List of medicines. List of names of dosage forms used in the registration of medicinal products
Depending on the composition, behavior of the substance in the body, routes of administration, drugs can be produced in several dosage forms.
Solid dosage forms we:
Powders— dry ground substances, which may or may not be divided into doses. In the second case, when it is not required exact dosage, powders are packaged in boxes, bags or jars. Powders are taken dry (with water) or diluted in liquids.
Capsule- a shell for dosed powdered (sometimes pasty or liquid) medicines for oral administration. Most often, capsules are produced drugs with an unpleasant taste, odor, irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Capsules may be starch or gelatin. Some types of capsules dissolve only in certain areas gastrointestinal tract under the action of specific enzymes, which helps the active substance reach its goal faster.
Tablets- solid dosage forms of drugs, which include the main active substance and Excipients(sugar, starch, talc and others). Auxiliary substances are necessary to give volume, improve taste. Most often, excipients are not given in the instructions.
Dragee— solid dosage form. It is obtained by repeatedly layering medicinal and excipients on sugar granules.
Granules— uniform particles of round, cylindrical or irregular shape. As excipients, sugar, sodium bicarbonate (soda), glucose, and starch are added to the granules. Dosed most often with teaspoons, sometimes dissolved in water.
Soft dosage forms:
Ointment- a homogeneous fat-like mass intended for external use. Comprises medicinal substance and an ointment base, which uses fats or fat-like substances. They should not irritate the skin, react with the drug itself, their task is to mix well, quickly and well penetrate the skin (or, conversely, not be absorbed by the skin, depending on the mechanism of action of the main drug substance).
Paste- an ointment of a denser consistency with powdered substances added to it (starch, talc), as a result of which the pastes are kept at the site of application for a longer time. Due to the content of powders, the pastes have a drying effect.
Liniment A thick liquid or jelly-like mass that melts at body temperature. To obtain liniments, sunflower, olive or castor oils are used.
Suppository (candle)- dosage form of a solid consistency, melting at body temperature. Suppositories are rectal (for insertion into the rectum) and vaginal. Most often, cocoa butter is used as the basis for candles.
Liquid dosage forms:
Solutions for outdoor or internal use are manufactured in the factory or by prescription directly at the pharmacy. Solvents can be either water or other substances (for example, oil).
Infusions and decoctions obtained from plant materials by heating with water. Infusions are prepared from the soft, tender parts of the plant (leaves, flowers, herbs), decoctions - from the coarse parts of the plant (rhizomes, roots, bark). These dosage forms cannot be stored for a long time, most often they must be consumed on the day of preparation.
Potion- a decoction or infusion to which other medicinal substances or a mixture of different medicinal substances in water are added.
Tinctures and extracts- extracts from medicinal plants obtained using ethyl alcohol, diethyl alcohol, alcohol-water or alcohol-ether mixtures.
Solutions for injections are used to administer drugs under the skin, intravenously, intramuscularly, etc. They are made in factories and delivered to the pharmacy in ampoules or vials. Solutions for injection are subject to strict requirements for sterility and stability. Ampoules are available in volumes of 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ml. Medicinal substances, the solutions of which are unstable, are sold in dry ampoules. Before use, the contents of the ampoules are dissolved in the required volume of sterile solvent.
Encyclopedia of Modern Medicines
Taking into account the composition, the specific behavior of the substance in the human body, as well as the methods of administration, drugs are produced in several dosage forms.
Solid dosage forms
Tablets- solid dosage forms of medicines, which include the main active ingredient and excipients - starch, sugar, talc, etc. Excipients are needed to give the drug volume, change color, and improve taste. As a rule, excipients are not indicated in the annotation to the drug. The dosage is usually indicated in pieces.
Granules- homogeneous particles of cylindrical, rounded or irregular shape. Excipients in granules are sugar, soda (sodium bicarbonate), starch or glucose. Doses of the granular drug are usually indicated in teaspoons, in some cases the granules are dissolved in water.
Powders- dry ground substances, which are divided or not divided into doses. In the 2nd case, if a clear dosage is not applied, the powders are packaged in bags, boxes or jars. Powders are taken either diluted in liquid, or in dry form, washed down with water.
Capsules- shells for dosed powdered (in some cases liquid or pasty) medicines for oral administration. Most often, medicines are produced in capsules with bad smell or taste, which have an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and the alimentary tract. Capsules are gelatin or starch. Certain types of capsules dissolve only under the action of specific enzymes in some parts of the gastrointestinal tract, which allows the active substance of the drug to reach its goal sooner.
Dragee- solid dosage form. This dosage form is obtained by repeatedly depositing the active and excipients on sugar granules.
Soft dosage forms
Ointment- fat-like homogeneous mass intended for external use. The ointment is made from the active substance and the ointment base, which is made from fats or fat-like substances. These substances must not react with active substance drugs and irritate the skin. However, these substances must mix well, without delay and be absorbed into the skin as best as possible (or, on the contrary, not penetrate the skin - taking into account the mechanism of action of the main active substance).
Liniment- a jelly-like mass or thick liquid that melts at a temperature human body. For the manufacture of liniments, castor, sunflower or olive oil is used.
Paste- an ointment of a denser consistency due to the addition of various powdered substances to the ointment, such as starch or talc, thanks to which the pastes are more long time held in place by the application. Due to the content of powders, the pastes have a drying effect.
Suppository (candle)- a dosage form of a solid consistency that melts at the temperature of the human body. Suppositories at the injection site are divided into rectal (for insertion into the rectum) and vaginal. Most often, cocoa butter is used as the basis for suppositories.
Liquid dosage forms
Solutions for internal or external use are produced by the factory method or by doctor's prescription directly at the pharmacy. Solvents for solutions are both water and other substances, such as oil.
Solutions for injections used for drug administration intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intravenously, etc. These solutions are produced in the factory and supplied to pharmacies in vials or ampoules. Solutions for injection are subject to strict standards for stability and sterility. Ampoules are produced in volumes of 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ml. Medicines, solutions of which are unstable, are produced in ampoules in dry form. Before use, the contents of the ampoules are dissolved in the required volume of sterile solvent.
Decoctions and infusions are made from vegetable raw materials by heating with a liquid. Infusions are made from the soft parts of the plant (flowers, leaves, herbs), decoctions are made from the coarse parts of the plant (bark, roots and rhizomes). The listed dosage forms are not able to be stored for a long time, usually they must be consumed on the day of manufacture.
Extracts and tinctures- extracts from medicinal plants obtained by means of ethyl and diethyl alcohol, water-alcohol or ether-alcohol solutions.
Potion- infusion or decoction, in which other medicinal substances or a mixture of various medicinal components in water are added.
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To obtain the desired therapeutic effect great importance has the form in which the drug is used.
Dosage forms- these are the forms attached to the drug for ease of use. Dosage forms are manufactured in pharmacies or pharmaceutical companies. There are liquid, soft and solid dosage forms, as well as dosage forms for injection.
Liquid dosage forms - solutions, infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, potions, mucus, emulsions and suspensions.
Solutions obtained by dissolving solid or liquid drugs in a solvent. Distilled water is most often used as a solvent, in some cases ethyl alcohol, glycerin, liquid oils(vaseline, olive, peach, sunflower). Solutions should be clear, free of suspended particles or sediment. They are taken orally or externally (lotions, rinses, rubdowns, nose drops, eyes and ears, enemas, compresses, douches). Solutions intended for internal use are dosed with tablespoons (15 ml), dessert (10 ml), teaspoons (5 ml), as well as graduated cups (beakers).
Infusions and decoctions- these are dosage forms, which are aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials, mainly herbs, leaves, roots, bark and flowers. In addition to the active principles, infusions and decoctions contain harmless, but not medicinally important impurities, or ballast substances (sugar, tannin, pigments, etc.). Infusions and decoctions have a limited shelf life. Therefore, they are prepared in pharmacies immediately before issuing to the patient and are prescribed in an amount calculated to be received within 3-4 days. At home, infusions and decoctions should be stored in a cool place. They are intended for internal and less often for external use, for example, for rinsing. Infusions and decoctions for oral administration are dosed to adults with tablespoons or graduated cups, and for children - dessert or teaspoons.
Tinctures- these are transparent liquid alcohol, alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extracts from herbal medicinal raw materials, which are produced without heat treatment at pharmaceutical enterprises. They are intended mainly for oral administration, they are dosed in drops, which can be diluted in a small amount of water before taking.
extracts, like tinctures, they are also extracts from plant materials, only more concentrated. Depending on the consistency, liquid, thick and dry extracts are distinguished. Extracts are used mainly inside. liquid extracts dosed in drops. Thick and dry extracts are, as a rule, part of various solid dosage forms (tablets, suppositories). Tinctures and extracts are called galenical preparations in honor of the ancient Roman physician Claudius Galen, who first began to use extracts from medicinal plants.
Suspensions(suspensions) are liquid dosage forms in which finely divided medicinal substances (in the form of solid particles) are suspended in a liquid (water, vegetable oil, glycerin). Suspensions are prepared in cases where the drug substance is insoluble in liquid. The suspension must be shaken well before use.
Soft dosage forms - ointments, liniments, pastes, suppositories and patches.
Ointments are homogeneous, without grains, soft to the touch masses. Ointments consist of medicinal substances and ointment bases. Fats of vegetable and animal origin, fat-like substances, oil refining products, and synthetic substances are used as ointment bases. Ointments are prescribed more often externally in order to affect the skin and mucous membranes. Sometimes in the form of ointments, medicinal substances are prescribed that are easily absorbed into the blood through the skin and mucous membranes. In such cases, ointments are used to influence the pathological processes occurring during internal organs, for example, nitromaz for the prevention of angina attacks. Store ointments in well-corked jars or tubes in a cool place.
Liniments(liquid ointments) differ from ointments in consistency and are thick liquids or gelatinous masses. They are for external use only.
Pasta called ointments containing at least 25% of powdered substances, which leads to their denser (heat-like) consistency. Pastes are longer than ointments, they are held on the skin. In this regard, pastes are prescribed externally for skin diseases or to protect it from damage by chemicals, ultraviolet radiation and other harmful factors.
suppositories(candles) are a dosage form that has a solid consistency at room temperature and deliquescent at body temperature. Suppositories consist of medicines and a base. There are rectal suppositories (suppositories), which are intended for insertion into the rectum, and vaginal suppositories. The former have the usual shape of a cone or cylinder with a pointed end. In the form of rectal suppositories, drugs can be prescribed not only for local effects (for diseases of the rectum), but also for the treatment of diseases of other internal organs, since the absorption of drugs through the mucous membrane of the rectum is quite high (Cefekon suppositories).
Vaginal suppositories in shape can be spherical, ovoid or in the form of a flat body with a rounded end. They are prescribed mainly for the treatment of diseases of the female genital organs and as contraceptives.
Solid dosage forms - powders, granules, tablets, dragees, pills.
Powders- This is a solid dosage form with the property of flowability. Powders are intended for external and internal use. Powders for external use are usually prescribed not divided into doses. They are used mainly for application to wound surfaces and mucous membranes, including in the form of powders. Powders intended for internal use are taken with a sufficient amount of water, milk or mineral water. Powders for internal use can be divided and not divided into doses. In the form of undivided powders, low-toxic drugs are produced. Patients dose such powders as directed by a doctor, most often with tablespoons or teaspoons, etc. Separated powders are dispensed from pharmacies in bags of plain, parchment or waxed paper. In some cases, powders are also released in capsules.
Capsules are shells for dosed powder, paste or liquid medicines used orally. In capsules, drugs are prescribed that have an unpleasant taste, odor or irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Distinguish between gelatin and starch capsules. In some cases, when the drug substance can be destroyed in acidic environment stomach, use special capsules that dissolve only in the intestine under the influence of its alkaline contents. Capsules should be swallowed without chewing. It is not recommended to open the capsules and take their contents separately.
Granules - it is a solid dosage form in the form of grains (grains) of a round, cylindrical or irregular shape. Granules are prescribed for oral administration. Granules are taken in the same way as powders. In some cases, before use, the granules are dissolved in water. In this case, you should be guided by the instructions of the doctor or the instructions attached to the drug.
Tablets- This is a solid dosage form obtained by pressing medicinal substances on special machines. Tablets are in the form of round, oval or other shaped plates with a flat or biconvex surface. They are convenient to use, portable and last for a long time. The unpleasant taste of medicinal substances is less noticeable in them. In addition, by creating multi-layer tablets, it is possible to ensure a certain sequence of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of the constituent ingredients.
In this regard, many tablets are strictly forbidden to chew. Therefore, the number of medicines produced by the pharmaceutical industry in tablets is increasing every year.
Dragee- a solid dosage form obtained by layer-by-layer build-up (drape) of medicines and excipients on sugar granules. Dragees have the correct spherical shape, even and smooth surface. Take the dragee inside, without chewing or crushing.
A special kind of solid dosage forms are medicinal preparations, which are mixtures of chopped or coarsely chopped, less often whole herbal medicinal raw materials, sometimes with an admixture of salts and essential oils. Fees are used for external and internal use. As poultices, before use, the preparations are poured with hot water, wrapped in canvas and applied to the skin. Fees for dry poultices are applied to the sore spot in a linen bag, moderately heated. Fees are intended for use in the form of infusions, pour boiling water and insist. Release fees in paper bags, boxes or flasks. Store fees in a packaged form in a dry place.
Dosage forms for injection include aqueous and oily solutions, suspensions, emulsions, as well as sterile powders and tablets, which are dissolved in a sterile solvent immediately before administration. The main requirement for these dosage forms is sterility, since they serve mainly for injection, that is, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intra-arterial administration, as well as for administration into body cavities. With these methods of administration, a high dosage accuracy is achieved; the therapeutic effect usually manifests itself much faster than with the introduction of substances through the gastrointestinal tract. The use of drugs by injection requires appropriate knowledge and skill. Therefore, the introduction of dosage forms for injections when providing assistance even at home is carried out by medical staff (nurses, paramedics).
Dosage forms are states that are convenient for use and given to drugs (aggregate state, geometric shape). By consistency, dosage forms are divided into liquid, soft, solid and gaseous. Liquid dosage forms include solutions, infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, mucus, mixtures, saturations. To soft ones - ointments, pastes, liniments, suppositories, patches. To solid - powders, tablets, pills, dragees, fees. To gaseous - gases, aerosols. Solutions (Solutions) are obtained by completely dissolving a solid drug substance or mixing with each other liquid substances. Solutions should not contain suspended particles and sediment. As a solvent, distilled water (Aqua destillata) is most often used, less often - ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus 70%, 90%), oils. Solutions are used for external, internal use and for injections. Often, solutions are prescribed in drops ( eye drops). Infusions (Infusa) and decoctions (Decocta) are aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials. They quickly decompose and therefore they are prepared immediately before issuing to the patient and in small quantities (for 3-4 days). Tinctures (Tincturae) - liquid, transparent, more or less colored alcohol, alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extracts of medicinal substances from plant materials. Extracts (Extracta) - concentrated extracts from plant materials; according to the consistency, liquid, thick (water no more than 25%) and dry (moisture no more than 5%) are distinguished. For use water, alcohol, less often others.
Mucus (Mucilagines) - dispersed systems in which tiny particles suspended in liquid; have the ability to cover thin layer tissues and thus protect them from exposure to various irritants. Mucus is often used in conjunction with irritating drugs.
Potions (Mixturae) - are obtained by mixing several medicinal substances in water, alcohol and other solvents. They can be clear, cloudy and even with sediment, they should be shaken before use. Saturations (Saturationes) - liquids saturated with gas. Injectable dosage forms include sterile solutions, emulsions, suspensions, as well as powders and tablets that are dissolved before administration.
Ointments (Unguenta) - dosage forms that have a soft consistency, intended for external use. Ointments are obtained by mixing various drugs (basis) with shaping substances (constituens), called ointment bases. As ointment bases, oil refining products (vaseline, paraffin, etc.), animal fats and vegetable oils.
Pastes (Pastae) - a kind of ointments with a content of powdered substances of at least 25% (close in consistency to the dough), so they have good adsorbing and drying properties.
Liniments, or liquid ointments (Linimenta), are homogeneous mixtures in the form of thick liquids or gelatinous masses, melting at. Vegetable oils and animal fats are used as liniment bases.
Suppositories (Suppositoria) is a dosed soft dosage form. They are solid at room temperature and melt at body temperature. There are rectal suppositories (candles), vaginal and sticks. The most suitable base for suppositories is oil.
Powders (Pulveres) - a solid dosage form for internal and external use, which has the property of flowability. Powders are distinguished: 1) simple - consisting of one substance; 2) complex - consisting of several drugs; 3) divided into separate doses; and 4) undivided.
Medical capsules (Capsulae medicinales) are shells for powdered or liquid drugs used orally. They are starchy (wafers), gelatinous and glutoid.
Tablets (Tabulettae) are a solid, convenient, factory-produced dosage form. They persist for a long time, mask bad taste many medicinal substances. Tablets can be coated (Tabulettae obductae) from wheat flour, starch, sugar, etc.
Pills (Pilulae) - a solid dosage form for internal use in the form of balls prepared from a homogeneous plastic mass and a medicinal substance.
Dragee (Dragee) is a solid dosage form for internal use in the form of balls, obtained by building up medicinal substances on sugar granules.
Medicinal collections (Species), or complex, are mixtures of dried coarsely ground parts of herbal medicinal raw materials, sometimes mixed with other substances (salts, essential oils). Apply them externally () and inside (infusions, decoctions).
Dosage forms are states that are convenient for taking and using, given to drugs (geometric shape, state of aggregation).
There are several classification systems for dosage forms based on different principles. The oldest and least perfect classification - according to the state of aggregation - divides dosage forms into 4 groups: solid, liquid, soft and gaseous. Solid dosage forms include powders (Pulveres), tablets (Tabulettae), pills (Pilulae), dragees (Dragee), fees (Species), capsules (Capsulae); to soft ones - ointments (Unguenta), pastes (Pastae), patches (Emplastra), candles (Suppositoria), balls (Globuli), sticks (Bacilli); to liquid - solutions (Solutiones), suspensions (Suspensiones), emulsions (Emulsa), saturations (Saturationes), infusions (Infusa), decoctions (Decocta), mucus (Mucilagines), liniments (Linimenta); to gaseous - gases, aerosols. Distribution of dosage forms by specified groups different authors do not agree. This classification is convenient only for the primary separation of dosage forms. State of aggregation determines the speed of action of the drug (liquid drugs act faster than solid ones); the state of aggregation is also associated with the possibility of giving the drug one form or another. However, the state of aggregation says little about the technological processes that were used to obtain a particular dosage form.
A more perfect classification based on the way the drugs are used. According to this classification, dosage forms are divided into two groups: enteral, administered through the gastrointestinal tract, and parenteral, administered in addition to the gastrointestinal tract. Enteral dosage forms include drugs administered: 1) orally (per os), including the most extensive group of dosage forms - liquid (solutions, suspensions, emulsions, infusions, decoctions, mucus), soft (pills), solid (powders, tablets , dragee); 2) rectal way (per rectum) - suppositories. Parenteral dosage forms include drugs used: 1) on the skin (ointments, pastes, liniments, powders); 2) mucous membranes (ointments, powders, solutions, balls, sticks); 3) sublingual (tablets); 4) by inhalation (gases, aerosols); 5) by injection. Depending on the method of application, dosage forms have special names. For example, some liquid dosage forms are called potions, rinses, lotions, poultices, washes, injections, drops, etc., powders are called powders, etc. This classification is mainly of medical importance, since the decision to choose the route of drug administration the doctor accepts taking into account a number of circumstances and, above all, the condition of the patient. The strength and speed of action of the drug also depend on the route of its administration.
From a pharmaceutical point of view, the dispersological classification is of greater importance, according to which all drugs are considered as physicochemical systems having a certain internal structure and requiring for their creation a certain sequence of technological operations, i.e., a general scheme of the technological process. The modern dispersological classification distinguishes two main groups: 1) free-dispersed systems; 2) connected dispersed systems. The former include structureless systems, in which the particles of the dispersed phase are not connected to each other into one continuous grid and move freely in the dispersion medium under the influence of thermal motion or gravity. Depending on the properties of the dispersion medium, the following free-disperse systems are distinguished: 1) with a liquid dispersion medium (solutions, sols, suspensions, emulsions, combined systems, which include potions, drops, lotions, rinses, etc.); 2) with a gaseous medium (gas mixtures, aerosols). Essence technological processes reduced to dissolution, peptization, suspension and emulsification.
In coherently dispersed systems, particles are connected to each other due to molecular forces and form peculiar networks, or frameworks, in a dispersion medium. Depending on the dispersion medium and its relationship with the phase, the dosage form of this group can be divided into the following systems: 1) connected-dispersed with a viscous or solid medium (ointments, pastes, suppositories, sticks); 2) frozen, or recrystallized (pencils); 3) highly concentrated (pills, boluses); 4) connected with a gaseous medium (fine powders, tablets, granules). The essence of technological processes in the manufacture of drugs in this group is reduced to phase dispersion, its uniform distribution and the creation of a structured system.
A number of requirements are imposed on dosage forms: compliance with the physicochemical properties of their constituent substances, stability, speed and completeness. therapeutic action, accuracy of dosing of medicinal substances, ease of administration, ease and speed of manufacture, etc. The greater the advantages of a dosage form, the longer it remains in practice. Some dosage forms, widely used mainly in the last century, have not stood the test of time: yuleps (Julepia) - mixtures of medicinal substances with a solution of sugar in fragrant waters, lamellae (Lamellae) - gelatinous plates of gelatin, glycerin and medicinal substances, porridge (Electuaria ) - mixtures of powders and extracts with honey or syrups, etc.
Per last years widespread, especially abroad, received new dosage forms. Flavored "dry suspensions" and "dry emulsions" are stable and convenient for transportation - dry mixtures of powders of medicinal, corrective and emulsifying or suspending substances (they are suspended or emulsified immediately before taking). In this form, many antibiotics, hormones, and vitamins are released. Much attention is paid to the creation of dosage forms with desired properties, i.e. with a certain therapeutic focus. Such dosage forms include spences - granules coated with various shells, capable of dissolving (decomposing) in a certain environment and at a given time. Many classic dosage forms are being replaced by intensive and fast-acting inhalation dosage forms, primarily aerosols (suspensions of solid and liquid particles in a gaseous medium) used with an inhaler.
The action of medicinal substances largely depends on the dosage form. So, atropine sulfate, administered orally in the form of a powder, is absorbed after 20-30 minutes, in the form of pills - after 30-40 minutes, and when injected - after 1-3 minutes. Insulin is completely destroyed by proteolytic enzymes, so it cannot be administered in oral dosage forms. A well-chosen form, therefore, provides best action medicinal substance, and an unsuccessful one can reduce it, and sometimes even harm the patient. In this case, the methods of preparation of dosage forms are of great importance. For example, by using different excipients in the same form, it is possible to obtain drugs with different strength, and sometimes different character actions. The introduction of small amounts of surfactants into the dosage form contributes to sharp increase absorbability and, consequently, the potency of drugs. Reverse effect- getting an inactive form - gives, for example, a replacement lard petroleum jelly in an ointment with potassium iodide, the effect of which can only be manifested after absorption of the ointment.
Until recently, most dosage forms were manufactured ex tempore in pharmacies. At present, it has become possible to manufacture dosage forms according to approved standard prescriptions - the so-called finished dosage forms. Implementation in medical practice finished dosage forms improved the quality of medicines, reduced the cost of their production, sharply unloaded pharmacies and accelerated the receipt of medicines by patients. Now pharmacies prepare only medicines according to individual prescriptions, as well as unstable dosage forms (infusions, decoctions, mucus, emulsins, pills).
When choosing dosage forms, one should be guided by physical and chemical properties medicinal substance, the degree of its stability, the condition and age of the patient, the possibility of using the drug depending on the conditions surrounding the patient, etc. Solutions, for example, are well dosed and accepted, but many medicinal substances in dissolved form are unstable during storage; in addition, the solutions are inconvenient in a camping environment. Infusions, decoctions, mucus, emulsions are unstable, and therefore the prescribed amounts should not exceed the three-day requirement (if stored in a cool place). Powders, tablets are dosed more accurately than solutions, but they are not recommended for patients with severe inflammatory or ulcerative processes of the gastrointestinal tract, with a violation of the act of swallowing, for patients with unconscious, small children. For children, liquid dosage forms are preferred. Suffering chronic diseases it is advisable to prescribe medicines in the form of tablets, dragees, pills, which are convenient to have with you and take in any conditions. When prescribing medicines inside, care must be taken to improve their taste. Patients who react negatively to oral dosage forms are shown rectal administration of drugs, excluding such side effects like nausea, vomiting, etc.
Dosage forms mean the state medicines, convenient for human reception (geometric shape, taste, state of aggregation).
The state of aggregation affects the rate of drug action: solid dosage forms act more slowly than liquid ones.
Medicines must meet a number of requirements:
- physical and chemical properties must correspond to the constituent substances;
- be persistent;
- meet the required completeness and speed of treatment;
- convenient and accurate dosage;
- speed and ease of manufacture.
The main forms of medicines
- Medicines can have a different consistency:
- gaseous - aerosols, gases;
- liquid - saturations, potions, suspensions, emulsions, mucus, extracts, tinctures, decoctions, infusions, solutions;
- soft - patches, suppositories, liniments, pastes, ointments;
- solid - fees, dragees, pills, tablets, powders.
Solutions prepared by mixing various liquids and dissolving the drug substance in solid form. Solutions should not contain sediment or suspended particles. They are used for injection, inside and out. The solvent is distilled water, oils or ethanol. Sometimes solutions come in the form of drops, such as eye drops.
Infusions and decoctions extracting fluid from herbal products. They don't last long because they decompose quickly.
Tinctures– separation of medicinal substances in herbal products based on alcohol.
extracts- extracts from plant products of high concentration. They can be liquid, dry and thick. The solvents are alcohol, water and ethers.
Slime– dispersed systems with suspended solid particles in liquid. They are able to cover tissues with a thin layer, excluding the effect of an irritant.
potions obtained by mixing a pair of medicinal substances in an acceptable solvent. Various turbidity of mixtures and the presence of sediment are allowed. Be sure to shake before use.
Saturations- liquids saturated with gases.
Ointments- substances of a soft consistency for external use. Obtained by mixing the formative substance (paraffin, petroleum jelly, etc.) with drugs.
Pastes- ointments with a proportion of powdery substance over 25%. They have good absorbent and drying properties.
Liniments- a thick or gelatinous liquid ointment, the melting point of which is equal to the temperature of the human body. They are based on animal and vegetable fats.
suppositories– dosage form certain dosage, originally a solid consistency, melting at 36.6 degrees. The base is cocoa butter. Can be vaginal, rectal and sticks.
Powders- loose solid form of medicines for external and internal use. There are single-component and multi-component powders.
Capsules shell for liquid and powdered medicines. Made from gelatin, starch or gluten.
Tablets- a solid form of drugs obtained at the factory. They are stored for a long time and perfectly mask the unpleasant taste of drugs. Can be coated with starch, sugar, wheat flour etc.
pills- a medicine of a spherical shape, a mixture of a medicinal substance with a plastic mass.
Dragee- dosage form in solid state for internal use. Produced by building on the sugar granule of the drug.
Medicinal fees- a mixture of dry crushed medicinal plants.
Today widespread received flavored "dry emulsions" and "dry suspensions". These are powdered dry mixtures of emulsifying and correcting or suspending substances. Most dosage forms are being replaced by inhaled dosage forms.