17th century pioneer. Lesson summary "Russian travelers and pioneers of the 17th century"

Their names are remembered in best case scenario pages of encyclopedias, and yet they committed important and even heroic deeds for their time. Any schoolchild knows about Afanasy Nikitin and his “Walk across Three Seas”, has heard about the Siberian pioneers Ermak and Semyon Dezhnev, the expeditions of Przhevalsky, Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and Nicholas Roerich in Central Asia, the life of Miklouho-Maclay among the savages of New Guinea, Russian navigators Kruzenshtern, Lazarev and Bellingshausen... This material is about those who made many great discoveries and heroic deeds, who accompanied these discoveries, but are undeservedly forgotten. In the 17th century, Russia turned its gaze to the east. Diplomatic ties were established with China, and many pioneers headed to Eastern Siberia, a land hitherto unknown to the Russians. Unfortunately, information about most of these explorers is fragmentary, sometimes even legendary. The dates of their lives are known approximately, but the descriptions of their campaigns have been lost. And yet we know something about them.

Ivan Petlin

Panteley Penda

Ivan Moskvitin

Mikhail Stadukhin

Semyon Malenkaya

Who: Semyon Dezhnev, Cossack chieftain, merchant, fur trader.

When: 1648

What I discovered: The first to pass through the Bering Strait, which separates Eurasia from North America. Thus, I found out that Eurasia and North America– two different continents, and that they do not meet.

Who: Thaddeus Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, navigator.

When: 1820.

What I discovered: Antarctica together with Mikhail Lazarev on the frigates Vostok and Mirny. Commanded the Vostok. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent.

Also, the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical “ Southern mainland", which was mistakenly marked on all medieval maps of Europe. Navigators, including the famous Captain James Cook, searched for this “Southern Continent” in the Indian Ocean for more than three hundred and fifty years without any success, and of course, found nothing.

Who: Kamchaty Ivan, Cossack and sable hunter.

When: 1650s.

What I discovered: peninsula of Kamchatka, named after him.

Who: Semyon Chelyuskin, polar explorer, officer of the Russian fleet

When: 1742

What I discovered: the northernmost cape of Eurasia, named Cape Chelyuskin in his honor.

Who: Ermak Timofeevich, Cossack chieftain in the service of the Russian Tsar. Ermak's last name is unknown. Possibly Tokmak.

When: 1581-1585

What I discovered: conquered and explored Siberia for the Russian state. To do this, he entered into a successful armed struggle with the Tatar khans in Siberia.

Who: Ivan Krusenstern, officer Russian fleet, admiral

When: 1803-1806.

What I discovered: The first Russian navigator to accomplish this trip around the world together with Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. Commanded "Nadezhda"

Who: Yuri Lisyansky, Russian navy officer, captain

When: 1803-1806.

What I discovered: He was the first Russian navigator to circumnavigate the world together with Ivan Kruzenshtern on the sloops “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. Commanded the Neva.

Who: Petr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky

When: 1856-57

What I discovered: He was the first European to explore the Tien Shan Mountains. He also later studied a number of areas in Central Asia. For his exploration of the mountain system and services to science, he received from the authorities of the Russian Empire the honorary surname Tien-Shansky, which he had the right to pass on by inheritance.

Who: Vitus Bering

When: 1727-29

What I discovered: He was the second (after Semyon Dezhnev) and the first of the scientific researchers to reach North America, passing through the Bering Strait, thereby confirming its existence. Confirmed that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.

Who: Khabarov Erofey, Cossack, fur trader

When: 1649-53

What I discovered: mastered part of Siberia and the Far East for the Russians, studied the lands near the Amur River.

Who: Mikhail Lazarev, Russian naval officer.

When: 1820

What I discovered: Antarctica together with Thaddeus Bellingshausen on the frigates Vostok and Mirny. Commanded the Mirny. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent. Also, the Russian expedition finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical “Southern Continent”, which was marked on medieval European maps, and which sailors unsuccessfully searched for for four hundred years in a row.

Their names are remembered at best on the pages of encyclopedias, but meanwhile they committed important and even heroic deeds for their time.

Any schoolchild knows about Afanasy Nikitin and his “Walk across Three Seas”, has heard about the Siberian pioneers Ermak and Semyon Dezhnev, the expeditions of Przhevalsky, Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and Nicholas Roerich in Central Asia, the life of Miklouho-Maclay among the savages of New Guinea, Russian navigators Kruzenshtern, Lazarev and Bellingshausen... This material is about those who made many great discoveries and heroic deeds, who accompanied these discoveries, but are undeservedly forgotten.

In the 17th century, Russia turned its gaze to the east. Diplomatic ties were established with China, and many pioneers headed to Eastern Siberia, a land hitherto unknown to the Russians. Unfortunately, information about most of these explorers is fragmentary, sometimes even legendary. The dates of their lives are known approximately, but the descriptions of their campaigns have been lost. And yet we know something about them.

Ivan Petlin

A Siberian Cossack from the city of Tomsk, Ivan Petlin (sometimes spelled Petelin), led the first Russian official diplomatic mission to China. The expedition crossed the Western Sayan, Tuva and the Gobi Desert and reached Beijing three months later. True, the Cossacks were not allowed to see the Chinese emperor, but on his behalf they handed over four letters addressed to the Russian Tsar. True, when the letters were brought to Moscow, it turned out that no one could read them. It is believed that it was then that the expression “Chinese letter” arose. Based on the results of his trip to China, Petlin wrote a report entitled “Painting to the Chinese state, and Lobinsky, and other states, residential and nomadic, and uluses, and the great Ob, and rivers, and roads.” The document was considered secret and was kept in the Ambassadorial Prikaz. But English spies managed to make a copy of it, and by the middle of the 17th century, “The Painting” was translated into many European languages, becoming, after the notes of Marco Polo, the second most important document on the history and geography of China. In Russia, Petlin’s manuscript was published only in 1818, and then in the form of a translation from French.

Panteley Penda

At the head of a detachment of 40 explorers, Penda (or Pyanda) was the first to cross the territory of Eastern Siberia and discover here many large and small rivers, the main of which was Elyuene (in Evenki “big river”), that is, the Lena. Penda's squad was the first to raft down the Angara with its famous rapids, and also proved that the Upper Tunguska and the Angara are the same river. Unfortunately, Penda's reports on his travels ("skaski") have not survived. There are only many references to them from other pioneers of Siberia, who later followed in his footsteps.

Ivan Moskvitin

The name of the Spaniard Nunez de Balboa is known to every educated person. It was he who, in 1513, was the first of the inhabitants of the Old World to reach the Pacific Ocean along the Isthmus of Panama. But the Cossack ataman Ivan Moskvitin, alas, did not receive such national fame. Although he accomplished an equally significant (and for Russia even more significant) feat. At the head of a detachment of 30 people, he walked throughout Siberia, climbing taiga rivers and encountering fierce resistance from the local population. The Cossacks reached the Sea of ​​Okhotsk near the mouth of the Ulya River, where they built the first Russian fort on the Pacific Ocean. From here they made several trips to the south and north along the Pacific coast, and then, having lined up two sailing ships, they first reached the shores of Sakhalin. With the acquired geographical information, Ivan Moskvitin returned safely to Moscow, and it was used in drawing up the first map of the Far East.

Mikhail Stadukhin

Unlike many other Siberian pioneers, Mikhail Stadukhin was not a Cossack, but a Pomor. He was born on the Pinega River, not far from Arkhangelsk. But then fate brought him to Eastern Siberia, where he led several fur expeditions. The future famous pioneer Semyon Dezhnev also served under Stadukhin for some time. The main goal of most expeditions of that time was to collect yasak, a fur tribute from the local population. Dozens of similar detachments scoured all over Siberia. Fortunately, some atamans not only engaged in robbery, but also wrote descriptions of the lands they visited. True, due to the fact that not everyone wanted to share their secrets with competitors, these descriptions were often fragmentary, so Stadukhin’s stay in Kamchatka and Chukotka is semi-legendary. However, it is possible that Dezhnev received much information about his future geographical discoveries, in particular about the strait between Asia and America, from Stadukhin. During ten years of his travels in the northeast of Siberia, Mikhail Stadukhin walked about 15,000 km - more than any other explorer of the 17th century.

Semyon Malenkaya

Throughout the 17th century, Russia tried to establish trade and diplomatic relations with India, but to no avail. In 1646 and 1654, two Russian embassies heading to India were detained by the Persian authorities. In 1675, the Moscow embassy led by the Muslim Tatar Muhammad-Yusuf Kasimov was able to pass through Persia and even crossed the border of the Mughal Empire, but they were again not allowed further than Kabul. And finally, in 1698, another attempt was crowned with success.

This time, the merchant Semyon Malenkoy was at the head of the diplomatic mission. The embassy went through Persia to Bandar Abbas, located on the shores of the Indian Ocean, and then by sea reached the Indian city of Surat, from where it went to Delhi. Padishah Aurangzeb honored Semyon the Little with an audience and even allowed him duty-free trade throughout India. The merchant, of course, took advantage of this opportunity and within three years visited many Indian cities: Agra, Bhopal, Burhanpur, etc.

In 1701, the embassy returned safely to Moscow, but due to the beginning of English expansion into India, further contacts between Moscow and Delhi were interrupted for a long time.

Continuing the theme of Russian travelers, our materials are about the heroic stories of ships and people caught in cruel captivity in the ice: from the 19th century to 2012.

Russian explorers

Four centuries ago east of Stone belt - Ural mountains unknown, unexplored lands lay. Few people knew about them. And so, to the east, to the expanses of Siberia and the Far East, the Russian people, “capable of any kind of work and military work,” went. These brave, courageous people who discovered new lands beyond the Ural ridge were called explorers.

Many of them were descendants of free Novgorodians, who back in the 14th century. reached the shores of the Arctic Ocean and the foothills of the Urals. Among the explorers were Pomors who lived on the shore White Sea, as well as people from the northern city of Veliky Ustyug.

At the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century. The main route to Siberia was the road crossing the Urals, opened by Ermak’s squad, from the city of Solikamsk to the headwaters of the Tura River. The city of Verkhoturye was founded here, which played a huge role in the advancement of the Russian population to Siberia and the Far East. A paved road was built between these cities. A warehouse was built in Verkhoturye, from the reserves of which servicemen were supplied with bread.

The spaces beyond the Urals were quickly developed: in 1586 the city of Tyumen was founded, in 1587 - Tobolsk, in 1604 - Tomsk, in 1619 - Yeniseisk. The rapid, unstoppable advance of ordinary Russian Cossacks and industrialists - glorious explorers to the east and northeast of Asia - into new “abundant lands” begins. Their labors border Russian state moved further and further to the northeast.

Explorers in Siberia walked not along roads, which did not exist then, but through the taiga, along rivers, sometimes descending almost to the Arctic Ocean, sometimes moving along the tributaries of large Siberian rivers to their sources, and then moved across the ridges from one river basin to another. Here, on the opposite slope of the ridge, having found a new river, the explorers built boats and went down its current in them.

The Yenisei fortress (wooden fortress) became an important point of Russian penetration into the Baikal region. From here they went to the Lena, Angara rivers and Lake Baikal. In 1631, the pioneering Cossacks founded the Bratsk and Ust-Kutsk forts, and a year later - Lensky, later called Yakutsk. It became the main center of the region. From here the Russian people began moving towards the Arctic and Pacific oceans. They explored the basins of the Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, and Kolyma rivers. Daredevils went on difficult hikes, discovering new rivers, capes, and mountains.

Tomsk Cossack Ivan Moskvitin with a detachment of 32 people walked along the rivers of the Lena basin and dragged it to the Ulya River, which led to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This is how the Pacific Ocean was discovered from the west. This was in 1639. In the spring, the Cossacks set off on sledges through the snow to the south and reached the mouth of the Amur River.

In 1643, an expedition of 132 people headed by Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov set off from Yakutsk to the Amur. He had to find a way to the Amur and the “arable land” of Dauria. He found this path. Reached the Amur and the Ussuri River. The Poyarkovites reached the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and saw Sakhalin Island on the horizon. This difficult and dangerous journey lasted three years. The explorers walked 8 thousand km through new lands.

The most successful was the campaign of the Cossacks under the leadership of a native of the Vologda village, Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov, in the Amur region. During the campaign, he strictly monitored the discipline of his people. Russian people settled into new places in a prosperous manner, which attracted settlers from beyond the Urals, Transbaikalia and Yakutia to the regions of the Far East. Thanks to agriculture and crafts, trade relations with the local population were established. Together they built cities, towns, and laid paths that helped strengthen friendly ties between the peoples of the Russian state. With his actions on the Amur, Khabarov accomplished a glorious feat and earned deep respect and memory. A huge region of the Far East is named after Khabarov and Big City Khabarovsk, which is the center of this region.

Russian explorers in the 17th century. penetrated not only into the southeast of Siberia. Along the routes laid from the Ob River to the Yenisei and Lena Rivers, they reached the extreme northeast of the Asian continent. Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev, a native of Vologda peasants, also proved himself to be a brave explorer. In 1642, he and Mikhail Stadukhin set off from Yakutsk to the Indigirka River. And in 1648 he joined the expedition of the merchant F.A. Popov. On six Koch ships they left the mouth of the Kolyma River and moved east along the sea coast. The sailors encountered storms several times. They only have three kochas left. But they still reached the northeastern ledge of Asia, went around it and passed through the strait that now bears the name of V. Bering, and proved the existence of a passage from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific. Thus, one of the largest geographical discoveries 17th century Later, the extreme northeastern tip of the Eurasian continent was called Cape Dezhnev.

The next step towards the development of the outskirts of Siberia was taken by the Cossack Luka Morozko and the Anadyr clerk Vladimir Atlasov, who equipped an expedition to Kamchatka (1697). Based on his report, a drawing map of Kamchatka was compiled, which became one of the first and oldest maps of the Chukotka Peninsula, Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

Having discovered Kamchatka and laid the foundation for its development, Russian travelers penetrated to the nearest islands of the Pacific Ocean, as well as to the Kuril Islands. The Russians gave them this name because of the constantly smoking volcanoes there. Discovering new “zemlitsa,” Russian explorers built fortresses throughout Siberia, drew up maps and drawings, and left records of their campaigns. People learned more and more about the distant land, and accurate information helped them to develop it better. Local residents also helped them in this, often voluntarily supplying “leaders” (guides) to the pioneers. Of course, there were skirmishes between Russian troops and the indigenous inhabitants of the region. But in Siberia, military men more often died from hunger and disease. And yet, Russian explorers did not retreat, but with hard work transformed the deserted and cold region, infecting the local population with their energy, knowledge and ability to manage farming.

To prepare this work, materials from the site lib.rin.ru were used

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