Aikido is a Japanese martial art. History of Aikido

Eastern martial arts combine self-defense techniques, discipline and philosophy. Aikido brought martial arts on new level– the level of creation, where the force of the aggressor is neutralized and redirected. Of great importance for the practitioner is the mental state, a sense of balance and calm.

The history of Aikido and the basis of philosophy

Aikido is a martial art that was invented by Morihei Ueshiba at the beginning of the twentieth century. The philosophy of this martial arts is quite complex. In any case, Ueshiba himself claimed that even among his best students there was not a single one who fully understood his philosophy. The fact is that before becoming a martial arts master, Morihei Ueshiba studied Zen Buddhism at a Buddhist school and was interested in philosophy.

It is reliably known that in his youth Ueshiba had poor health and his parents advised him to take up martial arts, but his interest in martial arts awoke only at the age of 28. After 11 years of studying various martial arts and diligent training, he achieved outstanding results. Having spent many fights with the best masters of Japan of that time, he gained vast experience in various martial arts, simultaneously breaking the reputations and destinies of many people and martial arts schools.

Having shown aggression towards other schools then, he came to the conclusion that it was necessary to fight not with the fighter, but with his aggression. In other words, you need to repel the enemy's attacks until he stops his attacks, realizing that they are useless. Quite an interesting conclusion, considering the fact that Ueshiba himself, at the beginning of his journey of learning various martial arts, gained fame thanks to brutal fights, where he was the aggressor. This unusual conclusion became the basis of aikido, where there are no attacking blows, but only throws, leaving the line of attack and creases. So, at the age of 80, Ueshiba demonstrated high skill; he could scatter several well-trained opponents attacking him at the same time.

From Japanese “Ai” “Ki” “Do” is translated as the road to harmony, to vital energy. Morihei Ueshiba said that classes should help the student direct him on the path to harmony of spirit. Ueshiba himself, in search of a unique martial art that would not involve killing, but would only serve as a defense against attack, studied the directions of Jujutsu and Kenjutsu. The experience gained helped me combine hand-to-hand combat techniques and weaponry. An important principle of Aikido is not to resist by responding with aggression, but to redirect the enemy’s aggressive energy towards himself.

According to teacher Morihei, a person who chooses Aikido strives to purify his own consciousness in order to ultimately defeat demons with the purity of his Ki, his Spirit, and not with the help of weapons. Main secret in maintaining calm, peace and at the same time in motion. This is what harmony is built on.

Perhaps in the Japanese tradition this made sense in duels, but it is obvious that it is of little use in the army, since a soldier must be able to attack the enemy, and not just dodge his blows. Not to mention teaching soldiers the intricacies of the complex philosophy of Aikido.

In a street fight, if a fighter is faced with a person or group of people attacking him, he can show the wonders of technology, but if his family, wife and children are nearby, then in this case time is everything. And there is no way to simply throw the enemy away, but it is necessary to wage a tough aggressive battle to defeat, without waiting for the family to be taken hostage.

Thus, by understanding the basis of the philosophy of Aikido, a person can make an informed choice about why he wants to practice it. When you need aggressive skills to protect yourself and your loved ones, which can be acquired quickly, then Aikido is not the best solution. If a person is interested in the ideas of aikido, is interested in participating in competitions, and just wants to play sports, then in an aesthetic sense, aikido is truly a good choice!

Aikido directions

The art of Aikido is constantly evolving, modern schools are appearing, teaching methods are changing, and new techniques are being introduced. Today, more than thirty directions are known, the following are considered widespread:

Aikikai is the original school established by teacher Morihei Ueshiba and recognized by the Japanese government in 1940. Distinctive feature This direction is based on the smoothness of movements in the techniques being practiced. Kihon dosa or basic movements in the amount of six are absent; instead, there are exercises that allow you to feel your partner, maintain the correct distance, and control the attacker.

Yoshinkan. The founder of this school was Morihei’s student, Gozo Shioda, who opened it in 1955. The teaching methodology is clearly formulated and streamlined. Great attention is paid to correct stance and alignment to the center line. After the warm-up, most of the training is devoted to familiarization and mastery of kihon dosa. It is easy for students of this practice to apply skills in real situations where self-defense is required, which is why Yoshinkan Aikido is often taught in police training and in the army.

Ki-aikido or in the Western version Shin-shin-toitsu. In this practice, much attention is paid to vital energy and its concentration in the human body. This happens by forming correct breathing and through meditation. Working with weapons, and especially the wooden bokken sword, is also an integral part of training, although techniques vary greatly depending on the school.

Iwama-ryu is one of the old areas of Aikido, however, it received its development after the Second World War. It includes three disciplines that are closely dependent on each other, this is the practice of working with a sword, with a jo (stick) and exercises without using weapons. The creator Morihiro Saito, during the lifetime of O-Sensei, developed jo-kata, these are movements performed together with weapons in a systematic and precise manner.

Different directions - one principle. Aikido is the path to harmony and understanding own body, way of possession over internal state, the search for unity and victory, above all over oneself.

Aikido techniques

There are three types of technology:

• throwing Nage,
• retention and control Osae
• respiratory Kokyu-ho

In addition, Atemi - strikes - are widely used, but they have a slightly different meaning than in other martial arts. The goal is not to cripple the attacker, but to distract his attention and be able to defend against the blow.

Techniques

The classification of techniques depends on the position of the practitioners:

• tashi vase– both in a standing position
• suvari vase– sitting
• hanmi-hantashi vase- one sits, the other stands

Basic techniques also include brush techniques and are called Te Waza.

Rack

In the practical study of Aikido, correct stance requires special attention, since it depends on it effective implementation reception. It is important to achieve a natural standing position and feel the center of balance without any effort or special control. The head, then the spine and lower abdomen should be in one vertical position from each other.

A stance in which the attacking uke and the receiving nage put their right leg forward is called eponymous. If, while facing each other, the performer of the technique puts his left leg, and his opponent puts his right, or vice versa, this is opposite stand.

Movement system

Irimi allows the body to move forward and pass the opponent with outside.

Kaiten- this is a turn, this is a chance to lead the enemy away and throw him off balance without stopping the moving force. This method is widely used in Aikido, since the attacker, moving by inertia, will not be able to remain on his feet.

Kuzushi is an action by which a person is thrown off balance for further control or throw.

Timing

Calculating and reacting in time to an enemy attack is timing. Practical knowledge of the techniques will not protect you from a blow if the reaction works a little earlier or later. The movement is performed already when uke has shown his strength. Speed ​​is an integral and important part of any sport, including Aikido. It is necessary to react in time, redirect the enemy's movement or leave the line of attack.

Use of weapons

The weapon should flow smoothly into the body, that is, all actions are not performed with the help of one hand, but the whole body is involved, so the blow will become significant and the balance will not be disrupted.

Bokken– a wooden sword made from dense wood; oak products are popular.

Jo– a wooden pole, not much lighter than a bokken, usually about 130 cm in size. The technique of strikes with a jo is varied, these can be poking, chopping, oblique blows to the opponent’s body and legs, and with the help of this weapon it is possible to defend against an attack.

Tanto- With Japanese language literally translated as short sword. This is a knife whose blade reaches 40 cm. It is not used as an independent weapon, but only for auxiliary purposes, mainly for finishing off the enemy.

Bo– a wooden staff, longer than a jo. Made from hard wood, but can be made from bamboo. Sometimes, to add weight, it is sheathed with metal.

Aikido is a sport where there is no place for worry, the practice of Aikido is a way to strive towards the path spiritual development, self-knowledge and finding harmony.

Aikido is a Japanese martial art that is one of the most harmonious and highly spiritual. Many people around the world admire him and try to learn to understand as best as possible the essence of the technique of performing each movement. After all, in Aikido the main thing is not considered physical strength, but spiritual.

History of origin

The literal translation of the name Aikido is as follows: “AI” means “harmony”; “KI” - strength, spirit; “BEFORE” is the way. If you put everything together, you get the following expression, which means as close as possible to what you can learn by going through the entire path of aikido - “the path of finding harmony or strength of spirit.”

The founder of Aikido was the Japanese Morihei Ueshiba (Japanese: 植芝 盛平 Ueshiba Morihei, December 14, 1883 - April 26, 1969). For this man, aikido became the meaning of his whole life, which he had been looking for for so long and comprehended over the years of practice and hard training.

It all started when the young and then unknown Morihei began to actively study different kinds martial arts and combat techniques practiced in both Japan and China. Successfully reaching new and new heights, he did not receive the main thing - peace of mind. The philosophy and religion of Oomoto-kyo actively helped him in this. Soon, having gone through a long and difficult path of comprehending martial arts techniques and spiritual harmony Morihei realized that he had created something new, something that combines not only physical perfection, but also spiritual peace.

The first school for the study of the martial art of Aikido was opened by Master Ueshiba in 1925. There were few students and not everyone could comprehend the path that Morihei had achieved. The teacher instructed everyone who came to learn this truly philosophical martial arts: “fight with your consciousness and you will comprehend not only the science of strength, but also unity with the Universe.” Until the end of the Second World War, the teacher did not want to reveal all the secrets and great power of the essence of Aikido, and taught only in the family circle.

The world learned about Aikido only when the son of the teacher, Morihei Ueshiba, published a book in which he outlined the whole essence of this unique and very unpredictable type of martial arts. Then, together with their father, they went on a trip around the world to introduce this wonderful martial art of Aikido to everyone who seeks harmony. In 1948, the Aikido Association, the Aikikai, opened. The son of the famous teacher (O Sensei) Kisshomaru Ueshiba actively takes part in it; he continues the work that he learned together with his father, preserving the origins and all the values ​​of the Aikido culture.

What is Aikido

In its understanding, aikido means the way of training absolutely anyone, not only according to a person’s physique but also gender, race, age, etc.

Aikido is one of those martial arts whose goal is not attack, but self-defense, the use of techniques only to repel an attack.

From a philosophical point of view, the entire Aikido system is built on the method of understanding certain principles that the teacher preaches. Among these are the following:

1. Thank the Universe for the life given to you;
2. Be grateful to all those who lived before us and preserved all customs, values ​​and traditions;
3. Thank all those who actively develop and support the world around us;
4. Be grateful to all living things on earth for food and water.

Those who came to comprehend the art of Aikido are also taught moral concepts:

• Never stop and never stop learning and you will gain wisdom.
• Learn to love. Without love, nothing can live and prosper.
• Be merciful to your neighbor, show compassion and you will be rewarded for your labors.
• By respecting relationships in your family and the people around you, you will begin to understand the culture of Aikido.
• Be brave. This rule concerns willpower and determination.

Aikido encourages you to be honest and learn to achieve your goals.

Fighting technique

If a person has mastered the Aikido fighting technique, he is able to cope with absolutely any opponent: like a tall, short or heavy person.

Among the techniques in this martial art there are no combinations of attacking techniques. There are only those present here that repel any attack on a person.

Based on the first signs of an attacker, an aikido master is able to repel any attack and feel what techniques the enemy will use.

The principle of repelling any attack in aikido is to direct all the strength and power of the attacker towards himself. This is quite easy to do, provided that the master has completed the entire training and self-improvement course.

Any reflection of an attack operates according to the following principle:

1. Find the center of the body (hara) and concentrate all the energy in it. "Hara" means belly in Japanese.
2. To spread all the force or energy(s).
3. Learn to control yourself.
4. All actions must be spherical.

Most techniques and actions have a round or spherical shape. When meeting any attack in Aikido, there are several reflective elements, among them “irimi” - movement towards the enemy, and “tenkan” - a circular escape from the attack.

The clothing needed for training is quite simple and no different from some other martial arts. The basic list of any student includes: a jacket (it can be called “keikoga”, “ki”, or “doga”), trousers, a belt (depending on the achievement of certain results, the color may differ; the belt in Aikido is called “obi”), sandals (“zori”).

Weapon

In the martial art of Aikido, it is possible to use some type of weapon. Such weapons include:

A wooden sword, the optimal length for any practitioner should be from the floor to the waist. This sword is called a bokken.

Wooden pole (“jo”), length varies depending on the school of teaching. The average pole length is about 130 cm.

A special short sword made only by masters of this art and having a specific license for its use is the “tanto”.

These are just some of the main types of weapons used in aikido technique. There are also many additional types of implements applicable to aikido techniques.

Ranks

The entire rank system is divided into student and master degrees. Students in various schools can reach from 6 to 1 “kyu” (the degree of mastery of the student). In children's schools the system is slightly different. Masters, by passing the exam, can achieve from 1 to 10 “dans”.

The highest degrees are considered higher than the eighth. The most higher categories mastery grades were awarded only to students of the great teacher Ueshiba Morihei. It is also worth noting that each academic degree (“kyu”) is accompanied by a color belt for clothing.

So for European schools the sequence of colors is as follows:

1st kyu – brown belt

2 kyu – blue belt

3 kyu – green belt

4 kyu – orange belt

5 kyu – yellow belt

6 kyu – white belt

In Japanese schools, the first two degrees are awarded only to brown belts, the rest - to white ones.

Aikido styles

In conclusion, it is worth noting that no matter how many directions this art has, a beginner in it must know and remember true purpose Aikido is non-harm to all living things.

Aikido (Japanese aikido: AI - meeting, meeting (almost any form of meeting), KI - movement, displacement, strictly in an active form, that is, emanating from the object in question, DO (MITI) - road, path, method (including the corresponding semantic one). The combination of these hieroglyphs is often (and incorrectly) translated as “the path of energy harmony”).

Aikido is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial arts studies, philosophy, and religious beliefs. Ueshiba's goal was to create and spread a martial art in which the practitioner could achieve self-defense without harming the attacker.

The martial art of Aikido emphasizes merging with the attack and redirecting the attacker's energy, as opposed to meeting force with force, and involves primarily body throwing and joint locking techniques. In addition to physical techniques and training, aikido also emphasizes training in consciousness, controlled relaxation, and the development of "spirit" (ki).
Martial art and a way of self-discovery
It would be wrong to consider aikido exclusively as a system of various techniques and methods. A real fight has a huge difference from a fight in gym. When there are no frameworks limiting the actions of fighters and the likely outcome of the fight is death, moral and psychological qualities come to the fore. Next comes fighting technique and physical strength. Then physically weak person can easily cope with a stronger one.

Aikido as it is known today comes from Daito Aikijutsu, said to have been founded by Prince Teijun, the sixth son of Emperor Seiwa (850-880 CE).

Through the son of Prince Tsunemoto, it was passed on to subsequent generations of the Minamoto family. The art remained exclusively a samurai practice and was passed down from generation to generation within families until Japan emerged from isolation in 1868.

The founder of Aikido, Morihei Ueshiba, studied several areas of jujutsu (Kito-ryu, Daito-ryu), as well as kenjutsu. Based on the knowledge he gained, he formed his own combat system.

The religious movement of Oomoto-kyo had a huge influence on Aikido. ==
Aiki and life
We do Aikido, Aikido makes us... Many beginners come to the gym with the desire for the sensei to tell the philosophy of Aiki, which quite often causes an ironic smile. The reason lies in the fact that the philosophy of aiki is learned not through words, but through the movements that an aikidoka makes during training (motor skills affect the psyche and vice versa). Therefore, whether we like it or not, we make Aiki, Aiki makes us.
Aikido principles
The principle of “irimi and atemi”

Irimi (Japanese) is translated from Japanese as entry, that is, an active response to an attack. The entrance is made into the so-called “dead corner” (Sumi (Japanese)) - a place from which the enemy cannot attack the aikidoka (Japanese aikido:ka - “a person who practices aikido”), and the aikidoka controls his attacker. Atemi (Japanese) translates as strike and is used to distract attention. More strong blows can lead to loss of consciousness and death of the attacker. “If you want to throw a person, hit him first,” is a saying in the Yoshinkan style of aikido, which is used in the Japanese army and police.

The principle of "aiki"

Aiki (Japanese) means unification in Japanese. In practice, it is expressed in provoking the enemy to a certain attack and using his movement to perform the technique

Tenkan principle

Tenkan (Japanese) means turning the body. It is used to move away from the line along which the opponent is making his efforts. Let's say tenkan is performed from the right hammihammi (Japanese hammi - stance). The right leg is the supporting leg. The hips twist first, pulling the whole body with them. The axis of rotation is the straight spine, and the source is the center of gravity. Following the initial impulse of the turn, free left foot turns 180° and shifts one foot's width to the left. Then, without a pause, step the left foot back again into the right hammy. That is, there is no wide circle in tenkan.

In addition to those listed above, there are also the following principles:

Kokyu (Japanese kokyu: - “breath”) - Correct breathing.

Kuzushi (Japanese kuzushi - “destruction, destruction”, due to ignorance of the meaning of Japanese characters, is often incorrectly translated as “loosening”)

Ma-ai (Japanese maai - “distance”) - Distance between opponents.

Metsuke (Japanese metsuke - “catching the eyes”) - Focusing or attracting attention.

Zanshin (Japanese zanshin - “conscious cruelty”, “cruel intention”, due to ignorance of the meaning of Japanese characters, is often incorrectly translated as “remaining soul”) - A state of readiness during the execution of techniques.

The technique is practiced during training. But Aikido does not end there. Aikido is philosophy, psychology, and physics. Anyone can find their Self here.

It must always be remembered that aikido develops not only physical abilities, but also spiritual qualities. The development of these qualities is facilitated by the special atmosphere in the hall. Constant concentration and unconditional adherence to the instructions of the mentor during training are required. Only in this case can you avoid all kinds of injuries and achieve results.

The study of aikido technique begins with the study of basic stances: hidari-hammi ( left leg ahead) and migi-hammy ( right leg ahead). The basic stances that masters use to teach their students differ in the same way that the masters themselves differ from each other in the manner of performing the technique.

There are no competitions in Aikido, but kata is practiced: repeating techniques many times until they become familiar. Most of training takes place in working with a partner in order to achieve harmony between them. As a rule, one of the partners attacks (called uke (Japanese)), and the other defends (called tori (Japanese), shite (Japanese) or nage (Japanese) depending on the school). Partners change one by one. It is important that the attacking partner performs his actions sincerely and without fear of falling.

There is a style of Aikido - Tomiki-ryu - which involves competitions. They occur in this way: the attacker (uke) is armed with a wooden knife, an imitation of a natural weapon, and the defender (tori) is unarmed. The uke's job is to hit his opponent with an imitation weapon. The Tory's job is to execute the technique. For each effective action, points are awarded. The rules prohibit some particularly dangerous techniques.

Very important point in aikido is ukemi - the art of insurance against blows and throws. You need to be constantly ready without much stress and apply the insurance at any time.

The lack of competition and the apparent softness of aikido have given rise to many debates about its practical applicability.
Weapons in Aikido
The fairly common belief that there are no weapons in Aikido is incorrect: the principles of Aikido allow the use of anything in battle, from a sword to a bottle.

Beginners who practice aikido are often told that they must learn to fight with a weapon in their hands and with bare hands equally effective.

Different Aikido schools use in teaching different types weapons. Katana is a two-handed Japanese sword. Since it is a sharpened combat weapon, it is rarely used and mainly for demonstrating techniques by masters;
Iai-to is a sword similar to a katana. Unlike the latter, the iai is not sharpened, so it can be used even by beginners. Practically not used, with the exception of some schools.
Bokken is a wooden model of a katana for training. It was introduced into use by the sword master Miyamoto Musashi for training. It was also used in fights so as not to kill your opponent. Although in the right hands, a bokken (also called a bokuto) could kill and maim no worse than a sharpened katana;
Jo is a wooden pole about 1.4 meters long and 24-26 mm in diameter.
Tanto is a knife.

Various Aikido schools
There are many aikido schools. They differ in the principles of teaching and the use of techniques, but the principles of Aikido are the same everywhere.

Here are some of the aikido schools whose clubs operate in Russia: Iwama Ryu
Aiki-kai Aiki Club
Tomiki-ryu
Shin-Shin Toitsu Aikido official representative office in Russia
Yoshinkan
Real Aikido

Aikido in Russia
National Aikido Council of Russia
Aikido Federation of Russia

see also
Aikijutsu
Ryu

Wikipedia

Our guide does not aim to provide a detailed analysis of Aikido. We just want to bring some clarity and help, especially beginners, navigate the most general and most common issues. In this regard, we do not conduct an in-depth analysis or detailed reference to concepts and terms.

Due to significant phonetic differences between the Japanese and Russian languages, it is not easy to provide and reproduce the correct and unambiguous pronunciation of a particular concept, word, or sound. Without delving into linguistic depths, we note that we do not claim the absolute truth of translation and transcription. Variants of interpretation of Aikido terminology that differ from ours are completely acceptable and have a right to exist. However, we also have the right to offer the following interpretation.

Aikido - modern martial art

It is based on numerous traditional martial arts and, above all, Daito ryu aiki jitsu by master Sokaku Takeda. Aikido has gone through various stages along the way from Daito Ryu, the basic technique of the 1930s, to Aikido as we know it today.

It all started with the fact that Ueshiba Morihei, as a result of many years of research and persistent training in various martial arts, developed his own system, which he eventually called Aikido. His son Ueshiba Kishomaru developed and systematized Aikido. Currently, the head of the Aiki Union is the grandson of the founder, Ueshiba Moriteru.

What is Aikido? Aikido is the way to harmonize vital energy.

	Ay- Harmony, Love, Coherence.		Ueshiba Morihei (14.12.1883 - 26.04.1969) Founder of Aikido.
	Ki - Vital energy.		Ueshiba Kishomaru (27.06.1921 - 04.01.1999) Second Doshu.
	Before- Path.		Ueshiba Moriteru (born 04/02/1951) Third Doshu.

To avoid confusion

We will distinguish:

Ai - Harmony, Love, Coherence
Aikidoka - A person who practices Aikido
Bujutsu - Martial art
Budo - The Way of the Warrior
Jutsu - Skill, art
Before - Path
Kai - Society
Kan - Style, club
Ki - Life Energy
Kobudo - Traditional Martial Arts
Kokyu - Life Breath

Several styles of Aikido have developed

The most widespread are:

Aikikai - a movement officially recognized in 1940 and continued by the Ueshiba family

Shin Shin Toitsu (Ki-Aikido) - a direction that master Tohei Koichi began to develop

Yoshinkan is a direction that master Shioda Gozo began to develop

Who is who?

There is a certain hierarchy in Aikido:

O-Sensei - Founder of Aikido Ueshiba Morihei (literally "Great Teacher")
Doshu - Head of the school
Shihan - Instructor-Leader (6th Dan and above)
Sensei - Teacher (4 - 5 Dan)
Senpai - Senior student
Kohai - Junior Apprentice
Dohai - Equal students
Yudancha - Dan degree holder
Dojo cho - Senior in the dojo
Uchi deshi - A student living in the master's house (close student)
Dan - Higher student and master ranks
Kyu - Initial student ranks

Kyu degrees in Aikido there are only 6 for adults and 8 for children. The youngest degree of kyu is the eighth, the highest is the first. Each degree has its own name.

Dan degrees in Aikido 10. Unlike "kyu", the level of "Dana" increases according to its serial number; the youngest "Dan" is the first, the oldest is the tenth:

Where?

Aikido training takes place in the dojo:

Dojo - Place for martial arts training (literally: "Place of attainment of the path")
Tatami - 1) Traditionally - a mat made of rice straw approximately 1m x 2m (nowadays, as a rule, made of foam rubber);
Tatami - 2) Modern. - all space covered with mats and intended for training
Kamiza - Main Wall
Shimoza - The place opposite to kamiza
Shikhandai - Place of Shikhan

What?

On the tatami, for reasons of hygiene, safety and comfort, everyone wears special clothes:

Keikogi (Dogi) - Training suit (the widely used name "kimono" is erroneous and refers to a different type of clothing)
Obi - Belt
Hakama - Wide pants (usually for students of 1st Dan and above)

What are we saying?

Since Aikido is practiced exclusively by polite and well-mannered people, an atmosphere of friendliness and cooperation reigns in the classes:

Ohayo gozaimas - Good morning
Konnichi wa - Good afternoon
Komban wa - Good evening
Sayonara - Goodbye
Dozo - Please, I beg you
Arigato gozaimashta - Thank you for studying with me
Domo arigato gozaimashta - Thank you very much (especially polite form)
O-negai shmas - Polite form of invitation to any joint actions (activities)
Otskare samadesita - Gratitude for joint work, work
O-tagai-ni rei - Mutual bow

What are we doing?

Commands used in classes:

Kiritsu - Get up!
Matte - Wait!
Mokuso - Command to create an internal mood at the beginning and end of training
Ray - Bow!
Seiza - Sit up straight!
Hajime - Start!
Yame - Stop!

How do we fall?

Insurances:

Ukemi waza - Belay technique
Mae ukemi - Forward somersault belay over the arm
Ushiro ukemi - Backward somersault belay
Yoko ukemi - Somersault belay over the arm to the side

Where and how?

Directions, sides and levels:

Hidari - Left
Migi - Right
Mahe - Front
Ushiro - Rear
Jodan - Upper level (above shoulders)
Chudan - Medium level (from shoulders to waist)
Gedan - Lower level (below the waist)
Irimi - Entry, entrance
Tenkan - Rotation
Omote - Facial, front
Hurray - Reverse, rear
Soto - Outside
Teach - Inside

How are we standing?

Body positions and stances:

Kamae - Ready position: legs slightly bent, arms in front of you
Hanmi - Positioning the body in a half-turn (45°) towards the attack
Migi hanmi - Right-handed stance
Hidari hanmi - Left-sided stance
Ayhanmi - Opponents are in relation to each other in the same stance
Gyakuhanmi - Opponents are in opposite (mirror) stance in relation to each other
Maai - Distance in space and time. To put it simply, the distance between opponents

How do we move?

Movements in space:

Tai Sabaki - Ways to change body position
Tsugi ashi - Side step
Ayumi Ashi - Step with change of foot
Tenkai - 180° turn on the spot
Tenkan - Leaving the line of attack and turning 180° with a step back
Irimi tenkan - Consists of two movements - irimi (step forward entry) and tenkan
Shikko - Moving on your knees

How are we being attacked?

Dori kata - Grip technique
Katate dori - Grasping the opponent's wrist with one hand
Aihanmi katate dori - Grabbing the hand of the same name
Gyaku hanmi katate dori - Opposite hand grab (mirror grab)
Ryote dori - Two-handed grab of two hands from the front
Kata dori - Shoulder grab
Ryokata dori - Front two shoulder grab
Kakae dori - Body grab (two hands grasping from the front)
Morote dori - Grasping one hand with both hands
Hiji dori - Elbow grab
Muna dori - Jacket lapel grab
Eri dori - Goal grab
Soda dori - Sleeve grip (elbow area)
Kubi shime - Throat grab (strangulation)
Ushiro dori - Rear grabs

How are we being beaten?

Beats:

Atemi waza – Strike technique
Atemi - A diversionary strike, usually delivered before or during the execution of a technique.
Tski (tsuki) – Direct jabbing, piercing punches with the hand
Jyodan tski – Punch to the upper level (to the head)
Chudan tski – Mid-level punch (to the body)
Teach - Slashing punches
Shomen uchi – Downward punch with the hand
Yokomen uchi – Side punch
Sukhei uchi – Chest punch
Geri – Kicks
Mae geri – Forward kicks
Yoko geri – Side kicks
Ushiro geri – Back kick
Mawashi geri – Side kick

How do we protect ourselves?

Aikido techniques:

Nage waza – Throwing techniques
Juji-garami nage – Throw with intertwined arms
Irimi nage – Throw performed in oncoming traffic
Kaiten nage – Circular spin throw
Kokyu nage – Throw coordinated with the movements of the partner, “breathing throw”
Kote gaeshi nage – Wrist twist throw
Koshi nage – Throw along the waist
Tenchi nage – Sky-Earth Throw
Udekime nage – Elbow impact throw
Shiho nage – Throw on the “Four Directions of the World”

What's happening?

Types of techniques:

Vase – Technique, work, method, section
Kihon no waza – Basic techniques
Henka vase – Additional techniques
Tachi waza – Techniques performed in a standing position (both opponents are standing)
Suvari waza – Techniques performed on the knees (both opponents on the knees)
Hanmi handachi waza – Techniques performed by a seated person against attacks by a standing person
Ju vase – Free execution various techniques from one specially designated attack
Beeches vase – One of the partners is armed
Randori - Random work against one or more opponents, when the methods of attack and defense are not specified in advance
Kata – Performing the technique strictly according to the classical scheme
Tori (Nage) – Conducting technique, throwing
Uke – Received, Thrown

How do we control the situation?

Ways to hold and control the enemy:

Osae vase – Holding Techniques
Ikkyo (ude osae) – First control or control by pressing the hand
Nikyo (kote mawashi) – Second control or forearm rotation control
Sankyo (kote hineri) – Third control or forearm twisting control
Yonkyo (tekubi) – Fourth control or wrist control
Gokyo (ude nobashi) – Fifth control or arm stretch control
Hijikime osae – Elbow hold

What will help us?

Working with weapons:

Beeches vase – Techniques for working with weapons
Bokken - Wooden sword
Tanto – Dagger, knife
Jo – A stick, up to the armpit length
Kumitachi – Technique of paired sword work
Kumijo – Technique of pair work with jo
Tachi dori waza – Technique for working against an opponent armed with a sword
Tanto dori waza – Technique for working against an enemy armed with a knife
Jo dori waza – Technique of working against an opponent armed with jo
Zen age waza – Technique of defense with a jo against attacks (grabs by the jo) of an unarmed attacker

What about in Japanese?

When practicing techniques or individual elements, during warm-ups and when performing preparatory exercises, counting is done in Japanese:

Reviewer: S.V. Kiselyov
Compiled by: I.A. Novikov, D.S. Sapozhnikov
The compilers express special gratitude to Elena Sosnovskaya for her assistance in working on the dictionary.

Over time, it turned into a philosophical and esoteric teaching about establishing balance in the Universe with elements of martial art. Over the course of several decades, O-Sensei’s understanding of aikido was significantly rethought. On different stages During Ueshiba's life, his students themselves opened their own schools and taught the kind of aikido in which they adopted it from their teacher.

In addition, after the death of Morihei Ueshiba, aikido schools were created by masters who studied not with him directly, but with his students. The philosophical concepts embedded in the spiritual basis of Aikido were interpreted differently by sensei in different countries (or even discarded altogether), which could not but affect their teaching style. The creation of new styles was also influenced by the fact that many masters were engaged in other martial arts (for example, judo, karate) and repeatedly made attempts to integrate techniques from other budo, after which they announced the creation of a new style.

As a consequence - on this moment There are more than 30 independent destinations in the world.

Aikikai

Hombu dojo Aikikai 17-18, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-005, Japan

The Aikikai Foundation is an organization for the study and popularization of aikido, created directly by Morihei Ueshiba and officially recognized by the Japanese government in 1940. Since the Aikikai Foundation was organized directly by Ueshiba himself, who headed it until his death, Aikido Aikikai is considered the official heir of this martial art and is as close as possible to the aikido that Ueshiba taught in his last years.

The basis of the Aikikai is the World Headquarters (hombu) of Aikido in Tokyo, the main organization dedicated to the popularization and development of aikido throughout the world. Hombu dojo instructors are sent to countries in North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia. Regardless of race or nationality, more than 1.2 million people from 80 countries are engaged worldwide. And every year their number increases due to the fact that aikido is becoming increasingly popular.