The spelling rule is about e after sibilants. How to write about and ё after the hissing words at the root

For many foreigners learning Russian, hissing sounds are a serious stumbling block. For example, in Spanish The sounds “zh” and “sh” are completely absent, so the name Natasha, so popular in Latin America, is pronounced by local residents as “Natacha”. But writing letters after sibilants is also difficult for native Russian speakers, especially for schoolchildren. IN school course Russian language are being considered numerous examples to this rule.

Typically, children are offered exercises on the topic: “Insert the missing letters and justify your choice.” But many schoolchildren cannot insert the correct letter and get lost. Why is this happening? The specificity of the hissing “zh” and “sh” is such that any sound denoting a vowel letter and coming after them sounds hard. For example, “e” after “zh” and “sh” sounds like “o”; there is simply no other pronunciation option.

According to established spelling standards , people pronounce [zholty], not [zh’olty], the same thing in the words - “millet”, “went”, “whisper”. Therefore, in order to correctly write the vowel after the hard hissing “sh”, “zh”, you cannot rely on hearing. You need to learn the rules.

When is it appropriate to write O

This is a question that is addressed in a separate section in the Russian language course. high school. First of all, for correct spelling you need to highlight the root. The rule says that “o” is written in the so-called vocabulary words , for which it is impossible to select test ones with the letter “е” in the root.

Most of them are foreign, but there are also native Russians among them. Here are typical examples:

Major (a word of Latin origin meaning “chief”, “large”).
Gooseberry ( Russian word, which may have come from Polish word“krzh” - “cross”, because of the cross-shaped leaves of this berry plant).
Glutton (originally Russian) and its cognate word “zhor” - “increased appetite”. Usually the word “zhor” is used in relation to fish that actively bites, and very rarely - in relation to a person, with irony.
Names of foreign origin: Zhora (diminutive of the name George, French version - Georges, English - George).

Spelling Ё at the root of a word

The vowel “е” is written if a test word can be found for the word in which the “e” is clearly heard. Here textbook examples, familiar to everyone junior schoolchild 3−4 classes:

Whisper - whisper, whisper.
Walked, came - walked, came.
Yellow - turn yellow.
Millet - millet.

It should be borne in mind that before 1917, spelling rules were slightly different, therefore, in books published before the revolution, and some time after it, you can find a completely different spelling: “whisper”, “arrived”. If fragments from old books are used as educational material for schoolchildren, such words should be marked with a footnote and written in the footnote: “in accordance with the old spelling.”

And also “erroneous” spelling of vowels is sometimes found among poets. For example, Alexander Blok in his poem “Factory” writes: “In the neighboring house the windows are zsolt.” Poet deliberately makes a mistake, because the word “yellow”, written with the letter “o”, helps to most accurately convey the unpleasant situation in the “residential area” where the factory is located. This is poetic license, an intentional spelling error used as a means of artistic expression. This detail must be taken into account when analyzing the poem in literature lessons.

Determining correct spelling

There is one more important rule writing “o” or “e” after hissing words. If a noun and a verb sound the same, then “o” is written in the noun, and “e” in the verb. For example:

I got a burn. But: I burned my hand with boiling water.
Ivan was arrested for arson. Out of jealousy, he set fire to his neighbor's house.
Charcoal burner (an obsolete name for the profession).
Perezhogin (surname). But: During the war, grandfather burned all the furniture in the stove.
Heartburn.

In order for students to understand this rule well, the following exercise will be effective: make up your own sentences with pairs of words (“arson” - “set fire”, “burn” - “burned”).

In suffixes

And also the “stumbling block” for schoolchildren is often the vowels “o” and “e” after sibilants in suffixes. A simple rule applies here: if a noun is formed from a participle, then “е” is written in the suffix. Examples: condensed milk (“condensed milk”), stew (“beef stew”), zhzhenka (“ burnt sugar"). In other cases it is written “o”: “darling”, “old woman”, “nag”. However, according to the rules of the old spelling, in old books you can find the spelling “tushonka”, “zhonka”. This needs to be taken into account when working with old-style books.

Modern rules for writing “o” and “e” after hissing words at the root of a word were officially introduced relatively recently. Students need practice to master them. Skills acquired at practical exercises, should be reinforced with the help of dictations, independent and verification work, essays and presentations.

In order to correctly write “o” and “e” after hissing words, you should remember the rule and relate it to a specific word. After this, it is necessary to draw a conclusion, in accordance with the rule, about which letter is suitable in this case. You should not rely on hearing, because insidious “hissers” can mislead with their firm pronunciation. In addition, we should not forget about the features of the old spelling. The words “whisper” and “shol” in books do not mean that the author was illiterate, but that the work was written a long time ago.

The Russian language is flexible, strong, rich. Although it is not as complicated in spelling words as, for example, English, it still has many pitfalls. One of these obstacles on the path to correct writing are words that include the letters o-e-e after sibilants. To make it easier to memorize the relevant rules, the table O, E, E after hissing words in different parts speech.

It would seem that everything is simple. We learned the rule that when we hear o after hissing words, we write e. Suddenly the words “ramrod” or “burn” appear from somewhere. Moreover the last word for some reason it can also be seen in the form of “burn”. Such insidiousness can puzzle not only a schoolchild, but also an adult. This happens because the spelling of these vowels after sibilants is determined by more than one rule.

It also depends on whether the named vowels are stressed or unstressed, in what part of the word or in what part of speech they are written. In different circumstances, the spelling will be different. You need to know these rules well so as not to make mistakes when you have to write words with such a spelling.

The easiest way to remember is when the hissing sound is followed by the sound E under stress. In this case, the letter E is always written. And in adjectives, and in participles, and in all other parts of speech: tin, rustling, Zhenya, egg.

But words with an accented O sound are no longer so simple. It can be transmitted with the letters E and O. We will dwell on this in more detail later.

Vowels O, Yo, E after sibilants

If in a word under stress the letter E was written (which was heard as O), then the letter E is written in the unstressed position after the sibilants. It does not matter where it is - in the root, suffixes or endings.

Examples:

whisper – whispers (at the root);
peas - cockerel (in the suffix);
watchman - siskin (at the end).

Some words with unstressed E just need to be remembered, since they cannot be checked by their stressed position. For example: lisp, wish, heck.

The letter O in an unstressed position is written after sibilants in several cases.

- in some words that came to us from other languages. These words just need to be remembered. Here are a few as examples:

majordomo;
Scotland;
banjo;
ranch;
highway.

– if these are compound words or in words with the prefix inter-. For example, interregional, intersectoral and so on.

– also in words not included in literary norm, but invented by the authors of the texts that formed them from existing ones. Example: fresh(from fresh according to the sample to white).

After hissing and “ts”

If after the hissing we hear percussion sound Oh, we don’t always write what we hear. Sometimes o is written after soft h, and e is written after hard w or w. How to determine the correct option?

The stress will always be E when in words of the same root there is an alternation after the sibilant stressed O and unstressed E.

Example:

bees - bee;
whisper - whisper.

If there is no such alternation in the roots of words, then O is written.

Gooseberry;
the seam;
slum;
clink glasses.

In words that came to Russian from different languages, where the letter ё conveys a special sound from the language of the original source, it is written ё. Example: Schoenberg, Schoenbruny.

The rules do not apply to many common or proper nouns. The names of rivers and cities, first and last names are written in accordance with how it is reflected in the documents. John, Pechora, Zhora, Kalachov/Kalachev, Chernyshev/Chernyshov.

Otherwise, it is important to pay attention to which part of the word and which part of speech has the stressed sound O.

When a noun is formed from a verb, then E is written in the suffixes. Example: overnight (to spend the night). On the contrary, if the noun is formed from other parts of speech, then after the sibilants comes O: little wolf, little wolf and so on.

If a word is formed using the suffix ЁР, it will have е after the sibilants: boyfriend, conductor.

There is also such an interesting group of words that are similar in sound, but different in spelling. Nouns are written with O, and verb forms with E: arson - set fire; burn - burn.

Spelling e, e, o after hissing and c

Participle

In suffixes under stress in participles we write E, in unstressed positions we write E.

Adverb

In adverb suffixes the letter O will be written if it is under stress. The unstressed suffix will be s E: fresh, fragrant.

The rule does not apply to the adverb yet.

Adjective

In suffixes of adjectives formed from nouns, we write O.

Adjectives formed from verbs are written in such cases with E. Example: brocade - gilded (from the verb to gild).

Ending

In most cases, if after hissing words we hear a stressed O, then this sound is expressed in writing as E.

But the endings of nouns and adjectives with stress are written O, without stress - E.

Exercise

Insert the missing letters and mark the spellings.

It was fresh... Sh...k - that's our way! The f...ngler hit the...ch...t and pushed his shoulder...on J...on. Yes, you're a big man in the hood... no.

Spelling the letters O and E after sibilants
In order to accurately write a dubious vowel (O or E) after sibilants (Zh, Sh, Ch, Shch) and not CHOKE, you must first find out in which part of the word the vowel being tested is located - in the root, suffix or ending. In addition, if the vowel is in a suffix or ending (in other words, outside the root), then you also need to know what part of speech the word being tested belongs to (that is, whether it is a noun, adjective, adverb, verb).

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOWEL AT THE ROOT OF A WORD?

1. At the ROOT WORD under stress, you need to write E if in other forms of this word or in words with the same root the letter E is written: WHISPER (because WHISPERS), BEES (because BEE), BLACK (because BLACK), YELLOW (because YELLOW), SHEL (because COME), etc. This is how most roots are written.
2. If it is not possible to find a test word, then after the hissing words, at the root, under the stress, you should write O: SEAM, RUSH, BLINDERS, HEARTBURN, GOOSEBERRY, GLUTTER, Clink Clinks, Slum. There are not very many such words, and they are usually remembered as exceptions.
3. If you have a word of foreign origin in front of you, then you need to write O after the hissing consonant at the root under stress, for example: HOOD, SHOCK, JUGGLE.

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOWEL IN SUFFIX AND ENDING?

1. In the SUFFIX of a noun, adjective, adverb, the letter O is written under stress: DOG-ONK-A, KAMYSH-OV-YY, HOT-O.
2. AT THE ENDING OF nouns and adjectives, the letter O is written under stress: DOCTOR-OM, BIG-OH.
3. In SUFFIXES of verbs, participles and all words formed from verbs, the letter E is written under stress: PECH-ET, YOU-KORCH-EV-YVA-TY, YOU-KORCH-EV-KA, PERE-SECH-YONN-YY , NIGHT-YOV-KA, LISH-YONN-YY.

DIFFICULT CASES

Please note that the nouns STEW, SGUSHCHENKA, OCHEVKA and some others are written with the letter E. The letter E is written in the suffixes of these words, since they are related in meaning to the verbs STEW, CONDENSATE and OVERNIGHT.

Please note that the words RECHOVKA, MELOCHOVKA, PLASCHOVKA are written with an O. The letter O is written in the suffixes of nouns according to the rule stated above.

Please note that the word BECHEVKA is written with the letter E. The letter E is written because this vowel is part of the root and is verified by the word BECHEVA.

Separately, it is necessary to remember the rule of writing words with the root ZHOG / ZHEG.
If the word is a noun, then you need to write the letter O. For example: SEVERE BURN, ARSON COMMITTED TO A HOUSE. But when the word is a verb, it is written with the letter E. For example: SEVERELY BURNED MY HANDS, AN UNKNOWN MAN SET THE HOUSE BURNED, THE AUTHOR BURNED THE MANUSCRIPTS.

Exercise

1. – And why the hell didn’t I go straight to the archers! - Wartkin exclaimed bitterly. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
2. He was struck by the silence during the day and the rustling during the night. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
3. The bus stopped, and the driver said: “We’ve arrived.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
4. At that very moment a mask appeared in front of him and put its hand on his shoulder. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
5. An Orlov resident went to them, hoping to feast on sterlets in Staritsa, but found that there was “only enough dirt” there. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
6. ...Looks into the field through the window bars, sees cheerful birds floating freely in the sea of air ... (N. M. Karamzin)
7. He listened intently for some time. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
8. Below are lush, densely green flowering meadows, and behind them, along the yellow sands, a bright river flows (N. M. Karamzin)
9. Peace was soon concluded, and Erast returned to Moscow, burdened with debts. (N. M. Karamzin)
10. ...I would bow to him with a smile and say warmly: “Hello, dear shepherd” (N. M. Karamzin)
11. …Sad story those times when the fierce Tatars and Lithuanians devastated the surrounding area with fire and sword... (N. M. Karamzin)
12. The enlightened reader knows that Shakespeare and Walter Scott both presented their gravediggers as cheerful and playful people. (A.S. Pushkin)
13. Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the beam, the driver whistled and the horses galloped. (A.S. Pushkin)
14. The officer, inflamed by the wine, the game and the laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended. (A. S. Pushkin)
15. Honorable, but troublesome, and not so much honorable as troublesome, and in the end not honorable at all, but so... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
16. At the border of the illuminated space, a car with a canvas top was getting wet, and next to the car, two people in shiny raincoats were bending a third one, black and wet, to the pavement. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
17. A hefty big-lipped man with rosy cheeks, clicking his fingers as he walked and dancing, walked towards the counter. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
18. Victor took a step back. It was a patient from a leper colony - a “wetman”, or a “bespectacled man”, as they were called here for the yellow circles around the eyes - in a tight black bandage hiding the lower half of his face. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
19. Only once did he clearly and loudly say: “I don’t know.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
20. And he took out a fountain pen and began to unscrew the cap, listening to his feelings with the interest of an outsider, and he was not surprised when he felt proud. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
21. Are you familiar with the toy called “Bad Wolf”? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
22. Firstly, maybe not with brass knuckles at all, but with a brick, and secondly, who knows where they can hit me in the skull? I could be hanged at any moment, so what, now – don’t leave the room? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
23. The two in cloaks turned around at once and looked at Victor for several moments from under their pulled-up hoods. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
24. Society, by at least, it would be sweetly sh_, and pale young men with burning eyes would be trailing on your heels. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
25. I have a diseased liver, catarrh of the intestines and something else with my stomach. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
26. “You and I, our psyche is not adapted to such sh_ kam. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
27. And for a whole minute not a sound was heard, only some rustling, like fog, rustled, creeping over the ground. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
28. – Well, stop! - Sh_ then they said from the darkness and pressed something familiar into their chest. Victor automatically raised his hands. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
29. A jeep pulled up to the entrance, the door opened, and a young man with glasses and a briefcase and his lanky companion got out into the rain, covered with only a raincoat. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
30. Only Teddy, a shelter rat, a product of the port slums, could know such words_ b. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
31. There were illuminated shop windows and a neon-lit entrance to the cinema, where very identical young people of indeterminate gender, in shiny raincoats down to their heels, crowded under the canopy. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
32. Mr. President deigned to work himself up to the last degree, splashes flew from his fanged mouth, and I took out a handkerchief and demonstratively wiped my cheek, and this was probably the most courageous act in my life, except for the case when I fought with three tanks at once. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
33. – Has everyone read my works?
“Yes,” children’s voices responded. - Read... Everything...
“Great,” Victor said, puzzled. - Polish, although surprised. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
34. Either they will begin to look at each other in embarrassment, or their faces will light up with understanding, or a certain sigh of relief will sweep through the hall as a sign that the misunderstanding has been clarified. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
35. Diana sensibly reasoned that Rossheper, with all his abnormal gluttony, could not cope with such a mass of berries alone. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
36. Where is the bungee, he thought. Where did I put the bunge_? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
37. There were a lot of people here, some semi-familiar men and women, they stood in a circle and clapped their hands, and in the center of the circle Diana danced with that same yellow-faced dude, the owner of an eagle profile. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
38. This morning an investigator came to see me. You see, I’m in a brutal state of mind, my head is cracking, I’m sitting, looking out the window, and then this cudgel appears and starts doing business... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
39. He jumped up, turned on the light and, wincing from the pain in his eyes, began to grope for his clothes. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
40. Cars with their headlights on were crowded in front of the police department. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
The exercise was prepared by N. Gorbanev-Gamaleya and B.A. Panov (“League of Schools”)

Many people get confused with “o” and “e” at the root of the word. This is one of the rules of the Russian language that is easy to remember, but even so, most people misspell such words. To remember the rule about O and E after the hissing words at the root of the word, you need to look at the peculiarities of their use.

“O” is written when in the root, with or without stress after sibilants, this vowel cannot be verified by selecting a cognate word with “E”.

Chocolate. When selecting words of the same root, “o” retains its position: chocolate, chocolate.
To shock – shock, shock, shock therapy.

It is important to distinguish between the roots -zhog- and -zheg-: they have different lexical meanings. The verbs use “ё”: “Peter suddenly burned his hand while pouring tea.” In nouns, the root word is “o”: “Marina treated the burn herself with the help of oils and ointments.”

"O" is also written in some foreign words: highway, driver, chauvinism and all derivatives from them.

Note! In the words “stew”, “condensed milk”, “overnight” it is written “e”. In these cases, you need to look at the words they relate to. In this case, these are the verbs “stew”, “thicken”, “overnight”. Therefore, “е” in these words does not refer to the root, but to the suffix.

“Yo” in the roots of words after hissing words

“E” is written at the root of a word in cases where, when the form of the word changes, “e” appears in its place.

Whisper. If you change the word to a verb, you get the word “whisper.” “e” appears at the root of the word, so “e” is used in the noun.
Walked. If you change the word to other forms, for example, “who came,” the letter “e” appears at the root of the word, so it is correct to use “e” in the adjective.

If, when changing the number of a word or case, the stress shifts to another syllable, then the root of the word is also written “e”.

For example:

gutter – gutters;
millstone - millstone;
liver - liver.

These two conditions - stress and alternation of “е” with “e” help to choose which letter to write at the root after sibilants.

“Yo” in the roots of words after hissing words

You can remember these rules using simple rhyming “memory notes”.

For example:

Should I write O or E? Do not you know!

Then you change the word!

If “e” replaced “e”,

Then drop the “o” altogether!

If you change a word and get an “e” at the root,

Then you can freely write “e” in it quickly, easily!

Vowels o and e after sibilants

They confuse different children and adults,

But if the word can be changed,

And change the letter “е” to “e” there,

There is no need to think and guess for a long time,

But still write “e” with confidence!

Don’t forget to write “o” or “e”,

If the rule is simple, you will know.

If you change the word, you get "e"

Then forget about “o” and “e” and write quickly.

How to remember the rule

For those who like sequence of actions when choosing a spelling, there is a sequence of actions that need to be followed in order not to make a mistake.

The algorithm for choosing a letter when in doubt includes the following steps:

Write down the word, identify the letter that is in doubt.
Determine whether a word belongs to
Choose several words with the same root.
Analyze changes in the root of the word: does the letter change or not?
If the letter has changed to “e”, then in the first form of the word you need to write “e”; if no changes occur, then in the root after the sibilants you need to write “o”.

Interesting fact! Often “e” is used instead of “e”. Many linguists claim that this is a gross spelling error. But in fact, the use of “е” is optional: it is mandatory in dictionaries, texts where emphasis matters, in books for schoolchildren, textbooks for foreigners. In other cases, its use is optional.