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On August 30 (September 10), 1721, a Russian-Swedish peace treaty was signed in Nystadt. On behalf of Russia it was signed by Feldzeichmeister General Yakov Bruce and Privy Councilor Heinrich (Andrei Ivanovich) Osterman; from the Swedish side - advisor Count Johan Liljenstendt and Baron Otto Strömfeldt. Many articles of the Nystadt world are of interest today, therefore, I consider it necessary to present them in full.

The military part of the agreement included:

The world is being restored. Military operations cease throughout the entire territory of the Principality of Finland within 14 days after the signing of the treaty, and in all other territories where the war was fought within 3 weeks.

A general amnesty is declared for those who, during the war and its vicissitudes, either became deserters or went into the service of the opposing powers. The amnesty does not apply only to the Ukrainian and Zaporozhye Cossacks, supporters of Mazepa, whose betrayals the tsar cannot and does not want to forgive.

The exchange of prisoners without any ransom will be carried out immediately after the ratification of the treaty. Only those who converted to Orthodoxy during the captivity will not be returned from Russia.

Russian troops clear the Swedish part of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland within 4 weeks after ratification of the treaty.

Requisitions of food, fodder and vehicles for Russian troops cease with the signing of peace, but the Swedish government undertakes to provide the Russian troops with everything they need free of charge until they leave Finland.

In terms of boundaries, the agreement provided for:

Sweden cedes to Russia forever the provinces conquered by Russian weapons: Livonia, Estland, Ingria and part of Karelia with the Vyborg province, including not only the mainland, but also the islands of the Baltic Sea, including Ezel (Saaremaa), Dago (Hiiumaa) and Moon ( Muhu), as well as all the islands of the Gulf of Finland. Part of the Kexholm district (Western Karelia) goes to Russia.

Installed new line the Russian-Swedish state border, which began west of Vyborg and went from there in a north-easterly direction in a straight line to the old Russian-Swedish border, which existed before the Treaty of Stolbov. In Lapland, the Russian-Swedish border remained unchanged. A special commission was created to demarcate the new Russian-Swedish border.

The political part of the agreement included the following provisions:

Russia undertakes not to interfere in the internal affairs of Sweden - neither in dynastic relations, nor in the form of government.

In the lands lost by Sweden to Russia, the Russian government undertakes to preserve the evangelical faith of the population (Baltic states), all churches, the entire education system (universities, schools).

Few people know that the Treaty of Nystadt provided for the payment by Russia of a large indemnity to Sweden. Thus, Russia had to pay Sweden two million thalers (efimks) for the territories going to it.

Sweden was given the right annually “for eternity” to purchase grain worth 50 thousand rubles in Riga, Reval and Arensburg and export this grain duty-free to Sweden.

During the 21-year Great Northern War Peter the Great managed to return to Russia the lands that belonged to its princes back in the 9th-11th centuries, and to achieve access to the sea; Peter I truly “cut a window” to Europe. A powerful Russian fleet appeared in the Baltic.

However, the Peace of Nystadt had one serious flaw - Peter, in a hurry to make peace, agreed to a border 120 versts from the new capital - St. Petersburg. Since the Swedish aristocracy did not accept defeat in the war and dreamed of revenge, such a border near Vyborg became a source of instability and constant headaches for the Russian government.

I would also like to note that Russia’s success in the war was based not only on Peter’s personal qualities, as is now often believed. Peter I waged a coalition war against Sweden in parallel with the War of the Spanish Succession. Almost all European countries took part in these two wars. Thus, if Peter had started a war with the Swedes in conditions of stable peace in Europe, then the very first successes of the Russians would have caused the intervention of large European states in the war. It is not difficult to guess that a powerful coalition of European powers would defeat Russia, and in the very best case scenario Peter would only have been able to maintain the “status quo” in the territorial aspect.

Summing up the results of the war, I would like to once again turn to the opinion on this issue of the Swedish researcher Peter Englund: “The concluded peace put an end to the Swedish great power and at the same time heralded the birth of a new great power in Europe: Russia. This state was to grow and become more powerful, and the Swedes could only learn to live in the shadow of this state. The Swedes left the stage of world history and took their seats in the auditorium.”

Yes, indeed, as a result of the Great Northern War, Sweden forever lost hope of becoming a great power. And the reason for this, in my opinion, lies in the fact that the Swedish great power was based only on military art and a reformed army; politically, it was not independent and was heavily dependent on England, Holland and France.

At the same time, Russia's international importance has increased enormously. Favorable conditions were created for trade relations between Russia and Western Europe. An expression of its increased role in international politics was the proclamation of Peter I as emperor. Russian empire took a leading position in the North and East of the continent.

The main conclusion of the Twenty Years' War was the signing of the Nystad Treaty, which was not only a successful result of a difficult and long war, but also recognition of the merits of Peter I, the great success of his transformative activities. 1720 and 1721 - sent Russian corps to Sweden itself and thereby forced the Swedish government to resume peace negotiations. In 1721, a congress of Russian and Swedish diplomats took place in Nystadt (near Abo), and on August 30, 1721, peace was concluded. The conditions of the Nystadt Peace were as follows: Peter received Livonia, Estland, Ingria and Karelia, returned Finland, paid two million efimki (Dutch thalers) in four years and did not assume any obligations against his former allies. Peter was extremely pleased with this peace and solemnly celebrated its conclusion. The significance of this world for the Moscow state is defined briefly: Russia became the main power in northern Europe, finally entered the circle of European states, and bound itself with them in common political interests and received the opportunity to freely communicate with the entire West through the newly acquired borders. Strengthening the political power of Rus' and new conditions political life, created by the world, were understood by both Peter and his colleagues. During the solemn celebration of peace on October 22, 1721, the Senate presented Peter with the title of Emperor, Father of the Fatherland and Great. Peter took the title of Emperor. The Muscovite state thus became the All-Russian Empire, and this change served external sign a turning point that took place in the historical life of Rus'. Platonov S.F. Full course lectures on Russian history. Petrograd. August 5, 1917

Electronic source www.km.ru

Conclusion

As a result of the Northern War, Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea, solving one of its main historical problems; the domination of the Swedes in the Baltic was ended. Russia has become important force in European politics, while Sweden has lost its status great power; The foreign policy positions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were also seriously weakened. Any war forces the development of military equipment, strategy and tactics, on the basis of this, in the post-war years, there is a leap in civilian structures. The war forced the creation of its own production of iron, copper, cloth, ropes and sails. An industrial region appeared - the Urals.

The Northern War had a huge impact on the changes that took place in the country. Most of reforms and transformations of Peter the Great was conceived and implemented precisely under the influence of this war. Many historians consider the actions of Peter I to be unnecessarily cruel and rash, however, he was able to lead Russia to new level. And although these changes mainly fell heavily on the shoulders of the common people, and at first glance did not bring beneficial changes into their lives, the country acquired a high position in the eyes of the world community. And although it did not become such a European state as it was imagined great reformer However, positive changes happened to her.

The history of our country at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries is replete with numerous events that directly influenced further move development of Russia. His energetic personality and foolish activities led to the emergence of a new state, and the Peace of Nystadt was one of the main achievements of this era.

"A Century of Loss"

At the end of the 17th century, Russia was a fairly vast country, but at the same time it did not have a significant influence on pan-European affairs. This was due to both previous historical events, and the inertia of rulers. Throughout this century, our country has experienced many upheavals. Time of Troubles, intervention of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, loss of western lands, popular uprisings, the apogee of which was the rebellion of Stepan Razin. As a result of all these events, Russia lost access to the sea, through which active trade took place, and found itself isolated.

In addition, an important role was played by the fact that the rulers of this period: Alexey Mikhailovich, Fyodor Alekseevich, Ivan Alekseevich - were in poor health and did not differ in state thinking. The exception to this series was Sofya Alekseevna.

The beginning of big things

For a short period she was regent for her younger brothers - Ivan, who was weak-minded, and Peter, who could not rule independently due to his youth. Under her, two actions were activated that were designed to weaken this khanate, and, if possible, to win access to the Black Sea. However, both military campaigns ended extremely unsuccessfully for Russia, which was one of the reasons for the fall of Sophia.

Peter, meanwhile, seemed to be engaged in childish activities. He organized war games, studied tactics, and several ships were built on the lake in the village of Kolomenskoye, which Peter proudly called the fleet. As he grew older, he understood more and more clearly that Russia simply needed access to warm, navigable seas. He became even more convinced of this idea by visiting Arkhangelsk, the only city at Russia’s disposal.

Intelligence and cooperation with Europe

The fight between Peter and Sophia ended with the victory of the former. Since 1689, he took full power into his own hands. The tsar had a dilemma about which sea - the Black or the Baltic - to try to gain access to. In 1695 and 1696, he decided to scout out the forces opposing our country in the south. The Azov campaigns showed that the forces available to Russia are definitely not enough to defeat the powerful Ottoman Empire and her devoted vassal - the Crimean Khanate.

Peter did not despair and turned his attention to the north, to the Baltic. Sweden dominated here, but to enter into battle with one of the leading European countries of that time it was suicidal without allies, so in the period 1697-1698. the tsar organized the Grand Embassy to European countries. During this time, he visited the most developed countries of the continent, inviting specialists in military, engineering and shipbuilding to Russia. Along the way, diplomats learned the balance of power in Europe. By this time, the division of the Spanish inheritance was brewing, and the great powers were of little interest to the north of Europe.

Peace of Nystadt 1721: the origins of victory

Taking advantage of this, the embassy concluded a number of agreements with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Saxony and Denmark. This alliance was called the Northern Alliance in history and had the goal of undermining Sweden's dominance in the Baltic region. The war begins in 1700.

The Swedish king acted very quickly and decisively. In the same year, Swedish troops landed near Copenhagen and with powerful attacks forced the Danish king to make peace. Charles the Twelfth chose Russia as his next victim. As a result of inept command and other circumstances, Russian troops suffered a crushing defeat near Narva. The Swedish king decided that Peter was no longer his rival, and concentrated military operations on Saxony, where he achieved victory in 1706.

Peter, however, did not become discouraged. With quick, energetic measures, he creates, in essence, a new army based on conscription, and practically renews the artillery park. At the same time, the construction of the fleet was underway. After 1706, Russia fought one-on-one with Sweden. AND active actions the king gave the result. Gradually, the initiative and superiority passed to the side of the Russian troops, which was secured by victory in Battle of Poltava, which led in the finale to the conclusion of the Peace of Nystadt with Sweden.

Russia becomes an empire

However, the war continued for another 12 years; Russia added naval victories to its victories on land. The Battle of Gangut in 1714 and the Battle of Grengam in 1720 cemented the dominant role of the Russian fleet on the Baltic shores. In view of Russia's clear advantage, the Swedish government requested a truce. The Peace of Nystadt was concluded a few months later, it marked the complete victory of our country.

Amazed England and France were amazed that while they were busy with Spanish affairs, such a powerful military-political force had formed in the east of the continent. But they were forced to agree with this. The terms of the Nystadt Peace implied a change in the borders between the two states. The territories of Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, as well as some regions of Karelia went to Russia for eternal possession. For these lands, Russia undertook to pay Sweden compensation in the amount of 2 million rubles and return Finland. The Senate proclaimed Peter emperor and Russia an empire. From this moment on, our state becomes one of the countries that decides the destinies of Europe and the world.

1721 On September 10 (August 30, old style), the Peace of Nystad was signed between Russia and Sweden, which was the result of the Northern War of 1700-1721.

Masquerade in Moscow on the occasion of the conclusion of the Nystadt Peace. 18th century engraving

“Treaty of Nystadt 1721 - between Russia and Sweden; signed on September 10 by Russian commissioners J. V. Bruce and A. I. Osterman and Swedish commissioners Lilienstern and Strömfeldt; ended the Northern War of 1700-21.

By the time of the peace negotiations, Russia held in its hands Finland, Ingermanland, Estland and Livonia, which had been conquered from the Swedes. Russian troops several times landed troops on the territory of Sweden itself. Under these conditions, even the withdrawal of the allies - Denmark and Poland - which concluded through the mediation of England peace treaties with the Swedes, did not shake the firmness of Russian diplomacy. Russia supported the same demands as at the Åland Congress, namely, it agreed to return only Finland to the Swedes, reserving all other territories occupied by Russian weapons. When, on the eve of the Nystadt Congress, the French envoy to Sweden, Campredon, arrived in St. Petersburg as a mediator, these conditions were announced to him. Peter I and his ministers agreed, as a further concession, only to refuse to support the claims of the Holstein Duke to the Swedish throne and to provide Sweden with monetary compensation for Livonia. All Campredone's efforts to mitigate these conditions were to no avail. The French mediator had no choice but to return to Sweden and recommend that the Swedish king agree to the proposed conditions, since the continuation of the war threatened devastated Sweden with even worse consequences.

"To the Nishtat Peace." Officer's medal for participants in the Northern War, 1721

The peace congress took place in May - September 1721 in Nystadt, Finland. Peter I and Russian diplomats acted persistently and very skillfully, using military pressure simultaneously with negotiations. During the congress, when the Swedes showed intransigence, a landing force was landed on the Swedish shores, which destroyed 4 cities, many villages and factories, “so that (in the words of Peter I) it would be better.” Finally, in order to influence the Swedes, the Russian delegates indicated a deadline for ending the negotiations and threatened that Russia would not agree to peace without recognizing the Duke of Holstein as heir to the Swedish crown. The moment for presenting these demands was chosen very favorable, since Sweden's ally England had to withdraw its fleet from the Baltic Sea. Peter I resolutely refused to conclude a preliminary treaty, seeing in this Sweden’s desire to delay the peace treaty. He met the Swedes halfway in some minor issues: he promised to speed up the payment deadline monetary compensation for Livonia, which was going to Russia, approved the involvement of the English king in the peace treaty as an ally of Sweden, agreed to demolish some small fortresses and, as the most significant concession, refused to support the Duke of Holstein, i.e., from interfering in the “domestic” affairs of the Swedes. As a result of these negotiations, the Nystadt Peace Treaty was signed.

According to the Nystadt Peace Treaty, “eternal, true and inviolable peace on land and water” was established between Russia and Sweden. Hostilities were to cease within 2 weeks in Finland, and in more distant places - 3 weeks after ratification of the treaty. Sweden recognized the annexation to Russia of Ingria, part of Karelia, all of Estonia and Livonia, conquered by Russian weapons, with the cities of Riga, Revel, Dorpat, Narva, Vyborg, Kexholm, the islands of Ezel, Dago, Moon and all other lands from Vyborg to the Courland border. Russia pledged to return Finland to the Swedes and pay 2 million efimki (thalers) as compensation for Livonia. In dire need of imported bread and losing fertile regions, Sweden received the right to purchase duty-free bread worth 50 thousand rubles annually from Livonia. The Baltic landowners retained their rights to land holdings; the previous privileges and self-government of cities in the annexed provinces were also preserved; the rights of the Protestant Church were recognized. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as an ally of Russia, was given the right to conclude a formal treaty with Sweden, provided that it did not contradict the Nystadt Peace Treaty. England was included in the Treaty of Nystadt as an ally of Sweden. An exchange of prisoners of war was provided for, and unimpeded trade was established between Russian and Swedish merchants. An amnesty was declared for those who, during the war, “took service with one side and through this acted against the enemy”; However, the Ukrainian traitors who went over to the Swedes along with Mazepa were excluded from the amnesty.

The Treaty of Nystadt, which gave Russia the Baltic provinces with convenient ports, fulfilled the historical task that had faced the country since the time of Ivan III, not resolved by Ivan IV and solved in its entirety only by Peter.

During the solemn festivities that marked the conclusion of the Nystadt Peace Treaty, the Senate presented Peter I with the title of Emperor and Father of the Fatherland. Russian state thanks to internal transformations and successes foreign policy"turned into the All-Russian Empire, a powerful naval and military power."

Quoted in: Diplomatic Dictionary // Ed. A. Ya. Vyshinsky and S. A. Lozovsky. M.: OGIZ, 1948

History in faces

August 30th, at four o'clock in the morning

Quoted from: Soloviev S.M. History of Russia from ancient times. Volume 17, chapter 3. M.: Mysl, 1993. p.299

This day in history:

1721 On September 10 (August 30, old style), the Peace of Nystad was signed between Russia and Sweden, which was the result of the Northern War of 1700-1721.

“Treaty of Nystadt 1721 - between Russia and Sweden; signed on September 10 by Russian commissioners J. V. Bruce and A. I. Osterman and Swedish commissioners Lilienstern and Strömfeldt; ended the Northern War of 1700-21.

By the time of the peace negotiations, Russia held in its hands Finland, Ingermanland, Estland and Livonia, which had been conquered from the Swedes. Russian troops several times landed troops on the territory of Sweden itself. Under these conditions, even the withdrawal of the allies - Denmark and Poland - who concluded peace treaties with the Swedes through the mediation of England, did not shake the firmness of Russian diplomacy. Russia supported the same demands as at the Åland Congress, namely, it agreed to return only Finland to the Swedes, reserving all other territories occupied by Russian weapons. When, on the eve of the Nystadt Congress, the French envoy to Sweden, Campredon, arrived in St. Petersburg as a mediator, these conditions were announced to him. Peter I and his ministers agreed, as a further concession, only to refuse to support the claims of the Holstein Duke to the Swedish throne and to provide Sweden with monetary compensation for Livonia. All Campredone's efforts to mitigate these conditions were to no avail. The French mediator had no choice but to return to Sweden and recommend that the Swedish king agree to the proposed conditions, since the continuation of the war threatened devastated Sweden with even worse consequences.

"To the Nishtat Peace." Officer's medal for participants in the Northern War, 1721

The peace congress took place in May - September 1721 in Nystadt, Finland. Peter I and Russian diplomats acted persistently and very skillfully, using military pressure simultaneously with negotiations. During the congress, when the Swedes showed intransigence, a landing force was landed on the Swedish shores, which destroyed 4 cities, many villages and factories, “so that (in the words of Peter I) it would be better.” Finally, in order to influence the Swedes, the Russian delegates indicated a deadline for ending the negotiations and threatened that Russia would not agree to peace without recognizing the Duke of Holstein as heir to the Swedish crown. The moment for presenting these demands was chosen very favorable, since Sweden's ally England had to withdraw its fleet from the Baltic Sea. Peter I resolutely refused to conclude a preliminary treaty, seeing in this Sweden’s desire to delay the peace treaty. He met the Swedes halfway on some minor issues: he promised to speed up the payment of monetary compensation for Livonia, which was going to Russia, approved the involvement of the English king in the peace treaty as an ally of Sweden, agreed to raze some small fortresses and, as the most significant concession, refused to support the Duke of Holstein , i.e., from interfering in the “domestic” affairs of the Swedes. As a result of these negotiations, the Nystadt Peace Treaty was signed.

According to the Nystadt Peace Treaty, “eternal, true and inviolable peace on land and water” was established between Russia and Sweden. Hostilities were to cease within 2 weeks in Finland, and in more distant places - 3 weeks after ratification of the treaty. Sweden recognized the annexation to Russia of Ingria, part of Karelia, all of Estonia and Livonia, conquered by Russian weapons, with the cities of Riga, Revel, Dorpat, Narva, Vyborg, Kexholm, the islands of Ezel, Dago, Moon and all other lands from Vyborg to the Courland border. Russia pledged to return Finland to the Swedes and pay 2 million efimki (thalers) as compensation for Livonia. (P.Kh. At the current exchange rate, without accrued interest, this is about $350 billion.) In dire need of imported grain and losing fertile regions, Sweden received the right to purchase 50 thousand rubles worth of duty-free bread from Livonia annually. The Baltic landowners retained their rights to land holdings; the previous privileges and self-government of cities in the annexed provinces were also preserved; the rights of the Protestant Church were recognized. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as an ally of Russia, was given the right to conclude a formal treaty with Sweden, provided that it did not contradict the Nystadt Peace Treaty. England was included in the Treaty of Nystadt as an ally of Sweden. An exchange of prisoners of war was provided for, and unimpeded trade was established between Russian and Swedish merchants. An amnesty was declared for those who, during the war, “took service with one side and through this acted against the enemy”; However, the Ukrainian traitors who went over to the Swedes along with Mazepa were excluded from the amnesty.

The Treaty of Nystadt, which gave Russia the Baltic provinces with convenient ports, fulfilled the historical task that had faced the country since the time of Ivan III, not resolved by Ivan IV and solved in its entirety only by Peter.

During the solemn festivities that marked the conclusion of the Nystadt Peace Treaty, the Senate presented Peter I with the title of Emperor and Father of the Fatherland. The Russian state, thanks to internal transformations and successes in foreign policy, turned into an All-Russian Empire, a powerful naval and military power.”