Feudal fragmentation in Rus' - who ruled. Rus' during the period of feudal fragmentation: history, stages, interesting facts

1. Strengthening of individual principalities, whose rulers no longer want to obey the Kyiv prince. Constant strife.

1. Unlike Medieval Europe, in Rus' there was no generally recognized political center (capital). The Kyiv throne quickly fell into decay. At the beginning of the 13th century, the princes of Vladimir began to be called Great.

When the process of unification of Russian lands begins, these features will lead to intense struggle between individual principalities for the status of the capital of a single state. In most other European countries, the question of choosing a capital was not raised (France - Paris, England - London, etc.).

First of all, this is the ancient land of the Krivichi and Vyatichi, located in the northeast of Rus'. Due to the low fertility of the lands, the colonization of these areas began only at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries, when the population from the south moved here, escaping from the raids of nomads and the oppression of patrimonial boyars. Late colonization also led to later boyarization (in the middle of the 12th century), so a strong boyar opposition did not have time to form in North-Eastern Rus' before fragmentation began. In this region, the Vladimir-Suzdal (Rostov-Suzdal) state arose with strong princely power.

1132 – 1157 gg. - reign of Vladimir Monomakh's son Yuri Dolgoruky. Remaining a prince of the old school, he continued the fight for the grand ducal throne, clearly overestimating its importance. He managed to conquer Kyiv twice in 1153 and 1155. Poisoned by the Kyiv boyars. In connection with his name, Tula (1146) and Moscow ( 1147 G.)

1157 – 1174 gg. - reign of Yuri's son Andrei Bogolyubsky. He abandoned the fight for the Kiev throne and waged active internecine wars. 1164 - campaign in Bulgaria. In honor of the victory and in memory of his son, he built the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Nerl ( 1165g

1176 – 1212 gg. - reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky’s brother Vsevolod Yuryevich Big Nest. The common ancestor of almost all future princes - hence the nickname. Under him, the state reached its greatest prosperity, but collapsed soon after his death. It was under Vsevolod that the Vladimir throne acquired the status of a grand duke (1212); later the metropolitan headquarters was moved to Vladimir. Known for his enormous authority among his contemporaries. Author of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" ( 1187

The southwestern, Galician-Volyn Rus was in completely different conditions. The mild climate and fertile lands have always attracted a large agricultural population here. At the same time, this flourishing region was constantly subject to raids by its neighbors - Poles, Hungarians, and nomadic steppe dwellers. In addition, due to the early debauchery, a strong boyar opposition arose early here.

Initially, the Galician and Volyn principalities existed as independent states. In an effort to stop boyar strife, the rulers of these lands, especially Yaroslav Osmomysl of Galicia, repeatedly tried to unite them. This problem was solved only in 1199 Volyn Prince Roman Mstislavich. After his death in 1205, power in the principality was seized by the boyars, turning it for a long time into a series of small fiefs at war with each other. Only in 1238 did Roman’s son and heir Daniel ( Daniil Galitsky

To the north of the Vladimir-Suzdal land there was a huge Novgorod land. The climate and soils here were even less suitable for agriculture than in the northeast. But ancient center of these lands - Novgorod - was located at the beginning of one of the most important trade routes of that time - “from the Varangians to the Greeks” (i.e. from Scandinavia to Byzantium). The ancient trade route went like this: from the Baltic - to the Neva, then - to Lake Ladoga, then - along the Volkhov River (via Novgorod), - to Lake Ilmen, from there - to the Lovat River, then - by portage, to the Dnieper, and from there - to the Black Sea. The proximity of the trade route turned Novgorod into one of the most important trading centers of Medieval Europe.

. The date of the beginning of the republican period of its history is considered to be 1136 g. – uprising of the Novgorodians against the grandson of Monomakh Vsevolod Mstislavich. The main role in this state was played by the layer of Novgorod boyars. Unlike the boyars in other lands, the Novgorod boyars had no relation to the squad, but were descendants of the tribal nobility of the Ilmen Slavs.

mayor Tysyatsky lords archimandrite- the head of the black clergy. The prince was called to Novgorod. The functions of the prince were limited: the city needed him as the commander of the squad and the formal recipient of tribute from the Novgorod lands. Any attempt by the prince to interfere in the internal affairs of Novgorod inevitably ended in his expulsion.

Old Russian culture was the result of a complex synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic spiritual traditions. With your roots Slavic culture goes back to the ancient pagan era. Paganism - a complex of primitive beliefs and rituals - had its own history. At first, the Slavs, obviously, animated various elements, worshiped the spirits of forests, water sources, the sun, thunderstorms, etc. Gradually, Rod - an agricultural deity, the god of fertility in general and the goddesses of fertility closely associated with him - women in labor - acquired enormous importance. As state relations developed, the cult of Perun, the princely warrior god of war (originally revered as the god of thunder and rain), came to the fore. Veles, the god of cattle breeding, and Svarog, the god of the sun and light, were also revered.

In the X-XI centuries. folds up epic epic

chronicle: in addition to weather records about the most important events, the chronicles included poetic legends and traditions: about the calling of the Varangians, the campaign of Prince Oleg to Constantinople, etc. The most significant monument is the “Tale of Bygone Years” compiled around 1113 by a monk Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor. As Rus' fragmented, chronicles lost their all-Russian character, splitting into chronicles of Vladimir-Suzdal, Galicia-Volyn, etc.

"A Word on Law and Grace"(1049) of the future Metropolitan Hilarion. In 1073, by order of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, the first Izbornik was compiled - a collection of texts with religious and secular content, intended for reading. The lives of saints played a major role in ancient literature; Princes Boris and Gleb, the sons of Vladimir, who were killed by their half-brother Svyatopolk, were especially revered in Rus'. Their lives were written by Nestor, the author of The Tale of Bygone Years. A brilliant example of secular literature was the “Teaching” of Vladimir Monomakh (late 11th - early 12th centuries) - a story about his life as a wise man statesman who fought for the unity of Rus'. The idea of ​​uniting the forces of Rus' to fight the Steppe permeates "A word to Igor's campaign". (1187 G.). Interesting "Prayer"

miniatures

plinth- a type of brick. It was borrowed from Byzantium as a model cross-domed type of temple (four vaults grouped in the center of the temple, the plan gave a cruciform structure), but in Rus' it received a unique development. Thus, the most grandiose architectural monument of Kievan Rus - the 13-domed St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev (1037) had a pronounced step-pyramid composition, which, like multi-domes, was unusual for Byzantine churches. Based on a somewhat simplified model of the Kyiv Sofia, St. Sophia Cathedrals were built in Novgorod and Polotsk (11th century). Gradually, Russian architecture is gaining an increasing variety of forms. In Novgorod in the XII-XIII centuries. many churches are being created - Boris and Gleb in Detinets, Spas-Nereditsy, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, etc., which, despite their small size and maximum simplicity of decoration, have amazing beauty and majesty. In the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, a unique type of architecture was developing, distinguished by graceful proportions and elegant decor, in particular white stone carvings: the Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals in Vladimir, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the Nerl.

mosaic and fresco. In Sofia of Kyiv, mosaics covered the dome (Christ Pantocrator) and the altar (Our Lady Oranta); the rest of the temple was covered with frescoes - scenes from the life of Christ, saints, images of preachers, as well as secular subjects: group portraits of Yaroslav the Wise with his family, episodes of court life. Of the later examples of monumental painting, the most famous are the frescoes of the Church of the Savior-Nereditsa and St. Demetrius Cathedral. Original Russian icon paintings have been known only since the 12th century. The Novgorod school (Savior Not Made by Hands, Dormition, Angel of Golden Hair) gained great popularity at this time.

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Historical portraits

Rurik - Varangian king, leader of the Rus tribe, Novgorod prince (862-879), supporters of the Norman theory call him the founder of the state of Rus'. Possibly Rorik of Denmark, mentioned in Western chronicles in connection with raids on European cities.

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The period of specific fragmentation in Rus': causes and consequences.

Following the era of prosperity under Yaroslav the Wise, the gradual decline of the Old Russian state begins. The era of fragmentation in Rus' traditionally dates from the middle of the 12th to the middle of the 16th century, when the Moscow centralized state had already been formed.

The main reason for the fragmentation was the confused succession to the throne ( Ladder law- the order of succession to the throne in medieval Rus', when power is transferred to the senior representative of the dynasty). The inconvenience of the staircase system was that the princes constantly had to be on the wing, together with his yard and squad. This system led to the fact that all the princes began to constantly fight for the grand-ducal throne; they wanted to ensure themselves at least some kind of stability.

As a result, already in the 12th century another system emerged - Specific- a system of transfer of power, within the framework of which the prince, during his lifetime, divided his estate into several possessions, each of which went to a specific son. The unity of the city began to decrease, at first it was divided into 9 principalities, then this number increased until it reached several.

dozens. The process of collapse of Kievan Rus began back in 1054, when he died Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise. (978 – 1054). In 1132, the Kiev prince Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great (1076-1132), whose power was recognized by everyone, died.

His successor Yaropolk did not have diplomatic qualities or any specific talents for ruling and therefore power began to change hands.

In the hundred years after the death of Mstislav, more than 30 princes changed on the Kiev throne. Exactly 1132 officially considered the date of the beginning of feudal fragmentation. The main problem was that few people were interested in preserving the political unity of Mr.

It was more profitable for each prince to receive his own inheritance and build cities there and develop the economy. In addition, economic development also did not depend in any way on the unity of individual principalities, because they did not trade anything with each other.

The main reasons for the feudal fragmentation of Rus':

1. Convoluted system of succession to the throne.

2. The existence of a large number big cities, each of which had its own political interests and could influence the princes who ruled this city.

3. Lack of economic unity in Russian lands.

But in the feudal era.

razd. There are both positive and negative. sides - Feud. razd. significantly influenced Rus' culturally, as they got the opportunity develop individual small towns far from Kyiv.

Many new cities are also emerging, some of them. subsequently they become centers of large principalities (Tver, Moscow). The territories became much more manageable, as the appanage princes reacted to events much faster, due to the relatively small territory of the principality.

But the lack of political unity affected decline in the country's defense capability and already in the 13th century.

Rus' faced numerous Tatar-Mongol hordes. Confront them in the absence of politics. units Rus' failed successfully.

5.

Forms of dependence and the influence of the rule of the Golden Horde on the development of Russian principalities.

In the XII – XIII centuries, the Unified Old Russian State fell into several principalities, which weakened it in the face of external dangers. Meanwhile, in the east, in the steppes north of China, a new powerful state of the Mongols was being formed, led by Khan Timuchin (Genghis Khan).

In 1223

on the river In Kalka, a battle took place between the Mongols and detachments of Russians and Polovtsians, as a result of which Russian army and 3 princes Mstislav were defeated. However, having won a victory on Kalka, the Mongols did not continue their march north to Kyiv, but turned east against Volga Bulgaria.

In the meantime, the Mongolian state was divided into several uluses, the western ulus went to the grandson of Genghis Khan - Batu Khan, it was he who would gather an army to march to the west.

In 1235 this campaign will begin. The first city to take the blow of the Tatar-Mongol army was the city of Ryazan, the city was burned. Next, the Mongol-Tatars begin to move towards the territories of the possessions of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

March 4, 1237 on the river. City– Yuri Vsevolodovich died. Then Rostov, Suzdal, Moscow, Kolomna fell.

1238 - a series of raids on the Chernigov principality. 1239 g- a large army under the leadership of Batu moves to the South, in 1240 g Batu's troops took and plundered Kyiv. Rus' was defeated, many cities were destroyed, trade and craft froze. A number of types of crafts simply disappeared; thousands of icons and books were destroyed in fires. Traditional political and trade ties with other countries were disrupted.

Ruined by the Mongols, the Russian lands were forced to recognize vassal dependence on the Golden Horde.

Control over Russian lands was exercised Basque governors- leaders of punitive detachments of the Mongol-Tatars.

In 1257, the Mongol-Tatars undertook a population census in order to facilitate the collection of tribute. In total there were 14 types of tribute in favor of the Tatars (“Tsar’s tribute” = 1300 kg of silver per year).

Government positions were distributed in the Horde. Russian princes and the metropolitan were confirmed by special khan's charters-labels.

Golden Horde yoke:

Formal independence of the Russian principalities from the Horde

Vassalage relations (a system of relations of personal dependence of some feudal lords on others)

Reign by Horde Label (Powers)

Management of terror methods

Participation of Russian princes in the military campaigns of the Mongols

Reasons for the defeat of Rus':

Fragmentation and strife of the Russian princes

Numerical superiority of nomads

Mobility of the Mongol army (cavalry)

Consequences of the defeat of Rus':

Urban decline

Decline of many crafts and trade (external and internal)

Decline of culture (Russian lands fell under the rule of the Horde, which increased the isolation of Rus' from Western Europe)

Changes in the social composition of the squads and their relations with the prince.

The warriors are no longer comrades-in-arms, but subjects of the princes → The death of most princes and professional warriors, warriors; strengthening of princely power

Formation of the Russian centralized state.

The role of Ivan III.

The struggle to overthrow the Tatar-Mongol yoke in the XIV - XV centuries. was the main national task of the Russian people. At the same time, the core of the political life of this period becomes the unification process of Russian lands and the formation of a centralized state. The main territory of the Russian state, which emerged in the 15th century, consisted of the Vladimir-Suzdal, Novgorod-Pskov, Smolensk, Murom-Ryazan lands and part of the Chernigov principality.

Territorial core the formation of the Russian nationality and the Russian state becomes Vladimir-Suzdal land, in which it gradually rises Moscow, turning into the center of the political unification of Russian lands.

The first mention of Moscow (1147) contained in the chronicle, which tells about the meeting of Yuri Dolgoruky with the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav.

Reasons for the rise of Moscow:

1.

Favorable geographical location.

According to V.O. Klyuchevsky, Moscow was in “Russian Mesopotamia” - i.e. between the Volga and Oka rivers.

This geographical position guaranteed her safety: from the north-west of Lithuania it was covered by the Tver Principality, and from the east and south-east of the Golden Horde - by other Russian lands, which contributed to the influx of residents here and an increase in population density. Located at the hub of trade routes, Moscow is becoming a center of economic relations.

2.

Church support

The Russian Church was the bearer of Orthodox ideology, which played important role in the unification of Rus'. Moscow in 1326 under Ivan Kalita became the seat of the metropolitan, i.e. turns into the ecclesiastical capital.

3. Active policy of the Moscow princes

The main rival of the Moscow principality in the struggle for leadership was Tver Principality, the strongest in Rus'. Therefore, the outcome of the confrontation largely depended on the smart and flexible policy of the representatives of the Moscow dynasty.

The founder of this dynasty is considered to be the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky Daniel (1276 - 1303).

Under him, the rapid growth of the Moscow principality began. In three years, his principality almost doubled in size and became one of the largest and strongest in North-Eastern Rus'.

In 1303, the reign passed to Daniil's eldest son Yuri, who long time fought with the Tver Prince Mikhail Yaroslavovich.

Prince Yuri Danilovich, thanks to his flexible policy with the Golden Horde, achieved significant political success: he enlisted the support of Khan Uzbek, having married his sister Konchak (Agafya), received a label for the great reign in 1319. But already in 1325, Yuri was killed by the son of the Tver prince , and the label passed into the hands of the Tver princes.

In the reign Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325 - 1340) The Moscow principality finally strengthened as the largest and strongest in North-Eastern Rus'.

Ivan Danilovich was an intelligent, consistent, albeit cruel politician. In his relations with the Horde, he continued the line begun by Alexander Nevsky of external observance of vassal obedience to the khans, regular payment of tribute, so as not to give them reasons for new invasions of Rus', which almost completely ceased during his reign.

From the second half of the 14th century. The second stage of the unification process begins, the main content of which was the defeat of Moscow in the 60s and 70s. their main political rivals and the transition from Moscow’s assertion of its political supremacy in Rus'.

By the time of the reign of Dmitry Ivanovich (1359 - 1389) The Golden Horde entered a period of weakening and protracted strife between the feudal nobility. Relations between the Horde and the Russian principalities became increasingly tense.

At the end of the 70s. Mamai came to power in the Horde, who, having stopped the beginning of the disintegration of the Horde, began preparations for the campaign against Rus'. The struggle to overthrow the yoke and ensure security from external aggression became the most important condition for the completion of the state-political unification of Rus', begun by Moscow.

The Battle of Kulikovo took place - one of the largest battles of the Middle Ages, which decided the fate of states and peoples. Thanks to the Battle of Kulikovo there was reduced tribute size. The Horde finally recognized the political supremacy of Moscow among the rest of the Russian lands.

For personal bravery in battle and military leadership merits Dmitriy got a nickname Donskoy.

Before his death, Dmitry Donskoy transferred the great reign of Vladimir to his son Vasily I (1389 - 1425), no longer asking for the right to a label in the Horde.

Completion of the unification of Russian lands

At the end of the 14th century.

In the Moscow principality, several appanage estates were formed that belonged to the sons of Dmitry Donskoy. After the death of Vasily I in 1425, the struggle for the grand-ducal throne began with his son Vasily II and Yuri (the youngest son of Dmitry Donskoy), and after the death of Yuri, his sons Vasily Kosoy and Dmitry Shemyaka began. It was a real medieval struggle for the throne, when blinding, poisoning, conspiracies and deceptions were used (blinded by his opponents, Vasily II was nicknamed the Dark).

In fact, this was the largest clash between supporters and opponents of centralization. The completion of the process of unifying the Russian lands around Moscow into a centralized state occurred during the reign of

Ivan III (1462 - 1505) and Vasily III(1505 - 1533).

For 150 years before Ivan III, the collection of Russian lands and the concentration of power in the hands of the Moscow princes took place.

Under Ivan III, the Grand Duke rises above the other princes not only in the amount of strength and possessions, but also in the amount of power. Not by chance a new title “sovereign” also appears. The double-headed eagle becomes a symbol of the state, when in 1472 Ivan III marries the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Sophia Paleologus. After annexing Tver, Ivan III received the honorary title “By the grace of God, Sovereign of All Rus', Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow, Novgorod and Pskov, and Tver, and Yugorsk, and Perm, and Bulgaria, and other lands.”

✔Since 1485

The Prince of Moscow began to be called the Sovereign of All Rus'.

Ivan III faces new tasks - the formalization of legal relations in the expanded Moscow City and the return of lands occupied by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland during the period of the Horde yoke.

The princes in the annexed lands became boyars of the Moscow sovereign.

These principalities were now called districts and were governed by governors from Moscow. Localism is the right to occupy a particular position in the state, depending on the nobility and official position of the ancestors, their services to the Moscow Grand Duke.

A centralized control apparatus began to take shape.

The Boyar Duma consisted of 5-12 boyars and no more than 12 okolnichy (boyars and okolnichy - the two highest ranks in the state). The Boyar Duma had advisory functions on “the affairs of the land.” In order to centralize and unify the procedure for judicial and administrative activities throughout the entire state, with Ivan III in 1497

The Law Code was drawn up.

The right of peasants to transfer from one landowner to another was also secured a week before and a week after St. George's Day (November 26) with payment for the elderly.

In 1480 The Tatar-Mongol yoke was finally overthrown. This happened after a clash between Moscow and Mongol-Tatar troops on Ugra River.

Formation of the Russian centralized state

At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries.

became part of the Russian state Chernigov-Seversky lands. In 1510 was included in the state and Pskov land. In 1514 Russian became part of the Moscow Grand Duchy old City Smolensk. And finally, in In 1521, the Ryazan principality also ceased to exist. It was during this period that the unification of the Russian lands was largely completed.

A huge power was formed - one of the largest states in Europe. Within the framework of this state, the Russian people were united. This is a natural process of historical development.

From the end of the 15th century.

Feudal fragmentation

The term “Russia” began to be used.

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The beginning of feudal fragmentation in Rus'

The separation of the Russian principalities, which began in the second half of the 11th century, ended after the death of Mstislav Vladimirovich. From the second third of the 12th century. Rus' entered the stage of feudal fragmentation. Its culmination occurred in the 12th-13th centuries. In the 14th century, with the strengthening of the Moscow principality, the political decentralization of Rus' gradually weakened and by the second half of the 15th century.

The history of homeland. Authors: Yuferova S.V., Trigub G.Ya., editor: Ilyin A.A.

is finally becoming obsolete.

“And the whole Russian Land became angry,” reports “The Tale of Bygone Years” under the entry of 1132. “Human eyelids shrank” and “the life of Dazhbog’s grandson perished,” exclaims the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”

“The destruction of the Russian Land” is what contemporaries call the “non-identity” of Russian princes.

Feudal fragmentation was not feudal anarchy.

Statehood in Rus' did not cease, it changed its forms. The painfulness of this turning point was reflected in the literary consciousness of the era. Rus' actually turned into a confederation of principalities, the political head of which was first the great princes of Kyiv, and later the great princes of Vladimir. The purpose of the internecine struggle also changed. Now she was pursuing not the seizure of power throughout the country, but the expansion of the borders of her own principality at the expense of her neighbors.

The breadwinner prince, striving to grab a piece of someone else's land, and, if successful, to occupy the all-Russian table, is a typical figure of his time. It is not for nothing that a saying arose among the princes: “the place does not go to the head, but the head to the place.” And yet, the contractual principle in inter-princely relations, although violated, formed the basis of the political system of Rus' in the era of fragmentation.

The allocation of principalities on the territory of the Kyiv state occurred everywhere.

This was an all-Russian process. It cannot be considered as a consequence of the desolation of the Dnieper region, which began later and was caused by special conditions. The fragmentation of Kievan Rus was due to the formation of stable local associations of the military-service nobility, which fed on income from state taxes. It was also caused by the growth of patrimonial property: princely, boyar, church and monastic land holdings.

The process of gradual settling of the squad on the ground forced the prince to be less mobile, developing in him a desire to strengthen his possessions, and not to move to new tables. The political decentralization of Rus' was determined by the flourishing of cities and the economic rise of individual lands.

By that time, small handicraft production had already developed in the cities and local trade had arisen. The orientation of more or less significant feudal estates towards regional markets made them extremely independent political formations, and the larger they were, the more self-sufficient.

Thus, the political reasons for the decentralization of the Kyiv state were rooted in the conditions of its socio-economic development.

Large independent principalities formed during the political fragmentation of Kievan Rus began to be called lands.

The principalities that were part of them were called volosts. Thus, the structure of the Kyiv state was reproduced at the regional level. In the lands, the processes of economic isolation and political fragmentation were repeated with the same pattern as on the all-Russian scale.

Each land gradually turned into a system of small semi-independent principalities with its own ruling dynasty, its senior and junior lines, with a main capital and secondary residences. The number of principalities was not stable. During the course of family divisions, new ones were formed. Only in rare cases did neighboring principalities unite. The rule was the smallerness of the principalities; it was not for nothing that the saying arose: “Seven princes have one warrior.”

There were 12 large lands assigned to the branches of the Rurik family: Kiev, Pereyaslav, Chernigovo-Seversk, Galician and Volyn (united into Galician-Volyn), Smolensk, Polotsk, Turovo-Pinsk, Rostov-Suzdal (later Vladimir-Suzdal), Murom, Ryazan, Novgorod and the Pskov land that separated from it.

The strongest and most stable formations were the Novgorod land, the Rostov-Suzdal and Galician-Volyn principalities. Until the invasion of Batu, Kyiv continued to be considered the all-Russian table. But the Kiev prince was not always the eldest not only in his family, but even in his branch. The nominal nature of all-Russian rule necessitated a special title to reinforce political supremacy. Thus the title was revived Grand Duke, which ceased to be used in Rus' from the 11th century.

The consistent use of the title is associated with the name Vsevolod the Big Nest.

In the era of fragmentation, Russian lands became subjects of international relations.

They independently entered into alliances with foreign states. The practice of military alliances between principalities and foreigners was widespread. In the struggle for the Kiev table (40-70s.

XII century) and the Principality of Galicia (first half of the XIII century) Hungarians, Poles and Cumans participated. In the middle of the 12th century. Polovtsian raids again became frequent, but starting in the 90s of the 12th century. their intensity began to subside due to the transition of the Polovtsians to sedentary life. However, until their complete defeat by the Mongol-Tatars, they continued to participate in the internecine wars of the Russian princes, without, however, committing independent actions. Russian-Byzantine ties developed mainly through the church, since in 1204

Byzantine Empire temporarily ceased to exist after the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders.

Russian lands also faced the aggression of the Crusaders in the first half of the 13th century.

The Baltic states became the prey of the German Order of the Sword, whose expansion was accompanied by the distribution of lands to German feudal lords and the forced conversion of the population to Catholicism. Russian colonization of this region was fundamentally different from the actions of the Crusaders. The Russian princes were content with receiving tribute. The unification of the Swordsmen with the Teutonic Order in 1237 confronted the peoples of this region with the task of resisting the Order’s aggression, which was most successfully solved by Lithuania, Novgorod and Pskov.

The military successes of Russian city-republics were determined by the nature of their political system. They were not deeply woven into princely civil strife, since they had the right to invite princes from Russian lands at their discretion. They valued the most talented militarily: the Novgorodians - Mstislav the Brave, his son Mstislav the Udal, Alexander Nevsky, the Pskovites - the Lithuanian prince Dovmont.

Other Russian lands became hostages of the political “diversity” of their princes, whom the new powerful enemy, the Mongol-Tatars, defeated one by one, first on the Kalka River, and later during Batu’s invasion of Rus'.

Among the new forms of feudal relations were local land ownership, the institution of mortgages and palace estates, feudal immunities in the form of letters of grant. The dominant form of land ownership remained patrimonial, which was formed, as in the Kiev period, through the seizure of communal lands by boyars and princes (the process of boyarization), the expropriation of the free agricultural population and its subsequent enslavement.

Despite the fact that the estates of spiritual and secular feudal lords in the XII-XIII centuries.

became stronger and more independent, the first estates appeared. On military service Most often, princes, boyars and monasteries invited people to their homes, i.e. large fiefdoms. These, as a rule, were younger princely or boyar children, as well as bankrupt feudal lords. They constituted the court of a prince or boyar, so they began to be called nobles, and their plots were estates (hence the word “landowner” would later come from).

However, the landowner could not arbitrarily dispose of the land, although he acquired the rights of a feudal lord over the population living on this land.

The immunities of feudal lords, formalized in Rus' as letters of grant, were closely connected with the institution of mortgages. The privileges of the boyars, granted to them by the princes, helped attract rural residents to the patrimonial lands.

Benefits reflected such feudal farms from the arbitrariness of volost-feeders, princely tiuns and other administrative officials of the principalities. The nature of the acquisition of estates determined their name: princely, patrimonial, purchased, granted.

Palace agriculture, like patrimonial agriculture, expanded through purchases, seizure, transfer by will, donation, barter, etc.

The palace economy was under the control of the butlers, who were in charge of the lands and people, and the palace routes: falconers, stables, stewards, bedkeepers, etc.

Section 2. Feudal fragmentation in Rus'

Reasons for feudal fragmentation in Rus':

1. The dominance of subsistence farming and, as a consequence, weak economic ties between regions of the state.
2. Strengthening of individual principalities, whose rulers no longer want to obey the Kyiv prince.

   Constant strife.

3. Strengthening feudal estates and the growth of boyar separatism.
4. Strengthening trading cities that did not want to pay tribute to a single ruler.
5. The absence of strong external enemies, to fight which would require a united army led by a single ruler.
6. Motley ethnic composition Kievan Rus.

The meaning of feudal fragmentation:

1. Conditions have been created for the original socio-economic and political development of individual regions of the country.
2. There is a flourishing of cities, confirming the name given to Rus' in Western Europe - Gardarika - the country of cities.
3. The formation of three great East Slavic peoples begins - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. The Old Russian language has existed since the 13th century.
4. The defense capability of Russian lands has sharply weakened.
5. Princely strife is intensifying.

Features of feudal fragmentation:

1. Unlike Medieval Europe, in Rus' there was no generally recognized political center (capital).

   The Kyiv throne quickly fell into decay. At the beginning of the 13th century, the princes of Vladimir began to be called Great.

2. The rulers in all the lands of Rus' belonged to the same dynasty.

When the process of unification of Russian lands begins, these features will lead to intense struggle between individual principalities for the status of the capital of a single state.

In most other European countries, the question of choosing a capital was not raised (France - Paris, England - London, etc.).

During the period of feudal fragmentation, against the backdrop of numerous, constantly smaller estates, several lands acquired a very special significance.

First of all, this is the ancient land of the Krivichi and Vyatichi, located in the northeast of Rus'. Due to the low fertility of the lands, the colonization of these areas began only at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries, when the population from the south moved here, escaping from the raids of nomads and the oppression of patrimonial boyars.

Late colonization also led to later boyarization (in the middle of the 12th century), so a strong boyar opposition did not have time to form in North-Eastern Rus' before fragmentation began. In this region, the Vladimir-Suzdal (Rostov-Suzdal) state arose with strong princely power.

1132 – 1157 gg.

- reign of Vladimir Monomakh's son Yuri Dolgoruky. Remaining a prince of the old school, he continued the fight for the grand ducal throne, clearly overestimating its importance. He managed to conquer Kyiv twice in 1153 and 1155. Poisoned by the Kyiv boyars. In connection with his name, Tula (1146) and Moscow ( 1147 G.)

1157 – 1174 gg.

- reign of Yuri's son Andrei Bogolyubsky. He abandoned the fight for the Kiev throne and waged active internecine wars. 1164 - campaign in Bulgaria. In honor of the victory and in memory of his son, he built the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Nerl ( 1165g.). In 1169 he took Kyiv, but did not rule there, but subjected it to demonstrative destruction. Moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir. He was distinguished by suspicion and cruelty, for which he was killed by servants.

From 1174 to 1176 - reign of Mikhail Yuryevich.

1176 – 1212 gg.

- the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky’s brother Vsevolod Yuryevich Big Nest.

Feudal fragmentation in Rus' - causes and consequences

The common ancestor of almost all future princes - hence the nickname. Under him, the state reached its greatest prosperity, but collapsed soon after his death. It was under Vsevolod that the Vladimir throne acquired the status of a grand duke (1212); later the metropolitan headquarters was moved to Vladimir. Known for his enormous authority among his contemporaries. Author of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" ( 1187 g.) wrote about Vsevolod that his squad could “scoop up the Don with helmets and splash the Volga with oars.”

The southwestern, Galician-Volyn Rus was in completely different conditions.

The mild climate and fertile lands have always attracted a large agricultural population here. At the same time, this flourishing region was constantly subject to raids by its neighbors - Poles, Hungarians, and nomadic steppe dwellers. In addition, due to the early debauchery, a strong boyar opposition arose early here.

Initially, the Galician and Volyn principalities existed as independent states.

In an effort to stop boyar strife, the rulers of these lands, especially Yaroslav Osmomysl of Galicia, repeatedly tried to unite them. This problem was solved only in 1199 Volyn Prince Roman Mstislavich. After his death in 1205

The boyars seized power in the principality, turning it for a long time into a series of small fiefs at war with each other. Only in 1238 did Roman’s son and heir Daniel ( Daniil Galitsky) regained power and became one of the most powerful Russian princes - Daniel became the only prince in Rus' to whom the Pope sent a royal crown.

To the north of the Vladimir-Suzdal land was the huge Novgorod land.

The climate and soils here were even less suitable for agriculture than in the northeast. But the ancient center of these lands - Novgorod - was located at the beginning of one of the most important trade routes of that time - “from the Varangians to the Greeks” (i.e.

from Scandinavia to Byzantium). The ancient trade route went like this: from the Baltic - to the Neva, then - to Lake Ladoga, then - along the Volkhov River (via Novgorod), - to Lake Ilmen, from there - to the Lovat River, then - by portage, to the Dnieper, and from there - to the Black Sea. The proximity of the trade route turned Novgorod into one of the most important trading centers of Medieval Europe.

Successful trade and the absence of strong external enemies (and therefore the absence of the need for its own princely dynasty) led to the formation of a special political system – feudal (aristocratic) republic.

The date of the beginning of the republican period of its history is considered to be 1136 g. – uprising of the Novgorodians against the grandson of Monomakh Vsevolod Mstislavich.

The main role in this state was played by the layer of Novgorod boyars. Unlike the boyars in other lands, the Novgorod boyars had no relation to the squad, but were descendants of the tribal nobility of the Ilmen Slavs.

The highest authority in Novgorod was the veche - a meeting of the richest boyars (“three hundred golden belts”), which decided critical issues and elected the highest officials: mayor, who held court and ruled Novgorod, Tysyatsky, who headed the tax system and the militia; lords y - bishop (later - archbishop) - who led the white clergy, was in charge of the treasury and foreign policy, as well as archimandrite- the head of the black clergy.

The prince was called to Novgorod. The functions of the prince were limited: the city needed him as the commander of the squad and the formal recipient of tribute from the Novgorod lands. Any attempt by the prince to interfere in the internal affairs of Novgorod inevitably ended in his expulsion.

Culture of the Old Russian state (IX - 3O-ies of the 12th century)

Old Russian culture was the result of a complex synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic spiritual traditions. Slavic culture has its roots in the ancient pagan era.

Paganism - a complex of primitive beliefs and rituals - had its own history. At first, the Slavs, obviously, animated various elements, worshiped the spirits of forests, water sources, the sun, thunderstorms, etc. Gradually, Rod - an agricultural deity, the god of fertility in general and the goddesses of fertility closely associated with him - women in labor - acquired enormous importance.

As state relations developed, the cult of Perun, the princely warrior god of war (originally revered as the god of thunder and rain), came to the fore.

Veles, the god of cattle breeding, and Svarog, the god of the sun and light, were also revered.

In the X-XI centuries. folds up epic epic, associated with the formation of the Kyiv state, its protection from enemies. In the 10th century Writing penetrates into Rus' - the Cyrillic alphabet, created by the Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius.

The most important role in Russian literature was played by chronicle: in addition to weather records about the most important events, the chronicles included poetic legends and traditions: about the calling of the Varangians, the campaign of Prince Oleg to Constantinople, etc.

The most significant monument is the “Tale of Bygone Years” compiled around 1113 by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor.

As Rus' fragmented, chronicles lost their all-Russian character, splitting into chronicles of Vladimir-Suzdal, Galicia-Volyn, etc.

The adoption of Christianity gave a powerful impetus to the development of culture. The 11th century is the time of the birth of ancient Russian literature. The oldest work known to us "A Word on Law and Grace"(1049) of the future Metropolitan Hilarion. In 1073, by order of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, the first Izbornik was compiled - a collection of texts with religious and secular content, intended for reading.

The lives of saints played a major role in ancient literature; Princes Boris and Gleb, the sons of Vladimir, who were killed by their half-brother Svyatopolk, were especially revered in Rus'. Their lives were written by Nestor, the author of The Tale of Bygone Years. A brilliant example of secular literature was the “Teaching” of Vladimir Monomakh (late 11th - early 12th centuries) - a story about his life as a wise statesman who fought for the unity of Rus'.

The idea of ​​uniting the forces of Rus' to fight the Steppe permeates "A word to Igor's campaign". (1187 G.). Interesting "Prayer" Daniil Zatochnik (beginning of the 12th century), an impoverished petty feudal lord who complains to the prince about the boyars' tyranny and asks him for mercy.

Whatever the genre of the literary work, its text was always supplied with colorful miniatures– illustrations in handwritten books.

Jewelry technologies reach their peak in Kievan Rus:

• Filigree (enamel) - finishing a product with a pattern of twisted wire, wire lace.
• Grain - the finest pattern is formed by soldering thousands of tiny balls.
• Niello – creating a pattern on jewelry by etching.
• Enamel (cloisonne enamel) - obtaining a pattern by applying a glassy mass to metal.
• Engraving is a carved image on metal.

With the adoption of Christianity, stone, primarily church, architecture developed. The main material for construction was plinth- a type of brick.

It was borrowed from Byzantium as a model cross-domed type of temple (four vaults grouped in the center of the temple, the plan gave a cruciform structure), but in Rus' it received a unique development. Thus, the most grandiose architectural monument of Kievan Rus - the 13-domed St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev (1037) had a pronounced step-pyramid composition, which, like multi-domes, was unusual for Byzantine churches. Based on a somewhat simplified model of the Kyiv Sofia, St. Sophia Cathedrals were built in Novgorod and Polotsk (11th century).

Gradually, Russian architecture is gaining an increasing variety of forms. In Novgorod in the XII-XIII centuries. many churches are being created - Boris and Gleb in Detinets, Spas-Nereditsy, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, etc., which, despite their small size and maximum simplicity of decoration, have amazing beauty and majesty.

In the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, a unique type of architecture was developing, distinguished by graceful proportions and elegant decor, in particular white stone carvings: the Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals in Vladimir, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the Nerl.

During the heyday of Kievan Rus, the first place belonged to monumental painting - mosaic and fresco.

In Sofia of Kyiv, mosaics covered the dome (Christ Pantocrator) and the altar (Our Lady Oranta); the rest of the temple was covered with frescoes - scenes from the life of Christ, saints, images of preachers, as well as secular subjects: group portraits of Yaroslav the Wise with his family, episodes of court life.

Of the later examples of monumental painting, the most famous are the frescoes of the Church of the Savior-Nereditsa and St. Demetrius Cathedral. Original Russian icon paintings have been known only since the 12th century. The Novgorod school (Savior Not Made by Hands, Dormition, Angel of Golden Hair) gained great popularity at this time.

The Christianization of Rus' gradually led to the decline of sculpture, the works of which were associated with pagan idols.

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Lecture on the topic

“The main stages of political fragmentation ancient Russian state».

Stage I 1054-1097

– after death Yaroslav the Wise when the separation of individual principalities began. During this period, there was a struggle for the Kiev throne between the sons of Yaroslav - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod. As a result of this struggle, Vsevolod came to power ( 1078 – 1093) – “house of Vsevolod” owned all of Russia. Having taken possession of Kiev, Vsevolod gave it to his son Vladimir Monomakh the city of Chernigov, despite the son of Svyatoslav Oleg, which was the cause of new strife between the now grandchildren of Yaroslav the Wise.

After the death of Vsevolod in 1093, he became the prince of Kyiv Svyatopolk(son of Izyaslav), as the eldest in the family. However, he enjoyed great authority Vladimir Monomakh- flexible, strong-willed, resorting either to force or to negotiations, managed to restore the unity of Ancient Rus'.

After the death of Svyatopolk in 1113, the people of Kiev demanded him to the Kiev throne. Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Monomakh became already 60 years old and the years of his reign 1113-112 fall on the second stage of feudal fragmentation.

Stage II 1097-1132- V 1097 in the city Lyubeche, A congress of princes gathered in the ancestral castle of Monomakh.

Main question –association to fight the Cumans(as a result - campaigns in the steppe in 1103, 1109, 1111 - “crusades”). Rus''s campaign in 1111 g. reached the town of Sharukan near the Don, the so-called heart of the Polovtsian land. At the Lyubech Congress there was a call for peace and an end to civil strife from the lips of Vladimir Monomakh- “Yes, everyone rules his own patrimony.” It turned out to be prophetic, since it essentially marked the beginning of a change in the political structure of Rus'.

A country divided into 3 princely estates:

• The estate of the Izyaslavichs - Svyatopolk
• Patrimony of the Svyatoslavichs - Oleg (Olgovichi, Olegovichi)
• The patrimony of the Vsevolodovichs - Vladimir Monomakh (monomashichi)

Thus,Lyubech Congress The princes approved an agreement on securing the princely thrones locally to individual branches of the house of Rurikovich, and from that moment the real process of the collapse of Kievan Rus began.

In 1125, after the death of Vladimir Monomakh, his son came to power Mstislav the Great (1125 – 1132), who continued his father’s policies and was also loved by the people.

III stage 1132– after death Mstislav the Great began the period when “The whole Russian land was irritated.” A period of strife began between the three branches of the Rurikovich-Yaroslavich clan, which led to the final fragmentation of the state into separate lands.

In total, on the territory of Rus' in the 12th century. 15 lands were formed, which continued to be fragmented further. Among all the newly formed lands during this period, three stood out:

Ø Vladimir - Suzdal land(strong princely power)

Ø Novgorod Republic(the power of the prince, limited to the veche)

Ø Galicia – Volyn land(power was shared by the prince and the boyars).

Thus,has become a reality territorial and political fragmentation, a new form of state-political organization in comparison with the ancient Russian state, based on the transfer of ownership of any territory by inheritance from father to son.

The legal justification for the new principle of inheritance was secured by a congress of princes in the city of Lyubech in 1097. The new principle of the organization of power transformed the Russian land from the possession of the Rurik family into a set of independent “fatherlands”, hereditary possessions of individual branches of the princely house.

The nature of new state formations.

§ Despite the fragmentation of Russian lands, integrity Rus' was preserved to a certain extent: Firstly united by a common faith, language, and the operation of common laws (Extensive truth), Secondly The idea of ​​unity, especially manifested in times of strife and other disasters, did not disappear in the popular consciousness.

§ A dual identity was formed, in which the Russian people considered their Fatherland and the Russian land as a whole, and at the same time the destiny where they lived - the Ryazan volost, Polotsk, Smolensk, Pskov, etc.

§ The desire of appanage princes to strengthen regional centers and the assignment of certain volosts to oneself and the descendants was accompanied by a struggle for tables that were not the property of any branch - this is how the struggle for the Kiev throne went on.

Kyiv, as the all-Russian capital, became the object of a kind of collective ownership. Despite the fact that the power of the Kyiv prince was nominal, the possession of Kiev provided certain political and moral advantages. Therefore, in the 12th century. A fierce struggle unfolded for the capital of the ancient Russian state.

1169– Kyiv was subjected to a terrible defeat by the united princes, under the leadership of Andrei Bogolyubsky (son of Yuri Dolgoruky).

Before 1199 – duumvirate system in Kyiv - a system of co-government by representatives of 2 different dynasties: the Monomakhovichs and the Olegovichs.

WITH 1199

to 1205 in Kyiv "power of Roman"(Roman is the son of Mstislav the Great). Under Roman, the rise of Kyiv was the last, after him the Kiev land fell apart.

Thus, the struggle for the Kiev throne led to the devastation of the Kyiv land and its loss of its former significance.

Feudal fragmentation

After some time, the table of the Grand Duke of Kyiv lost its attractiveness for local princes, who focused on the expansion and development of their own possessions - estates.

In the 14th century. The Kiev land was absorbed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Conclusions.

v Fragmentation represented natural a stage of political development in the Middle Ages, characteristic not only of Rus', but also of other states.

v State-political fragmentation weakened military potential of Rus', But Also contributed to the improvement management systems, created favorable conditions for the development of economics and culture in regional centers.

v Fragmentation intensified princely feuds, which led to the weakening of Russian lands and became one of the factors in the national catastrophe caused by the Horde invasion.

The collapse of the early feudal state into several large independent entities is a natural stage in the development of feudal relations, characteristic of both Western and Eastern European countries. This period lasted in Rus' from the 30s of the 12th century to the end of the 15th century.

During this time, the fragmentation of the once united state increased: by the middle of the 12th century there were 15 principalities, at the beginning of the 13th century - 50, in the 14th century - about 250.

Reasons for feudal fragmentation:

• Growth in the number of cities (to the beginning Tatar-Mongol invasion there were about 300 of them) in a subsistence economy led to the natural isolation of individual territories, which became economically independent of each other, since they provided themselves with everything. Not only Kyiv, but also other cities could lay claim to the role of cultural, trade and craft centers.
• Local ruling groups (princes, boyars) were strong enough to independently maintain order in their territories and protect their interests
• The established system of vassalage gave rise to special hierarchical relationships within the ruling elite of society: each feudal lord had certain obligations to the allied (higher feudal lord); most feudal lords had subordinate vassals (lower feudal lords), which ensured independence and independence of existence, and therefore, direct dependence on centralized power disappeared.

Stages of political fragmentation of the ancient Russian state:

• 1054 After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the separation of individual principalities began
• 1097 The Lyubech Congress of Princes approved an agreement on securing the princely thrones locally to individual branches of the house of Rurikovich
• 1132 After the death of Mstislav the Great, the state was finally fragmented into separate lands and principalities
• Since 1132, the process of fragmentation continued within the lands and principalities

Features of feudal fragmentation:

• Unlike Medieval Europe, in Rus' there was no generally accepted political center (capital). The Kyiv throne quickly fell into decay. At the beginning of the 13th century, the princes of Vladimir began to be called Great.
• The rulers in all the lands of Rus' belonged to the same dynasty.

Main political centers:

Galicia-Volyn land (in the southwest)

The Galician-Volyn principality occupied lands in the basins of the Dnieper, Prut, Southern and Western Bug, stretching from the Carpathians to Polesie. In the 12th century, there were 2 independent principalities in this territory: Volyn and Galician. In 1199 they united into the powerful Galicia-Volyn principality.

Vladimir-Suzdal land (in the northeast)

(originally Rostov-Suzdal) Occupied the territory between the Oka and Volga rivers. Rich in fertile soils, forested lands, and flooded meadows, this land was a most fertile land, moreover, it was also well protected by natural barriers (rivers, forests) from external enemies.

Novgorod land (in the northwest)

The largest center of Russian lands in the north-west. Occupied the largest area in terms of territory - from the Baltic to the Ural ridge and from White Sea to the interfluve of the Oka and Volga. Novgorodians had huge land reserves and rich industries.

State fragmentation in Rus'

In the 30-40s. XII century the princes cease to recognize the power of the Kyiv prince. Rus' breaks up into separate principalities (“lands”). The struggle of different princely branches began for Kyiv. The strongest lands were Chernigov, Vladimir-Suzdal, Galicia-Volyn. Subordinate to their princes were the princes, whose possessions ( appanages ) were part of the large lands. The growth of local centers, already burdened by the tutelage of Kyiv, and the development of princely and boyar land ownership are considered to be the prerequisites for fragmentation. The Principality of Vladimir rose under Yuri Dolgoruky and his sons Andrei Bogolyubsky (d. 1174) and Vsevolod the Big Nest (d. 1212). Yuri and Andrei captured Kyiv more than once, but Andrei, unlike his father, put his brother there, and did not reign himself. Andrei tried to rule by despotic methods and was killed by conspirators. After the death of Andrei and Vsevolod, strife broke out between their heirs. The Principality of Galicia strengthened under Yaroslav Osmomysl (d. 1187). In 1199, when Yaroslav’s son Vladimir died childless, Galich was captured by Roman of Volyn, and in 1238, after a long struggle, Roman’s son Daniel. The development of this land was influenced by Poland and Hungary, which actively intervened in local feuds, as well as the boyars, who were much more influential and powerful than in other principalities. Novgorodians in 1136 They expelled Prince Vsevolod and from then on began to invite princes according to the decision of the veche. The real power lay with the boyars, whose factions fought among themselves for influence. The same situation was in Pskov, which depended on Novgorod. In the 1170s The Polovtsian danger is intensifying. The southern princes, led by Svyatoslav of Kyiv, inflicted several defeats on them, but in 1185 Igor Novgorod-Seversky was defeated and captured by the Polovtsians, the nomads ravaged part of southern Rus'. But by the end of the century, the Polovtsy, having broken up into many separate hordes, stopped raiding.

Reasons for feudal discord:

1. Increasing importance of patrimonial land ownership
2. disadvantages of the patrimonial principle of succession to the throne
3. weakening of the political and economic role of Kyiv
4. The reason for the feud of discord was the Lyubech Congress. He changed the principle of succession to the throne and introduced the principle from father to sons.

15 large independent princes received the name of lands. Only 2 princes were not transferred to anyone for succession: Kivevks and Novgor.

Why didn’t the Kiev princedom split up?:

1. formally the Prince of Kiev was considered the Grand Duke
2. All the most powerful princes could lay claim to the throne of Kiev

Feudal disunity is a natural stage in the development of the society, which all countries have gone through. Therefore, it is impossible to unambiguously evaluate fr:

Positive:

1. Intensive development of regions, power closer to the people
2. feud strife became less frequent
3. intensive perfection, namely agricultural production, transition to a 2-3 field system,
4. intensive metal production, urban development.

By the end of the 13th century there were about 300 cities in the KKN. Cities are being transformed into centers of craft and trade, merchant corporations are being created, and the local self-government system is developing.

1. feud relatives are entering their mature stage

Negative:

1. Many Russian lands fall under the control of other peoples.

Domestic history: lecture notes Kulagina Galina Mikhailovna

2.1. Fragmentation of Rus'

2.1. Fragmentation of Rus'

By the middle of the 11th century. The Old Russian state reached its peak. But over time, there was no longer a single state united by the power of the Kyiv prince. In its place dozens of completely independent states-principals appeared. The collapse of Kievan Rus began after the death of Yaroslav the Wise in 1054. The prince's possessions were divided between his three eldest sons. Soon, conflicts and military strife began in the Yaroslavich family. In 1097, a congress of Russian princes took place in the city of Lyubech. “Let everyone keep his fatherland” - this was the decision of the congress. In fact, this meant consolidating the existing order of dividing the Russian state into ownership of individual lands. However, the congress did not stop the princely strife: on the contrary, at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th century. they flared up with renewed vigor.

The unity of the state was temporarily restored by the grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1113–1125), who reigned in Kyiv. The policy of Vladimir Monomakh was continued by his son Mstislav Vladimirovich (1125–1132). But after the death of Mstislav, the period of temporary centralization ended. For many centuries the country entered an era political fragmentation. Historians of the 19th century called this era specific period, and the Soviet ones - by feudal fragmentation.

Political fragmentation is a natural stage in the development of statehood and feudal relations. Not a single early feudal state in Europe escaped it. Throughout this era, the power of the monarch was weak and the functions of the state were insignificant. The trend towards unity and centralization of states began to appear only in the 13th–15th centuries.

The political fragmentation of the state had many objective reasons. The economic reason for political fragmentation was, according to historians, the dominance of subsistence farming. Trade relations in the 11th–12th centuries. were developed rather poorly and could not ensure the economic unity of the Russian lands. By this time, the once powerful Byzantine Empire began to decline. Byzantium ceased to be a world trade center, and therefore, the ancient route “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” which for many centuries allowed the Kievan state to carry out trade relations, lost its significance.

Another reason for the political disintegration was the remnants of tribal relations. After all, Kievan Rus itself united several dozen large tribal unions. The constant raids of nomads on the Dnieper lands played a significant role. Fleeing from raids, people went to live in sparsely populated lands located in the northeast of Rus'. Continuous migration contributed to the expansion of territory and the weakening of the power of the Kyiv prince. The process of continuous fragmentation of the country could have been influenced by the absence of the concept of primogeniture in Russian feudal law. This principle, which existed in many states of Western Europe, provided that only the eldest son could inherit all the land holdings of a feudal lord. In Rus', land holdings after the death of the prince could be divided among all heirs.

Most modern historians consider one of the most important factors that gave rise to feudal fragmentation development of large private feudal landownership. Back in the 11th century. there is a process of “settlement of vigilantes on the ground”, the emergence of large feudal estates - boyar villages. The feudal class gains economic and political power.

The collapse of the Old Russian state did not destroy the established Old Russian nationality. The spiritual life of various Russian lands and principalities, with all its diversity, retained common features and unity of styles. Cities grew and were built - centers of newly emerged appanage principalities. Trade developed, which led to the emergence of new routes of communication. The most important trade routes led from Lake Ilmen and the Western Dvina to the Dnieper, from the Neva to the Volga, the Dnieper also connected with the Volga-Oka interfluve.

Thus, the specific period should not be considered as a step back in Russian history. However, the ongoing process of political fragmentation of lands and numerous princely strife weakened the country's defense capability in the face of external danger.