The scientist explained the mechanism of all optical illusions. Optical illusions or optical illusions

Optical illusions use the difference between what your eyes see and what your brain perceives. They demonstrate how your visual system edits the image before you even know about it - just like your personal assistant, sifting out the important from the unimportant. People were creating optical illusions long before they knew how they worked. Today, advances in neuroscience have made it possible to understand how visual processes work to trick your brain. But there are also those that have not yet been explained.

Illusion with shadow on a chessboard

Everyone knows the illusion where a shadow falls from a body onto a chessboard, and two cells located outside the shadow and within it look different, black and white. But in fact they turn out to be the same color. Edward Adelson in 1995 used this illusion to show people how the human visual system perceives shadows. When trying to determine the color of a surface, the brain takes into account that the surface is in shadow and automatically signals that it should be rendered as lighter. So the brain interprets a cell in the shadow as being lighter, but in fact it is the same color as a cell outside the shadow.

Lilac Pursuit

This optical illusion consists of a black crosshair in the center of a circle consisting of lilac spots. One by one, these spots disappear, merging with the gray background. Your job is to focus on the crosshairs and wait - you'll notice that the purple spots don't actually disappear, but turn green! This visual illusion is called the Troxler effect and was discovered in 1804. This effect indicates that human eye able to concentrate on something moving, active, ignoring everything else. Your eyes take a little time to adjust as you focus on the crosshairs to get used to it, and then they start to follow the changing dot, which turns out to be green, and the purple ones blend into the background as unimportant.

Vanishing light

If you focus on the flashing light in the center, you will notice that the yellow dots scattered around the light source begin to randomly disappear and appear in unexpected places. This occurs due to a phenomenon called motion-induced blindness. It doesn't yet have a generally accepted explanation, but most scientists believe it originates in the primary visual cortex, the part of the brain responsible for processing information about static and dynamic objects.

Goering illusion

In this geometric optical illusion, the stripes appear to be bent outward. Hering attributes this effect to the fact that human brain overestimates the angle of intersection of the red vertical stripes and the remaining blue stripes. But why does this miscalculation occur? This is most likely due to the human tendency to visually predict the future. Light reaches the retina extremely quickly, so the human visual system has gradually evolved to compensate for the delay between light reaching the retina and delivering the signal to the brain.

The illusion of gradation

The horizontal stripe in this optical illusion changes its color from light to dark, being on exactly the same, but only opposite background, which changes from dark to light. As you might have guessed, this is just an optical illusion. If you close the background, you will see that the horizontal stripe is the same color. This illusion is similar to the very first one, with a chessboard - the brain analyzes the environment in which different parts of the horizontal strip are located, and darkens it where the background is light, and lightens it where the background is dark.

Illusory movement

On this moment there is no clear explanation for what causes illusory movement. Some believe this is due to small involuntary eye movements that make you think the image is moving. Others believe that when you look at such a complex pattern, your visual cortex gradually begins to confuse static objects with dynamic ones, so you think you're seeing movement. In any case, this illusion is also an optical illusion that works under any conditions, and you will not be able to convince your brain.

Graphic design ,

Interfaces,

Typography

Translation

How deep is the rabbit hole?

How many minutes will it take you to figure out what the trick is?

Francis Bacon in 1620 divided the sources of human errors that stand in the way of knowledge into four groups, which he called “ghosts” or “idols” (Latin: idola).

"Ghosts of the Kind" stem from human nature itself, they do not depend either on culture or on the individuality of a person. “The human mind is like an uneven mirror, which, mixing its nature with the nature of things, reflects things in a distorted and disfigured form.”
"Ghosts of the Cave"- these are individual perception errors, both congenital and acquired. “After all, everyone, in addition to the errors inherent in the human race, has his own special cave, which weakens and distorts the light of nature.”
"Ghosts of the Market Square"- a consequence of the social nature of man, - communication and the use of language in communication. “People unite through speech. Words are set according to the understanding of the crowd. Therefore, a bad and absurd statement of words besieges the mind in a surprising way.”
"Phantoms of the Theater"- these are things that a person learns from other people misconceptions about the structure of reality. “At the same time, we mean here not only general philosophical teachings, but also numerous principles and axioms of the sciences, which received force as a result of tradition, faith and carelessness.” [Wikipedia]

Below the cut is a clear demonstration of the vulnerability of our brain to attacks through visual input. I present to you a translation of an article by product designer and front-end developer Balraj Chana, about how you can use/neutralize the effect of optical illusions.

1. Triangle Section Illusion

Triangle alignment based on the centroid (barycenter).

Icons can be deceiving, especially those with complex geometry and odd proportions. Not all icons in a set are symmetrical, pixel perfect, or have compatible proportions. Some icons require direct intervention, most notably that dreaded play button.

Placing a triangle inside a curved or straight tank can make the element look optically out of place. The reason for this is an effect known as the triangle section illusion. The triangle's center of mass is calculated based on its minimum bounding box. Therefore, if you need to place a point exactly in the middle of the height of an equilateral triangle, then optically it will appear much higher.

Which option is mathematically centered?

There are two theories for this fascinating illusion:

Incorrect scaling of constants. The illusion contains perspective cues that increase the perceived size of more distant objects, for example, an equilateral triangle may be perceived as a flat picture of a road viewed in perspective, with the top apex lying at infinity and the bottom base perceived as the nearest part of the road.
Center of gravity. If an observer is asked to find a point in the middle, he will end up finding a centroid that has equal areas above and below him. The centroid of an equilateral triangle is well below the midpoint, and there is evidence that observers make choices that are tradeoffs.

In order for the triangle inside the container to be optically centered, it is necessary to find the centroid (barycenter) of the triangle by calculating the intersection point of the lines connecting each vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. Here's a formula you can use:

Formula for finding the centroid of a triangle.

The centroid can be 1/3 of the distance from each side to the opposite vertex. This method can also be applied to many other shapes.

2. Vertical-Horizontal Illusion

Vertical-horizontal illusion.

Squares are the fundamental building blocks of any design system. They can be seen in material design maps, Facebook posts, Pinterest pictures, and the Dribble community.

After moving the square into the sketch, it is sometimes worth looking twice to see if each side is of equal proportions. If you look closely enough, you will see that the vertical sides appear longer than the horizontal ones. It's like the square is actually a rectangle! But, in fact, it is a perfect 1:1 square. This is called the vertical-horizontal illusion.

The Facebook post image is a 1:1 square.

What's really fascinating is that the perception of this illusion varies by culture and gender. People living in developed cities tend to be more susceptible than people living in rural areas. This is explained by the fact that residents of rural areas, as a rule, are accustomed to living in round houses.

3. Mach bands

Mach bands.

Placing shades of the same color next to each other was a common trend during the flat design era. Taking a closer look, you may have noticed a false shadow appearing between the edges of each contrasting shadow. This illusion is known as "Mach Bands". Not a single shadow was added to the image, it is just what our eyes perceive.

Shadows appear between the edges of each row.

The technical explanation for this effect is due to side inhibition, meaning that a darker area falsely appears even darker and a lighter area falsely appears even lighter.

Although this effect is fairly subtle in the world of graphic design, its impact can be proven - it can be a real nuisance for dentists. X-rays produce grayscale images used to analyze intensity anomalies. Mach bands can provide a false positive diagnosis if not correctly identified.

4. Goering's illusion

Goering's illusion.

Have you ever encountered a logo that contains very thin lines or a background image with tiny dots that move or pulsate as you scroll? If so, it's due to a specular frequency effect called Moiré pattern, where two mesh patterns overlap each other, creating false movements.

Scroll up and down to feel the vibration effect.

This is a very cool effect, although Moiré is not an optical illusion per se, it is an interference pattern. An example of the Sonos logo uses a combination of Moiré patterns, the Goering illusion, and illusory motion. This sensory technique is quite popular in the art of Op Art.

5. Hermann grid

Hermann's grid.

The Hermann grid illusion is quite popular and can be seen in layouts that contain a grid of squares placed on a high contrast background. If you look directly at any square, you will see a ghostly ball at the intersection of adjacent squares. But if you look at the intersection itself, the ball will disappear.

The reason for this effect is collateral inhibition. Simply put, the ability of an excited neuron to suppress neighboring neurons in the latter direction.

6. Contrast Illusion

Contrast illusion.

Placing two objects of the same color on different contrasting backgrounds can cause them to appear different colors. This phenomenon is known as the contrast illusion. It is believed that Contrast is King, but not everyone perceives it the same way.

The color of the text is exactly the same on both sides, but it doesn't seem that way.

Unfortunately, there is no established theory about why this illusion occurs, but many studies speculate as to why. One reason is collateral braking, which is responsible for the Hermann Grid and Mach Bands.

7. Manker-White illusion

Manker-White illusion.

This illusion is quite minor, but nonetheless fascinating. Looking at the gif above, the purple blocks on the left appear lighter than those on the right. But it was discovered that both blocks actually reflected the same amount of light.

The cause of the Manker-White illusion is...you guessed it...collateral inhibition.

8. Watercolor Illusion

Watercolor illusion.

There have been times when I've added a border to an object and then wondered, "When did I also change the background color?" If you look closely, you can see that the pale area takes on a much lighter shade due to the color of the border. Would you be very surprised if I told you that that light area is actually white?

This visual phenomenon, known as the watercolor illusion, depends on the combination of brightness and color contrast of contour lines.

The white area inside the button appears to take on a slight tint depending on the border color.

9. Jastrow Illusion

The Jastrow illusion.

This illusion occurs when working with curved objects. The two items appear to be different in size, but upon closer inspection, they are actually the same size.

This illusion occurs during the creation process because some identically curved edges may appear smaller than others..

How is this possible? Well, this is known as the Jastrow illusion, and there is no ultimate explanation for why we perceive segments differently. One explanation is that our brain does not see the difference in the size of a large and small radius. In other words, the short side makes the long side appear long, and vice versa.

10. Cornsweet Illusion

The Cornsweet illusion.

Apart from the illusion of contrast and the illusion of Mach Bands,

In the course of evolution, humans have acquired the ability to predict the future. True, this has nothing to do with the revelations of Nostradamus - we are talking about compensation for the delay that occurs when transmitting a visual image from the retina to the corresponding part of the brain.

The time lag is one tenth of a second, and, unfortunately, our predictive horizon is limited to this. More precisely, the human brain “completes” the corresponding image, based on certain basic principles of perception of surrounding objects.

What are these principles? Do they exist? Cognitive model specialist Mark Changizi of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute tried to clarify this issue by turning to optical illusions.

As it turns out, the easiest way to see the effect of “reconstruction of reality” is through the example of optical illusion.

If you focus on the center of the picture, the lines closer to the point where the rays converge will appear curved (illustration by Mark Changizi, RPI).

Let's take the so-called Hering illusion, where vertical straight lines overlap a beam of rays. The apparent curvature of the center lines occurs because our brain is able to anticipate what the image will look like next - as we "get closer" to the center of the picture.

The effect of approximation, in turn, is created by the geometric parameters of the very point of convergence of the ray segments. Since we are not actually moving anywhere, the illusion of seeing straight lines as curves arises.

“During the course of evolution, humans have the ability to foresee the near future in the short term,” says Changizi. – The rays converging at a central point are the signals that deceive our consciousness, making it think that we are moving forward. By bending the lines, the brain tries to tell us what picture will appear before us in the next moment.”

Such “tricks” surround us in Everyday life constantly. For example, " side effects» binocular vision: If you alternately close your eyes, the observed object will seem to move slightly.

Or let us remember the ability to perceive the meaning of phrases even when only the first and last letters in each word are correctly located, but inside they are scattered out of order.

The American decided that the same principle underlies all optical illusions. To test his hypothesis, he studied 50 types of “decoys” and classified them into 28 categories.

The results obtained indicate that there are four main types of “fitting” variables: the size of the observed object, its speed, brightness (contrast) and distance to it.

For example, if two objects are at the same distance from you, and you are heading towards one of them, then as you approach your target will appear larger and at the same time lose contrast - “blur”.

As the head approaches the center of the circle, the latter seems to become lighter. What helps the brain determine how to “correct” an object? For example, the work that the eye muscles do to see it (illustration by Mark Changizi, RPI).

Based on the results of the study, Mark argues that all four channels of perception arose during evolution, but are somehow connected with the need for constant movement, and rectilinear movement.

According to him, the effects of “finishing” reality can occur both in a static position and during torsion - but they can one way or another be explained by the adjustments necessary when moving forward.

By the way, you can learn more about the entire concept of “predictive perception” in the preprint of the work posted on the scientist’s personal page (PDF document).

Movement Illusions

Size perception

Many illusions are explained by the structure of the human eye and its disabilities. So many road accidents happen at dusk at intersections where traffic lights hang when work changes visual apparatus, or at night, when drivers mistake the light of a traffic light for the light of an ordinary street lamp.

By choosing the right wallpaper pattern, we can visually expand a small room. By choosing the desired color of the fabric, you can hide the flaws of your figure. Although a visual illusion is not always a play of light and shadow or the natural perception of a given object.

There are many specially invented optical puzzles creating amazing effects!

Visual distortions

Illusions often lead to completely false quantitative estimates real geometric quantities. According to theory relative size perceived size depends not only on the size on the retina, but also on the sizes of other objects in the visual field that we observe at the same time.

Goering illusion (fan illusion)

The lines are actually parallel.

Wundt's Illusion (1896)

The lines in the center are actually parallel.

Wall cafe illusion

Are the horizontal lines parallel?

The red lines are straight, although they appear curved.

Perelman illusion

The letters are actually parallel to each other

The Illusion of W. Ehrenstein (W. Ehrenstein, 1921)

Blue squares appear unevenly drawn

Does the pattern seem to bend inward?

All the squares are not actually distorted.

The Illusion of J. Fraser (Fraser, 1908)

Circles or spirals?

Look in the center at black dot- the colored spots should disappear:

Keep your eyes on the cross. Did you see green spots? But there is nothing green here.

Optical illusion!

Illusions with black and white negatives

Scull

This ancient illusion is familiar to many. Look at the black cross in the eye socket of the skull for about half a minute. Then look at a light sheet of paper, a light wall, a ceiling, and you will see a white skull with dark gaps in place of the eyes, nose, and mouth. The further the surface is from you, the larger the skull you will observe.

Burning lamp

Same as with the skull. For thirty seconds, carefully examine the black lamp in the very center, then move your gaze to the white wall and the lamp will light up.

Queen Elizabeth II of England

The same as with the previous pictures. Look at the center of the picture for thirty seconds and then at a white surface. The image will "appear".

Illusions with color negatives

American flag

Again we carefully look at the point in the center of the picture for thirty seconds, then at the white surface and find there an American flag of the correct color.

Flag of Brazil

Flag of Malaysia

Flag of France

Flag of Canada

Flag of India

Flag of Italy

Flag of the Great Britain

Movement Illusions

Look at still images and they will begin to move. Look at identical moving balls and you will see that they different sizes. The same rotating image can be rotated in different sides, or even make oscillatory movements.

Fractal illusion

There is an illusion that the drawing is pulsating

Are the circles spinning?

Coffee bean illusion

Size perception

Illusions often lead to completely incorrect quantitative estimates of real geometric quantities. It turns out that you can make a mistake of 25% or more if you don’t check your eye estimates with a ruler. Visual estimates of geometric real quantities very much depend on the nature of the image background. This applies to lengths (Ponzo illusion), areas, radii of curvature. It can also be shown that what has been said is also true for angles, shapes, and so on.

Section “First steps in science”

RESEARCH

Optical illusions

Completed:

Student 4 "A" class

Alyabyev Pavel Igorevich

Odintsovo

2016

Content

Maintenance _____________________________________________ 3 pages.

Main part

2. 2. Illusions - a game of vision __________________________ 4 p.

2.3. Why do optical illusions occur? ___________ 5 pages

2.4. Types of optical illusions _______________________ 5 pages.

2.5. 3D drawings on asphalt _________________________ 8 pages.

3. Conclusion _____________________________________ 10 pages.

4. References ______________________________ 11 pages.

Applications.

Often what we see is deceptive, and many things turn out to be not at all what they seem at first glance.

Even the simplest things can conceal the most unexpected discoveries, you just need to look closely. But should we trust everything we see? Is it possible to see something that no one has seen? Is it true that stationary objects can move? What are the different types of optical illusions?

Relevance of the topic .

The idea for this research was born after I saw photographs of 3D drawings on asphalt. Questions arose: how are such drawings created and why do people perceive them this way, and do we always see what really is? I wanted to find answers to all the questions posed, so I decided to conduct a study “Can you believe your eyes?” and look into this issue.

Target my research work– study human vision and visual illusions.

Tasks:
- get acquainted with the structure of the eye and find out how a person sees;
- study visual illusions;
- find out if it's true real world exactly the way we arewe see him.

Research hypothesis:

“Can you believe your eyes?” (see Appendix No. 1).

Expected results:

- creating an information message on the research topic;- creating a presentation based on research materials.

Illusions are a game of vision. Our life is full of surprises, and the main place in it, of course, is occupied by illusions. But what does illusion mean? IN explanatory dictionary S.I. Ozhegova gave the concept of the word illusion. Illusion is a deception of the senses, something apparent; a painful state is an erroneous perception of objects, phenomena, something unrealizable, a dream. In my opinion, this is primarily an optical illusion.

Optical illusionis a representation of a visible phenomenon or object that does not correspond to reality due to the structure of our visual apparatus(see Appendix No. 2).

Simply put, it is a misrepresentation of reality.

Why do optical illusions occur?(see Appendix No. 3, Fig. 1).

After studying the literature, I found out that a person sees this way:
1. Light passes through the cornea and pupil to the lens.
2. It then passes through the lens and filling fluid eyeball, and hits the retina.
3. The retina receives the light impulse and transmits it to the optic nerve.
4. Optic nerve sends a signal to the brain.
5. The brain translates the signal into a visual image.

Man perceives most information about the world around us thanks to vision, but few people think about how exactly this happens. Most often, the eye is considered to be similar to a camera or television camera, projecting external objects onto the retina, which is a light-sensitive surface. The brain “looks” at this picture and “sees” everything that surrounds us. However, not all so simple

(see Appendix No. 3, Fig. 2, 3).

Firstly , the image on the retina is inverted.

Secondly , due to the imperfect optical properties of the eye, the image on the retina is blurred.

Third, the eye makes constant movements: jumps when viewing images, small involuntary fluctuations, relatively slow, smooth movements when tracking a moving object. So the image

is in constant dynamics.

Fourth , the eye blinks approximately 15 times per minute, which means that the image stops being projected onto the retina every 5-6 seconds.

So what does the brain “see”?(see Appendix No. 4).

It turns out that scientists are also studying this issue and they say that there are many scientific directions that are trying to understand how we perceive the world around us. And one of the most interesting ways of studying is the study of the visual apparatus.

Illusions are a distorted, inadequate reflection of the properties of a perceived object. Translated from Latin, the word “illusion” means “error, delusion.”

Causes of illusions

From further reading I learned that there are three main causes of illusion:

1) our eyes perceive light coming from an object, which means erroneous information comes to the brain;

2) when the transmission of information signals along the nerves is disrupted, failures occur, which again leads to erroneous perception;

3) the brain does not always react correctly to signals passing from the eyes.

Often illusions arise for two reasons at once: the specific functioning of the eyes and the erroneous transformation of the signal by the brain.

Types of illusions.

As a result of the research, I also learned that, based on their origin, optical illusions are divided into three types.

Natural illusions (see Appendix No. 5).

They were created by Mother Nature herself, without human participation (it is worth clarifying that indirectly man could still somehow influence).

An example of such an optical illusion is a mirage. Specifically, I’ll cite a very bright oneexample of natural illusion , which people have observed quite recently: . If you haven't seen this yet, be sure to check it out! In China, over the river, nature created something truly unimaginable. A huge mirage of the city, with its trees, buildings and infrastructure; Moreover, the mirage was so bright and distinct that in the video recordings you can see every window of the building of this ghost town.

Artificial illusion (see Appendix No. 6).

In common peopleartificial illusion I am nothing more than a trick, a trick, a ruse.

For example, levitation is the illusion of human flight. In principle, of course, a person can fly, but in combination with certain mechanisms, be it an airplane or artificial wings.

Mixed illusions (see Appendix No. 7).

Perhaps the largest section of illusions. It includes well-knownillusion pictures , different models, and naturally this “deception” is created by man.

A funny combination of optical illusion and building using Photoshop.

In general, there are a lot of pictures with illusions, and viewing them one after another is very funny.

Between natural and artificial illusions there is significant difference. If an illusion is invented by a person, then it necessarily has a constructive secret and, after communicating it to the observer, loses much of its mystery. Natural and mixed illusions do not change the strength of their impact, regardless of whether the observer knows their secret or not. It should be noted that optical illusions are not necessarily born as a result of the play of light and shadow. Thus, the already mentioned “flying lady” illusion is based on a clever mechanical design.

Optical illusions can be classified, if not endlessly, then for a very long time. These are illusions of size, movement, color, shape, and so on. And if you get more specific, you can separate these groups further.

Observing illusions.

By common features:

Visual distortions(see Appendix No. 8, Fig. 1):

Wall cafe illusion.
Are the horizontal lines parallel? Yes, parallel!

Dual images(see Appendix No. 8, Fig. 2);

Illusions of size perception(see Appendix No. 8, Fig. 3):

Ebbinghaus illusion (1902).

Which circle is bigger? The one surrounded by small circles or the one surrounded by large ones?

They are identical. A feature of the perception of an object in space is the contrast of objects.

Figure-ground relationship(see Appendix No. 8, Fig. 4) :

ruby vase (1915).

A classic example of the relationship between figure and ground. Both the vase and two faces can be seen;

Apparent figures(see Appendix No. 8, Fig. 5) :

a square that does not exist;

Depth perception illusions(see Appendix No. 8, Fig. 6):

Schroeder's staircase (1858).

Is it a staircase, a niche, or just a gray strip of paper folded like an accordion?

Movement Illusions(see Appendix No. 8, Fig. 7) :

Ouchi's Illusion (1977).
Look closely at the ball in the center. Does the pattern seem to move from side to side? Without taking your eyes off the center of the circle, move your head.
Do you have the illusion that the pattern around the ball is shifting?

Impossible figures(see Appendix No. 8, Fig. 8):

How many shelves are there? Three or four?

Facial illusions (tracking paintings, inverted portraits)

(see Appendix No. 8, Fig. 9) :

Aftereffect(see Appendix No. 8, Fig. 10):

If you stare at the left image for 30 seconds and then turn your gaze blankly, the face of Che Guevara should appear.

Of course this is not a complete list visual illusions. I offer for consideration only those that I especially liked.

3D drawings on asphalt. Street art on asphalt (see Appendix No. 9).

But imagine: you are walking through the city, and suddenly a crevice appears before your eyes, from which the fiends of hell are trying to escape! Or suddenly you notice a completely ordinary apple on the asphalt, but you can’t touch it - it’s painted! When I first saw three-dimensional pictures on the asphalt, I couldn’t believe that it was really just a drawing. This type of street art I learned is calledStreet art (in English.). In fact, modern art originated in the 16th century.

After reading many articles about contemporary art, I learned that in order to create a three-dimensional image on asphalt, artists use a special distortion, and the drawing looks three-dimensional when viewed from a certain point. One painting takes about three days.

As for modern times, Julian Beaver occupies a prominent place among artists. This British master has been painting on asphalt for more than 10 years; his works have been on the streets of many European countries, America and Australia.

In Russia, such art is still poorly developed, but it is becoming quite a fashionable trend in street art.

Art actively uses the ability of vision to deceive itself for its own purposes. Techniques for perspective or reproducing the effect of volume in a flat drawing have already been mentioned. Using newfangled terms, this effect can be called the “virtual volume effect.” It turns out that our vision is capable of perceiving three-dimensional pictures and perceiving them as real, when in fact it is just an illusion.

Yes, last summer original way Famous German 3D artist Edgar Müller offered Muscovites an opportunity to escape from the abnormal heat. He painted a seething waterfall on the city asphalt. An illusion picture helps you mentally transport yourself from the hot capital to where there is water and coolness. To see a picture in 3D format, you need to look at it through a special lens installed nearby. It distorts the perspective, and the image turns out three-dimensional.

Main secret images of three-dimensional pictures, they need to be “stretched”. This is the skill of the performer. If applied in normal proportions, this effect will not be achieved. Moreover, it takes several hours to create.

By the way, the artists depicting 3 D pictures, draw them with ordinary “pastel” crayons, which children use in drawing lessons.

Conclusion.

In the course of considering these “illusions”, I understood a little about the essence of their origin. Of course, I was not completely able to reveal all the secrets of visual illusions, since many scientists are still understanding them.So “Can you trust your eyes?”

I realized that there are many visual illusions that distort the perception of real objects.

Thus, the perception of the same object can be different. It is impossible to say with certainty that everything we see is like that.

Each person can see illusions differently, depending on the psychological, physical condition, individual characteristics and so on. However, very often people see what they want to see. Optical illusions provide clues to how our brains work. They can help us think faster, improve memory, absorb information better, and use the full potential of our brain.

This is a great way to keep your brain busy. While searching for the second image, training is underway eye muscles which are strengthened, vision becomes sharper. The imagination develops as it tries to find some solution that is compatible with reality.

Viewing illusions is a relaxation for the benefit of the mind.

If you wish, you can create any illusion, the main thing is to be able to distinguish reality from delusion. After all, only real things and feelings actually make us happy.

Look for illusions around you and you will learn more about yourself. But at the same time, avoid illusions about what is important and appreciate the present.

Bibliography:

Artamonov I.D., Visual illusions, ed. 3 – M., Science.1969.

A big book of fun. – 2004. – M.: Reader’s Digest, 2003.

Material from the Internet: .

Perelman Ya.I. “Entertaining physics.” “Twentieth edition, stereotypical”: “Science”; Moscow; ISBN 1979.

5. Tolansky S. Optical illusions M., Mir, 1967, p. 128, with illustrations.

APPLICATION

Appendix No. 1. “Can you believe your eyes?”

Appendix No. 2. Optical illusions.