Which war ended with the signing of the Peace of Nystadt. The Nystadt world: how and thanks to what Russia became a great power

Nystadt world(August 30, Old Style (September 10), 1721, ratified on September 9 (Old Style)) - Russian-Swedish peace treaty concluded in the city of Nystadt (now Uusikaupunki, Finland). It was signed on the Russian side by J. V. Bruce and A. I. Osterman, on the Swedish side by J. Liljenstedt and O. Strömfeld. He ended the Northern War and changed the Russian-Swedish border, previously fixed by the Stolbovo Peace Treaty of 1617. Sweden recognized the annexation of Livonia, Estland, Ingermanland (Izhora Land), part of Karelia (the so-called Old Finland) and other territories to Russia. Russia pledged to pay Sweden monetary compensation and return Finland.

Victories of Russian weapons at the end Northern War England, Hanover, Holland and Denmark decided to take advantage, having entered into an alliance with Peter I against Sweden. In reality, England and Holland did not want complete defeat Sweden and the strengthening of Russia in the Baltic. This led to the collapse of the coalition and the conclusion of an alliance treaty with France on August 4, 1717: Paris promised mediation in negotiations with Sweden, exhausted to the limit by the long war. On May 12, 1718, the Åland Congress opened on one of the Åland Islands. On the Russian side, the negotiations were led by Yakov Bruce and Andrei Osterman. However, hoping for help from England, the Swedes delayed them in every possible way. In addition, after the death of Charles XII in 1718, the revanchist group of Queen Ulrika Eleonora came to power in Sweden, advocating rapprochement with England and the continuation of hostilities.

In 1719, under the influence of English diplomacy, a coalition of European states was organized against Russia. It included Austria, Saxony and Hanover. England promised military and financial assistance Swedes. Negotiations at the Åland Congress were terminated. In 1719, the Russian fleet defeated the Swedes near the island of Ezel, and in 1720 - near the island of Grengam. England was forced to withdraw its squadron from the Baltic. In 1719−1720, three successful landing operations were carried out in Sweden. All this forced the Swedes to resume negotiations in May 1721 in Nystadt. On August 30 (Old Style), 1721 peace treaties were signed.

The treaty that ended the Northern War consisted of a preamble and 24 articles. According to the agreement, Russia secured access to the Baltic Sea: part of Karelia north of Lake Ladoga, Ingermanland (Izhora land) from Ladoga to Narva, part of Estland with Revel, part of Livonia with Riga, the islands of Ezel and Dago went to it. For these lands, Russia paid Sweden compensation of 2 million efimki (1.3 million rubles). An exchange of prisoners and an amnesty for “criminals and defectors” (except for supporters of Ivan Mazepa) were provided. Finland was returned to Sweden, which also received the right to annually purchase and export 50 thousand rubles worth of grain from Russia duty-free. The agreement confirmed all the privileges granted to the Baltic nobility by the Swedish government: the nobility retained its self-government, class bodies, etc. On September 10, 1721, celebrations were held in Moscow on the occasion of the Peace of Nystad. Victory in the Northern War promoted Russia to one of the largest European states. Main provisions of the agreement:

1. Eternal and indissoluble peace between the Russian Tsar and the Swedish King and their successors;

2. Complete amnesty on both sides, with the exception of the Cossacks who followed Mazepa;

3. All actions are terminated within 14 days;

4. The Swedes cede to Russia for eternal possession: Livonia, Estland, Ingria, part of Karelia;

5. Finland returns to Sweden;

6. Profession of faith in these territories is free.

Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Bibliography:

1. Big Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. B. A. Vvedensky, 2nd ed. T. 30. Nikolaev - Olonki. 1954. 656 pp., ill. and maps; 52 l. ill. and cards.

2. Balyazin V.N. Unofficial history of Russia 2007 ISBN 978-5-373-01229

The successes of Russian troops in Finland and on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, as well as the victory of the Russian fleet in the Baltic waters and the threat of transferring hostilities to the territory of Sweden itself forced Charles XII to enter into peace negotiations.

This was also facilitated by the negotiations conducted by Peter I and Russian diplomats who went abroad with him in 1716. In August 1717, after Peter I visited Paris, an alliance treaty was concluded in Amsterdam between Russia, France and Prussia; France promised its mediation to conclude peace between Russia and Sweden and at the same time pledged to renounce its alliance with Sweden and stop paying her cash subsidies.

The Treaty of Amsterdam weakened Sweden's position and brought France closer to Russia. This prompted the Swedes to make concessions, and negotiations began in Holland between the Russian ambassador B.I. Kurakin and the Swedish representative, Holstein minister Hertz. As a result of these negotiations, on May 10, 1718, a peace congress opened on the Åland Islands. The draft treaty prepared at this congress satisfied the territorial demands of the Russian government. Ingria, Livonia, Estland and part of Karelia were to go to Russia. Russia agreed to Sweden's return to Finland, occupied by Russian troops.

Sweden insisted on receiving an “equivalent” in the form of the return of Bremen and Verden, taken from it during the Northern War and annexed to Hanover. Russia agreed to provide the Swedes military assistance for the war against Hanover, and therefore against England, since the Hanoverian Elector George I was the English king. However, in November 1718, Charles XII was killed during the siege of a fortress in Norway, and opponents of peace with Russia gained the upper hand in Sweden. The Åland Congress dragged on, and then the negotiations were interrupted.

The English government achieved the conclusion of a convention between Sweden and Hanover in 1719, according to which Sweden ceded Bremen and Verdun to Hanover, and for this England entered into an alliance with Sweden against Russia. In the summer of 1719, in accordance with the treaty, an English squadron under the command of Admiral Norris entered the Baltic Sea for a surprise attack on the Russian fleet, but the British failed to take the Russians by surprise. Under pressure from England, Prussia signed a treaty with Sweden in 1720 and broke the alliance with Russia. In the same year, the English fleet entered the Baltic Sea for the second time. Nevertheless, the Russian squadron defeated the Swedes at Grengam, after which troops were landed on the Swedish coast. In 1721, the English squadron again tried to attack the Russian fleet in the Baltic Sea and was also unsuccessful. All this forced the British to recommend that the Swedish government resume peace negotiations.

The peace congress opened in Nystadt in Finland in April 1721. Here Russia achieved the acceptance of all its territorial demands put forward at the Åland Congress, and even with smaller concessions on its part.

The Treaty of Nystadt, signed on August 30, 1721, was a huge success for Russia. “Eternal, true and indestructible peace” and friendship between Russia and Sweden were established. Ingria, part of Karelia, Estland, Livonia with the sea coast from Vyborg to Riga and the islands of Ezel, Dago and Moon were transferred to Russia into “eternal possession” and “property”. Russia pledged to return Finland to the Swedes, pay 2 million efimki and refused to support the contender for the Swedish throne - the Duke of Holstein, the fiancé of Peter I's daughter Anna.

The Peace of Nystadt introduced important changes in the balance of power in Europe. Sweden has lost its importance as a great power. The treaty consolidated Russia's successes achieved through victories in a long and difficult war. The most important task has been solved foreign policy Russia, established back in the 16th-17th centuries, gained access to the Baltic Sea. Russia received a number of first-class ports and thus placed in favorable conditions their trade relations with Western Europe. The significance of the Nystadt Peace was very great for strengthening the country’s defense capability: the northwestern borders of Russia moved far to the west and from land became sea; A powerful Russian navy appeared in the Baltic Sea. Before the negotiations in Nystadt, Menshikov told the French representative Compradon: “We no longer want to have clashes with our neighbors, and for this we need to be separated by the sea.” Subsequently, Compradon, who became the French ambassador in St. Petersburg, noted that “the Treaty of Nystadt made him (Peter I) the ruler of the two best ports on the Baltic Sea.”

Sweden abandoned the alliance with England and concluded an alliance treaty with Russia in 1724 with the obligation of mutual assistance in case of attack by another power (with the exception of Turkey). Subsequent attempts by Sweden to return the Baltic provinces were unsuccessful.

The outward expression of the increased international importance of Russia and the establishment of absolutism was the proclamation by the Senate of Peter I as emperor in the same 1721. Russian state became known as the Russian Empire.

Estland and Livonia, which became part of the Russian Empire, were previously possessions of Sweden. The landowners here were German and Swedish feudal lords, and their serfs were Estonians and Latvians.

The annexation of the Baltic states to Russia put an end to the struggle of the northern powers for its possession. Economic, political and cultural ties between the Russian and Baltic lands were restored. This contributed to further development industry and trade in Estland and Livonia. The local German nobility received great benefit from joining Russia, becoming the support of the Russian autocracy. It had enormous power over the dependent peasantry. The class privileges of the Baltic nobility were wider than the privileges of Russian nobles: the Baltic nobles Treaty of Nystadt retained class self-government and patrimonial police. In St. Petersburg, a special Justice Collegium and a Chamber Office for the Affairs of Estonia and Livonia were created.

On August 30 (September 10), 1721, a Russian-Swedish peace treaty was signed in Nystadt. On behalf of Russia it was signed by Feldzeichmeister General Yakov Bruce and Privy Councilor Heinrich (Andrei Ivanovich) Osterman; from the Swedish side - advisor Count Johan Liljenstendt and Baron Otto Strömfeldt. Many articles of the Nystadt world are of interest today, therefore, I consider it necessary to present them in full.

The military part of the agreement included:

The world is being restored. Military operations cease throughout the entire territory of the Principality of Finland within 14 days after the signing of the treaty, and in all other territories where the war was fought within 3 weeks.

A general amnesty is declared for those who, during the war and its vicissitudes, either became deserters or went into the service of the opposing powers. The amnesty does not apply only to the Ukrainian and Zaporozhye Cossacks, supporters of Mazepa, whose betrayals the tsar cannot and does not want to forgive.

The exchange of prisoners without any ransom will be carried out immediately after the ratification of the treaty. Only those who converted to Orthodoxy during the captivity will not be returned from Russia.

Russian troops clear the Swedish part of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland within 4 weeks after ratification of the treaty.

Requisitions of food, fodder and vehicles for Russian troops cease with the signing of peace, but the Swedish government undertakes to provide the Russian troops with everything they need free of charge until they leave Finland.

In terms of boundaries, the agreement provided for:

Sweden cedes to Russia forever the provinces conquered by Russian weapons: Livonia, Estland, Ingria and part of Karelia with the Vyborg province, including not only the mainland, but also the islands of the Baltic Sea, including Ezel (Saaremaa), Dago (Hiiumaa) and Moon ( Muhu), as well as all the islands of the Gulf of Finland. Part of the Kexholm district (Western Karelia) goes to Russia.

Installed new line the Russian-Swedish state border, which began west of Vyborg and went from there in a north-easterly direction in a straight line to the old Russian-Swedish border, which existed before the Treaty of Stolbov. In Lapland, the Russian-Swedish border remained unchanged. A special commission was created to demarcate the new Russian-Swedish border.

The political part of the agreement included the following provisions:

Russia undertakes not to interfere in the internal affairs of Sweden - neither in dynastic relations, nor in the form of government.

In the lands lost by Sweden to Russia, the Russian government undertakes to preserve the evangelical faith of the population (Baltic states), all churches, the entire education system (universities, schools).

Few people know that the Treaty of Nystadt provided for the payment by Russia of a large indemnity to Sweden. Thus, Russia had to pay Sweden two million thalers (efimks) for the territories going to it.

Sweden was given the right annually “for eternity” to purchase grain worth 50 thousand rubles in Riga, Reval and Arensburg and export this grain duty-free to Sweden.

During the 21-year Great Northern War, Peter the Great managed to return to Russia the lands that belonged to its princes back in the 9th-11th centuries, and to achieve access to the sea; Peter I truly “cut a window” to Europe. A powerful Russian fleet appeared in the Baltic.

However, the Peace of Nystadt had one serious flaw - Peter, in a hurry to make peace, agreed to a border 120 versts from the new capital - St. Petersburg. Since the Swedish aristocracy did not accept defeat in the war and dreamed of revenge, such a border near Vyborg became a source of instability and constant headaches for the Russian government.

I would also like to note that Russia’s success in the war was based not only on Peter’s personal qualities, as is now often believed. Peter I waged a coalition war against Sweden in parallel with the War of the Spanish Succession. Almost all European countries took part in these two wars. Thus, if Peter had started a war with the Swedes in conditions of stable peace in Europe, then the very first successes of the Russians would have caused the intervention of large European states in the war. It is not difficult to guess that a powerful coalition of European powers would defeat Russia, and in the very best case scenario Peter would only have been able to maintain the “status quo” in the territorial aspect.

Summing up the results of the war, I would like to once again turn to the opinion on this issue of the Swedish researcher Peter Englund: “The concluded peace put an end to the Swedish great power and at the same time heralded the birth of a new great power in Europe: Russia. This state was to grow and become more powerful, and the Swedes could only learn to live in the shadow of this state. The Swedes left the stage of world history and took their seats in the auditorium.”

Yes, indeed, as a result of the Great Northern War, Sweden forever lost hope of becoming a great power. And the reason for this, in my opinion, lies in the fact that the Swedish great power was based only on military art and a reformed army; politically, it was not independent and was heavily dependent on England, Holland and France.

At the same time, Russia's international importance has increased enormously. Favorable conditions were created for trade relations between Russia and Western Europe. An expression of its increased role in international politics was the proclamation of Peter I as emperor. Russian empire took a leading position in the North and East of the continent.

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