Who liberated Rus' from the Tatars. The struggle of the Lithuanian princes for the liberation of Rus' from the Tatar yoke

o (Mongol-Tatar, Tatar-Mongol, Horde) - the traditional name for the system of exploitation of Russian lands by nomadic conquerors who came from the East from 1237 to 1480.

This system was aimed at carrying out mass terror and robbing the Russian people by levying cruel exactions. She acted primarily in the interests of the Mongolian nomadic military-feudal nobility (noyons), in whose favor the lion's share of the collected tribute went.

The Mongol-Tatar yoke was established as a result of the invasion of Batu Khan in the 13th century. Until the early 1260s, Rus' was under the rule of the great Mongol khans, and then the khans of the Golden Horde.

The Russian principalities were not directly part of the Mongol state and retained the local princely administration, the activities of which were controlled by the Baskaks - the khan's representatives in the conquered lands. The Russian princes were tributaries of the Mongol khans and received from them labels for ownership of their principalities. Formally, the Mongol-Tatar yoke was established in 1243, when Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich received from the Mongols a label for the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. Rus', according to the label, lost the right to fight and had to regularly pay tribute to the khans twice annually (in spring and autumn).

There was no permanent Mongol-Tatar army on the territory of Rus'. The yoke was supported by punitive campaigns and repressions against rebellious princes. The regular flow of tribute from Russian lands began after the census of 1257-1259, conducted by Mongol “numerals”. The units of taxation were: in cities - yard, in rural areas- “village”, “plow”, “plough”. Only the clergy were exempt from tribute. The main “Horde burdens” were: “exit”, or “tsar’s tribute” - a tax directly for the Mongol khan; trade fees (“myt”, “tamka”); carriage duties (“pits”, “carts”); maintenance of the khan's ambassadors (“food”); various “gifts” and “honors” to the khan, his relatives and associates. Every year, Russian lands left in the form of tribute. great amount silver Large “requests” for military and other needs were periodically collected. In addition, the Russian princes were obliged, by order of the khan, to send soldiers to participate in campaigns and in round-up hunts (“lovitva”). In the late 1250s and early 1260s, tribute was collected from the Russian principalities by Muslim merchants (“besermen”), who bought this right from the great Mongol Khan. Most of the tribute went to the Great Khan in Mongolia. During the uprisings of 1262, the “besermans” were expelled from Russian cities, and the responsibility for collecting tribute passed to the local princes.

Rus''s struggle against the yoke became increasingly widespread. In 1285 Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich (son of Alexander Nevsky) defeated and expelled the army of the “Horde prince”. At the end of the 13th - first quarter of the 14th century, performances in Russian cities led to the elimination of the Baskas. With the strengthening of the Moscow principality, the Tatar yoke gradually weakened. Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita (reigned in 1325-1340) achieved the right to collect “exit” from all Russian principalities. From the middle of the 14th century, the orders of the khans of the Golden Horde, not supported by a real military threat, were no longer carried out by the Russian princes. Dmitry Donskoy (1359-1389) did not recognize the khan's labels issued to his rivals and seized the Grand Duchy of Vladimir by force. In 1378, he defeated the Tatar army on the Vozha River in the Ryazan land, and in 1380 he defeated the Golden Horde ruler Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo.

However, after Tokhtamysh’s campaign and the capture of Moscow in 1382, Rus' was forced to again recognize the power of the Golden Horde and pay tribute, but already Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389-1425) received the great reign of Vladimir without the khan’s label, as “his patrimony.” Under him, the yoke was nominal. Tribute was paid irregularly, and the Russian princes pursued independent policies. The attempt of the Golden Horde ruler Edigei (1408) to restore full power over Russia ended in failure: he failed to take Moscow. The strife that began in the Golden Horde opened up the possibility of overthrow for Russia Tatar yoke.

However, in the middle of the 15th century, Muscovite Rus' itself experienced a period internecine war, which weakened its military potential. During these years, the Tatar rulers organized a series of devastating invasions, but they were no longer able to bring the Russians to complete submission. The unification of Russian lands around Moscow led to the concentration in the hands of the Moscow princes of such political power that the weakening Tatar khans could not cope with. Grand Duke Ivan of Moscow III Vasilievich(1462-1505) in 1476 refused to pay tribute. In 1480, after the unsuccessful campaign of the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat and “standing on the Ugra”, the yoke was finally overthrown.

The Mongol-Tatar yoke had negative, regressive consequences for the economic, political and cultural development of the Russian lands, and was a brake on the growth of the productive forces of Rus', which were at a higher socio-economic level compared to the productive forces of the Mongol state. It was artificially preserved for long time purely feudal natural character of the economy. Politically, the consequences of the yoke were manifested in the disruption of the natural process of state development of Rus', in the artificial maintenance of its fragmentation. The Mongol-Tatar yoke, which lasted two and a half centuries, was one of the reasons for the economic, political and cultural lag of Rus' from Western European countries.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources.

RUSSIAN MILITARY ART IN THE WARS OF LIBERATION

FROM THE TATAR-MONGOL Yoke(XIII-XIVcenturies)

In the first half of the 13th century Mongol-Tatar hordes invaded Russian lands. The feudal fragmentation of Rus' led to the disunity of the Russian people, the weakening of their forces in the fight against the enemy and contributed to the establishment Tatar yoke . “This yoke not only crushed,” wrote K. Marx, “it insulted and dried up the very soul of the people who became its victim. The Mongol Tatars established a regime of systematic terror, and devastation and massacres became its constant tools. Being disproportionately small in number in relation to the scope of their conquests, they wanted to create an aura of greatness around themselves and, through massive bloodshed, weaken that part of the population that could rebel in their rear. They passed by, leaving deserts behind them.”

In the same time Tatar khans supported the internecine struggle in every possible way, “they set the Russian princes against each other, supported disagreement between them, balanced their forces and did not allow any of them to gain strength.”

The Russian people took on the blows of the Mongol-Tatar hordes, saved the peoples of many countries from ruin and enslavement Western Europe, prevented the death of European civilization.

The Russian people repeatedly rose up to fight against the Tatars, but their actions were scattered and did not achieve success. To defeat the Tatars, the Russian people needed to unite into a single centralized state. “...The interests of defense against the invasion of the Turks, Mongols and other peoples of the East,” J.V. Stalin pointed out, “demanded the immediate formation of centralized states capable of holding back the pressure of the invasion.”

In the XIII-XIV centuries. in the center of Rus' several large appanage principalities: Rostovskoe, Vladimirskoe, Tverskoe, Ryazanskoe, Moscow, etc.

Among the appanage principalities began to rise Muscovy . Rise Moscow (founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in 1147 ) contributed, firstly, to the fact that it was located in the center of the Russian land and the population of the Moscow principality was safer from enemies than the population of the outlying principalities; secondly, Moscow was located at the crossroads of trade roads of that time, crossing Rus' in various directions.

All this attracted people to Moscow a large number of settlers. Moscow began to grow rapidly, overtaking other old Russian cities. J.V. Stalin, noting the historical merit of Moscow, pointed out: “The merit of Moscow lies, first of all, in the fact that it became the basis for the unification of disparate Rus' into a single state with a single government, with a single leadership. Not a single country in the world can count on maintaining its independence, on serious economic and cultural growth, if it has not managed to free itself from feudal fragmentation and from princely troubles... Moscow’s historical merit lies in the fact that it was and remains the basis and initiator of the creation of a centralized state in Rus'.”

It begins to grow and strengthen especially quickly The Principality of Moscow under Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325-1341), grandson of Alexander Nevsky. To increase the possessions of the Moscow Principality Ivan Kalita used various means: the purchase of new estates, the conclusion of agreements between princes and even power of the Golden Horde .

The Moscow prince Ivan Kalita managed to turn the khan, as K. Marx noted, “into an obedient instrument in his hands, through which he frees himself from his most dangerous rivals and overcomes any obstacle that stands in his victorious march to the usurpation of power. He does not conquer inheritances, but imperceptibly turns the power of the conquering Tatars to serve exclusively his own interests.” Thanks to this, the territory of the Moscow Principality expanded significantly, and the power of the prince strengthened. In the matter of unification, Kalita also used Russian Church . The Metropolitan of All Rus' moved from Vladimir to Moscow and provided great assistance to the prince in the struggle for the unification of all Russian lands around Moscow. Under Ivan Kalita, internecine wars almost completely ceased. “And a great silence fell throughout the Russian land,” the chronicler wrote, “and the Tatars stopped fighting it.”

The Moscow principality continued to rise under the successors of Ivan Kalita - Semyon Ivanovich Gordom (1341 - 1353), Ivan Ivanovich the Red (1353-1359) and especially under Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (1359-1389).

Moscow Prince Dimitri Donskoy was outstanding statesman. He, more than any of his predecessors, was deeply aware that without the unification of north-eastern Rus' around Moscow, he would not be able to defeat the main enemy of the Russian people - the Golden Horde. Dimitri Ivanovich led a more decisive struggle with the appanage princes and especially with the most powerful of them Tver Prince Mikhail , who was an ally of Lithuania and a supporter of the Golden Horde Khan. This struggle ended in favor of the Moscow prince. The Tver prince, having no support among the people, was forced to conclude an agreement with the Moscow prince, according to which he undertook to assist him in the fight against the Tatars.

The unification of Rus' around Moscow was also opposed Principality of Lithuania , which, taking advantage of the Tatar yoke, captured part of the southwestern Russian lands and threatened Moscow. Dimitri Ivanovich waged a long and stubborn struggle with Lithuania, which led to its weakening.

The activities of Dmitry Donskoy were progressive. With a firm hand, he pursued the policy of unifying Rus', suppressing by force the resistance of the rebellious princes.

Expansion of the territory of the Moscow Principality contributed to the economic, political and cultural growth of Moscow. This made it possible for the Moscow prince to create numerous and good forces for a decisive fight against the Tatar-Mongols. armed army.

By the end of the 70s of the XIV century. the Moscow prince was the only ruler capable of leading the forces of the Russian people in the fight against the Golden Horde.

In the second half of the 14th century. Golden Horde was significantly weakened by internecine struggle; in 20 years (1360-1380), more than 25 khans changed in it.

Taking advantage of the favorable internal and external situation, Moscow Prince Dimitri concentrated all his efforts on the fight against the Golden Horde.

The main branch of the military in Rus' at that time, as in other feudal states of Europe, was cavalry. Princely and boyar squads , who fought on horseback, made up core of the Russian armed forces . But the national liberation struggle against foreign invaders attracted the broad masses of the people to active participation in it. Mercenaries, practiced in Western Europe, did not exist in Rus'. The Russian army was homogeneous in its national composition, and therefore had higher moral and combat qualities than the troops of Western European countries.

Before setting out on a campaign, Russian troops were divided into regiments led by commanders . The regiment was the main and highest combat unit. There were five regiments in total: large regiment, regiments of the right and left hands, forward and guard . In addition, as a general reserve, it was created ambush regiment . The personnel of the regiments was not determined and depended on total number troops. On campaigns, troops marched in regiments, guarded by a guard regiment.

This regiment also performed combat security and reconnaissance functions. The closer it came Russian army towards the enemy, the more active the actions became "watchman" (intelligence) . Russian commanders Alexander Nevsky and Dimitri Donskoy paid great attention to studying the enemy. They knew well not only the strong, but also weak sides enemies of the Russian people.

The order of battle of the Russian troops consisted of several battle lines, with deep echeloning necessary to build up the attack. The center of the battle formation was a large regiment.

In battle, the Russians acted decisively and courageously. Tactics Russian troops were varied. Based on the specific situation, the Russians used detours, envelopments, demonstrative withdrawals and surprise attacks.

The battle was of a massive nature, whereas in the wars of Western Europe at that time it took place in the form of single combat. In the fight against enemy fortresses, the Russians used assault, siege and surprise attack . The siege and assault of fortresses and cities were carried out with the help “vices” (rams), “turs” (siege towers) and battering machines.

Russian military art developed in an original way and was more advanced than the military art of Western Europe. This is not only talked about the victories of Alexander Nevsky over the Swedes and Germans in the first half of the 13th century, but also the subsequent victories of the Russians - the capture of Landskrona (1301), Oreshok (1349), etc.

By the middle of the second half of the 14th century. Russian military art surpassed military art of the Golden Horde , whose army was considered invincible. If Russian military art continuously developed and improved, then in the Golden Horde it fell into decay. Since the time of Genghis Khan, the Tatar military leaders have not introduced anything significantly new into their military art. In the second half of the 14th century. they still had the same fighting techniques as under Genghis Khan. The Tatars overestimated their strength and did not want to reckon with the increased military power of Rus', which led them to a disdainful attitude towards the forces of their enemy.

Moscow Prince Dimitri Ivanovich , knowing well the tactics of the Tatars, in battles with them he tried to pin down their main forces with a frontal attack that was unfavorable for the enemy, from which the Tatars suffered heavy defeats.

Knowing about the Tatar movement led by Murza Begich to Rus', Dimitri Ivanovich gathered his army in 1378 and went out to the Vozha River.

In order to deprive Begich of the opportunity to use the flat terrain, where his numerous cavalry could maneuver freely, the Moscow prince decided not to cross the river and give the Tatars battle on its right, elevated bank. Here, having formed a battle formation in the shape of a semicircle (center and two wings), the Russians waited for the Tatars. The center was commanded by Dimitri himself, the right flank by the okolnichy Timofey Velyaminov with the Polotsk prince Andrei Olgerdovich, the left flank by the Pronsky prince Daniil.

The Tatars, counting on their numerical superiority, immediately began to attack the Russians.

At noon on August 11, 1378, the advanced regiments of the Tatar cavalry began to cross to the left bank of the Vozha in order to break the center of the Russian battle formation with a swift blow, and then, encircling the flanks, destroy them.

When the Tatars crossed to the left bank of the Vozha, Begich gave the command to attack the Russian center. The Tatars, counting on panic in the ranks of their enemy, were stunned when they saw that the Russians were standing like an insurmountable wall, with their lances aimed at the enemy. The Tatars were confused and, instead of the decisive attack they usually used, they stopped and began to shoot at the Russians with bows. Taking advantage of the Tatars' indecisiveness, Demetrius ordered his troops to attack them. The enemy could not withstand the sudden blow and began to retreat in disarray. Russian troops attacked numerous hordes of Tatars from all sides, pressing them to the river. The enemy was completely defeated. Begich and his closest associates died in this battle, and the surviving remnants of the Tatar army, pursued by the Russians, fled in panic.

Dimitri Ivanovich, having transported his regiments to the left bank of the Vozha, decided to pursue the fleeing enemy, but the heavy fog that descended in the evening did not give him the opportunity to carry out his plan. And only on August 12, when the fog cleared, the Russians moved in pursuit of the Tatars. But they were no longer there. The rich convoy abandoned by the Tatars was taken by the Russians.

This is how it ended battle on Vozha , which was a turning point in the history of relations between the Golden Horde and Rus'.

Karl Marx praised this Russian victory over the Tatars:"11 August 1378 Dmitry Donskoyabsolutelydefeated the Mongolson the riverVozhe (in the Ryazan region).Thisthe first proper battle with the Mongols, won by the Russians."

In the 12th century, the Mongol state expanded and their military art improved.

The main occupation was cattle breeding; they bred mainly horses and sheep; they did not know agriculture.

They lived in felt tents-yurts; they were easy to transport during distant nomads. Every adult Mongol was a warrior, from childhood he sat in the saddle and wielded weapons. A cowardly, unreliable person did not join the warriors and became an outcast.

In 1206, at a congress of the Mongol nobility, Temujin was proclaimed Great Khan with the name Genghis Khan.

The Mongols managed to unite hundreds of tribes under their rule, which allowed them to use foreign human material in their troops during the war. They conquered East Asia(Kyrgyz, Buryats, Yakuts, Uighurs), Tangut Kingdom (southwest of Mongolia), Northern China, Korea and Central Asia (the largest Central Asian state of Khorezm, Samarkand, Bukhara). As a result, by the end of the 13th century, the Mongols owned half of Eurasia.

In 1223, the Mongols crossed the Caucasus ridge and invaded the Polovtsian lands. The Polovtsians turned to the Russian princes for help, because... Russians and Cumans traded with each other and entered into marriages. The Russians responded, and on the Kalka River on June 16, 1223, the first battle of the Mongol-Tatars with the Russian princes took place. The Mongol-Tatar army was reconnaissance, small, i.e. The Mongol-Tatars had to scout out what lands lay ahead. The Russians simply came to fight; they had little idea what kind of enemy was in front of them. Before the Polovtsian request for help, they had not even heard of the Mongols.

The battle ended with the defeat of the Russian troops due to the betrayal of the Polovtsians (they fled from the very beginning of the battle), and also due to the fact that the Russian princes were unable to unite their forces and underestimated the enemy. The Mongols offered the princes to surrender, promising to spare their lives and release them for a ransom. When the princes agreed, the Mongols tied them up, put boards on them, and sitting on top, began to feast on the victory. Russian soldiers, left without leaders, were killed.

The Mongol-Tatars retreated to the Horde, but returned in 1237, already knowing what kind of enemy was in front of them. Batu Khan (Batu), the grandson of Genghis Khan, brought with him a huge army. They preferred to attack the most powerful Russian principalities - Ryazan and Vladimir. They defeated and subjugated them, and in the next two years - all of Rus'. After 1240, only one land remained independent - Novgorod, because Batu had already achieved his main goals; there was no point in losing people near Novgorod.

The Russian princes were unable to unite, so they were defeated, although, according to scientists, Batu lost half of his army in Russian lands. He occupied Russian lands, offered to recognize his power and pay tribute, the so-called “exit.” At first it was collected “in kind” and amounted to 1/10 of the harvest, and then it was transferred to money.

The Mongols established a yoke system in Rus' of total suppression of national life in the occupied territories. In this form Tatar-Mongol yoke lasted 10 years, after which Prince Alexander Nevsky proposed a new relationship to the Horde: Russian princes entered the service of Mongol Khan, were obliged to collect tribute, take it to the Horde and receive there a label for the great reign - a leather belt. At the same time, the prince who paid the most received the label for reign. This order was ensured by the Baskaks - Mongol commanders who walked around the Russian lands with their troops and monitored whether the tribute was collected correctly.

It was a time of vassalage of the Russian princes, but thanks to the act of Alexander Nevsky it was preserved Orthodox Church, the raids stopped.

In the 60s of the 14th century, the Golden Horde split into two warring parts, the border between which was the Volga. In the left-bank Horde there were constant strife with changes in rulers. In the right-bank Horde, Mamai became the ruler.

The beginning of the struggle for liberation from the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus' is associated with the name of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1378, he, sensing the weakening of the Horde, refused to pay tribute and killed all the Baskaks. In 1380, commander Mamai went with the entire Horde to Russian lands, and a battle took place on the Kulikovo field with Dmitry Donskoy.
Mamai had 300 thousand “sabers”, and since The Mongols had almost no infantry; he hired the best Italian (Genoese) infantry. Dmitry Donskoy had 160 thousand people, of which only 5 thousand were professional military men. The main weapons of the Russians were metal-bound clubs and wooden spears.

So, the battle with the Mongol-Tatars was suicide for the Russian army, but the Russians still had a chance.

Dmitry Donskoy crossed the Don on the night of September 7-8, 1380 and burned the crossing; there was nowhere to retreat. All that remained was to win or die. He hid 5 thousand warriors in the forest behind his army. The role of the squad was to save the Russian army from being outflanked from the rear.

The battle lasted one day, during which the Mongol-Tatars trampled the Russian army. Then Dmitry Donskoy ordered the ambush regiment to leave the forest. The Mongol-Tatars decided that the main forces of the Russians were coming and, without waiting for everyone to come out, they turned and began to run, trampling the Genoese infantry. The battle turned into a pursuit of a fleeing enemy.

Two years later, a new Horde came with Khan Tokhtamysh. He captured Moscow, Mozhaisk, Dmitrov, Pereyaslavl. Moscow had to resume paying tribute, but the Battle of Kulikovo was a turning point in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars, because dependence on the Horde was now weaker.

100 years later, in 1480, the great-grandson of Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan III, stopped paying tribute to the Horde.

Khan of the Horde Ahmed came out with a large army against Rus', wanting to punish the rebellious prince. He approached the border of the Moscow principality, the Ugra River, a tributary of the Oka. Ivan III also came there. Since the forces turned out to be equal, they stood on the Ugra River throughout spring, summer and autumn. Fearing the approaching winter, the Mongol-Tatars went to the Horde. This was the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, because... Ahmed's defeat meant the collapse of Batu's power and the gaining of independence by the Russian state.

The Tatar-Mongol yoke lasted 240 years.

It has long been no secret that there was no “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, and no Tatars and Mongols conquered Rus'. But who falsified history and why? What was hidden behind the Tatar-Mongol yoke? Bloody Christianization of Rus'...

There are a large number of facts that not only clearly refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also indicate that history was distorted deliberately, and that this was done for a very specific purpose... But who and why deliberately distorted history? What real events did they want to hide and why?

If we analyze historical facts, it becomes obvious that the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was invented in order to hide the consequences of “baptism” Kievan Rus. After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way... In the process of “baptism” it was destroyed most of population of the Principality of Kyiv! It definitely becomes clear that those forces that were behind the imposition of this religion subsequently fabricated history, juggling historical facts to suit themselves and their goals...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Skipping scientific research and justifications, which have already been described quite widely, let us summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.”

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Rus', 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. The khan or “war prince” took the reins of control during war; in peacetime, the responsibility for forming a horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness rested on his shoulders.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but a title of “military prince”, who, in modern world, close to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is he who is usually discussed when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In surviving historical documents this man is described as a warrior tall With blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but completely fits the description Slavic appearance(L.N. Gumilyov - “ Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe.").

In modern “Mongolia” there is not a single folk epic that would say that this country once in ancient times conquered almost all of Eurasia, just as there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan... (N.V. Levashov “Visible and invisible genocide").

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi Desert and told them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” had created the Great Empire in his time, which they were very surprised and happy about. . The word "Mughal" is of Greek origin and means "Great". The Greeks used this word to call our ancestors – the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov “Visible and Invisible Genocide”).

3. Composition of the “Tatar-Mongol” army

70-80% of the army of the “Tatar-Mongols” were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were made up of other small peoples of Rus', in fact, the same as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh “Battle of Kulikovo”. It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like civil war than going to war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the “Tatar-Mongols” look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Cracow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we see, this “Tatar” has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. The next image shows “the Khan’s palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalyk” (it is believed that Khanbalyk is supposedly Beijing). What is “Mongolian” and what is “Chinese” here? Once again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, Streltsy caps, the same thick beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called “Yelman”. The roof on the left is an almost exact copy of the roofs of old Russian towers... (A. Bushkov, “Russia that never existed”).

5. Genetic examination

According to the latest data obtained as a result genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very close genetics. While the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost entirely European) and the Mongolian (almost entirely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds..." (oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the period of existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents from this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence confirming the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

On this moment no originals of any kind historical documents, which would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.” Here is one of these fakes. This text is called “The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” and in each publication it is declared “an excerpt from a poetic work that has not reached us intact... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion”:

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are famous for many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are filled with everything, Russian land, oh Orthodox faith Christian!..”

There is not even a hint of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” in this text. But this “ancient” document contains the following line: “You are filled with everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

Before church reform Nikon, which was held in the mid-17th century, Christianity in Rus' was called “orthodox.” It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform... Therefore, this document could have been written no earlier than the mid-17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”...

On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not subsequently corrected, you can see the following picture. The western part of Rus' is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartary... This small part of Rus' was ruled by the Romanov dynasty. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Rus', which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire (see map).

In the 1st edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771 the following is written about this part of Rus':

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartary. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, those living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China..."

Where did the name Tartaria come from?

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, and man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who went much further than others in their development, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.) were called Magi. Those Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and above were called Gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God among our ancestors was completely different from what it is now. The gods were people who went much further in their development than the vast majority of people. For ordinary person their abilities seemed incredible, however, the gods were also people, and the capabilities of each god had their own limits.

Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarkh, he was also called Dazhdbog (the giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people solve problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarkh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, write and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the disaster and eventually restore civilization.

Therefore, quite recently our ancestors told strangers “We are the children of Tarkh and Tara...”. They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to Tarkh and Tara, who had significantly advanced in development. And residents of other countries called our ancestors “Tarkhtars”, and later, due to the difficulty of pronunciation, “Tartars”. This is where the name of the country came from - Tartaria...

Baptism of Rus'

What does the baptism of Rus' have to do with it? – some may ask. As it turned out, it had a lot to do with it. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way... Before baptism, people in Rus' were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, and count. Let's remember from school curriculum according to history, at least the same " Birch bark certificates“- letters that peasants wrote to each other on birch bark from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic worldview, as I wrote above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to the blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview gave people precisely the understanding real laws nature, understanding how the world works, what is good and what is bad.

People saw what happened after the “baptism” in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population, in a matter of years, plunged into ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and not all of them...

Everyone understood perfectly well what the “Greek Religion” carried, into which Prince Vladimir the Bloody and those who stood behind him were going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the residents of the then Principality of Kyiv (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) accepted this religion. But Vladimir had great forces behind him, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of “baptism” over 12 years of forced Christianization, almost everything was destroyed, with rare exceptions. adult population Kievan Rus. Because such a “teaching” could be imposed only on unreasonable children who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves both physically and spiritual sense this word. Everyone who refused to accept the new “faith” was killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have reached us. If before the “baptism” there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants on the territory of Kievan Rus, then after the “baptism” only 30 cities and 3 million people remained! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, “Orthodox Rus' before the adoption of Christianity and after”).

But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the “holy” baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population formally recognized the imposed religion of the slaves, and they themselves continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, although without flaunting it. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs continued until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.

But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartaria) could not calmly look at the machinations of its enemies, who destroyed three quarters of the population of the Principality of Kyiv. Only its response could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of Great Tartaria was busy with conflicts on its Far Eastern borders. But these retaliatory actions of the Vedic empire were carried out and entered into modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Batu Khan on Kievan Rus.

Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the united army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes was completely defeated. This is what they taught us in history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought the “enemies” so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the “Mongols”?

The reason for such absurdity was that the Russian princes, who accepted an alien religion, knew perfectly well who came and why...

So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but there was a return of the rebellious provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Khan Batu had the task of returning the Western European province-states under the wing of the Vedic empire and stopping the invasion of Christians into Rus'. But the strong resistance of some princes, who felt the taste of the still limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new unrest on the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be brought to completion (N.V. Levashov “Russia in Crooked Mirrors”, Volume 2.).

conclusions

In fact, after baptism in the Principality of Kiev, only children and a very small part of the adult population remained alive, which accepted the Greek religion - 3 million people out of a population of 12 million before baptism. The principality was completely devastated, most of the cities, towns and villages were plundered and burned. But the authors of the version about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” paint exactly the same picture for us, the only difference is that these same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by “Tatar-Mongols”!

As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which it was baptized Principality of Kiev, and in order to stop all possible questions, the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was subsequently invented. The children were raised in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later Christianity) and history was rewritten, where all the cruelty was blamed on the “wild nomads”...

The Russian principalities did not directly become part of the Mongol feudal empire and retained the local princely administration, the activities of which were controlled by the Baskaks. Russian princes received labels for ownership of their principalities. Power was maintained by punitive campaigns and repressions against some princes. Until the early 60s of the 13th century, Rus' was under the rule of the great khans, and then the khans of the Golden Horde.

The Golden Horde was a state artificially formed by seizing foreign lands and forcibly uniting them into one different nations. The wealth of the Golden Horde was based on tribute, as well as on enormous taxes and duties from the nomadic and agricultural population. Batu founded Sarai-Batu, the capital of the Horde, at the mouth of the Volga. At its head was a khan with unlimited power. The Tatar-Mongol yoke was formally established in 1243. The Russian princes with their troops were supposed to serve the Golden Horde Khan. Only the clergy, which the conquerors tried to use to strengthen their power, were exempt from tribute.

Since 1245, the Galicia-Volyn land was in vassal dependence on the Tatars, but in fact continued to pursue an independent policy. In 1262, uprisings arose against the Baskaks in Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir, and Yaroslavl. The most powerful princes sought to obtain the grand-ducal table. During this period, the Moscow, Rostov, Tver, and Kostroma principalities stood out, the rulers of which were at enmity with each other. Under these conditions, it was very difficult for the Russian people to fight for unification and liberation from the Tatars. And yet the struggle with the Tatars continues (1289,1315,1316,1320), this forced the Golden Horde khans to transfer the collection of tribute into the hands of the Russian princes and abandon the Baskas.

Temnik Mamai presented real danger for Moscow. In 1373, the Tatars marched on Ryazan land, in which Moscow troops participated in repelling it. From this moment on, Moscow’s “reconciliation” with the Tatars begins. By this time, most of the principalities had already fully recognized the primacy of Moscow, and therefore real opportunity form an all-Russian coalition against the Tatars. In the winter of 1374, a princely congress took place in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, at which the issue of further struggle with the Horde was decided. This was the peak of all-Russian unity. A label was sent to the Prince of Tver from the Horde against Vladimir. There was a threat of a new internecine war. But this attempt by Mamai failed. The agreement with Tver, concluded after the campaign of the united forces in 1375, contained a special clause about the fight against the Tatars: “And whether the Tatars come against us or you, we and you will fight at the same time against them. “Ali, let’s go against them, and you, too, go against them with us.” This is how the foundations of all-Russian military-political unity were laid.

The Prince of Tver, who had completely lost the fight against Moscow, was sent a label from the Horde against Vladimir. There was a threat of a new internecine war. And this attempt by Mamai failed. The agreement with Tver, concluded after the campaign of the united forces in 1375, contained a special clause about the fight against the Tatars: “And the Tatars will go against us or against you, we and you will fight at the same time against them. “Ali, let’s go against them, and you and us, together, go against them.” This is how the foundations of all-Russian military-political unity were laid. In 1377, Arabshah from the Horde, which competed with Mamai, approached the Russian borders. Dmitry Ivanovich himself came out to meet the Tatars along with the Nizhny Novgorod princes. Near the Piana River in the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Principality, it became known that the Tatars had lingered at the “Wolf Waters”. By that time, the Grand Duke with the main forces had already returned to Moscow. But the Tatars came from the other side. The detachment sent by Mamai attacked the Russians, who were taken by surprise. The boyars and warriors fled, many of them drowned in the river or were killed. As a result, Nizhny Novgorod land was devastated by two waves of invasion.

The final defeat of the Golden Horde occurred after a clash between Moscow and Mongol-Tatar troops on the Ugra River. The Horde troops were led by Ahmed Khan, who entered into an alliance with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV. Ivan III managed to attract the Crimean Khan Mengli - Girey to his side. After standing on the Ugra for several weeks, Ahmed Khan realized that it was hopeless to engage in battle; having learned that his capital Sarai was attacked by Khanate of Siberia, he withdrew his troops back. “Standing on the Ugra” ended with the liberation of the Russian land from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. It was prepared by the entire course of history, the heroic struggle against the conquerors and the successes of the unification process.

More than two centuries of the hated Tatar-Mongol yoke was forever overthrown. Rus' finally stopped paying tribute to the Golden Horde several years before 1480.