Collapse of the Golden Horde. §25

Collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences Mongol conquest

Originally under Batu Khan (1227–1256) Golden Horde was dependent on the Mongol Empire. At 1260 ᴦ. The Mongol Empire broke up into independent uluses and under Berke Khan (1256–1266) the Golden Horde became an independent state. Monke Khan (1256–1266) began minting his own coins in the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde reached its greatest power in the first half of the 14th century, especially under Uzbek Khan (1312–1324) and Zhanibek Khan (1342–1357). The power of the khans increased, the convening of kurultai ceased, and power was centralized. In 1312 ᴦ. Uzbek Khan declared Islam the state religion.

From 1357 ᴦ. at 1380 ᴦ. In the Golden Horde, two and a half dozen khans replaced the khan’s throne. This was the era of the “Great Troubles”

At 1380 ᴦ. The actual ruler, Temnik Mamai, was defeated on the Kulikovo field by Russian troops led by Dmitry Donskoy.

Taking advantage of the defeat of Mamai, the Juchid Tokhtamysh seized power in the Golden Horde. Trying to strengthen his power with military victories, he in 1382 ᴦ. burned Moscow, made a series of campaigns in Transcaucasia and Transcaucasia.

In 1389, 1391, 1395. Emir Timur undertook conquests to the Golden Horde and dealt her a blow from which she could no longer recover.

In 1238 ᴦ. Mahmud Tarabi revolted in Bukhara. In 1241 ᴦ. An uprising broke out in Kama Bulgaria in 1259. - in Novgorod, Rostov and Suzdal; at 1270 ᴦ. - in Yaroslavl. The reasons for the weakening of the Golden Horde were: the aggressive campaigns of Emir Timur; permanent internecine wars for power; popular uprisings; the desire of conquered peoples for independence.

By the middle of the 15th century. The Golden Horde ceased to exist. On its ruins, states arose - Ak Orda, Nogai Horde, Siberian, Kazan, Crimean and Astrakhan khanates.

Negative consequences The Mongol conquest resulted in: destruction of productive forces; decline of cities and urban culture (cities and villages, palaces and mosques were destroyed. According to Marco Polo (XIII century), after the establishment of Mongol rule, cities were not allowed to “have walls and gates” so as not to prevent the entry of troops); decline of agriculture and crafts (Irrigation systems were destroyed, agricultural oases were trampled, cultivated fields were abandoned. Thousands of master craftsmen were driven into slavery); demographic crisis; mass extermination people, the population was starving; the final stage of the formation of the Kazakh nation was suspended; decline of spiritual culture (the second largest library in the world after Alexandria was burned in Otrar); the conquered population was subject to heavy taxes and duties (the Mongols introduced more than 20 types of taxes); the population was obliged to supply warriors for the Mongol army; The population was obliged, according to special labels, to provide transport, housing and food to passing khan's messengers, officials, and merchants; The population was entrusted with the responsibility of supplying clothing, food and livestock to the Mongol military detachments stationed in the area. The Mongol conquest delayed for a long time the economic and cultural progress of the peoples of the countries conquered by the Mongols. But it also contained positive points: the Mongolian authorities stimulated the development of trade and international relations (trade and diplomatic ties were established with distant countries. Caravans, diplomatic missions, and travelers moved through the territory of the uluses); the idea of ​​“centralized power” was brought to the steppe, which led to the political consolidation of tribes;

the norms of nomadic life began to be regulated by ʼʼYasaʼʼ, adapted to new conditions ( later than normal"Yasa" to a certain extent were used in the creation of "Zhety-Zhargy"); many shapes political system were also used subsequently in the states that arose on the territory of Kazakhstan in the post-Mongol era; the Mongols did not oppress the culture of the tribes of Kazakhstan - languages, religions, customs and traditions, but on the contrary, the Mongols themselves accepted the Turkic culture.

TOPIC No. 15: Ak Orda. Mogulistan.

Plan:

Collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences of the Mongol conquest - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences of the Mongol conquest" 2017, 2018.

As long as strong-willed and energetic khans ruled in Sarai, the Horde seemed to be a powerful state. The first shake-up occurred in 1312, when the population of the Volga region - Muslim, merchant and anti-nomad - nominated Tsarevich Uzbek, who immediately executed 70 Chingizid princes and all noyons who refused to betray the faith of their fathers. The second shock was the murder of Khan Janibek by his eldest son Berdibek, and two years later, in 1359, a twenty-year civil strife began - the “great jam.” In addition to this, in 1346 the plague raged in the Volga region and other lands of the Golden Horde. During the years of the “great silence”, calm left the Horde.

For the 60-70s. XIV century The most dramatic pages in the history of the Golden Horde occur. Conspiracies, murders of khans, strengthening of the power of the Temniks, who, rising together with their henchmen to the khan’s throne, die at the hands of the next contenders for power, pass like a quick kaleidoscope before their amazed contemporaries.

The most successful temporary worker turned out to be Temnik Mamai, who for a long time appointed khans in the Golden Horde (more precisely in its western part) at his own discretion. Mamai was not a Genghisid, but married the daughter of Khan Berdebek. Having no right to the throne, he ruled on behalf of dummy khans. Having subjugated the Great Bulgars, the North Caucasus, Astrakhan, and the mighty Temnik by the mid-70s of the 14th century. became the most powerful Tatar ruler. Although in 1375 Arabshah captured Sarai-Berke and the Bulgars broke away from Mamai, and Astrakhan passed to Cherkesbek, he still remained the ruler of a vast territory from the lower Volga to the Crimea.

“In these same years (1379), writes L.N. Gumilev, a conflict broke out between the Russian Church and Mamai. In Nizhny Novgorod, on the initiative of Dionysius of Suzdal (bishop), Mamai's ambassadors were killed. A war broke out, which went on with varying degrees of success, ending with the Battle of Kulikovo and the return of Chingizid Tokhtamysh to the Horde. In this war, which was imposed by the church, two coalitions took part: the chimeric power of Mamaia, Genoa and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, i.e. The West, and the bloc between Moscow and the White Horde is a traditional alliance, which was started by Alexander Nevsky. Tver avoided participating in the war, and the position of the Ryazan prince Oleg is unclear. In any case, it was independent of Moscow, because in 1382 he, like the Suzdal princes, fought on the side of Tokhtamysh against Dmitry”... In 1381, a year after the Battle of Kulikovo, Tokhtamysh took and destroyed Moscow.

The “Great Jam” in the Golden Horde ended with the coming to power in 1380. Khan Tokhtamysh, which was associated with the support of his rise by the great emir of Samarkand Aksak Timur.

But it was precisely with the reign of Tokhtamysh that events that turned out to be fatal for the Golden Horde were connected. Three campaigns of the ruler of Samarkand, the founder of the world empire from Asia Minor to the borders of China, Timur crushed the Jochi ulus, cities were destroyed, caravan routes moved south into Timur’s possessions.

Timur consistently destroyed the lands of those peoples who sided with Tokhtamysh. The Kipchak kingdom (Golden Horde) lay in ruins, the cities were depopulated, the troops were defeated and scattered.

One of Tokhtamysh’s ardent opponents was the emir of the White Horde from the Mangyt tribe Edigei (Idegei, Idiku), who took part in Timur’s wars against the Golden Horde. Having linked his fate with Khan Timur-Kutluk, who with his help took the Golden Horde throne, Edigei continued the war with Tokhtamysh. He, at the head of the Golden Horde army, defeated the united troops on the Vorskla River in 1399 Lithuanian prince Vitovt and Tokhtamysh, who fled to Lithuania.

After the death of Timur-Kutluk in 1399, Edigei actually became the head of the Golden Horde. For the last time in the history of the Golden Horde, he managed to unite all the former uluses of Jochi under his rule.

Edigei, like Mamai, ruled on behalf of dummy khans. In 1406 he killed Tokhtamysh, who was trying to settle in Western Siberia. In an effort to restore the Jochi ulus within its former borders, Edigei repeated the path of Batu. In 1407, he organized a campaign against Volga Bulgaria and defeated it. In 1408, Edigei attacked Rus', ravaged a number of Russian cities, besieged Moscow, but could not take it.

Edigei ended his eventful life by losing power in the Horde at the hands of one of Tokhtamysh’s sons in 1419.

The instability of political power and economic life, frequent devastating campaigns against the Bulgar-Kazan lands of the Golden Horde khans and Russian princes, as well as what broke out in the Volga regions in 1428 - 1430. The plague epidemic, accompanied by severe drought, did not lead to consolidation, but rather to the dispersion of the population. Whole villages of people then leave for safer northern and eastern regions. There is also a hypothesis of a socio-ecological crisis in the steppes of the Golden Horde in the second half of the 14th - 15th centuries. - that is, a crisis of both nature and society.

The Golden Horde was no longer able to recover from these shocks, and throughout the 15th century the Horde gradually split and disintegrated into the Nogai Horde (beginning of the 15th century), Kazan (1438), Crimean (1443), Astrakhan (1459), Siberian (late 15th century). century), the Great Horde and other khanates.

At the beginning of the 15th century. The White Horde split into a number of possessions, the largest of which were the Nogai Horde and the Uzbek Khanate. The Nogai Horde occupied the steppes between the Volga and the Urals. “The ethnic composition of the population of the Nogai and Uzbek khanates was almost homogeneous. It included parts of the same local Turkic-speaking tribes and the alien Mongol tribes that underwent assimilation. On the territory of these khanates lived the Kanglys, Kungrats, Kengeres, Karluks, Naimans, Mangyts, Uysuns, Argyns, Alchins, Chinas, Kipchaks, etc. In terms of their economic and cultural levels, these tribes were very close. Their main occupation was nomadic cattle breeding. Patriarchal-feudal relations prevailed in both khanates.” “But there were more Mangyt Mongols in the Nogai Horde than in the Uzbek Khanate.” Some of her clans sometimes crossed to the right bank of the Volga, and in the northeast they reached Tobol.

The Uzbek Khanate occupied the steppes of modern Kazakhstan east of the Nogai Horde. Its territory extended from the lower reaches of the Syr Darya and the Aral Sea north to Yaik and Tobol and northeast to the Irtysh.

The nomadic population of the Kipchak kingdom did not succumb to the influence of the ethno-noosphere of either the Russians or the Bulgars, having gone to the Trans-Volga region, they formed their own ethnic group with their own ethno-noosphere. Even when part of their tribes pulled the people of the Uzbek Khanate to Central Asia towards a settled life, they stayed in the steppes, leaving behind the ethnonym Uzbeks, they proudly called themselves - Kazak (Kazakh), i.e. a free man, preferring the fresh wind of the steppes to the suffocating life of cities and villages.

Historically, this gigantic half-state, half-nomad society did not last long. The fall of the Golden Horde, accelerated by the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) and the brutal campaign of Tamerlane in 1395, was as quick as its birth. And it finally collapsed in 1502, unable to withstand the clash with the Crimean Khanate.

Question to point 1. When was the Golden Horde formed? When did it become an independent state?

What peoples were part of the Golden Horde? What was the name of the main part of the inhabitants of this state?

Golden Horde – Russian name, the residents themselves called it Ulus Jochi. Ulus (or great states) were originally components of Genghis Khan's empire. The future Golden Horde was formed even before the conquest of the Old Russian state for the eldest son of Genghis Khan named Jochi and also his descendants. The state actually became independent under Batu Khan (Batu), and his younger brother Mengu-Timur received formal independence when he ascended the throne in 1266.

The population of the Golden Horde was called Tatars, but in fact included Turkic (Kipchaks, Volga Bulgars, Khorezmians, Bashkirs, etc.), Slavic, Finno-Ugric (Mordovians, Cheremis, Votyaks, etc.) and North Caucasian (Yasy, Alans, Cherkassy and others) etc.) peoples.

Question to paragraph 1. 2. Who was the Grand Duke of Moscow at that time?

Vasily I Dmitrievich was on the Moscow throne at that time.

Question to paragraph No. 1. Why do you think Tamerlane's power collapsed?

Timur's power collapsed for the same reasons as Old Russian state and many other medieval powers. The great conqueror distributed the lands to his sons and grandsons. Moreover, many of these lands were independent before the conquest, therefore they were not economically dependent on the center and could separate again. Despite the fact that Timur left the throne to only one of his descendants, the rest had the resources to fight for the inheritance or part of it.

Question for paragraph No. 2. What peoples were part of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanates?

The inhabitants of all these khanates were called Tatars. But in Kazan lived the Volga Bulgars (it was actually formed on the territory of their ancient Khaganate), Cheremis (Udmurts) and Morians, in Siberian - the Bashkirs and other peoples, in Astrakhan - the Kipchaks (Polovtsians).

Question to paragraph No. 3. Describe the occupations of the population of the states that were the heirs of the Golden Horde. What religions did the inhabitants of these states profess?

There were many nomadic cattle breeders in the Astrakhan and Kazan khanates. But due to the trade route along the Volga, traders and artisans also flourished. In the Siberian Khanate, the ruling Tatars continued to engage in nomadic cattle breeding, and the subordinates (who paid them tribute), mainly Finno-Ugric peoples, continued to engage in hunting and gathering - they were largely at the primitive stage of development.

The Tatars professed Islam, but the primitive peoples subject to the Siberian Khanate retained their pagan beliefs and shamanism.

Question for paragraph No. 4. How did the relationship between the new states and Russia develop?

Relations developed in different ways, they differed both with different states and with one state in different periods. So Khanate of Kazan tried to subjugate Moscow, but having achieved the last tribute, he did not demand more and moved on to peaceful trade. The Crimean Khanate was initially an ally of Moscow against the Great Horde, but after the destruction of the latter it also began raiding Russian lands.

We think, compare, reflect: question No. 1. Using the Internet and additional literature, compile in your notebook chronological table, showing the main stages in the development of relations between the Moscow principality and the Kazan and Crimean khanates until the middle of the 16th century.

Relations with the Kazan Khanate:

1439 - the first campaign of the Kazan Tatars against Moscow, the beginning of attempts to subjugate it;

1445 - in order to redeem himself from captivity, Vasily II, in addition to the ransom itself, gave the Kazan people a tribute, their officials arrived in Russian cities - trade between the states began, but Kazan became richer from it, and Moscow remained in a subordinate position;

1467 - the campaign of Moscow troops against Kazan (an unsuccessful attempt to place Tsarevich Kasim, who had previously fled from Kazan, on the throne): the beginning of Moscow's offensive campaigns;

1487 - Moscow troops took Kazan and placed Muhammad-Amin, who was friends with Moscow, on the throne;

1505 - apparently, not without the knowledge of Muhammad-Amin, the massacre of Russian merchants in Kazan began, the result was a series of wars against Moscow;

1552 - the capture of Kazan by Russian troops and the destruction of the Khanate.

Relations with the Crimean Khanate:

1480 - the union of Crimea and Moscow, it began with an alliance against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Great Horde, which first prevented Lithuania from attacking Moscow at the same time as the Great Horde, and then forced Khan Akhmat to leave the Ugra River, thanks to which the stand on it ended in the victory of the Moscow troops;

The turn of the 15th-16th centuries - with the weakening of the Great Horde, the Crimean Khanate no longer needed the Moscow state as an ally and began to make frequent raids on it, which went deep into Russian lands (in 1571, Khan Devlet Gerey even burned Moscow).

We think, compare, reflect: question No. 2. Find out which descendants of the peoples who inhabited the territories of the states formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde currently live in the Russian Federation.

The Bashkirs, Mordovians, Mari (Cheremis), Votyaks (Udmurts) and some other peoples have not yet dissolved among other peoples. The Tatars are considered a separate people.

The Golden Horde was one of the most powerful states, under whose control were vast territories.

The absence of a strong ruler (with the exception of Tokhtamysh) capable of keeping the country from internal crises.

The territories subject to the Mongols also began to rebel, sensing the weakening of the Golden Horde.

Regular internecine wars led to the country experiencing a very serious economic crisis.

After Tokhtamysh handed over the throne to his heirs, the dynastic crisis resumed in the country. After the death of Tokhtamysh, the Golden Horde again began to experience a crisis, and Ancient Rus' perked up. The size of the tribute began to decrease slightly, and the princes themselves did not strive to pay it as diligently as before. The final blow for the Horde was that a prince appeared in the Russian lands, capable of uniting all the troops under his banner. Ivan III became such a prince. Immediately after gaining power, Ivan III refused to pay tribute. And if the Golden Horde was just experiencing the crisis of early feudalism, then Ancient Rus' was already emerging from this stage of development. Gradually, individual territories united under common banners, realizing the power of their strength together, and not apart. In essence, to gain final independence, Ancient Rus' it took exactly 100 years (1380-1480). All this time, the Golden Horde was in a great fever, which led to its final weakening. Of course, Khan Akhmat tried to return the territories under his control, but in 1480 Ancient Rus' gained its long-awaited independence, which was the final blow for the once powerful state. Of course, not every country is able to withstand an economic and internal political crisis. Golden Horde due to internal conflicts lost its former power, and soon ceased to exist altogether. However, this state had a huge influence on the course of international history, and on the course of the history of Ancient Rus' in particular

2. The delimitation of the lands of the Don Army and the Zaporozhye Sich. The relationship between the Don Cossacks and the Cossacks worsened every year. No one remembered the former military brotherhood. The Russian government openly supported the Don Cossacks, seeing them as ethnic Russians, in contrast to the Ukrainian Cossacks. Meanwhile, the struggle for salt and fish had already reached armed clashes, when the Don Cossacks and Cossacks looked at each other as sworn enemies. The government had to intervene in this conflict. In 1743, a special commission was created, which was entrusted with the responsibility of studying in detail the causes of these disputes and delimiting the lands of the Don and Zaporozhye Army. The commission worked for three whole years, but made a decision in favor of the Don Cossacks. According to the Senate Decree of 1746, the border between the two Cossack republics was established along the Kalmius river (within the modern Donetsk region, where Mariupol is). Thus, part of the land was liquidated, its lands were given to the Don Cossacks, along with the remnants of Azov and Taganrog, which a few decades later were rebuilt and transferred to the Russian military administration. So the Don Cossack army, at the expense of the Cossacks, gained access to Sea of ​​Azov

But it's an unfair decision Russian government only angered the Zaporozhye Cossacks. They refused to recognize the new border, and, as before, fished on the Azov coast, driving the Don Cossacks away from there. The debate continued. It got to the point that in 1753, the Don Ataman Danila Efremov complained to St. Petersburg that the Cossacks were entering not only new Don lands, but even entering the Kuban, Turkish possessions. So the Don leader stood up for the Turks before Russian empress Elizabeth, speaking out against the Zaporozhye Cossacks.

The unity of the Dzhuchi ulus, which was based not so much on economic ties as on the despotic power of the khans of the Golden Horde, was disrupted during the twenty-year feudal civil strife that began in the second half of the 14th century. The restoration of the unity of the state during the reign of Khan Tokhtamysh was a temporary phenomenon associated with the implementation of Timur’s political plans; it was violated by himself. Those weak economic ties that were based on caravan trade could, for the time being, serve as a connecting link between individual uluses. Once the routes of caravan trade changed, weak economic ties turned out to be insufficient to maintain the unity of the uluses. The state began to disintegrate into separate parts, with their own separate, local centers.

Western uluses began to gravitate toward Russia and Lithuania, while at the same time maintaining connections, albeit weak, with Mediterranean trade through the Crimea; others, like Astrakhan, gravitated toward the Caucasian world and the East. In the Middle Volga there was a process of separation of the former Kama Bulgars; The Siberian yurt of the khans of the Golden Horde, like other areas of the Golden Horde east, increasingly strengthened economic ties with the Central Asian world. Between individual regions, which gravitated towards individual local centers, with the weakening and cessation of caravan trade, general economic ties were lost, this in turn led to the growth of separatist movements among local feudal lords. The local feudal aristocracy, no longer relying on the khans, whose local power has lost all authority, begins to look for local support, supporting one or another representative of the Jochid clan.

The Tatar feudal aristocracy of the western uluses united around Uluk-Muhammad, proclaiming him their khan. We see the same picture in the eastern uluses, since the rise of Edigei, who broke ties with the western uluses. Most of the khans nominated by Edigei, whom he contrasted with the sons of Tokhtamysh, were in fact khans of the eastern uluses, and not the entire Golden Horde. True, the power of these khans was nominal. The temporary worker himself was in charge of affairs, uncontrollably managing all the affairs of the eastern uluses and maintaining the unity of these uluses. After the death of Edigei, the same phenomena began in the eastern uluses that the western uluses experienced. Here, as in the west, several khans appeared simultaneously, laying claim to the eastern uluses of the Golden Horde.

Kazakh Khanate, formed in the 60s of the 15th century. on the territory of the former Orda-Ichen ulus and partly the Chegotai ulus, unlike the state of the Uzbeks, it remained a nomadic state. The Kazakhs, unlike their related Uzbek tribes who settled shortly after the invasion of Central Asia, remained nomads. Historian of the early 15th century. Ruzbakhani, who left us detailed description nomadic lifestyle of the Kazakhs, soon after the formation of the Kazakh ulus he wrote: “In summer time The Kazakh ulus roams all the places of these steppes, which are necessary for the preservation of their extremely numerous livestock. During the summer, they travel this road around the entire steppe and return. Each sultan stands in some part of the steppe in a place that belongs to the riding, they live in yurts, raise animals: horses, sheep and large cattle, for the winter they return to their winter camps on the banks of the Syr Darya River.

With the formation of the Uzbek Kazakh Khanate most of The nomads of the Golden Horde, who lived in the eastern half of the state, fell away from the Dzhuchiev ulus. In the remaining part of the ulus, the process of formation of new state associations of the Siberian Khanate and the Nogai Horde was also underway.

The history of the Uzbek and Kazakh khanates has been more or less studied in our literature and is still being studied by historians of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, which cannot be said about the Nogai Horde and especially the history of the Siberian Khanate.

One of the main reasons for the lack of knowledge early history The Siberian Khanate, of course, lies in the scarcity historical sources. Neither Arab writers, who were primarily interested in the events taking place in the western uluses of the Golden Horde, nor Persian authors, who showed interest mainly in the events taking place in the Central Asian possessions of the Golden Horde, left information about the early history of Siberia, except for mentions in these sources of the name “Iberia-Siberia”, either in the sense of a country or a city, which later gave its name to the entire region. The Bavarian Schiltberger, who visited Siberia in 1405-1406, gives very little data about the place of the Siberian yurt in the system of the Golden Horde. The areas that were part of the Siberian Khanate also received little archaeological study. The Siberian Chronicles, the only source for studying the history of the Siberian Khanate due to their relatively late writing, have serious shortcomings, especially on the issue of the formation of the Siberian Khanate.

From the analysis of the “Collection of Chronicles” and the Siberian Chronicle it follows that the founder of the Siberian Khanate was a descendant of Shaiban, Haji-Myxhammed, proclaimed Khan of Siberia in 1420 or 1421 with the support of Edigei’s son Mansur. Tatar historian of the 19th century. Shihabutdin Mardzhani, who had other materials that have not reached our time, slightly different from those materials that the compiler of the “Collection of Chronicles” had, writes: “The Siberian state is the state of Hadji Muhammad, the son of Ali. The residence of his state was located 12 miles above the Tobol fortress, in the city of Isker, otherwise called Siberia.” Mahmutek, proclaimed khan after the murder of his father, secured this fortress and the adjacent territories for his successor and turned it into the Siberian Khanate, which became a significant Tatar state under Khan Ibak.

We do not know what the boundaries of the Siberian Khanate were under Hadji Muhammad and his immediate successors. By the time of Ermak’s campaign, the Siberian Khanate occupied a fairly vast territory in Western Siberia. The borders of the Khanate extended from the eastern slopes of the Ural ridge, capturing the basins of the Ob and Irtysh, and included almost the entire Shaiban ulus and a significant part of the Orda-Ichen ulus. In the west it bordered with the Nogai Horde in the area of ​​the Ufa River, in the Urals - with the Kazan Khanate, in the northwest along the Chusovaya and Utka rivers it bordered with Perm. To the north, its border stretched all the way to the Gulf of Ob; north of the Gulf of Ob eastern border The Siberian Khanate walked along the Nadim and Pim rivers to the city of Surgut, and then turned south along the Irtysh River; in the area of ​​the Ob River it went somewhat east of the Irtysh, covering the Barabinsk steppe. In the 16th century, during the fall of the Siberian Khanate, in the city of Tantur on the Om River there was Kuchum’s governor, Barabe-Buyan Bek, and in the settlement of Chinyaevsky on Lake Chani, Kuchum’s protege also sat. In the south, the Siberian Khanate, in the upper reaches of the Ishim and Tobol rivers, bordered the Nogai Horde.

These total borders of the Siberian Khanate in the 16th century. must have remained in the same form throughout its history. The vast territory of the Siberian Khanate differed from other Tatar states formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde. It was sparsely populated, even in the 16th century. During the reign of Ediger, the Siberian Khanate numbered 30,700 ulus “black people”. The Tatar population itself, which made up the dominant stratum, stood out in the form of separate islands among the mass of the local population - the Mansi and Voguls, who were hostile to the Tatar aristocracy and their khans. The Siberian Khanate, as noted by S.V. Bakhrushin, was a typical semi-nomadic kingdom, divided into a number of poorly welded tribal uluses, united by the Tatars in a purely external way. The Siberian Tatars, being nomadic cattle breeders, hunters and trappers, always needed agricultural products and urban craft items. Usually, getting them from Central Asia, the Siberian Tatars were economically dependent on the neighboring Uzbek khanates; the internal weakness of the Siberian Khanate made it dependent on the neighboring Nogai princes and Murzas, who exercised political influence on them.

In more favorable conditions, in the sense of studying its history, it turned out to be another Tatar state - the Nogai Horde, which was also formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde. If the sources on the history of the Siberian Khanate have reached us in a very limited form and represent separate, unrelated, fragmentary information, then a fairly significant amount of data on the history of the Nogai Horde has been preserved.

The Nogai Horde, which finally formed into an independent state in the 40s. XVI century, especially began to intensify due to the weakening and defeat of the Uzbek union. Then many of the tribe, previously part of the Uzbek union, joined the Nogais. During the collapse of Abulkhair's horde, Abbas, together with the sons of Hadji Muhammad, played an active role in the seizure of Abulkhair's eastern possessions at the mouth of the river. Syr Darya, Amu Darya and the upper reaches of the Irtysh. In the 16th century The possessions of the Mangyt princes bordered in the north-west with the Kazan Khanate along the Samarka, Kinel and Kinelchek rivers. Here were their summer pastures (“letovishche”). The Bashkirs and Ostyaks, who lived near the Ufa River, paid tribute to the Nogais. In the northeast, the Nogai Horde bordered Khanate of Siberia. According to G.F. Miller, the area lying southeast of Tyumen is called the Nogai steppe. The famous Kazakh scientist was the first half of the 19th century century, Chokan Valikhanov considered the Altai Jurassic as a border line separating the Kazakh Khanate from the Nogai Horde. In the first half of the 16th century. The Nogais roamed the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, the shores of the Aral Sea, the Karakum, Barsunkum and the northeastern shores of the Caspian Sea

The Nogai Horde differed from other Tatar states not so much in the size of its territory as in the number of ulus people. Matvey Mekhovsky calls it “the most numerous and largest horde.” The reports of Matvey Mekhovsky are confirmed by the official material of the mid-16th century. Nogai prince in the 30s of the 16th century. could have up to 200,000 soldiers, even without the participation of the military people of some Nogai Murzas. Usually, among the Tatars, military people made up 60% of the total population, therefore, a prince who had 200 thousand soldiers could have a population of 300-350 thousand. True, the figure of 200 thousand refers to the 16th century, but if we take into account that during the formation of the Nogai Horde Edigei also had an army of two hundred thousand, then we can assume that the number of ulus people of the Nogai princes was significant and more early period.

Despite its population, the Nogai Horde was an amorphous state entity. It was divided into numerous semi-independent uluses, subordinate to the Nogai Murzas. The uluses were very loosely connected with each other. The Nogai Murzas, who stood at the head of large or small uluses, only conditionally recognized the Nogai princes as their “elder brothers”; each Murza called himself “a sovereign in his state.”

Being one of the largest state entities, which arose on the ruins of the Golden Horde, the Nogai Horde differed from other newly formed Tatar states in its internal weakness and fragmentation. Weakness of internal structure and state fragmentation The Nogai Horde is explained by the natural nature of the nomadic economy of the Nogais, who were little affected by commodity-money relations.

In preparing this work, materials from the site were used