The sentence contains full forms of adjectives. Full and short form of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - excellent, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, sweet - sweet.

The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.

Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.

Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.

Let's give an example: on bare feet.

In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.

Relative adjectives have only full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in"/"yn", "ov"/"ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case they usually have only a short form.
For example: Dad, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.

In indirect cases such adjectives have:
or a short form: father's, wolf's;
or the full form: father's, wolf's.

The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy's.

Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.

Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and change by gender, singular and numbers.
Here's an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.

Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular case, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender are different. In plural adjectives have no gender differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.

In modern Russian there are three types of declension of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as bratnin, aunt, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives starting with “ii” such as wolf, bear.

The most productive is the first type of declension, which, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard version of the declension (rich, stone), a soft version of the declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on sibilant, b) with a base on d , k, x and v) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).

For adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant, the stress during declension is either only on the stem (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).

For adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on c, when inflected, the stress always falls only on the stem (short, autumn, blue).

Adjectives based on a hard consonant instrumental case singular female have a double ending: "oh" ("ey") and "oyu" ("her"). Their use depends on the style of speech: in poetic language the ending -oy ("ee") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: I pass through a field along a narrow boundary, overgrown with porridge and tenacious quinoa.

Possessive adjectives ending in "in", "ov" ("ev") have mixed type declinations: part of the case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the hard variant of the declension of qualitative-relative adjectives, in separate cases the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases masculine and neuter singular).

Possessive adjectives with the suffix “in” in modern Russian are increasingly declined like full adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).

Possessive adjectives ending in “rank” (bratnin, muzhnin) are inflected in the same way as adjectives ending in “in”.

Possessive adjectives in -niy (filial, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft variant of declension (for example, neighbor).

Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.

Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to general rules Declensions of adjectives.

Spelling case forms adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the question word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants the vowels s, o, u are written, and after soft consonants the vowels are written - i, e, yu.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after sibilants and c at the end of adjectives always depends on stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, big garden - handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the singular masculine gender, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -ой, in the unstressed case - “й”, “и”.
nightmare– blue ocean, early admission.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix “ii”, except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, it is written soft sign.
Wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing ones.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.

The adjective is one of the main ones used by its speakers constantly. It has a number of indicators, so before answering the question of how an adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly should be understood by this part of speech.

The term “adjective” appeared in the Russian language quite a long time ago, and it was formed from Latin word adjectivum, which means “adding”. That is why the lexical meaning of the word “adjective” should be considered “a name that is attached to a noun.”

In general, an adjective denotes a lexico-grammatical class of word forms that denote a non-procedural attribute of an object. Lexical meaning in this case is expressed using inflectional categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - definition, especially difficult cases they are a compound nominal predicate.

Adjective: three in one

Speaking about the adjective, it is worth noting three understandings of this term. According to the first, this part of speech should include adjectives themselves, adjective pronouns, participles and ordinal numbers. The lexical meaning of these words (a feature of the subject) is supplemented with new shades. This point of view is called a broad understanding of the adjective.

There is a formal position of the moderate type, in which only adjectives themselves and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the 20th century, until it gave way to a broad understanding, actively lobbied by Russian Grammar-80.

With a narrow understanding of the adjective name, only adjectives themselves are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this approach, since only it takes into account all the features with the help of which a particular part of speech is distinguished. It is on the basis of this point of view that the adjective is analyzed today.

How does an adjective change?

The adjective has a number of morphological categories, with the help of which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech; the ending of an adjective is a universal morpheme that can indicate inflectional categories.

Adjectives change according to gender, number and case, and when the word becomes plural, the gender disappears as unnecessary. Most often, the inflectional categories of an adjective can be clarified using its ending in combination with the ending of a noun. Sometimes it happens that an adjective is used with and in the end get full information about the word is not possible. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the ending of the adjective. The number of the adjective plays a role here important role, since it affects all indicators at once.

Short and long forms of adjectives

Most adjectives have a short and a long form. During the existence of the Old Church Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms had priority, but now the situation has changed exactly the opposite.

Adjectives in their full form are most often placed before a noun, in which case they play the role of a determiner in a sentence. If the full adjective appears after a noun, it is most often a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective takes on the role of the predicate.

Most often they are located after the noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If a sentence has a predicate expressed by a verb, a short adjective can play the function of a separate agreed definition.

Short forms of adjectives (qualitative)

Some qualitative adjectives have retained their short form; these are remnants of the active use of this phenomenon in the Old Russian language. These forms usually denote temporary features that may be applicable to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a softened categorical assessment of a particular feature.

The short form is formed using the stems of full adjectives, to which should be added generic endings. When forming short masculine adjectives, an alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with a zero sound may appear; this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.

It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives, which are actively used in folklore and fiction. Short adjectives can only be qualitative and change only in gender and number; they are most often used in postposition in relation to a noun.

Adjective categories

To understand how an adjective changes, it is necessary to touch upon its lexical and grammatical categories. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects and animals, color characteristics, and also give overall assessment any phenomenon about which we're talking about in a sentence.

Relative adjectives are distinguished by the fact that they express the attribute of an object indirectly, through their relationship to an object or some action. They are used to indicate attitudes toward persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers. Lexical meaning is conveyed using special suffixes.

Possessive adjectives are the most difficult category. In the broad sense of the word, it includes adjectives with possessive suffixes, in a narrow sense - a part of speech must simultaneously have two characteristics - a suffix and an individual affiliation with a person or object.

How to analyze an adjective?

Morphological analysis of an adjective is a fairly simple procedure that can be completed in a few minutes. The parsing scheme works the same for both school level, and for a university student, so it will not cause any difficulties or additional troubles. If necessary, you can consult linguistic reference books.

In the analysis, it is necessary to indicate: the word form, whether the word form belongs to the part of speech, the categorical meaning, the initial form + a question to it, and a semantic question. Next, you need to indicate all lexical and grammatical indicators and the type of declension (with indicators). For qualitative adjectives You will need to indicate comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Next, it is necessary to note by what nominal indicators the adjective agrees with number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.

Unstressed endings of adjectives

Quite often a situation arises when it is very difficult to check, since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a whole series of questions (which one? which one? which one? which one? which ones?). You should also remember about exceptions - adjectives ending in “-y”, “-e”, “-ya”, “-iy”, in most forms they have a soft sign before the ending: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.

The exception is the nominative and accusative case singular masculine. If the adjective was formed from the name of a month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.

How is an adjective learned?

Previously, the deadline for learning the adjective (3rd grade) did not suit everyone, which is why children today learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. An adjective is much easier to learn because it is closely related to another part of speech - a noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.

To learn how an adjective changes, you need to make every effort in class and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and it is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any reference book from large quantity scientific literature and find the answer to his question. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account when searching.

In the university format, the adjective is studied much more deeply, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which will help the student repeat only a basic understanding of this part of speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily as soon as possible find the information they need.

Every schoolchild knows about this. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules for this part of speech, as well as into what groups it is divided, etc.

general information

It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old chair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mom's bag, fox hole).

Main types

Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:

  • relative;
  • quality;
  • possessive.

Relative adjectives

Such a group describes the properties of any attribute, action or object through its relationship to another attribute, action or object.

Here are some examples: bookcase, children's fun, destructive force, Brazilian nut, double whammy, religious views, etc.

Qualitative adjectives

This group has its own characteristics, namely:

  • Indicates the characteristics of objects: age (old), size (sick), speed (fast), color (blue), human properties (angry), assessment (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
  • Forms such excellent ( strongest, subtlest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
  • They have short forms (for example, fast, thick, powerful etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives cannot be formed from all qualitative ones.

Possessive adjectives

Adjectives of this group answer the question “whose?”, and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare hole, cow's milk) or person ( daddy's wallet, petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -iy, -ev, -ov.

Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather's; father - fathers, etc.

Short name adjective

In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in the Russian language there are:

  • brief;
  • full adjectives.

Moreover, the former are formed by a kind of reduction of the latter. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing text or in oral conversation.

Endings

Adjectives in the short singular form have the following gender endings:

  • Feminine - ending -A. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, skinny, etc.
  • Masculine - null ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, lean, new, handsome, etc.
  • Neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, thin, skinny, etc.).

In the plural, there are no gender differences for this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -And or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).

Features of the short form

As you can see, this part of speech can be declined according to gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.

Let's give an example: She's very smart. In this case, the word “smart” is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.

It should also be noted that some types of a given part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "miserable, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have their full form. These words include must, glad, loving and much.

What is the difference from full ones?

They only have a short form. Their difference from the full form lies in the definition of morphological characteristics. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change by case, but is declined only by number and gender. Besides, short names adjectives differ from full adjectives in their syntactic role. Thus, in a sentence they do not act as a definition, but in or as a component of it. Although in some cases they are still designated as a definition. More often this phenomenon observed in phraseological turns or in works folk art(for example, n and barefoot, in broad daylight, a beautiful maiden, a good fellow, etc..).

Spelling short adjectives

To correctly use short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules of their spelling.


Formation of short adjectives

Short forms from long forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:

  • zero or male;
  • middle (-e or -o);
  • female (-I or -a).

In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these shapes formed? These rules are very simple:

The relationship between the full and short forms of adjectives

From the point of view of lexical meanings, there are 3 types of relationships between the short and full forms of adjectives:

1. Matching lexical meaning(For example, good day and good day, beautiful baby and beautiful baby).

2. They coincide only in certain values:

  • “False” meaning “fake.” In this case there is no short form.
  • “False” meaning “insincere.” In this case, the short form will be "fake".
  • “Poor” means “unhappy.” In this case there is no short form.
  • “Poor” means “poor.” In this case, the short form will be "poor".

3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full form in its meaning:

  • the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the full form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
  • the short form indicates excessive manifestation of the trait (for example, grandma is old or grandma is old);
  • the long form indicates an unrelated attribute, and the short form indicates something in relation to something (for example, the dress is tight and the dress is tight).
  • in some cases the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words(For example, the purpose of the trip was quite clear and the weather was clear).

Most qualitative adjectives form a short form. Short adjectives answer the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what are?”.

*Pay attention!
After hissing short masculine adjectives, b is not written: the day is good, the wind is fresh, the flower is fragrant

Some adjectives in the short form have a vowel o or e (е) in the root. This makes it easier to pronounce the word:

low - low
bright - bright
narrow - narrow
bitter - bitter
poor - poor
smart - smart

Some adjectives form two short forms at once (enen and -en):
immoral - immoral, immoral
courageous - courageous, courageous
responsible – responsible, responsible
characteristic - characteristic, characteristic

Short adjectives do not change by case (they can only be in the I.p. form), but they change by gender (singular) and number. Sometimes in set expressions you can find short adjectives not in the nominative case:
on bare feet, in broad daylight

Meaning

long form = short form long form ~ short form (according to text) long form ≠ short form
unyielding character – character is unyielding full f. denotes a constant sign, cr.f. - temporary: They are raising a cheerful, healthy boy. (=always) Are you healthy? (=in currently)

For polysemantic words there is not always a cr.f.:

The weather was clear. (= sunny, cr.f. no) The purpose of the attack was clear. (=understandable, full length no)

Pushkin is a great Russian poet and writer. The Russian language is great and powerful! (=outstanding) The suit is too big for him. (= big (about clothes), cr.f. no)

Have you bought tickets to the performance at the Maly Theater? This year the sweater is too small for me. (=small (about clothes), cr.f. no)

cr.f. indicates an excess of manifestation of the trait: An old grandmother is sitting on a bench. Grandma is too old for long walks. (=too old, too old) cr.f. denotes a sign in relation to something: Skinny jeans are back in fashion. Jeans in this size are too tight for me The adjectives glad, must, are used only in cr.f.

Some qualitative adjectives do not form a short form:

  • names of derived colors: brown, lilac, orange
  • animal colors: bay (horse), brown (bear)
  • verbal adjectives with the suffix -l-: past, tired, outdated
  • adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -esk-: brotherly, friendly, enemy, hellish, comic
  • adjectives with the suffix -ov-: advanced, business, combat (about character), circular
  • adjectives of subjective assessment: hefty, skinny, tiny, enormous, very unpleasant

§1. general characteristics adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. Grammatical meaning - “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?

2. Morphological characteristics:

  • constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degrees of comparison,
  • changeable - case, number, singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological features of adjectives

An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different kinds. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different constant signs are expressed differently. For example:

sweeter - comparative degree of adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.

Inconstant features: case, number, gender (singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

  • qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
  • relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
  • possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.

Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:

  • full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
  • degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into a relationship

  • synonyms: large, large, huge, huge
  • antonymies: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ii’], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples it is clear that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - -y, -y, -oh.

Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:

Singular

Name w.r. - a: mother’s, fox, m.r. - : , mother’s, fox, m.r. - oh, e: mom’s, fox.

Rod.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed R. - as im.p. or r.p.

Tv.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.

Plural

Name - s, and: mother’s, foxes.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. - as im.p. or v.p.

Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

  • fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
  • bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is relative (correlates with bitterness)
  • light bag is a qualitative adjective, and light life - relative (correlates with ease)

§4. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both forms: full and short.
In full form they bow, i.e. vary by number, by gender (in singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Late at night they left the house.

Late - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular parts, zh.r., tv.p.

In short form, adjectives are not inflected. They do not change by case. Short adjectives vary in number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, short form, units, w.r. IN modern language in the role of definitions, short adjectives come in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful maiden, in broad daylight.

Do not be surprised:

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. the form of v.p. coinciding with it. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

  • Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.
  • The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
  • Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either using suffixes: higher, more cheerful, highest, most cheerful, or using words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative comparisons can be expressed:

  • simple forms: higher, highest,
  • compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.

Among simple shapes in the Russian language, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.

  • good, bad - positive degree
  • better, worse - comparative degree
  • best, worst - superlative

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:

  • Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
  • Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
  • Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
  • Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.

Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence they are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.

Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

  1. Is an adjective an independent part of speech?

  2. What adjectives can express characteristics that are expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

    • Quality
    • Relative
    • Possessives
  3. Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

    • For quality
    • For relative
    • For possessives
  4. Are relative adjectives derivatives?

  5. Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?

    • In quality
    • In relative
    • In possessive
  6. Do adjectives change by case in their full form?

  7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of definition?

    • For full
    • For short
  8. Do all adjectives change by case?

    • Not all
  9. Do all adjectives change according to gender?

    • Not all
  10. Do superlative adjectives change according to case?

  11. Can comparatives or superlatives be expressed in one word?

  12. Can adjectives change from one category of meaning to another?

Right answers:

  1. Quality
  2. For quality
  3. In possessive
  4. For full
  5. Not all
  6. Not all

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