Political leaders of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The greatest reformer politicians of the 20th century
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Secondary school No. 77"
"Considered"Head of the Ministry of Defense
R. A. Mitrofanova
Protocol No.___________
"______"______________20____
"Agreed"
Deputy Director for HR
L.L. Kovaleva
"______"____________ 20____
"I affirm"
Director of MBOU "Secondary School No. 77"
T. B. Prislegina
"_____"___________20____
Working programm
on an elective course
« Political leaders of Russia. XX century"
Grade 11
Compiled by:
teacher
MBOU "Secondary School No. 77"
T. A. Stratovich
Kemerovo, 2013
Explanatory note…………………………………...2
Thematic planning……………………………6
References……………………………………………………8
Explanatory note
Document structure
The work program includes the following sections: explanatory note; main content with the distribution of training hours by course topics; requirements for the level of training of graduates, literature, teaching aids. It is designed for 35 teaching hours, at the rate of 1 hour per week.
Textbook: “Political leaders of Russia in the twentieth century. 9-11 grades." Publisher: , 2010
The work program provides for the following forms of intermediate and final certification: testing, summarizing lessons.
The work methodology involves the following forms and techniques:
Lectures followed by questioning
Lectures with heuristic conversation
Conversations, seminars, laboratory work
Watching films followed by discussion
The result of work on this course should be independent abstracts, presentations, student reports on a specific topic
The implementation of the work program contributes to:
Personal development in early adolescence, its spiritual, moral, political and legal culture, economic way of thinking, social behavior based on respect for law and order, the ability to self-determination and self-realization; interest in the study of social and humanitarian disciplines
Formation of experience in applying acquired knowledge and skills to solve typical problems in the field of social relations, in the areas of civil and public activities.
This is especially true for grades 10-11, where students are given the basics of career guidance and begin to think about how to build their professional life and career after graduation. And here, within the framework of the study of history and social science, addressing the problem of personality seems very important. Studying the biographies of great people not only at the time of their highest rise, but also on the way to the heights of the political, cultural, and economic Olympus will allow you to think about many exciting things. young man problems, to find answers to questions that pose the task of personal socialization to boys and girls.
How does power affect personality? What qualities does a person need to become a leader of society? Are moral norms observed in politics, or is everything allowed there that is not prohibited by law, and sometimes even more? How important is it for a person aspiring to be a leader to be able to admit his mistakes and change tactics and strategy under the influence of circumstances? What is the responsibility of the ruler (leader) for the events that occur in the state and society (team or organization) he leads? What is stronger, human will or life circumstances? Discussion of these issues will help the student not only outline a program for successful self-realization, but also, perhaps, will contribute to the formulation of moral guidelines for the individual.
Finally, the very formulation of the main problem may not give a final answer to the question of the role of an individual in the historical process, but at least it will make students think about it and help them understand that any leader and leader is by no means an unconditional arbiter the destinies of peoples and states, but also not a sliver carried by the will of the waves of the ocean of history.
Purpose of this course- reveal the role and place of each Russian leader in the history of our Fatherland in the 20th century, assess the degree of his direct influence on the processes that took place during his reign. To do this, it is necessary to implement the following tasks:
Present the key moments of the political biography that played important role in the personal fate of the leader, as well as in the fate of the country and society; leader's behavior at certain decisive moments.
Show the hero’s inner world, his human interests and hobbies.
Highlight the qualities of a person as a leader and politician.
Pay attention to the perception of the policy of one or another by broad layers of society statesman, its transformations in different periods of time.
The purpose of the study is formation of knowledge about political leadership.
Objectives of the discipline:
to form an idea of political leadership, the specifics of certain types of political leadership;
about the main scientific problems and controversial issues in the study of political power;
prepare students to apply acquired knowledge in the implementation of specific political tasks.
have an idea:about the place of political leadership in the system of political sciences; about the problems of reliability of political science knowledge; about the process of exercising political leadership;
know:main characteristics of leadership theory; the most important theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of political leadership;
be able to: identify analyze and interpret the problems of political leadership in the modern world; freely navigate in debatable problems of the theory of political leadership; defend your point of view in a discussion
Topic 1. The role of personality in history (1 hour) Personality in history as part of the philosophy of history. A look at the role of personality in different periods of the development of historical science. Idealistic approach. Marxist concept. Modern views on the role of the individual in the historical process.
Topic 2. Nicholas II (4 hours)
Political features of development Russian Empire. Autocracy. Childhood and youth of Nikolai Alexandrovich. The accession to the throne and the Khodynka disaster. Worldview of Nicholas II. The role of the tsar in determining the foreign and domestic policies of Russia. Nikolai and Alexandra. Family of Nicholas II. Leisure and pastime. Nicholas and the Revolution of 1905. Relationships between the Tsar and the ministers. Nicholas II, Sy. Witte and P.A. Stolypin. February days. Renunciation. Life after the reign. Martyrdom.
Topic 3. G.E. Lviv (1 hour)
Zemstvo activity G.E. Lvov. Lvov and the formation of the Cadet Party. G.E. Lviv and the State Duma. Liberals' plans for the formation of a responsible ministry and the role of Prince Lvov in them. Head of the Provisional Government. June-July crisis of 1917 and resignation. Life in exile.
Topic 4. A.F. Kerensky (1 hour)
Advocacy and beginnings political career. Kerensky A.F. - deputy State Duma from the Trudovik faction. Kerensky in the days of February 1917. Minister of the Provisional Government. Head of the Provisional Government. In exile.
Topic 5. V.I. Lenin (4 hours)
Childhood and youth. Ulyanov family. Vladimir and Alexander Ulyanov. IN AND. Lenin and the founding of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. Exile and emigration. Lenin and Krupskaya. Congress of 1903 and the formation of the Bolshevik faction. IN AND. Lenin and the revolution of 1905. Companions and political opponents. Features of the political activity of V.I. Lenin. Lenin and the February Revolution. "April Theses". Lenin and the October Uprising. Lenin - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars: the creation of the Soviet state, the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and War Communism. Lenin and NEP. Letter to the Congress. Illness and death of the leader. Life after death: the cult of Lenin in the USSR.
Topic 6. I.V. Stalin (4 hours) Son of a shoemaker from Gori. Studying at the seminary. Revolutionary activities in the Caucasus. Prisons and exile. Stalin and the October Uprising. In the fire of the Civil War. People's Commissar for Nationalities: Project for the Education of the USSR. Stalin - General Secretary. Fighting the opposition. Thesis on building socialism
in a single country. Stalin and the year of the Great Turning Point. Stalin's role in mass repressions. Stalin during the Great Patriotic War. Post-war years of the Secretary General: a new wave of repression. Stalin and his family. The mystery of the death of Nadezhda Alliluyeva. Vasily Stalin and Yakov Dzhugashvili: different destinies. The cult of Stalin in the USSR.
Topic 7. N.S. Khrushchev (3 hours)
Worker of Donbass. Study at the Industrial Academy. At party work in Moscow. At the head of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Khrushchev and repressions. Khrushchev during the Great Patriotic War. Khrushchev's participation in the struggle for power after Stalin's death. Khrushchev and the XX Congress. Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Reform activities First Secretary. Plenum of 1964 and the removal of Khrushchev. Pensioner of Union significance.
Topic 8. L.I. Brezhnev (4 hours)
Studying at the gymnasium. Everyday life of a working man. At party work in the Dnepropetrovsk region. L.I. Brezhnev during the Great Patriotic War: Small Earth. First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldova. Brezhnev's participation in the removal of Khrushchev. Brezhnev - General Secretary. Brezhnev and his entourage. Leisure and pastime. Weaknesses and hobbies of the Secretary General. Brezhnev and collegial leadership. The Brezhnev era: stagnation or stability?
Topic 9. Yu.V. Andropov (2 hours) Participation in the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. At party work in Karelia. Andropov - Secretary of the Central Committee for Socialist Countries: plans for reforms in 1964. Chairman of the KGB. Andropov - General Secretary: attempts to overcome the crisis in the life of the USSR. Andropov is a man and a statesman.
Topic 10. K.U. Chernenko (1 hour)
Youth: advancement up the Komsomol and party ladder. Working with Brezhnev in Moldova. Chernenko - head of the General Department of the Central Committee and friend of L.I. Brezhnev. Chernenko is a party bureaucrat. Election to the General Secretary and activities in this post: the most “inconspicuous” leader of Russia.
Topic 11. M.S. Gorbachev (4 hours)
At party and Komsomol work in Stavropol region. First secretary of the regional committee. To work in Moscow. Andropov's protege? Election as Secretary General. Report at the April Plenum. M.S. Gorbachev and the beginning of perestroika. The deepening crisis in the USSR and the role of Gorbachev. Gorbachev and new thinking in foreign and domestic policy. Gorbachev and Yeltsin. President of the USSR. The draft of a new union treaty and the August putsch. Resignation. Social activities after 1991
Topic 12. B.N. Yeltsin (4 hours)
Childhood and studies at the Ural Polytechnic Institute. Work in the construction industry and the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee. First Secretary of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee. First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU. Yeltsin and Gorbachev. Yeltsin's transition to the opposition. Leaving the CPSU at the XXVIII Party Congress. President of the RSFSR and the Belovezhskaya Accords. President of the Russian Federation. The fight against the Supreme Council and the September-October crisis of 1993. Constitution of 1993: presidential republic. Yeltsin's fight for re-election. Second term: default and search for a successor. Resignation. Private life after 2000
Topic 13. Leaders of Russia in the 20th century. (1 hour)
Russia in the 20th century: from an autocratic monarchy to a presidential federal republic. Comparative characteristics leaders of Russia and eras. The leader and his time
Thematic planning
lesson
Name of topics
Number of hours
Calendar week
form of control
Modernization policy in Russia: prerequisites and results
Crisis of the Empire: Russo-Japanese War and the revolution of 1905-1907.
Political life countries after the Manifesto of October 17, 1905
oral survey
Policy of the Provisional Government and Russian society in 1917
February Revolution 1917
oral survey
Soviet Russia during the Civil War
oral survey
Civil War and foreign military intervention, 1918-1922.
Culture and art of the USSR in the pre-war decade
The creation of the USSR and the struggle for power in the new state.
The idea of building socialism in one country and the rise of I.V. Stalin.
Cult of personality I.V. Stalin, mass repression and the creation of a centralized society management system
work with additional literature
The Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945
First attempts at reforms and the 20th Congress of the CPSU
oral survey
Contradictions in the development of Soviet society in the late 1950s - early 1960s.
Soviet society of the late 1950s - early 1960s.
Attempts at economic reform in the late 1960s.
Politics and economics: from reforms to “stagnation”
Deepening crisis phenomena in the USSR
Perestroika and collapse of Soviet society
21week
oral survey
Russian Federation in 1991-2004.
Russia at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries.
work with additional literature
Nicholas II
G.E. Lviv
A.F. Kerensky
IN AND. Lenin
N.S. Khrushchev
I.V.Stalin
L.I. Brezhnev
Yu.V. Andropov
K.U. Chernenko
B.N. Yeltsin
Repeating and generalizing lesson
Bibliography
Alliluyeva SI. Twenty letters to a friend. M., 1990.
Arutyunov A.V. Lenin. Great experimenter. M., 2003.
Arutyunov A.V. Lenin. Red Jacobin. M., 2005.
Balabanova A.I. My life is a struggle. Memoirs of a Russian socialist. 1897-1938. M., 2007.
Bokhanov A.I. Nicholas II. M.. 2006.
Brezhnev L.I. Memories. M., 2005.
Brezhnev L.I. Materials for the biography. M., 1991.
Burlatsky F. Leaders and advisors. M., 1990.
Burlatsky F. Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers - red, black, white. M., 2008.
WitteSY. Memoirs, memoirs: in 2 volumes. Minsk. 2002.
Volkogonov D.A. Lenin. M., 1994.
Volkogonov D.A. Seven leaders: in 2 books. M., 1999.
Volkogonov D.A. Triumph and tragedy: in 2 books. M., 1989.
Gorbachev M.S. Life and reforms. M., 1995.
Gorbachev M.S. Life and reforms. M., 1995.
Gorbachev P . M . "I hope...". M., 1991.
Grachev A. Gorbachev. A man who wanted what was best... M., 2001.
Diary of Emperor Nicholas II.
Yeltsin B.N. Notes from the President. M., 2006.
Yeltsin B.N. Confession on a given topic. M., 2008.
Yeltsin B.N. Presidential Marathon: reflections, memories, impressions. M., 2000.
Zhukov G.N. Memories and reflections: in 2 volumes. M., 2002.
Kaganovich L.M. Memoirs. M., 2003.
Kerensky A.F. Diary of a politician. The revolution has begun! From afar. The Kornilov case. M., 2007.
Kokovtsev V.N. From my past: memories. 1903-1919. Minsk, 2004.
Korzhakov A.V. Boris Yeltsin: from dawn to dusk. M., 1997.
Krupskaya N.K. About Lenin: collection of articles and speeches. M., 1965.
Kurlov P.G. The death of Imperial Russia. M., 2002.
Lenin V.I. Selected works: in Zt.
Ligachev E.K. Warning. M., 1999.
Medvedev R.A. Andropov. M., 2006. (ZhZL series).
Medevedev R.A. Stalin's entourage. M., 2006. (ZhZL series).
MlechinL. Brezhnev. M., 2008. (ZhZL series).
Mosolov A.A. At the court of the last emperor: memoirs of the head of the palace chancellery. 1900-1916. M., 2006.
Nikita Khrushchev. 1964: transcripts of plenums of the CPSU Central Committee and other documents. M., 2007.
Nicholas II: diary (1913-1918). M., 2007
OldenburgSS Reign of Emperor Nicholas II. M., 1992.
Ostrovsky Paleolog M. Tsarist Russia on the eve of the revolution. M., 1991.
Pankratov B . C . With the Tsar in Tobolsk. M., 1990.
Correspondence between Nikolai and Alexandra Romanov. T. 3-5. M.; L., 1923-1927.
Pechenev V.V. Gorbachev: to the heights of power. M., 1991.
Polner T.N. The life path of Prince Georgy Evgenievich Lvov: Personality. Views. Conditions of operation. M., 2001.
Pribytkov V.V. Apparatus. M., 1995.
Pribytkov V.V. The joy of meetings and the pain of loss. M., 2006.
Pribytkov V.V. Chernenko. M., 2009. (ZhZL series).
Rodzianko M. S. The collapse of the empire. M., 1990.
Semanov S.N. Leonid Brezhnev. M., 2005.
Semanov S.N. Yuri Andropov. M., 2003.
Semanov S.I., Kardashov V.I. Joseph Stalin: life and legacy. M., 1997.
Sinitsin I.E. Andropov close up. M., 2004.
Stalin I.V. Works: in 18 volumes. Any edition.
Sukhanov N.N. Notes on the revolution: in 3 volumes. M., 1991-1992.
Trotsky L. Portraits of revolutionaries. M., 1991.
FedkzhIN. Kerensky. M., 2009. (ZhZL series).
Khrushchev N.S. Memories. M., 2007.
Khrushchev S.N. Khrushchev. M., 2001.
Chuev Felix. One hundred and forty conversations with Molotov. M., 1991.
Shulgin V.V. Days. 1920: notes. M., 1989.
y A.V. Who stood behind Stalin? M., 2004.
Man is the original and permanent object and actor of politics. In essence, politics exists for this purpose: to remove obstacles on people’s path to freedom and to satisfy growing needs. As the degree of freedom of personality development, the breadth of its choice to satisfy needs largely depends on politics. It is the awareness of this that encourages people to make their own political choices, to participate in politics with meaningful political goals. But the person who is the primary actor in politics acts in it effectively only together with others. The masses play a decisive role in politics.
Therefore special important have ways of influencing their political behavior. Political activity is a wide field in which there are significant opportunities for personal development. The pinnacle of this seems to be political leadership. Becoming a political leader is a complex process. Typologies of leaders are of significant interest. To varying degrees, political leaders influence the development of society, the nature and extent of which is not always easy to assess.
Political leadership is as old as humanity. It is universal and inevitable. It exists everywhere.
Leadership is a type of power, the specificity of which is its top-down direction, as well as the fact that its bearer is not the majority, but one person or group of people.
Consider Stalin.
After the split between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903, the cautious and slow Koba waited a year and a half on the sidelines, but then joined the Bolsheviks. By 1905, He was already becoming an influential figure, though not in general party affairs, but among the Bolsheviks at the local level.
In 1912, Stalin, who proved his firmness and loyalty to the party during the years of reaction, was transferred from the provincial arena to the national one.
Lenin doubted that Stalin would be able to use the immense power of the Secretary General carefully enough. But Stalin began to slowly but decisively “take” power into his hands.
Already by the beginning of 1930, the Stalin faction reigned supreme
in Soviet Union.
“Since power is in my hands,” Stalin said in a private conversation, “I am a gradualist.”
Bolshevik Fyodor Raskolnikov wrote about him “The Main psychological property Stalin, which gave him a decisive advantage, just as strength makes a lion the king of the desert, is extraordinary, superhuman willpower. He always knows what he wants, and with steady, inexorable methodicality he gradually achieves his goal.”
It was not only the Bolsheviks who recognized Stalin’s exceptional will. Winston Churchill remembered him: “Stalin made the greatest impression on us. His influence on people is irresistible. When he entered the hall at the Yalta conference, everyone stood up, as if on command, and - a strange thing - for some reason they kept their hands at their sides.” Once Churchill decided in advance not to stand up when the Soviet leader appeared. But Stalin entered - and against his own will, the English Prime Minister got up from his seat.
The year 1929 is the most important milestone in Stalin’s biography. Pompous celebration of the 50th anniversary Secretary General Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b),
It can be said that the transformation of the party leader into the sole leader of the country has been recorded.
Stalin was a supporter of an extremely hard line on all issues that came to the attention of the country's top leadership.
In 1933, Stalin declared: life has become better, life has become more fun. In reality, this was far from the case.
Now everyone is still concerned with the question, what was Stalin’s role in the Second World War, what was the significance of his leadership of the country during that period, what would have happened if Stalin had not existed at all? There is a lot of debate on this topic. Some, focusing on the fact that Stalin destroyed millions of people, that through his actions he brought only evil to his country. Others argue that, although this is true, we still won in that big war mainly because it was Stalin who led us, and if not for Stalin, it is unknown whether we would have been able to cope with the enemy and defeat him.
But still they are inclined to believe that it was not Stalin, but our heroic army, its talented commanders and valiant warriors, our entire people, who ensured victory in the Great Patriotic War. All the more shameful and unworthy was the fact when, after the great victory over the enemy, which was given to us at a very heavy price, Stalin began to destroy many of those commanders who made a significant contribution to the victory over the enemy, since Stalin excluded any possibility that merit, those won at the fronts were attributed to anyone other than him.
Considering Stalin from the point of view of his claim to power, he is a charismatic leader - they stand apart, their power is based not on external force, but on some unusual personal quality, which M. Weber called “charisma”. This quality does not have a clearly defined content, but it is sufficient for a charismatic leader to have followers who want to entrust him with political power.
Stalin belonged to this type of leader, which can be designated by the term “master” (paranoid political style). Such a person is characterized by suspicion, distrust of others, hypersensitivity to hidden threats and motives constant thirst power, control over other people. His behavior and actions are often unpredictable. A politician of the paranoid style does not accept any point of view other than his own, and rejects any information that does not confirm his theories, attitudes and beliefs. The type of thinking of such a politician is inverse, when reality is viewed through the extremes of “black” - “white”, and people are divided into “enemies” and “friends”.
Thus, if we approach his assessment objectively, Stalin was neither a great reformer nor a great commander; but nevertheless, he really was great - a great totalitarian leader who made himself a deity for his subjects, and destroyed those who disagreed with this.
The second prominent representative of political leadership is Franklin Roosevelt.
From the very beginning of his political activity, he discovered an extraordinary understanding of socio-political realities. Both supporters and opponents noticed his tenacity, courage, and ability to guess and formulate the needs and aspirations of broad sections of the population.
In 1921 After swimming in cold water Roosevelt was paralyzed, and for the rest of his life he was confined to a wheelchair. However, this did not stop him from winning the New York gubernatorial elections in 1928, and the presidential elections in 1932.
Upon taking office, Roosevelt proclaimed the beginning of the New Deal, the main component of which was state intervention in the economy, unprecedented for America.
In 1943 in Tehran, Franklin Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill discussed mainly the problem of achieving victory over the Third Reich, while in Yalta in 1945 the main decisions were made on the future division of the world between the victorious countries.
His name is also associated with one of the most significant pages in the history of US foreign policy and diplomacy, and in particular the establishment and normalization of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, and US participation in the anti-Hitler coalition. Roosevelt’s role was exceptionally great in the formation and implementation of the so-called “New Deal” within the country, a course of democratic orientation that played an outstanding role in stabilizing the economic and social situation in the country in the period after the deep economic crisis of 1929-1934, a course that made it possible to avoid severe socio-political upheavals.
In terms of how leaders fulfilled their political roles, Roosevelt had a style focused on effective and efficient activity, which can be called active-positive. He was also a charismatic leader. Such leadership is maintained not because of the exceptional qualities of the leader, but because of faith in him.
Roosevelt proved himself to be an extraordinary, flexible politician, sensitive to the situation, capable of correctly guessing trends and promptly and accurately responding to changing moods of all segments of society. Remaining a loyal son of his class, Roosevelt did everything to preserve and develop the existing socio-economic system in the country and strengthen the dominant position of the United States throughout the world.
Roosevelt always remained a sober and pragmatic politician. He was re-elected to the post of president of the country four times (which is a record in US history) and held it until his death.
The third person I considered was Nikita Khrushchev.
Politicians are all the same: they promise to build a bridge even where there are no rivers
In 1918, Khrushchev was accepted into the Bolshevik Party. He participates in the Civil War, and after its end he is engaged in economic and party work.
in 1932-1934 he worked first as second, then first secretary of the Moscow City Committee and second secretary of the Moscow Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
In 1938, he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine and a candidate member of the Politburo, and a year later a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b).
As soon as he came to power, Khrushchev authorized the work of special commissions to review the cases of political prisoners. Soon, mass rehabilitation of Gulag prisoners began. A few years later the huge concentration camps were empty. But Khrushchev did not want to limit himself to half measures. – he decided not only to destroy the dark consequences of the Stalinist system, but also to condemn the phenomenon itself. Speaking at a closed meeting of the 20th Congress, Khrushchev read the historical report “On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences,” which contained a list of Stalin’s terrible atrocities. The report had the effect of an exploding bomb. The old idea of the genius Stalin, which had developed over decades, was destroyed in an instant. Many former illusions, carefully cultivated by the Stalinist ideological machine, were ended forever.
The 21st century is defined by technology. In 2000, many were paranoid about the Millennium Problem. This was our fear of losing what technology has given us over the past centuries. But technology is not the only thing that distinguishes the 21st century. It is also characterized by a phase of instability in both political and economic life. But in any case, every era is made interesting by people - those who leave a trace of the history and memory of mankind. Below is our list of the 10 most influential people of the current era.
✰ ✰ ✰
10Osama bin Laden
Who would have thought that a member of a rich and famous family would become the world's most wanted terrorist? Osama bin Laden changed people's lives in the 21st century. He forced us to rethink the concept of national security. After September 11, 2001, no one can live the way they lived before that date. The level of attention to safety has increased not only in the United States, but also in other countries.
Osama bin Laden is on our list of the 10 most influential people because of his charismatic influence among Islamic radicals. He was able to convince them of the need to attack the United States and other allies.
✰ ✰ ✰
9Craig Newmark
You would never know Craig Newmark if you saw him on the street. However, this man is behind Craigslist.org, a site that has been called the “newspaper killer.” After college, Newmark worked for IBM. In the 1980s he was a programmer. In 1993, Craig moved to San Francisco, where he later created Craigslist.
What makes Craigslist such a great idea is the concept of an online commune. Here people can exchange information. Over the years, Craigslist has evolved as a designated place for people to post items they want to sell. Craig Newmark is still working on the problem of fighting spammers. He also created the site Craigconnects, which is aimed at charities.
His net income was $400 million in 2010. He is also involved in other ventures, including funding NewAssignment.net, a website that aims to investigate stories published on the Internet.
✰ ✰ ✰
8Noam Chomsky
Historian, philologist, social critic and political activist, Noam Chomsky made our list of the 10 most influential people of the 21st century because of his knowledge regarding global politics and economics. He is the author of more than 100 books and a former professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ideologically he can be classified as an anarcho-syndicalist and socialist.
He criticizes American foreign policy regarding open markets and dominating the economies of weaker countries. The purpose of his research is to form in people a negative image of imperialism, which is inherent not only in the United States, but also in other countries. He also stated his opposition to international institutions such as the IMF, the World Bank and the GATT.
✰ ✰ ✰
7Mark Zuckerberg
This is one of the founders of Facebook. He is also a well-known internet entrepreneur and philanthropist. Without graduating from Harvard, he was able to turn the World Wide Web around.
Today, Facebook has billions of profiles around the world. It is used not only as a tool for communication, but also for business. Over the years, Facebook has been changing its algorithms to be more than just a tool for you to connect with your friends. Although some people don't like the changes, Facebook is still the biggest player among other social networks.
As of May 2016, Mark Zuckerberg's net worth reached $51 billion. He was included in Time magazine's list of the most influential people. But, of course, Facebook has its drawbacks, especially with regard to privacy and political issues.
✰ ✰ ✰
6Tony Blair
Tony Blair served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1997 to 2007. He is the only prime minister to be elected for three consecutive terms. Tony Blair is known for his strong response to
threats of terrorism. He ordered British troops to begin hostilities five times during his term of office.
Tony Blair is also known for his ties to George W. Bush after 2001. This extraordinary man was a key player during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He believed that the world was safer because of this invasion. The militaristic approach to leadership also led to the decline of his political career. With the increasing number of British casualties, Tony Blair was forced to resign as his popularity waned as a result of these events.
✰ ✰ ✰
5Steve Jobs
Everyone knows the name of this man. This is a cult personality. A renowned innovator and pop culture superstar, he is the face of modern technology.
Why Steve Jobs included in the list of the 10 most influential people of the 21st century? Because his company, Apple, revolutionized our Everyday life. He was able to introduce technology that changed our habits and daily routines.
Steve Jobs was one of the founders of Apple. He was the owner of the Pixar animation studio. Steve Jobs was known for his ability to create innovations that became a part of everyone's lives. Among the things he invented were the very first personal computer, the iPhone, and the iPad.
But this is not the only legacy he left us. To this day, Apple remains a leader in technology. It is his culture of excellence and innovation that he brought to the company that has made him one of the most influential people in the world.
✰ ✰ ✰
4Sergey Brin and Larry Page
Sergey Brin and Larry Page founded Google, the largest search engine of our time. Google has changed its approach to information. Brin's fortune is $39 billion, Larry Page's is $36.7 billion.
What has made Google what it is today is its ability to adapt to a changing world. These people were able to update the algorithm search engine so that the order in which websites appear on search result pages changes. In the past, Google's algorithm simply looked at backlinks to rank a website and determine its ranking. Nowadays, there are several factors including social media signals, grammar and backlinks. It did Google search engine number one on which you can advertise your website.
✰ ✰ ✰
3Bill Gates
Bill Gates is known to everyone as the richest man on earth. He is one of the founders of Microsoft. It eventually became the world's largest IT company. Currently, Bill Gates' assets are estimated at $76.4 billion. He is also often criticized for anti-competitive business practices.
The amazing thing is that Bill Gates never forgets to share and help people. He is a very famous philanthropist. His donations include large sums of money for various scientific endeavors. He and his wife created the most powerful charitable foundation. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation was valued at $34.6 billion. They are the second most generous philanthropists in the US with $28 billion in charitable giving.
Their charitable foundation supports various scientific projects, including the use of genetically modified organisms in agriculture. Another amazing thing that sets Bill Gates apart is his ability to influence people like Mark Zuckerberg and Warren Buffett. Together they signed a pledge in which they pledged to give half of their total assets to charity.
✰ ✰ ✰
2Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Putin is on this list of the most influential people as he is the only political leader of Russia. Since 1999, he has been the Prime Minister of Russia and from 2012 to the present - the President of Russia. Putin is a very colorful political player. Former KGB agent, Vladimir Putin has a black belt in judo.
During Putin's rule, Russia has significantly improved its economic situation since the early 2000s, which is largely dependent on oil and gas exports. The country has become the 7th largest economy in the world. In addition, thanks to oil reserves, Vladimir Putin was able to fully repay the Soviet Union's debt by 2005.
But since the beginning of 2014, with the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin has become an object of concern for many other political leaders. Developed Western countries have imposed sanctions against the regime of Vladimir Putin, considering him a threat to the world. But this fact in no way diminishes the position of the leader of the Russian Federation in his influence in the world.
✰ ✰ ✰
1Barack Obama
Next on our list of the 10 most influential people is US President Barack Obama. This is the first black US president. Unlike other presidents, Barack Obama's electoral success was significant not only for the African-American community, but for all minorities in the United States. He is also the first American president to be born outside the continental United States.
In 2009, Barack Obama received Nobel Prize peace. It faced one of its biggest economic challenges during the 2008 recession. Was able to implement laws that allowed the US economy to recover.
During his term, Osama bin Laden was killed. Re-elected to a second term in 2012, defeating Romney, Barack Obama called for inclusiveness for the LGBT community. He is also the first US president in several decades to normalize relations with Cuba.
✰ ✰ ✰
Conclusion
This was an article TOP 10 Most Influential People of the 21st Century. Thank you for your attention!
Do you want to receive interesting articles by email every morning and expand your horizons? JoinEggheado !
To whom do the strongest and most prosperous states owe, because once upon a time there was stagnation, to say the least. But history changed dramatically thanks to the new rulers. Today we remember the most outstanding leaders of states in the 20th century, who phenomenally changed the situation of their countries.
The great reformer comes not to destroy, but to create by destroying.
1. Konrad Adenauer
(Federal Chancellor of Germany, 1949-1963)
After World War II, Germany was in in a terrible state: the country lay in ruins, equipment from the surviving factories was exported to the west and east as reparations to the victors, the Germans experienced terrible moral disappointment. On September 15, 1949, Konard Adenauer became the first chancellor of the newly created Federal Republic of Germany.
Having lived a long (at the time of coming to power he was 73 years old), eventful, full of ups and downs life, this man witnessed the collapse of three German states: the empire of Wilhelm II in 1918, the Weimar Republic in 1933 and the Nazi Reich in 1945 . It was as if Konard Adenauer had promised himself that he would do everything possible to ensure that Germany never went through this again.
Under his leadership, a new strong state was created, which has occupied a leading position in Europe for more than half a century and there is nothing to indicate that it could suffer the same fate as its predecessors. Adenauer ruled the state with a strong hand, and his “dictatorship” was determined solely by personal authority and political weight. The Chancellor himself resigned in 1963 at the zenith of his own glory as the creator of the “new Germany,” and what happened to Germany in the 1950s and 1960s was called the “German economic miracle.”
2. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
(President of Turkey, 1923-1938)
Hero of “Dead Souls” N.V. Gogol, Colonel Koshkarev argued that it is necessary “to dress every single one in Russia, as they do in Germany. Nothing more than this, and I guarantee you that everything will go like clockwork.” The history of Kemal Atatürk's reforms shows that the absurdity of this statement can be completely disputed with the sound approach of a talented reformer.
The transformation of Turkey into a secular state, the emancipation of women, the adoption of criminal and civil codes on the European model, the transition to the Latin alphabet, the propaganda of Western culture — all these transformations of Ataturk seem to meet only one criterion: “do as “there”! However, this is only a superficial look at the reforms. In implementing changes in Turkey, Mustafa Kemal was guided by an in-depth analysis of the situation in the country, as well as a careful study of the Western model of state building.
As a result, from the infinitely backward traditionalist Ottoman Empire, medieval in many ways internal orders, he managed to build a modern nation state. No wonder the nickname “Ataturk” stuck to him, which translated from Turkish means “father of the people.”
3. Margaret Thatcher
(Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1979-1990)
In the late 1970s, views spread of once-mighty Britain as the “sickness of Europe.” Huge inflation and the excessive power of trade unions led to the fact that in terms of purchasing power parity the British lagged behind not only Germany, but also France and Italy. At a time when the need for serious changes was obvious, but the government did not dare to take unpopular measures, the “Iron Lady” came to power.
In Margaret Thatcher's office, all work was based on a clear hierarchy. She limited the actions of trade unions to the strict framework of laws, made a number of tough economic reforms: she transferred a number of sectors of the state economy into private hands, raised taxes and systematically fought inflation. The consequence of the tough policy of the “Iron Lady” was that in the 80s. Britain was the only leading country in the world where production efficiency increased, and average per capita income increased by 23% over ten years.
However, as a result of a number of unpopular measures, she had to resign in 1990. For her achievements, Margaret Thatcher was awarded the Order of Merit, as well as a baronial title.
4. Augusto Pinochet
(President of Chile, 1974-1990)
There is probably no more controversial reformer in history South America in the eyes of modern researchers. When Colonel Augusto Pinochet launched a military coup against the government of socialist Salvador Allende, Chile was on the verge of economic collapse, and perhaps even on the verge of civil war. Under the new military government, the country was opened to the free market, foreign mining companies returned to Chile, and the public sector of the economy was privatized. Thus, Pinochet’s “right-wing” reforms laid the foundations for the economic prosperity of the state. Today Chile is one of the richest countries in South America, although the colonel’s critics argue that this is due to the policies of the center-left governments that came after Pinochet, as well as the country’s enormous natural wealth.
In 2006, about 60 thousand Chileans took to the streets to see off Colonel Augusto Pinochet on his last journey.
5. Franklin Roosevelt
(US President, 1933-1945)
The rich and endlessly positive years of US economic growth in the 1920s. ended unexpectedly with the Great Depression. Franklin Roosevelt took upon himself the mission of the savior of the country, with the words “The time has come to expel the money changers from the temple of our civilization, as Christ did.” For treatment, the president demanded and received broad powers.
The government apparatus under Roosevelt passed numerous laws and decrees to save the country's economy. The solution methods were extremely diverse: from strengthening trade unions and increasing the minimum wage, to the voluntary and forced sending of the unemployed to build roads, factories, power plants... “ New course» Roosevelt laid the foundations of the modern US financial system.
Perhaps not all of the economic transformations of the 32nd President of America today meet with the unanimous approval of researchers. However, Roosevelt’s main and unpublicized course achieved its objectives - it was under him that the United States of America became a great power.
6. Deng Xiaoping
(China's leader from the late 1970s to the early 1990s)
Today, the Chinese economy ranks second in the world in terms of GDP and continues to grow rapidly. The stunning achievements of the “Celestial Empire” in this area are so long-term and systematic that today’s leading positions of the Asian country are perceived as something natural.
We should not forget that the key architect of the new Chinese reality is the reformist genius of Deng Xiaoping. Probably, Europeans will never understand how a person who was right hand Mao Zedong and one of the initiators of the “Great Leap Forward” policy of 1958, which resulted in the complete destruction of Chinese agriculture and the death of several tens of millions of people, was able to turn the “Celestial Empire” onto capitalist tracks.
How many researchers have stated that the Chinese version of the transition from socialism to communism was the only correct one. What has become key in China's policy? Distribution of land for rent? Creation of special economic zones? Or maybe, despite the collapse of the policies of communism, Deng Xiaoping’s assertion that Mao Zedong has more merits than mistakes and blunders?
7. Lee Kuan Yew
(Prime Minister of Singapore, 1959-1990)
What associations come to mind when you hear the word Singapore? Prosperity, progress. For those interested in numbers — the third country in the world in 2012 in terms of GDP per capita. The main association should be Lee Kuan Yew, because all the achievements of Singapore today are associated with this name. One of the best recognitions of the genius of this reformer is Margaret Thatcher's statement: “When I was Prime Minister, I read and analyzed every speech of Lee Kuan Yew.”
Singapore before Lee Kuan Yew is a small, poor Asian village. How did he manage to turn everything upside down? The recipes are detailed and detailed in his book: take away unearned income from officials, make elections cheaper, turn your country not into a raw material enclave, but into Finance center, discipline the population — here is an incomplete list of key advice from the great reformer. But even if you learn all the postulates, it is not clear how to use everything as effectively as Lee Kuan Yew did? That's why he is, in general, a genius.
Who are politicians? These are persons engaged in political activities on professional level. They hold colossal power in their hands. Many of them fall into this field by accident or due to certain circumstances. Over time, such figures begin to occupy a certain niche in the governance of the country. However, there are also people who are politicians from God. They are endowed with a special set of personal characteristics, as well as charisma, so the masses themselves choose them as their leaders, entrust their destinies into their hands and are ready to follow them to the end. Later in the article we will present several lists that will include Russian political figures who have gone down in history.
XVI-XVII centuries
Until the 16th century, Rus' was fragmented between princes, and each of them can safely be called a political and state leader of his time. In addition, the country is quite for a long time was under the yoke of foreign invaders. At the beginning of the 17th century, individuals emerged from among the people who decided to rouse the people to fight the “occupiers.” And so, the leaders of these national liberation movements are the first political figures of Russia. Let's give the names of some of them.
- Unfortunately, there is no exact date of his birth in the chronicles, but it was in the second half of the 16th century. He is folk hero and organizer of the national liberation struggle.
- Prince Dmitry Pozharsky (1578-1642) - Minin's comrade-in-arms in organizing the zemstvo militia. A monument to these two figures adorns Red Square.
- But the leader of the Peasant War of 1670-1671, Stepan Razin (1630-1671), a Cossack ataman, raised the masses against the tsarist government. Here is an example of a medieval Russian oppositionist.
Political figures of 19th century Russia
During the reign of Peter the Great, his daughter Elizabeth and niece Anna Ioannovna, as well as Catherine the Second and her son Paul the First, many prominent people appeared in the state. All these Russian political figures contributed to the development of their country.
First on the list of the most significant persons, perhaps, the name should be Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. Being one of the largest commanders in the country, he did not lose a single battle.
Prince Dmitry Golitsyn (1734-1803), a famous diplomat and scientist, defended the interests of Russia in France and Holland. He made friends with French educators, for example Voltaire.
Favorites of Catherine II
It's no secret that Catherine the Great came to power as a result palace coup. One of its organizers was an associate of the future empress, Alexey Orlov (1737-1807). Besides him, during the reign of this queen there were other political figures of Russia who became such thanks to the favor of the ruler of the state. Their names: Sergei Saltykov, Mikhail Miloradovich, Grigory Orlov, Alexander Ermolov, Alexander Lanskoy, Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov, Pyotr Zavodovsky, etc. It is difficult to list all the favorites of Catherine the Second, but almost each of them had some influence on the country’s politics at a certain time period of time.
The first revolutionaries
During the reign of the above-mentioned queen, one of the most enlightened minds of that time was Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev (1749-1802). With progressive and revolutionary thinking, he was ahead of his time, advocating the abolition of serfdom in the country. The followers of his ideas were: Russian revolutionary Nikolai Ogarev (1813-1877), poet and publicist, as well as his closest friend Herzen and Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) - anarchist theorist who was a participant in the French, German and Czech revolutions of 1848-1849 .
Their “opponent” can be called Alexei Arakcheev (1769-1834) - the all-powerful temporary worker of Tsar Alexander I.
On the list of outstanding politicians One cannot help but mention Sergei Witte (1849-1915) of the 19th century. His contribution to the development of the state cannot be compared with anything. It can be said that thanks to his innovative ideas, the country made a great leap forward.
Early 20th century (pre-revolutionary period)
With the advent of the twentieth century in Russia, many parties entered the political field: Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, Octobrists, Socialist Revolutionaries, Social Democrats, Narodniks, etc. Naturally, the leaders of each of them can be safely included in the list of “Political figures of Russia of the 20th century (beginning)” "
Among them, the most outstanding personality was Georgy Plekhanov (1856-1918) - one of the leaders of Menshevism. During the revolution of 1905-1907. he led active struggle against the tactics and strategy of the Bolsheviks. Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970), who is famous for being chosen as the head of the provisional government after the bourgeois revolution, was a Socialist Revolutionary in his political views. Another prominent Russian political figure was Pavel Milyukov (1859-1943). He was the chairman of the CDPR, which was one of the leading ones in the country. The prominent landowner and political figure Pyotr Stolypin was also an ardent monarchist. Admiral Kolchak (1873-1920) - commander of the Black Sea Fleet during the First World War in the post-revolutionary period, stood out for his counter-revolutionary views. The same can be said about Baron Wrangel (1878-1928) and Anton Denikin. During the war years they led the White Guard army. But in the south of Russia, the counter-revolutionary forces were controlled by Nestor Makhno (1889-1934), or, as he was popularly called, Old Man Makhno. He has committed more than one terrorist attack. It adjoined
These famous Russian political figures were considered heroes for 73 years. Legends were formed about their lives, novels were written, cities, factories and schools, Komsomol and pioneer detachments were named after them. These are the leaders of the Bolsheviks, and later - the Communist
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov). Born in 1870, died in 1924 as a result of a terrorist attack. Scientist, revolutionary, famous political figure. Afterwards he was recognized as the leader of the peoples who were part of the USSR - a country created on his recommendation.
Lenin's associate and one of the outstanding Bolshevik revolutionaries was Mikhail Kalinin (1875-1946). In 1923, he was elected chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union.
Iron Felix is the famous security officer Dzerzhinsky, about whose cruelty in Lately many have heard. He was one of the most ideological revolutionaries, although he came from a noble family. Almost from the very first days of the creation of the USSR, he became the head of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs.
(real name Bronstein) is also an outstanding revolutionary figure in the Soviet Union. However, after that he began to criticize the Soviet leadership, especially Stalin, for which he was expelled from the country. After long wanderings around Europe, he settled in Mexico, where he began writing a book about Joseph Dzhugashvili, the new leader of the Soviet people. It was Stalin who gave the order to liquidate Trotsky. He died in 1940 as a result of an assassination attempt.
General Secretaries of the CPSU Central Committee
Who could be more famous in the Land of Soviets than political figures of the USSR and Russia (after the collapse of the Union). Among them, the first secretaries of the pariah occupy a leading position. Below is their complete list.
Political figures of modern Russia
At the beginning of this list, of course, are the names of the people who were at the origins of the creation of the new Russian state. And the first among them is Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin. He was in the past communist leader, however, also became the leader of an independent Russian state and the first popularly elected president Russian Federation. In 2000, he was forced to resign due to health reasons.
After Yeltsin left the political arena, his duties were temporarily entrusted to an unknown young Petersburger, V. Putin. However, today no political figures in Russia of the 21st century can compete with him in popularity among the people. He was elected president twice great power and at the end of his second term, he handed over the reins of power to his compatriot Dmitry Medvedev, taking over the post of prime minister. However, after the end of his first term, Medvedev returned the “presidential baton” to Putin, and he himself took the position of prime minister. In a word, Vladimir Vladimirovich took the post of president of the largest state in the world for the third time.
Leaders of political parties in the Russian Federation
As at the end of the 19th century, in the 90s of the 20th century in Russian state Many political parties have appeared, among which the largest are “United Russia”, “Yabloko”, LDPR, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, etc. Their leaders, respectively, are V. Putin and D. Medvedev, G. Yavlinsky, V. Zhirinovsky, G. Zyuganov.
Instead of a conclusion
The above lists of outstanding political figures in Russia, of course, cannot be called complete. Over the centuries-old history there have been many more of them. However, the names of politicians who are included in them can be called the most significant.