social factors only to a system of cultural prohibitions that limit the manifestation of the unconscious.

Sociologizing concepts and absolutize the role of the social principle in man, assert the priority of the social over the individual. This approach is most clearly expressed in structuralism (T. Parsons) and role theory of personality (J. Mead). According to structuralism, man is the primary element of various spheres and subsystems of society. The essence of society manifests itself as a set of connections and relationships between these subsystems, and a person “dissolves” in society. In role theory, the essence of a person is reduced to the totality of the social roles he performs. Social norms and values ​​are a kind of “script” that guides the actions of individuals. This approach fixes attention on a person’s behavior and does not allow him to reveal his inner world.

Such interpretations of man do not take into account the dialectical unity of the natural, mental and social in man.