What are homogeneous words examples. How to identify homogeneous members of a sentence and what they are

In Russian, there are often sentences with words that answer the same question and belong to the same part of speech.

The concept of a homogeneous member of a sentence

Such words in a sentence perform the same function, have equivalent meaning and are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating connection. Such members of a sentence in Russian are called homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous members of a sentence:

The old green poplars rustled, groaned, and moved alarmingly. This offer homogeneous members- predicates.

The green forest rustled incessantly, evenly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are circumstances.

Let's analyze what the main features of homogeneous members are. Firstly, they all have the same involvement in the main word with which they are directly associated. There are exceptions in which homogeneous members of the sentence do not belong to this part of speech.

For example:
I like to walk slowly, with stops.

Punctuation: homogeneous members and connecting conjunctions

Connecting conjunctions in sentences with homogeneous members are most often represented by the conjunctions “and this, and that”, “and neither, and nor”, ​​“also, too”, “not only..., but also”.

Before conjunctions that connect homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma should be placed in three cases:
1. With a dividing and single connecting union of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example:

1.1. Crucians and carps splashed in the pond.

1.2. In the pine forest you can see a woodpecker or a squirrel.

2. If conjunctions combine several pairs of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example: Uncle Vanya’s collection included many daggers and knives, guns and pistols, decorated with stones.
3. If homogeneous members are connected to each other by repeating unions, and thus form a stable combination. For example: Aunt gave us a lot of multi-colored flags: red, green, and yellow.

Notes It should be remembered that in some cases, combinations with double conjunctions and homogeneous members of the sentence can be confused. This is the most common mistake among students. Examples of sentences with combinations with double conjunctions:

I like to walk quietly in the forest, with stops.

Vivid examples of combinations with double conjunctions, which are often falsely attributed to homogeneous members of a sentence, are laughter and sin, neither fish nor fowl, etc.

Heterogeneity relations are often found in adjectives - a large leather bag, a small glass glass.
In sentences with homogeneous members, homogeneous words most often describe the dynamics of this action, the qualitative characteristics of one object. If homogeneous members have increased expressiveness, they form a series of epithets.

In some sentences we come across words that are repeated. It is important to know that they are not homogeneous members of the sentence. Example: Spring was waiting, nature was waiting. The word “waited” is repeated in this sentence two times solely to emphasize the importance of the upcoming event. Such and similar words are considered in Russian as one member of a sentence.

Simple sentences with a complex structure are diverse. They may contain:

1) homogeneous members;
2) separation;
3) introductory words and sentences and plug-in constructions;
4) appeals.

Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.

§1. Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members- these are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question. They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection.
The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

I like ice cream.

I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.

(simple two-part extended sentence)

Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.

(a simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members)

Any member of a sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, objects, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.

There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.

(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)

The girl is well-mannered and well educated.

(well-mannered and educated - homogeneous predicates)

I loved books, construction sets and cartoons.

(books, construction sets, cartoons- homogeneous additions)

We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.

(in the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances)

It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.

(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, and in beautiful language.

(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)

Due to the sudden downpour, we were soaked to the skin and frozen.

(homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units soaked to the skin and verb frozen)

Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be differently arranged punctually.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are designed intonationally, and in writing punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

Masha, Seryozha and Petya were sitting around the table in the dining room and drawing.

(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)

§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members

Rows of homogeneous members may have words with a general meaning that relate to all the words of the row. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.

Generalizing words are words that mean:

• generic and specific concepts:

  The room had simple furniture: an old sofa, a table, two chairs.

  (general word - furniture);

• words: All, All, Always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and others, conveying the idea of ​​universality:

  Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.

In a sentence, generalizing words can appear both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:

On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.

The punctuation of sentences depends on the place that generalizing words occupy.

§3. Distinguishing homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on one side, according to one characteristic, for example, by size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject with different sides, according to various criteria.

A cheerful, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.

(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)

A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.

(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)

There were red, orange and yellow flowers in the vase.

(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting common feature- color)

There were large red fragrant flowers in the vase.

(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions)

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:

At the end of November the first light snow fell.

(words first And easy refer to different parts speeches: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that homogeneous members are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question?

2. Are homogeneous members of a sentence equal?

3. Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinating relationship?

4. Are sentences with several rows of homogeneous members possible?

5. Is the number of homogeneous members limited?

6. Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be connected by coordinating conjunctions?

7. What is the name of a word with a general meaning that homogeneous members can have?

   • general word
   • appeal
   • circumstance

8. Is a generalizing word always the same member of a sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?

9. Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot..?

   • homogeneous definitions
   • heterogeneous definitions

10. What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, and orange leaves.?

    • homogeneous definitions
    • heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function (i.e., occupying the position of one member of the sentence).

They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection. The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

For example: I like ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookie And cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) Merry , laughing , screaming , flashy the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)

Homogeneous there can be everything members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.

For example:

- How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- In a large forest during a storm, trees moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the store counter. (Yellow, blue, violet are homogeneous definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors And cartoons.
(Books, construction sets, cartoons are homogeneous additions)
- We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river– homogeneous circumstances).

Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the sentence.

For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.

Homogeneous members of the sentence may be common or uncommon.

For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, leaves and fruits.

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrases in excellent language.)

Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin And frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units, are wet to the skin and frozen by the verb.)

Complications by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

For example:

Masha, Seryozha And Petya sat around the dining room table and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya– homogeneous subjects – 1st row of homogeneous members; sat and drew– homogeneous predicates – 2nd row of homogeneous terms.)

Enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions are involved in the grammatical association of homogeneous members:

a) connecting: And ; Yes in meaning And ; neither ..., neither ; How ..., so and ; Not only ...,but also ; Same ; Also ;
b) adversative: A ; But ; Yes in meaning But ; but ; however ;
c) dividing: or ; or ; That ..., That ;not that ..., not that ; either ...,either .

For example:

Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals. (Union How …, so and – connecting.)

And the Baltic Sea, although not deep, but extensively. (Union But - nasty.)

In the evenings he or read, or watched TV.(Union or – dividing.)

In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive), for example:

For example:

It was useful because it is educational a game. Book interesting, although difficult. (In these examples, homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because developing; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because, although.)

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

For example: We seemed to be floating in the air and were spinning, were spinning, were spinning. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not this way : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I'll go and have a look and so on.;

4) phraseological units like: neither fluff nor feather, neither back nor forth, for nothing about anything, neither light nor dawn, neither fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this way and that.

In them There is no comma.

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes allowed in written speech. The most complex punctuation rules usually include the placement of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This minor member sentences denoting a sign, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree (an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

Definition this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part of a complex) sentence. Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depending on the same word. Therefore, they will respond to general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Video on the topic

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

These are the main signs, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

1. Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " WITH early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
3. Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " He entered the room briskly A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples of these can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at Luzhin’s big, pale face, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
3. When using adjectives in figurative meaning(close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent remedy expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As shown this example, in such a case, two groups of definitions are distinguished that relate to one noun, but have opposite meanings.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from open window " In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. The exception is sentences with combinations that allow for double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.

What are the good things about the rules of the Russian language? The fact that even without knowing all the intricacies of their use, absolutely everyone uses them. Want an example? Please! Coming home from school, the child begins to talk about everything he was doing: writing an essay, solving a problem, playing football, pushing Masha. At the same time, it is not you, not your child, who will not think that his story turned out to be so complete thanks to the very important homogeneous parts of the sentence. So what are homogeneous members of a sentence?

How to recognize homogeneous members

First, let's remember what a proposal is. These are words that express a complete thought. The words that make up a sentence are called sentence members. This is the subject, predicate, definition, addition, circumstance.

Sentences consisting of different members (main and secondary) are considered common. They may have members with similar functions. They answer one question and refer to one common word, that is, they are homogeneous.

Why are homogeneous members needed? In the above example from school life, the child listed everything he did in class. Thus, the main purpose of homogeneous members is enumeration. Homogeneous members make the narrative more interesting and allow you to tell about several actions, objects or their characteristics at once.

What members of the sentence are they?

What are homogeneous members, and what members of a sentence can be them? The answer is simple: any. Accordingly, they can be any part of speech.

For example, main member sentences – subject expressed by a noun: Roses, hydrangeas and poppies grew in the garden.

Homogeneous predicates look like this: During physical education, the guys ran, jumped, did push-ups, and played volleyball. All verbs here are predicates (answer the question: what did you do?) and homogeneous members of the sentence (since they refer to the same subject).

Example of homogeneous circumstances: There were crows sitting on the fence, roof and trees.

Homogeneous definitions give several characteristics to one object at once: The water in the sea was warm, clean and transparent.

In a sentence: He painted with watercolors, gouache, pencil - homogeneous additions.

Punctuation marks and conjunctions

In writing, homogeneous members are distinguished by commas and connected by conjunctions, and when pronounced, by the intonation of enumeration: “And the wind, and the rain, and the haze Above the cold desert of water” (I. Bunin). In this example, the words are connected by a repeating conjunction.

Commas are also used if homogeneous members are connected by adversative conjunctions: The spool is small, but expensive. The conjunction “yes” is used in the meaning of the adversative conjunction “but”.

When using disjunctive conjunctions, commas are also necessary: ​​I will buy either apples, or pears, or plums.

So, you have learned what homogeneous members of a sentence are, examples of their use, and you probably realized that you can do without them in everyday communication It's just not possible.