Examples of sentences with logical stylistic errors. Speech errors: types and types, classification

Stylistic errors are a violation of the requirements of the unity of a functional style, the unjustified use of emotionally charged, stylistically marked means. Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word.

The most common stylistic mistakes include:

1. The use of clericalisms - words and phrases characteristic of an official business style. For example, “As the income portion of my budget increased, I decided to purchase for permanent use new car- “I started getting a lot of money, so I decided to buy a new car.”

2. The use of words (expressions) of inappropriate stylistic coloring. Thus, in a literary context, the use of slang, colloquial, abusive language is inappropriate, business text Colloquial and expressive words should be avoided. For example, “The trustee of charitable institutions is cozying up to the auditor” - “The trustee of charitable institutions is currying favor with the auditor.”

3. Mixing styles is the unjustified use in one text of words and syntactic structures characteristic of different styles of the Russian language. For example, a mixture of scientific and conversational styles.

4. Mixing different vocabulary historical eras. For example, “The heroes wear chain mail, trousers, mittens” - “The heroes wear chain mail, armor, mittens.”

5. Incorrect sentence construction. For example, “Despite his youth, he good man" There are several ways to fix these errors. First, change the order of words in the sentence: “There are many works that tell about the author’s childhood in world literature” - “In world literature there are many works that tell about the author’s childhood.”

6. Secondly, remake the sentence: “Of other sporting events, let’s talk about the barbell” - “Of other sporting events, we should highlight the barbell competition.”

7. Pleonasm – speech excess, the use of words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view. In order to avoid pleonasm, you must do the following:

Replace the word with the same root, for example, monumental monument - monument;

Remove a word from a phrase, for example, the main point- essence, valuable treasures - treasures;

Remove a word from the text without reducing quality. For example, “Operation is the way in which an action is performed” - “Operation is the way in which an action is performed”; “Building a model in accordance with known rules” – “Building a model according to the rules.”

8. Tautology – the use of words with the same root within the boundaries of one sentence. For example, “Tell a story”; "Ask a question." Ways to correct tautologies are:

Replace one of the words with a synonym. For example, “The heavy rain did not stop all day” - “The heavy rain did not stop all day”;

Remove one of the words. For example, “Along with these signs, there are a number of others” - “Along with these signs, there are others.”

Tautology is easily detected when reading the text aloud. Overused words usually include which, so, and can.

9. Lexical repetitions in the text. For example, “In order to study well, students must pay more attention to their studies.” Words that are repeated must be replaced with synonyms, nouns can be replaced with pronouns, or the repeated word can be removed altogether if possible - “To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes.”

10. Substitution of the concept. This error occurs as a result of missing a word. For example, “Patients who have not visited an outpatient clinic for three years are archived” ( we're talking about about patient cards, and from the text of the sentence it follows that the patients themselves were taken to the outpatient clinic).

11. This error, which arose as a result of the author’s stylistic negligence, can be easily edited: it is necessary to insert an accidentally missed word or phrase. For example, “Farmers strive to increase the number of sheep on the farm” - “Farmers strive to increase the number of sheep on the farm.”

12. Choice of singular or plural forms. Often there are problems with the use of singular or plural. Examples correct use are combinations: two or more options, three or more forms, there are several options, there are some options.

For correct use, agreement in meaning is increasingly used: if a single whole is meant, then it is used singular, and if you need to emphasize individual objects - plural.

13. Agreement of words in a sentence. Errors in word agreement in sentences often occur, especially when it comes to controlling verbs. For example, “This section describes opening, working and saving a document” - “This section describes the procedures for opening and saving documents, as well as working with them.”

14. Creation of verbal nouns. You should be careful when creating verbal nouns, because... many of the words created are not in the dictionary, and their use is considered illiterate (arrange - ordering, not ordering; collapse - folding, not collapsing).

15. Stringing identical shapes. You should avoid stringing together identical case forms, for example with the words “so that” and “which”. For example, “In order to avoid the possibility of danger” - “To avoid the occurrence of danger.”

16. Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures. For example, “The man was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. The padded jacket was roughly mended. The boots were almost new. Socks are moth-eaten” – “The man was dressed in a roughly darned, burnt-out padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks turned out to be moth-eaten.”

Stylistically unjustified use of tropes. The use of tropes can cause a variety of speech errors. Poor imagery of speech is a fairly common flaw in the style of authors who are poor at writing.

For example, “The judge was just as simple and modest.

Speech is a channel for the development of intelligence,
the sooner the language is acquired,
the easier and more completely the knowledge will be absorbed.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

We think of speech as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intelligence and a way of understanding the complex connections of nature, things, society and transmitting this information through communication.

It is obvious that when learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this regard. All people make mistakes, both in life and in oral speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as the idea of ​​“”, is inextricably linked with the concept of speech error. In essence, these are parts of the same process, and, therefore, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's figure out what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from the existing language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live, work and communicate normally with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors given below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Tseitlin writes: “The complexity of the speech generation mechanism is a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's look at special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or spelling errors arise as a result of violation of the rules of spelling. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. These also include accentological errors - violation of stress norms. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plotlit” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktrichesky” (“electric”), “colidor” ("corridor"), "laboratory" ("laboratory"), "tyshcha" ("thousand"), "shchas" ("now").

Accent: “calls”, “dialogue”, “agreement”, “catalogue”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beets”, “phenomenon”, “driver”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors are violations of the rules of vocabulary, first of all, the use of words in meanings that are unusual for them, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They come in several types.

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type there are three subtypes:

• Mixing words that are similar in meaning: “He read the book back.”
• Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, colossus - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
• A mixture of words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diploma holder, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignoramus. “Cashier for business travelers” (required – business travelers).

Word writing. Examples of errors: Georgian, heroism, underground, spender.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the lines of their material meanings. For example, you cannot say: “ I raise this toast", since “to lift” means “to move,” which is not consistent with the wish. “Through a door that is ajar” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (open a little) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “the month of May”, “traffic route”, “residence address”, “huge metropolis”, “be on time”. Tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “We were given a task,” “The organizer was one public organization", "I wish you long creative life."

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in a meaning that is unusual for them. Yu. V. Fomenko identifies 7 varieties:

• Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “As long as the matter is the case” instead of “As long as the trial is the case”;
• Truncation of phraseological units: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseological unit: “beat his head against the wall”);
• Expansion of the lexical composition of phraseological units: “You have come to the wrong address” (phraseological unit: go to the right address);
• Distortion of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit: “I can’t stand sitting with my hands folded.” Correct: “folded”;
• Contamination (combination) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything with your sleeves folded” (a combination of phraseological units “carelessly” and “hands folded”);
• Combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "Random stray bullet";
• Use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: “Today we will talk about the film from cover to cover.”

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers away”.

Syntax errors

Syntactic errors are associated with violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules of combining words. There are a lot of varieties, so we will give just a few examples.

• Incorrect matching: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
• Mismanagement: “Pay for travel”;
• Syntactic ambiguity: “Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression”(have you read Mayakovsky or have you read Mayakovsky’s works?);
• Design offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention”;
• Extra correlative word in the main clause: “We looked at those stars that dotted the whole sky.”

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of writing, hyphenation, and abbreviation of words. Characteristic of speech. For example: “the dog barked”, “sit on the chairs”, “come to the train station”, “Russian. language", "gram. error".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - misuse punctuation marks for .

Stylistic errors

We have dedicated a separate section to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Work on your speech should include:

1. Reading fiction.
2. Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
3. Communication with educated people.
4. Constant work to improve speech culture.

Online course “Russian language”

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course “to” to these topics. During the classes you will have the opportunity to practice the skill of competent writing in special system multiple distributed repetitions of material through simple exercises and special memory techniques.

Sources

• Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. – St. Petersburg, 1997.
• Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
• Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors...
• Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. – Novosibirsk: NSPU, 1994.
• Tseytlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Education, 1982.

Here is a list of the main stylistic errors found in the Russian language:

• Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it:
  Wrong: jargon words, you need to read a lot.
  Right: To be literate and have great stock words, you need to read a lot.
  
• Violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices vm. low prices, increase level of well-being vm. promotion level of well-being(“level” can be increased or decreased, but not increased or decreased); This plays big meaning vm. This It has big meaning or This plays big role (the meaning is combined with the verb have, play is combined with role).
• Using an extra word (pleonasm): Arrived feathered birds vm. The birds have arrived; He was indignant with indignation vm. He was indignant. or He was indignant.
  
• Using words with the same root next to or close to each other in a sentence (tautology): IN story"Mu Mu" is told… vm. The story “Mumu” ​​tells...; IN image Nilovny depicted… vm. In the image of Nilovna is presented...
  
• Lexical repetitions in the text.
  Examples
  I recently read one interesting book. This book called “Young Guard”. This book is interesting is told...
  Better: I recently read an interesting book called “The Young Guard”. It tells...

  In order to do well study, students should pay more attention teaching.
  

  Better: To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes.
  
• The use of a word (expression) of inappropriate stylistic connotation. Thus, in a literary context, the use of slang, colloquial, and abusive language is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial words and expressive words should be avoided.
  Example: sucks up to the auditor.
  Better: Trustee of charitable institutions ingratiates himself before the auditor.
  
• Mixing vocabulary from different historical eras:
  Wrong: The heroes wear chain mail, trousers, mittens.
  Right: The heroes wear chain mail, armor, gauntlets.
  
• Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures.
  Example: The man was dressed in a burnt quilted jacket. The padded jacket was roughly mended. The boots were almost new. The socks are moth-eaten.
  Better: The man was dressed in a roughly darned, burnt padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks turned out to be moth-eaten.
  
• Bad word order.
  Example: There are many works telling about the author’s childhood in world literature.
  Better: In world literature there are many works that tell about the author’s childhood.
  
• Stylistic and semantic inconsistency between parts of a sentence.
  Example: Red-haired, fat, healthy, with a shiny face, the singer Tamagno attracted Serov as a person of enormous internal energy.
  Better: The enormous internal energy that attracted Serov to the singer Tamagno was also reflected in his appearance: massive, with wild red hair, and a face bursting with health.

Stylistic errors are a type of speech errors (unmotivated deviations from strictly mandatory norms of the Russian literary language). Stylistic errors are violations of stylistic norms. This type of error is associated with the use of words, grammatical forms and syntactic structures without taking into account their stylistic coloring: functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive.

Stylistic errors are divided into lexical-stylistic and grammatical-stylistic.

Lexico-stylistic errors are a type of stylistic error, consisting in the incorrect choice of a word depending on its stylistic coloring. Stylistic coloring is additional stylistic shades that are superimposed on the basic, subject-logical meaning of the word and perform an emotionally expressive or evaluative function, giving the statement the character of solemnity, familiarity, rudeness, etc. An example of lexical and stylistic violations: “The industry has collapsed. The army is only capable of killing within the country” (From the newspaper).

Grammatical-stylistic errors are a type of speech errors that arise from such use of grammatical forms and such syntactic construction of sentences that lead to violations stylistic norms: “Parcels from Perm often arrived” (“Izvestia.” 2004. No. 32).

Stylistic errors leading to a violation of accuracy and clarity of speech

Speech redundancy

Extra words in oral and writing indicate not only stylistic negligence, they indicate the vagueness and uncertainty of the author’s ideas about the subject of speech.

Pleonasm

Verbosity can take the form of pleonasm. Pleonasm - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary (fell down, the main essence) Often pleonasms appear when synonyms are combined: courageous and brave; only.

Tautology

Tautology is the repeated designation in other words of an already named concept (multiply many times, resume again, an unusual phenomenon, a moving leitmotif). An obvious tautology arises when repeating words with the same root: Can I ask a question?

A hidden tautology arises when foreign and Russian words are added that duplicate each other (memorable souvenirs). A hidden tautology usually indicates that the speaker does not understand the exact meaning of the borrowed word.

Speech failure

An error opposite to redundancy is speech insufficiency, incompleteness of utterance (unintentional omission of a structurally necessary element). The main reason for such errors is that an inexperienced writer transfers oral, colloquial speech on the process of creating a written text, which involves a more complete, expanded expression of thought. Examples: Marat got up early, combed Dzhulbars, put on a new collar and took him to the military registration and enlistment office (follows: put it on him.

The most common stylistic mistakes include:

Stylistic inappropriateness of speech

Pleonasm

Tautology

Speech stamps

Unmotivated use of non-literary vocabulary: colloquialisms, dialectisms, professional words

Clerical

Poor use of expressive means

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it

Violation of lexical compatibility

Mixing vocabulary from different historical eras (anachronism)

Stylistic and semantic inconsistency between parts of a sentence

Non-distinction of paronyms

Stylistic inappropriateness of speech: The commander ordered to reel in the fishing rods. Correct: The commander ordered to leave (retreat).

Pleonasm: free vacancy (the word vacancy itself means “free” working position), price list (the word “price list” itself means “price directory”).

Speech stamps: people in white coats, at this stage.

Unmotivated use of non-literary vocabulary: colloquialisms, dialectisms, professional words, jargons: The people are instilled with the thought: “What the hell is this parliament for?” (From the newspaper).

Clerical: “was in a state of fatigue” (instead of “tired”), “he understands us” (instead of “we understand him”), “a decision was made” (instead of “decided”). These examples reveal one of the signs of clericalism - the replacement of verbs with participles, gerunds and nouns, the use of verbs in the passive form, as well as the splitting of the predicate. Another characteristic feature of clericalism is chains of nouns.

Poor use of expressive means: “The installers crossed the equator of installation work” (From the newspaper). “A stolen car claimed two young lives” (From a newspaper).

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it: To be literate and have a lot of slang words, you need to read a lot. Correct: To be literate and have a large vocabulary, you need to read a lot.

Violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices(correct: low prices); it plays great importance(correct: it is of great importance or it plays a big role - meaning is combined with the verb to have, play is combined with the word role).

Mixing vocabulary from different historical eras:

Incorrect: The heroes wear chain mail, trousers, and mittens.

Correct: The heroes wear chain mail, armor, and mittens.

Stylistic and semantic inconsistency between parts of a sentence.

Example: Red-haired, fat, healthy, with a shiny face, the singer Tamagno attracted Serov as a person of enormous internal energy.

Better: The enormous internal energy that attracted Serov to the singer Tamagno was also reflected in his appearance: massive, with wild red hair, with a face bursting with health;

Non-distinction of paronyms(close-sounding single-root (historically) words): Put on - put on, convinced - convincing, introduce yourself - resign, subscriber - subscription.

Alogisms(logical errors)

Alogism is a type of lexical (speech) error, consisting of unproven and unjustified conclusions for a given essay, violation of logical connections in the text, logical breaks, etc.

Alogisms in speech are often caused by violation of the rules and laws of logic (the law of identity, the law of contradiction, the law of the excluded middle, the law of sufficient reason).

Law of Identity:

Any judgment in the process of proof must remain unchanged (i.e., identical to itself).

Law of contradiction(consistency):

Two propositions cannot be true at the same time, one of which affirms something, and the other denies it.

Law of the excluded middle:

Of two opposing judgments, one is true, the other is false, a third is not given, no third possibility is allowed.

Law of Sufficient Reason:

Every judgment must be justified with the help of another judgment, the truth of which has already been proven.

The reason for the illogicality is substitution of the concept, which often arises as a result of incorrect word usage: It’s bad when all the cinemas in the city show the same film title. Of course, it is the film that is shown, not its title. One could say: It’s bad when all the cinemas in the city show the same film. Similar errors in speech also arise due to insufficiently clear differentiation of concepts, for example: The theater staff is waiting for the approach of the premiere with special excitement (they are not waiting for the approach of the premiere, but for the premiere itself).

An unjustified expansion or narrowing of a concept also makes speech illogical: We were told about a great writer and read excerpts from his work (need: from his works). Children like to watch TV more than read books (not only books, but also magazines, so it should be written in short: than read)

It is especially common to use a generic name instead of a specific name, and this not only deprives the speech of accuracy, leads to the loss of those specific information that make up the living tissue of the text, but also gives the style an official, sometimes clerical coloring. An example is the use of the phrase headdress instead of the word hat and the phrase outerwear instead of jacket in an informal setting.