What psychological syndromes exist. Mental disorders in men and women: types, description of manifestations, treatment methods

Every person has suffered from a mental disorder at least once in their life. Are you ready to bet? Then tell me, do you ever get depressed? Yes? But this is the most common mental disorder. There are also more severe mental illnesses. Their list and brief description, which you will find below, will help you not to miss alarm bells.

Diseases of the soul: about complex problems in two words

First, let's find out what it is - a mental disorder. In short, it is a dysfunction of the brain that occurs for external or internal reasons and negatively affects adequate behavior. The culprits for this are complicated heredity, head injury (including during childbirth), poisoning of the body with drugs, alcohol and medications, constant stress, infectious diseases and many, many other things.

If we talk about the prevalence of such pathologies, then we can only say that they are found everywhere and very often. Their exact statistics are not kept in any country. But, for example, 1% of all humanity is at risk of developing schizophrenia (1 case per 1000 people per year), and 1 out of 20 people suffer from personality disorders. However, if we take into account the wealth of provoking factors, then a victim of “diseases of the soul” may become anyone. To better understand yourself and your loved ones, we suggest studying the list and description of mental illnesses.

How are mental disorders classified?

These diseases are divided into 3 large groups.

1. Autism spectrum disorders. This includes Kanner's autism (reluctance to interact with the outside world), Asperger's syndrome (a person cannot understand and appreciate the emotions of other people), Alzheimer's disease (short memory, inability to find names for objects, events) and others.
2. Schizophrenic - continuous-current schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder (the disease is paroxysmal in nature), schizophrenia-like state (treatable).
3. Manic-depressive - epilepsy, bipolar disorder, neurotypical syndrome.

The most common mental disorders: 11 diseases that threaten you!

Today, the list of mental illnesses is so extensive that there is no point in listing it in its entirety. Let rare diseases Psychiatrists are still involved. It is enough for an ordinary person to know those ailments that occur more often than others.

Age of people having mental disorders (mental illness or mental illness) can be different: from the very young to the very, very elderly.

Symptoms of such diseases (mental disorders) most often have a subjective, seemingly “internal” character and do not necessarily manifest themselves in the form of gross behavioral disorders, popularly called “madness” or “insanity.”

This includes sensations and experiences such as constant anxiety or internal causeless anxiety, fear and/or avoidance of various objects or life situations, mood swings, feelings of “melancholy” or “apathy”, unusual, causing concern and discomfort, “persistent” thoughts, feelings of “loss of strength” or “lack of energy,” decreased memory and “intelligence,” feelings of “loss of control over oneself” or one’s behavior, attacks of intense anxiety and panic, accompanied by palpitations, difficulty breathing, a feeling of “ fear of death”, etc., appetite disorders (complete avoidance of food and everything connected with it or excessive, “wolfish” appetite, when a person loses control over his eating behavior), unusual sensations (pain, burning, “twisting” and etc.) in different parts of the body or internal organs when doctors are general practitioners, surgeons, etc. deny the presence of a specific problem, but the person’s condition does not improve and he continues to suffer) and much more. Usually, all these symptoms do not appear individually, but in combination, forming a “picture” specific to each case, then we are talking about a psychiatric diagnosis (mental disorders, mental illness, mental illness).

Very often, mental disorders (mental illnesses or mental illnesses) are popularly associated with psychiatric hospital like “prison”, “madness” and the corresponding attitude on the part of relatives, colleagues, neighbors, etc., registration “with the loss of employment opportunities or obtaining a driver’s license and similar “charms” of traditional Soviet psychiatry. In fact, in the vast majority of cases, it is possible to help a person with mental disorders (mental illness or mental illness) without hospitalization, as doctors say, on an outpatient basis. In such cases, a person’s desire to receive such help is sufficient.

Modern psychiatry has a huge arsenal of various medications to help most people with mental disorders (mental illness or mental illness). Very often help or at least A person can get relief from his mental and/or psychological suffering using a method such as psychotherapy (psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychotherapy, etc.).

Automatic submission (ICD 295.2) - the phenomenon of excessive obedience (a manifestation of “command automatism”) associated with catatonic syndromes and hypnotic state.

Aggressiveness, aggression (ICD 301.3; 301.7; 309.3; 310.0) - as a biological feature of organisms lower than humans, is a component of behavior implemented in certain situations to satisfy the needs of life and eliminate danger emanating from the environment, but not to achieve destructive goals, unless it is associated with predatory behavior . When applied to humans, the concept expands to include harmful behavior (normal or unhealthy) directed against others and oneself and motivated by hostility, anger, or competition.

Agitation (ICD 296.1)- pronounced restlessness and motor agitation, accompanied by anxiety.

Catatonic agitation (ICD 295.2)- a condition in which psychomotor manifestations of anxiety are associated with catatonic syndromes.

Ambivalence (ICD 295)- the coexistence of antagonistic emotions, ideas or desires in relation to the same person, object or situation. According to Bleuler, who coined the term in 1910, momentary ambivalence is part of normal mental life; severe or persistent ambivalence is the initial symptom schizophrenia, in which it can take place in the affective, ideational or volitional sphere. She is also part obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sometimes observed when manic-depressive psychosis, especially with prolonged depression.

Ambitiousness (ICD 295.2)- psychomotor disorder characterized by duality (ambivalence) in the sphere of voluntary actions, which leads to inappropriate behavior. This phenomenon most often occurs when catatonic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia.

Selective amnesia (ICD 301.1) - form psychogenic loss of memory for events associated with the factors that caused psychological reaction, which is usually regarded as hysterical.

Anhedonia (ICD 300.5; 301.6)- lack of ability to feel pleasure, observed especially often in patients schizophrenia and depression.

Note. The concept was introduced by Ribot (1839-1916).

Astasia-abasia (ICD 300.1)- inability to maintain an upright position, leading to the inability to stand or walk, with normal movements lower limbs lying or sitting. With absence organic lesions of the central nervous system, astasia-abasia is usually a manifestation of hysteria. Astasia, however, may be a sign of organic brain damage, involving in particular frontal lobes and corpus callosum.

Autism (ICD 295)- a term coined by Bleuler to denote a form of thinking characterized by weakening or loss of contact with reality, lack of desire for communication and excessive fantasizing. Profound autism, according to Bleuler, is a fundamental symptom schizophrenia. The term is also used to refer to specific shape childhood psychosis. See also early childhood autism.

Affect instability (ICD 290-294) - uncontrolled, unstable, fluctuating expression of emotions, most often observed with organic brain lesions, early schizophrenia and some forms of neuroses and personality disorders. See also mood swings.

Pathological affect (ICD 295) is a general term describing painful or unusual mood states, of which the most common are depression, anxiety, elation, irritability, or affective lability. See also affective flattening; affective psychoses; anxiety; depression; mood disorders; state of elation; emotions; mood; schizophrenic psychoses.

Affective flatness (ICD 295.3) - a pronounced disorder of affective reactions and their monotony, expressed as emotional flattening and indifference, in particular as a symptom that occurs when schizophrenic psychoses, organic dementia or psychopathic personalities. Synonyms: emotional flattening; affective dullness.

Aerophagia (ICD 306.4)- habitual swallowing of air, leading to belching and bloating, often accompanied by hyperventilation. Aerophagia can be observed in hysterical and anxiety states, but can also act as a monosymptomatic manifestation.

Morbid jealousy (ICD 291.5)- a complex painful emotional state with elements of envy, anger and the desire to possess the object of one’s passion. Sexual jealousy is a well-defined symptom mental disorder and sometimes occurs when organic damage brain and intoxication states (see mental disorders associated with alcoholism), functional psychoses(see paranoid disorders), with neurotic and personality disorders, the dominant clinical sign is often delusional convictions about the betrayal of a spouse or lover (lover) and the willingness to convict a partner of reprehensible behavior. When considering the possibility of the pathological nature of jealousy, it is also necessary to take into account social conditions and psychological mechanisms. Jealousy is often a motive for violence, especially among men against women.

Delirium (ICD 290—299) - false belief or judgment that cannot be corrected; does not correspond to reality, as well as to the social and cultural attitudes of the subject. Primary delusion is completely impossible to understand on the basis of studying the life history and personality of the patient; secondary delusions can be understood psychologically as they arise from painful manifestations and other features mental state, such as states of affective disorder and suspiciousness. Birnbaum in 1908, and then Jasper in 1913, differentiated between delusions proper and delusional ideas; the latter are simply erroneous judgments expressed with excessive persistence.

Delusions of grandeur- a painful belief in one's own importance, greatness, or high purpose (for example, delusions messianic mission), often accompanied by other fantastic delusions that may be a symptom paranoia, schizophrenia(often, but not always, paranoid type), mania And organic diseases brain. See also ideas of greatness.

Delusion about change own body, (dysmorphophobia)- painful belief in the presence physical changes or illness, often bizarre in nature, and based on somatic sensations, which leads to hypochondriacal concerns. This syndrome is most often observed with schizophrenia, but may occur in severe depression and organic diseases of the brain.

Delusions of the messianic mission (ICD 295.3)- delusional belief in one’s own divine chosenness to accomplish great feats to save the soul or atone for the sins of humanity or a certain nation, religious group, etc. Messianic delusion can occur when schizophrenia, paranoia and manic-depressive psychosis, as well as in psychotic conditions caused by epilepsy. In some cases, especially in the absence of other overt psychotic manifestations, the disorder is difficult to distinguish from the beliefs inherent in a given subculture or the religious mission carried out by members of any fundamental religious sects or movements.

Delusions of persecution- the pathological belief of the patient that he is a victim of one or more subjects or groups. It is observed when paranoid condition, especially when schizophrenia, and also at depression and organic diseases. In some personality disorders there is a predisposition to such delusions.

Delusional interpretation (ICD 295)- a term coined by Bleuler (Erklarungswahn) to describe delusions that express a quasi-logical explanation for another, more generalized delusion.

Suggestibility- a state of receptivity to the uncritical acceptance of ideas, judgments and behavior patterns observed or demonstrated by others. Suggestibility can be increased under the influence of the environment, drugs or hypnosis and is most often observed in individuals with hysterical character traits. The term "negative suggestibility" is sometimes applied to negativistic behavior.

Hallucination (ICD 290-299)- sensory perception (of any modality), appearing in the absence of appropriate external stimuli. In addition to the sensory modality that characterizes hallucinations, they can be divided according to the intensity, complexity, clarity of perception and the subjective degree of their projection onto environment. Hallucinations can appear in healthy individuals in a half-asleep (hypnagogic) state or a state of incomplete awakening (hypnopompic). As a pathological phenomenon, they can be symptoms of brain disease, functional psychoses and toxic effects of drugs, each having its own characteristic features.

Hyperventilation (ICD 306.1)- a condition characterized by longer, deeper or more frequent respiratory movements, leading to dizziness and convulsions due to the development of acute gas alkalosis. It is often psychogenic symptom. In addition to wrist and foot cramps, subjective phenomena may be associated with hypocapnia, such as severe paresthesia, dizziness, a feeling of emptiness in the head, numbness, palpitations and foreboding. Hyperventilation is a physiological response to hypoxia, but can also occur during states of anxiety.

Hyperkinesis (ICD 314)- excessive violent movements of the limbs or any part of the body, occurring spontaneously or in response to stimulation. Hyperkinesis is a symptom of various organic disorders central nervous system, but may also occur in the absence of visible localized damage.

Disorientation (ICD 290-294; 298.2) - violations of temporary topographical or personal spheres consciousness, associated with various forms organic brain damage or, less commonly, with psychogenic disorders.

Depersonalization (ICD 300.6)- psychopathological perception, characterized by heightened self-awareness, which becomes inanimate when unimpaired sensory system and the ability to respond emotionally. There are a number of complex and distressing subjective phenomena, many of which are difficult to express in words, with the most severe being sensations of change in one's own body, careful introspection and automation, lack of affective response, a disorder in the sense of time and a sense of personal alienation. The subject may feel that his body is separate from his sensations, as if he is watching himself from the outside, or as if he or she is already dead. Criticism of this pathological phenomenon, as a rule, is preserved. Depersonalization can manifest itself as an isolated phenomenon in otherwise normal individuals; it can occur in a state of fatigue or during strong emotional reactions, and can also be part of the complex observed with mental chewing, obsessive anxiety states, depression, schizophrenia, some personality disorders and brain dysfunctions. The pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown. See also depersonalization syndrome; derealization.

Derealization (ICD 300.6)- subjective feeling of alienation, similar to depersonalization, but more related to the external world than to self-awareness and awareness self. The surroundings seem colorless, life is artificial, where people seem to be playing their intended roles on stage.

Defect (ICD 295.7)(not recommended) - long-term and irreversible impairment of any psychological function(for example, "cognitive defect"), general development mental abilities (“mental defect”) or characteristic ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that make up an individual personality. A defect in any of these areas can be congenital or acquired. A characteristic defective state of personality, ranging from disturbances of the intellect and emotions or from mild eccentricity of behavior to autistic withdrawal or affective flattening, was regarded by Kraepelin (1856-1926) and Bleuler (1857-1939) as criteria for recovery from schizophrenic psychosis (see also personality changes) as opposed to exiting manic-depressive psychosis. According to recent research, the development of a defect after a schizophrenic process is not inevitable.

Dysthymia- less serious condition depressed mood than in dysphoria, associated with neurotic and hypochondriacal symptoms. The term is also used to designate a pathological psychological sphere in the form of a complex of affective and obsessive symptoms in subjects with high degree neuroticism and introversion. See also hyperthymic personality; neurotic disorders.

Dysphoria- an unpleasant state characterized by depressed mood, gloominess, anxiety, anxiety and irritability. See also neurotic disorders.

Foggy consciousness (ICD 290-294; 295.4)- a state of impaired consciousness, which represents the mild stages of the disorder, developing along a continuum from clear consciousness to coma. Disorders of consciousness, orientation and perception are associated with brain damage or other somatic diseases. The term is sometimes used to refer to a broader range of disorders (including limited perceptual field after emotional stress), but it is most appropriately used to refer to the early stages of an organic disorder-related state of confusion. See also confusion.

Ideas of greatness (ICD 296.0)- exaggeration of one’s abilities, strength and excessive self-esteem, observed when mania, schizophrenia and psychosis on organic soil, for example when progressive paralysis.

Ideas of attitude (ICD 295.4; 301.0)- pathological interpretation of neutral external phenomena as having personal, usually negative significance for the patient. This disorder occurs in sensitive individuals as a result of stress and fatigue, and can usually be understood in the context of current events, but it can be a precursor delusional disorders.

Personality change- a violation of fundamental character traits, usually for the worse, as a result or as a consequence of a somatic or mental disorder.

Illusions (ICD 291.0; 293)- erroneous perception of any really existing object or sensory stimulus. Illusions can occur in many people and are not necessarily a sign of a mental disorder.

Impulsivity (ICD 310.0)- a factor related to the temperament of the individual and manifested by actions that are performed unexpectedly and inadequately to the circumstances.

Intelligence (ICD 290; 291; 294; 310; 315; 317)- general thinking ability that allows you to overcome difficulties in new situations.

Catalepsy (ICD 295.2)- a painful condition that begins suddenly and lasts for a short or long time, which is characterized by the suspension of voluntary movements and the disappearance of sensitivity. The limbs and torso can maintain the pose given to them - a state of waxy flexibility (flexibilitas cegea). Breathing and pulse slow, body temperature drops. Sometimes a distinction is made between flexible and rigid catalepsy. In the first case, the pose is given by the slightest external movement; in the second, the given pose is firmly maintained, despite attempts made from the outside to change it. This condition can be caused by organic brain lesions (for example, encephalitis), and can also be observed with catatonic schizophrenia, hysteria and hypnosis. Synonym: waxy flexibility.

Catatonia (ICD 295.2)- a number of qualitative psychomotor and volitional disorders, including stereotypes, mannerisms, automatic obedience, catalepsy, echokinesis and echopraxia, mutism, negativism, automatisms and impulsive acts. These phenomena can be detected against the background of hyperkinesis, hypokinesis or akinesis. Catatonia was described as an independent disease by Kahlbaum in 1874, and later Kraepelin regarded it as one of the subtypes of dementia praecox (schizophrenia). Catatonic manifestations are not limited to schizophrenic psychosis and can occur with organic brain lesions (for example, encephalitis), various somatic diseases and affective states.

Claustrophobia (ICD 300.2)- pathological fear of confined spaces or enclosed spaces. See also agoraphobia.

Kleptomania (ICD 312.2)- an outdated term for a painful, often sudden, usually irresistible and unmotivated desire to steal. Such conditions tend to recur. Items that subjects steal usually lack any value, but may have some symbolic meaning. This phenomenon, which is more common in women, is believed to be associated with depression, neurotic diseases, personality disorder or mental retardation. Synonym: shoplifting (pathological).

Compulsion (ICD 300.3; 312.2)- an irresistible need to act or act in a way that the person himself regards as irrational or meaningless and explained more by an internal need rather than external influences. When an action is subject to an obsessive state, the term refers to the actions or behavior that are the result obsessive ideas. See also obsessive action.

Confabulation (ICD 291.1; 294.0)- memory disorder with clear consciousness, characterized by memories of fictitious past events or experiences. Such memories of fictional events are usually imaginative and must be provoked; less often they are spontaneous and stable, and sometimes they show a tendency towards grandiosity. Confabulations are usually observed in organic soil at amnestic syndrome (for example, with Korsakoff's syndrome). They may also be iatrogenic. They should not be confused with hallucinations, relating to memory and appearing when schizophrenia or pseudological fantasies (Delbrück's syndrome).

Criticism (ICD 290-299; 300)- this term in general psychopathology refers to an individual's understanding of the nature and cause of his illness and the presence or absence of a correct assessment of it, as well as the impact it has on him and others. Loss of criticism is considered an essential feature in favor of the diagnosis psychosis. In psychoanalytic theory, this type of self-knowledge is called “intellectual insight”; it differs from “emotional insight,” which characterizes the ability to feel and comprehend the significance of “unconscious” and symbolic factors in the development of emotional disorders.

Personality (ICD 290; 295; 297.2; 301; 310)- innate characteristics of thinking, sensations and behavior that determine the uniqueness of the individual, his lifestyle and the nature of adaptation and are the result of constitutional factors of development and social status.

Manners (ICD 295.1)- unusual or pathological psychomotor behavior, less persistent than stereotypies, relating rather to personal (characterological) characteristics.

Violent sensations (ICD 295)- pathological sensations with clear consciousness, in which thoughts, emotions, reactions or movements of the body appear to be influenced, "made", directed and controlled externally or by human or non-human forces. True violent sensations are characteristic of schizophrenia, but in order to really evaluate them, one should take into account the patient’s level of education, features of the cultural environment and beliefs.

Mood (ICD 295; 296; 301.1; 310.2)- a predominant and stable state of feelings, which to an extreme or pathological extent can dominate external behavior and internal state individual.

Capricious mood (ICD 295)(not recommended) - volatile, inconsistent or unpredictable affective reactions.

Inappropriate mood (ICD 295.1)- painful affective reactions that are not caused by external stimuli. See also mood incongruent; parathymia.

Mood incongruent (ICD 295)- discrepancy between emotions and the semantic content of experiences. Usually a symptom schizophrenia, but also occurs when organic brain diseases and some forms of personality disorders. Not all experts recognize the division into inadequate and incongruent mood. See also inappropriate mood; parathymia.

Mood swings (ICD 310.2)- pathological instability or lability of affective reaction without external cause. See also affect instability.

Mood disorder (ICD 296) - pathological change affect beyond the norm, which falls into any of the following categories; depression, high spirits, anxiety, irritability and anger. See also pathological affect.

Negativism (ICD 295.2)- opposing or oppositional behavior or attitude. Active or command negativism, expressed in the performance of actions opposite to those required or expected; Passive negativism refers to a pathological inability to respond positively to requests or stimuli, including active muscular resistance; internal negativism, according to Bleuler (1857-1939), is behavior in which physiological needs, such as eating and excreting, are not obeyed. Negativism can occur when catatonic conditions, with organic brain diseases and some forms mental retardation.

Nihilistic delirium- a form of delirium, expressed primarily in the form of severe depressive state and characterized by negative ideas about oneself and the world around oneself, for example, the idea that the outside world does not exist, or that one’s body has ceased to function.

Obsessive (obsessive) action (ICD 312.3) - quasi-ritual performance of an action aimed at reducing feelings of anxiety (for example, washing hands to prevent infection) caused by obsession or need. See also compulsion.

Obsessive (intrusive) ideas (ICD 300.3; 312.3) - unwanted thoughts and ideas that cause persistent, persistent rumination, which are perceived as inappropriate or meaningless and which must be resisted. They are regarded as alien to a given personality, but emanating from the personality itself.

Paranoid (ICD 291.5; 292.1; 294.8; 295.3; 297; 298.3; 298.4; 301.0)- a descriptive term denoting either pathological dominant ideas or rave relationship, dealing with one or more themes, most often persecution, love, envy, jealousy, honor, litigiousness, grandiosity and supernaturalism. It can be observed when organic psychosis, intoxication, schizophrenia, and also as an independent syndrome, reaction to emotional stress, or personality disorder. Note. It should be noted that French psychiatrists traditionally give the term “paranoid” a different meaning than that mentioned above; the equivalents of this meaning in French are interpretatif, delirant or persecutoire.

Parathymia- mood disorder observed in patients schizophrenia, in which the state of the affective sphere does not correspond to the environment surrounding the patient and/or his behavior. See also inappropriate mood; incongruent mood.

Flight of ideas (ICD 296.0)- a form of thought disorder usually associated with manic or hypomanic moods and often felt subjectively as thought pressure. Typical features are rapid speech without pauses; speech associations are free, quickly arise and disappear under the influence of transient factors or without apparent reason; Increased distractibility is very typical, rhyming and puns are common. The flow of ideas can be so strong that the patient has difficulty expressing it, so his speech sometimes becomes incoherent. Synonym: fuga idearum.

Superficiality of effect (ICD 295)-failure emotional reaction associated with illness and expressed as indifference to external events and situations; usually observed with schizophrenia hebephrenic type, but it can also be when organic brain lesions, mental retardation and personality disorders.

Laxative habit (ICD 305.9) - use of laxatives (abuse of them) or as a means of controlling one’s own body weight, often combined with “feasts” for bulimnia.

High spirits (ICD 296.0) - affective state joyful fun, which, in cases where it reaches a significant degree and leads to a separation from reality, is the dominant symptom mania or hypomania. Synonym: hyperthymia.

Panic attack (ICD 300.0; 308.0) - sudden attack severe fear and anxiety, in which signs and symptoms of painful anxiety become dominant and are often accompanied by irrational behavior. Behavior in this case is characterized by either extremely reduced activity or aimless agitated hyperactivity. An attack can develop in response to sudden, serious threatening situations or stress, and also occur without any preceding or provoking events in the process of anxiety neurosis. see also panic disorder; panic state.

Psychomotor disorders (ICD 308.2)- a violation of expressive motor behavior, which can be observed in various nervous and mental diseases. Examples psychomotor disorders are paramimia, tics, stupor, stereotypies, catatonia, tremor and dyskinesia. The term "psychomotor epileptic seizure" was previously used to refer to epileptic seizures, characterized mainly by manifestations of psychomotor automatism. Currently, it is recommended to replace the term “psychomotor epileptic seizure” with the term “epileptic automatism seizure.”

Irritability (ICD 300.5)- a state of excessive arousal as a reaction to unpleasantness, intolerance or anger, observed with fatigue, chronic pain, or as a sign of changes in temperament (for example, with age, after brain injury, in epilepsy and manic-depressive disorders).

Confusion (ICD 295)- a state of confusion in which answers to questions are incoherent and fragmentary, reminiscent of confusion. Observed in acute schizophrenia, strong anxiety, manic-depressive illnesses and organic psychoses with confusion.

Flight reaction (ICD 300.1)- attack of vagrancy (short or long), escape from familiar places a habitat in a state of disturbed consciousness, usually followed by partial or complete amnesia of this event. Reactions flights are associated with hysteria, depressive reactions, epilepsy, and sometimes with brain damage. As psychogenic reactions, they are often associated with escape from places where troubles have been observed, and persons with this condition behave in a more orderly manner than “disorganized epileptics” with an organically based flight reaction. See also narrowing (limitation) of the field of consciousness. Synonym: state of vagrancy.

Remission (ICD 295.7)- a state of partial or complete disappearance of symptoms and clinical signs of the disorder.

Ritual behavior (ICD 299.0)- repeated, often complex and usually symbolic actions that serve to enhance biological signaling functions and acquire ritual significance when performing collective religious rituals. In childhood they are a component normal development. As a pathological phenomenon, consisting either in the complication of everyday behavior, for example, compulsive washing or changing clothes, or acquiring even more bizarre forms, ritual behavior occurs when obsessive disorders, schizophrenia and early childhood autism.

Withdrawal symptoms (ICD 291; 292.0)- physical or psychic phenomena, developing during the period of abstinence as a result of cessation of consumption of a narcotic substance that causes dependence in a given subject. The picture of the symptom complex for abuse of different substances is different and may include tremors, vomiting, abdominal pain, fear, delirium and convulsions. Synonym: withdrawal symptoms.

Systematized delirium (ICD 297.0; 297.1) - delusional belief that is part of connected system pathological ideas. Such delirium can be primary or represent quasi-logical conclusions derived from a system of delusional premises. Synonym: systematized nonsense.

Reduced memory capacity (ICD 291.2)- a decrease in the number of cognitively unrelated elements or units (normal number 6-10) that can be correctly reproduced after a sequential single presentation. Memory capacity is a measure of short-term memory associated with perceptual ability.

Sleep-like state (ICD 295.4)- state of being upset consciousness, in which, against the background of lung brain fog phenomena are observed depersonalization and derealization. Dream-like states may be one of the steps on the scale of deepening organic disturbances of consciousness leading to twilight state of consciousness and delirium, however, they can also occur in neurotic diseases and in a state of fatigue. Complex form of dream-like state with vivid, scenic visuals hallucinations, which may be accompanied by other sensory hallucinations (oneirond dream-like state), sometimes observed in epilepsy and some acute psychotic diseases. See also oneirophrenia.

Social withdrawal (autism) (ICD 295)- refusal of social and personal contacts; most often found on early stages schizophrenia, When autistic tendencies lead to distance and alienation from people and impaired ability to communicate with them.

Spasmusnutans (ICD 307.0)(not recommended) - 1) rhythmic twitching of the head in the anteroposterior direction, associated with compensatory balancing movements of the body in the same direction, sometimes spreading to upper limbs and nystagmus; movements are slow and appear in series of 20-30 persons with mental retardation; this condition is not associated with epilepsy; 2) the term is sometimes used to describe epileptic seizures in children, characterized by a fall of the head onto the chest due to loss of tone of the neck muscles and a tonic spasm during flexion due to contraction of the anterior muscles. Synonyms; Salaam tik (1); infant spasm (2).

Confusion (ICD 290-294)- a term commonly used to denote a state of darkness consciousness, associated with acute or chronic organic disease. Clinically characterized disorientation, slowing down of mental processes with scanty associations, apathy, lack of initiative, fatigue and impaired attention. For mild conditions confusion when examining a patient, rational reactions and actions can be achieved, but with a more severe degree of disorder, patients are not able to perceive the surrounding reality. The term is also used more broadly to describe the thought disorder of functional psychoses, but this use of the term is not recommended. See also reactive confusion; foggy consciousness. Synonym; state of confusion.

Stereotypes (ICD 299.1)-functionally autonomous pathological movements that are grouped into a rhythmic or complex sequence of non-purposeful movements. In animals and humans they appear in a state of physical limitation, social and sensory deprivation, and can be caused by taking medications, such as phenamine. These include repeated locomotion (movements), self-injury, head shaking, bizarre postures of the limbs and trunk, and mannered behavior. These Clinical signs observed when mental retardation, congenital blindness, brain damage and autism in children. In adults, stereotypies can be a manifestation schizophrenia, especially when catatonic and residual forms.

Fear (ICD 291.0; 308.0; 309.2)- a primitive intense emotion that develops in response to a real or imagined threat and is accompanied by physiological reactions resulting from the activation of the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system and defensive behavior when the patient, trying to avoid danger, runs away or hides.

Stupor (ICD 295.2)- a condition characterized by mutism, partial or complete immobility and psychomotor unresponsiveness. Depending on the nature or cause of the disease, consciousness may be impaired. Stuporous conditions develop when organic brain diseases, schizophrenia(especially when catatonic form), depressed illnesses, hysterical psychosis and acute reactions to stress.

Catatonic stupor (ICD 295.2)- a state of suppressed psychomotor activity caused by catatonic symptoms.

Judgment (ICD 290-294)- critical assessment of the relationships between objects, circumstances, concepts or terms; a tentative statement of these connections. In psychophysics, this is the distinction between stimuli and their intensity.

Narrowing of consciousness, limitation of the field of consciousness (ICD 300.1)- a form of disturbance of consciousness, characterized by its narrowing and dominance of a limited small group of ideas and emotions with the practical exclusion of other content. This condition occurs when there is extreme fatigue and hysteria; it may also be associated with some forms of cerebral impairment (particularly state of twilight consciousness with epilepsy). See also brain fog; twilight state.

Tolerance- pharmacological tolerance occurs when repeated administration of a given amount of a substance causes a reduced effect or when successive increases in the amount of the administered substance are required to obtain an effect previously achieved by a lower dose. Tolerance can be congenital or acquired; in the latter case, it may be the result of predisposition, pharmacodynamics or behavior that contributes to its manifestation.

Anxiety (ICD 292.1; 296; 300; 308.0; 309.2; 313.0)- painful in nature addition to the subjectively unpleasant emotional state fear or other apprehension directed towards the future, in the absence of any tangible threat or danger or complete absence connection of these factors with this reaction. Anxiety may be accompanied by a feeling of physical discomfort and manifestations of voluntary and autonomic dysfunction body. Anxiety can be situational or specific, i.e. associated with a specific situation or subject, or “free-floating” when there is no obvious link with external factors causing this anxiety. The characteristics of anxiety can be distinguished from the state of anxiety; in the first case, it is a stable feature of the personality structure, and in the second, it is a temporary disorder. Note. Translating the English term "anxiety" into other languages ​​can present certain difficulties due to subtle differences between the additional connotations expressed by words related to the same concept.

Separation Anxiety(not recommended) - an imprecisely used term that most often refers to normal or painful reactions - anxiety, distress or fear- y small child separated from parents (parent) or caregivers. In further development mental disorders this disorder in itself does not play a role; it becomes their cause only if other factors are added to it. Psychoanalytic theory distinguishes two types of separation anxiety: objective and neurotic.

Phobia (ICD 300.2)- pathological fear, which may be diffuse or focused on one or more objects or circumstances, out of proportion to the external danger or threat. This condition is usually accompanied by bad feelings, as a result of which the person tries to avoid these objects and situations. This disorder is sometimes closely associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. See also phobic condition.

Emotions (ICD 295; 298; 300; 308; 309; 310; 312; 313)- a complex state of activation reaction, consisting of various physiological changes, heightened perception and subjective feelings aimed at specific actions. See also pathological affect; mood.

Echolalia (ICD 299.8)- automatic repetition of words or phrases of the interlocutor. This symptom may be a manifestation of normal speech in early childhood, or occur in some disease states, including dysphasia, catatonic states, mental retardation, early childhood autism or take the form of so-called delayed echolaline.

One of the most common classifications of all existing diseases is ICD-10. It is in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, that the most full list mental disorders diagnosed by doctors today. These diseases are reflected in the headings F00-F99. Each section is divided into subsections, where short form the main clinical aspects of the diseases are outlined. Let's look at them in more detail.

Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders

The reason for such violations is organic diseases. This is dementia of various origins: Pica, vascular dementia. This also includes disorders of the central nervous system due to the destructive effects of VIL, idiopathic dementia and degradation of intelligence against the background long-term use alcohol.

Patients in this group are characterized by involution of intelligence, decreased thinking abilities and gradual memory loss, which are accompanied by increasing emotional lability.

Mental and behavioral disorders due to use

It combines personality changes caused by alcohol abuse, various drugs (opioids, cannabinoids, hallucinogens), as well as tobacco, stimulants, sleeping pills, etc. Symptoms of acute intoxication, dependence syndrome and withdrawal states are separately distinguished.

The characteristic features of this group of diseases is that the patient’s mental problems cannot be explained by somatic diseases. Clinical picture corresponds to the effect of a psychoactive substance.

Schizophrenia, schizotypal and

This includes all types of schizophrenia (paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, undifferentiated) and is divided according to the course of the disease (it can be continuous, episodic with an increasing or stable defect). Acute psychoses are also described. The main symptoms of psychosis are delusions and hallucinations.

(affective) mood disorders

This group also includes its various variations: episodes of mania and depression, the presence of psychotic symptoms, cyclotomy and dysthymia.

During the manic phase, there is increased talkativeness, physical and sexual activity, sociability, and a tendency to act recklessly. Depression is manifested by apathy, decreased sex drive, sleep disturbances, and loss of interest in any type of activity.

Neurotic stress-related and somatomorphic disorders

The category includes all possible phobias: (or fear of open space), social phobia (a person feels obsessive fears associated with various social situations), specific phobias (fear of a specific phenomenon or object), as well as panic, anxiety disorders, OCD (syndrome obsessive states), neuroses and PTSD (occurs after exposure to strong traumatic stress factors).

Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disorders and physical factors

This term describes mental problems that lead to kmsomatization and are accompanied by disorders:

• eating (anorexia and);
• sleep (various types of insomnia, hypersomnia, nightmares);
• sexual function (all disorders of non-organic origin).

Here are collected all the character and personality disorders that are not psychotic, but clearly deviate from the norm (for example, paranoid, schizoid and dissocial disorders, hysteria, emotional instability, excessive anxiety).

Separately, it is worth highlighting the so-called impulse disorders: pyromania, kleptomania, gambling addiction. Sexual dysfunctions are included in the same category.

Mental retardation

It is classified depending on the child's age and level of intelligence into mild, moderate and severe. Mental retardation of unspecified etiology is separately distinguished.

Psychological developmental disorders

This includes:

• speech disorders (the child does not understand speech well, has problems with articulation and cannot express his thoughts in words);
• problems in the development of school skills (it is difficult for a child to learn to count and read);
• movement disorders (in the absence of neurological pathology, impairments of coordination and motor functions are observed);
• autism (manifests before 3 years of age in social and communication problems);
• Rett syndrome (also classified as an autistic disorder).

List of autistic disorders

Classic autism - Kanner's autism. The patient has genetic predisposition to disorders at the neurological level. There is a decrease in the ability to control emotions and find mutual understanding with other people. Kanner's autism includes several others. The list can be supplemented by two more common types of autism: low-functioning and high-functioning. These two diseases can appear at a very early age (about 18 months). The only difference between them is the IQ level: the patient’s level is always significantly lower than that of his healthy peers. Autism is difficult to treat. Asperger's syndrome is a form of autism in which a person has difficulty understanding other people's emotions, which in turn leads to withdrawal.

With this disease, it is difficult for a person to find words for certain objects, terms, events, and besides, he suffers from too short a memory. It is more common in girls because almost all boys with this syndrome are stillborn. In addition to mental ones, there are disturbances in coordination of movements. Savant syndrome: Serious disturbances of mental development occur in all areas of life except one specific area, usually associated with the arts.

Atypical autism or autistic traits: The patient has only some of the typical symptoms of an autistic disorder. For example, disturbances in speech development may occur, but the desire for interaction will remain.

Schizophrenia-like disorder is similar in symptoms to schizophrenia, but does not leave a defect: after effective treatment there are no complications.

Continuous-current schizophrenia - hallucinations sometimes last up to six months; the person loses his legal capacity. After a course of treatment, a relapse is possible after a certain period of time. The patient finds it difficult to drug treatment, psychotherapy often produces little results.

Paroxysmal schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: symptoms resemble manic-depressive mental illnesses (list below). In paroxysmal schizophrenia, in addition to sensory delirium and other typical symptoms, there are phases of emotional rise and fall, replacing each other.

Names of mental illnesses of the manic-depressive spectrum

When - MDP ( bipolar disorder) - the course of the disease depends on the sequence and duration of three phases: mania, depression and a state of enlightenment of consciousness. The disease usually begins between 20 and 30 years of age.

Epileptic paroxysms of temporal origin are a paroxysmal disease. The main symptom of an attack is different kinds hallucinations that occur simultaneously. This type of disorder can appear both in childhood and against the background of alcohol or drug intoxication.

Neurotypical syndrome: the main symptom is a pathological desire to be present among other people, increased social activity. The patient is unable to be alone with himself, but it is difficult for him to listen to another; any difference between people and himself causes obsessive fear.

It is important to note that only the most common mental illnesses are listed on this page. The list of diseases during a detailed study of any of the three main types of disorders must be clarified.