Heterogeneous definitions of commas. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions: examples

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of a sentence are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from heterogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the defined noun.

Each of homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting, exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and, together with the noun, forms a single complex name. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes this complex name as a whole: Nice May day that is, the definition good not related to the word day, and to the phrase May day.

Relations of heterogeneity are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives. (large glass vase, new leather bag), in this case, the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of the complex name, and the qualitative adjective characterizes this entire complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; every interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: fallen autumn leaves; dull gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: large stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions indicate different characteristics of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions semantically diverse. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions naming characteristics various items; 2) definitions naming the characteristics of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but with different sides: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects are designated that differ in any one respect: color, purpose, material, geographical location, etc.

For example: At a great distance, the city lay out and quietly blazed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups it is strictly required and easily recognized. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the conjunction c.)

2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions, which characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:

a) definitions-synonyms (the homogeneity of which is mandatory, since they express one attribute, i.e. characterize the subject from one side): sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

b) definitions that denote different signs, but often and naturally accompany each other (a causal union can be inserted between such definitions since, because): dark, low clouds; night, deserted city;

3) the definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is single, and the second is a participial phrase (the single definition precedes the common one): walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga(But: walked through the quiet taiga illuminated by the stars).

4) definitions-epithets (emotional, artistic definitions). Such definitions are found mainly in descriptive contexts of works of art, where, with the help of homogeneous definitions Every single detail of the description is emphasized. Uniformity such definitions may be mandatory or optional. Homogeneity does not receive a distinct form and depends on the entire utterance. Such definitions are combined in some way common feature. The basis for this association can be the similarity of the impression made: The letter is written in large, uneven, thin handwriting. (A. Kuprin); Near the spring, short, velvety grass grows green. (I. Turgenev); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fedorovna entered their dark, stuffy, boring rooms. (A. Chekhov); There were cottony, dry clouds in the gray sky (K. Paustovsky).

In this lesson you will get acquainted with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, learn to distinguish between them, learn the rules for determining homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, and look at interesting example sentences.

2. Definitions that characterize one subject, but according to different criteria, will be homogeneous.

For example:

Scary, tragic, an incredible set of circumstances did not allow me to fulfill homework In Russian(Fig. 2) .

Each of these definitions refers directly to the word being defined, and a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them:

scary And tragic,

scary And incredible

Rice. 2. The boy is doing his homework ().

3. As a rule, artistic definitions, i.e. epithets, are homogeneous.

For example:

bright, gentle sun(Fig. 3)

gloomy, evil neighbor

important, arrogant look

funny, optimistic disposition

Rice. 3. Bright, gentle sun ().

4. Definitions will be homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens the expressed characteristic.

For example:

Light, joyful , Maxim, who had finally returned home, was filled with a festive mood.

5. If after a single definition there is a participial phrase, then such definitions are homogeneous and are separated by a comma.

For example:

It's been a long time , a months-long return(Fig. 4) .

Do not forget that the participial phrase that comes before the word being defined is not isolated. Therefore, after the word months there is no comma.

1. Definitions will not be homogeneous if the previous definition does not refer directly to the word being defined, but to the combination of the next definition with the word being defined.

For example:

Bigsquare chocolate candy(Fig. 5) .

If you carefully examine the sentence, it becomes clear that the word big refers to the combination square chocolate candy, A

definition square refers to the combination chocolate candy.

These definitions characterize an object, in our case a chocolate candy, according to different criteria, according to different characteristics.

square(form)

big(size)

chocolate(material)

2. Heterogeneous definitions are very often expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. After all different types adjectives denote different characteristics.

For example:

I got some delicious strawberry ice cream today(Fig. 6) .

Words delicious And strawberry- This heterogeneous definitions.

Rice. 6. Strawberry ice cream ().

There was a huge striped lollipop in a red cardboard box.(Fig. 7) .

Red And cardboard- heterogeneous definitions.

Huge And striped- heterogeneous definitions.

3. It is easy to identify heterogeneous definitions expressed by relative adjectives.

For example:

openworkcast iron gate,

summerlinguistic school,

4. If a relative adjective is combined with a participle, then these definitions will also be heterogeneous.

For example:

Decommissionedhomework.

That's all the basic rules that are needed to understand whether the definitions are homogeneous or not. However, there are even more complex ones, but interesting cases when it is not so easy to understand whether this definition is homogeneous or not, because it is related to the meaning of the sentence.

If we recognize the definitions as homogeneous, then we want to say that these definitions have some common feature, that we unite them according to some characteristic:

in appearance;
according to the impression made;
by cause and effect, etc.

For example:

Shined bright , summer sun(Fig. 8) .

We can put a comma in this sentence if we want to say that it was bright precisely because it was summer.

Rice. 8. Bright, summer sun ().

Even in the example we considered about candy:

Large square chocolate candy.

Big , square , chocolate candy.

Big+ square+ chocolate

We combine these signs general meaning- a good candy, we like everything about this candy: its size, its shape, and its composition. And, of course, such a sentence is pronounced with a completely different intonation.

Let's look at another example:

I was treated to a delicious chocolate candy.

In this sentence, the definition is expressed as a qualitative and relative adjective; it characterizes the subject according to different criteria, and, of course, they are heterogeneous. But it's not that simple. If we do add a comma, this sentence takes on a new meaning:

I was treated to a delicious , chocolate candy(Fig. 9) .

In this case, the word chocolate takes on a clarifying meaning, that is, we thus make it clear that only chocolate candy can be tasty, and all other candies are tasteless.

Rice. 9. Chocolate candy ().

Compare two sentences:

I'll order another ice cream(Fig. 10) .

I'll order another , ice cream.

In the first case, the definitions are heterogeneous and it is clear that the previous ice cream was also creamy. And in the second sentence the definitions are homogeneous, a comma is placed between them, and the second definition takes on a clarifying meaning, that is, the previous ice cream was not creamy. This sentence is pronounced with clarifying intonation.

Rice. 10. Ice cream ().

In today's lesson, you learned to distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, and realized how one comma can change the meaning of a sentence.

Bibliography

1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B. Russian language. Tutorial for senior classes of humanitarian schools,: Moscow University Publishing House, 2011.

2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu.. Cheshko L.A.. Russian language . 8th grade. Tutorial for educational institutions,: Enlightenment, 2013

3. Russian language: textbook for 8th grade general education. institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others - M.: Education, OJSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2008.

1. Website videotutor-rusyaz.ru ()

Homework

1. List the cases in which the definitions will not be uniform.

2. Indicate which sentences contain homogeneous definitions.

There was wet, loose and dazzling snow in the fields.

We walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga.

Heavy cold clouds lay on the tops of the mountains.

A dry, hot wind was blowing.

The rain-washed young grass smelled intoxicating.

The old country park is quiet.

Everything fell asleep in a sound, healthy sleep.

3. Copy the text, adding the missing commas:

Meanwhile, the sun rose a little more above the horizon. Now the sea no longer shone entirely, but only in two places. On the very horizon, a long shining strip was burning, and dozens of bright, eye-catching stars flashed in the slowly approaching waves. Throughout the rest of its vast expanse, the sea shone with the gentle, sad blue of the August calm. Petya admired the sea. No matter how much you look at the sea, you will never get tired of it. It is always different, new and unprecedented. It changes every hour before our eyes. Then it is quiet light blue in several places covered with silvery almost white stripes of calm. Then it is bright blue fiery sparkling. Then, under a fresh wind, it suddenly becomes dark indigo wool, as if it were being ironed against the pile.

Handbook of the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 10. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

1. Between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions, put comma.

The definitions are uniform:

1) if designated features various items: Crowds of kidsblue, red, whiteshirts stand on the shore(M.G.);

2) if they indicate different characteristics of the same object, characterizing it on the one hand: A mighty, violent, deafening downpour pouredto the steppe(Bub.). In this case, each of the definitions directly relates to the defined noun; a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between the definitions: strong, immovable, healthy sleep (T.); rainy, dirty, dark autumn(Ch.); empty, deserted shore(Ser.); hard, tough business(Er.); strong, decisive, firm word(Furm.); fat, lazy gophers; black, bare trees; dark, reckless, dangerous thoughts; impudent, arrogant, angry face; easy, relaxed, fascinating conversation; strict, harsh, abrupt command; rotten, green water of the swamp; thick, heavy, opaque liquid; arrogant, capricious face; defiant, inappropriate tone; refined, noble, graceful manners; a cheerful, bright holiday; a great, proud, formidable name; Darling, kind woman; bizarre, threatening shadows; a wrinkled, decrepit old woman; hard, prickly, piercing gaze; thick, shapeless legs; rough, wild, cruel customs of the Middle Ages; old, faded dress; zealous, frenzied commitment to art; thick, choking dust; backward, dark, superstitious people; a good-natured, affectionate old man; sharp, intelligent look; hot, cloudless day; long, narrow corridor; desolate, deserted place; kind, sad, embarrassed eyes; peaceful, calm life; warm, still, dense air; neat, clean, cheerful children; stern, courageous face; the unfamiliar, mysterious, magnificent world of the jungle; a difficult, painful path; a picturesque, winding river; fresh, gray-green hay; a dense, strong man; juicy, fatty leaves of the bush;

3) if, characterizing an object from different sides, under the conditions of the context they are united by some common feature ( appearance, the similarity of the impression they make, attribution to a distant general concept, cause-and-effect relationship, etc.): The sky was meltingone small, goldencloud(M.G.) - appearance; Water flows over the pebbles and hidesfilamentous, emerald green algae(Sol.) - general external impression; WITHpale, crookedwith his face he suddenly jumped up and grabbed his head(Ch.) - general concept (“changed by excitement”); It was moonlit and clearevening(Ch.) (“lunar, and therefore clear”); rang outterrible, deafeningthunderclap(“terrible because deafening”); We've arrivedheavy, gloomytime(“heavy, therefore gloomy”); He closed his eyesred, inflamedover the centuries(“red because inflamed”); a deserted, inhospitable house; stuffy, oppressive darkness; gray, continuous, light rain; thick, black smoke; pale, stern face; dusty, ragged people; heavy, angry feeling; senile, colorless eyes; far, dark corner; proud, brave appearance; clean, new suit.

Heavy, coldthe rays lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains(L.); Here and there in the sky you could seemotionless, noctilucent clouds(T.); Large, puffythree rows of beads wrapped arounddark, thinneck(T.); He handed mered, swollen, dirtyhand(T.); Petya was nowhandsome, rosy, fifteen-year-oldboy(L.T.); Cute, hard, redher lips were still wrinkled as before(L.T.); Show everyone what thismotionless, gray, dirtyyou're tired of life(Ch.); I met himskinny, hunchbackedold woman(Ch.); He pinched with his fingersthin, fluffymustache(M.G.); INthick, darkgray strands glistened in her hair(M.G.); Gray, smallthe Vlasovs’ house increasingly attracted the attention of the settlement(M.G.); Smooth, monotonousthe muttering is interrupted(Ser.); ...Washed down with pink, sour, fragrantwine(Cat.);

4) if, under the conditions of the context, synonymous relations are created between definitions: We've arriveddark, heavydays(T.); Cold, metallicthe light flashed on thousands of wet leaves(Gran.); WITHwonderful,He wielded his instrument with almost magical ease; complete, hopeless darkness; transparent, clean air; red, angry face; timid, apathetic character; thick, heavy oil; quiet, modest life; white, strong teeth; a cheerful, good-natured smile; proud, independent appearance; remote, deserted alley; dry, cracked earth; stern, stubborn character; a happy, mischievous, boyish smile;

5) if they represent artistic definitions: Some grasshoppers are chattering together, and this is tiresome...incessant, sour and drysound(T.); Hispale blue, glassmy eyes ran wild(T.); The old woman closedlead, extinguishedeyes(M.G.); the same when using an adjective attribute in figurative meaning: the boy's round, fishy eyes; thin, crane-like legs;

6) if they form a semantic gradation (each subsequent definition strengthens the characteristic it expresses): In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and receive theirspecial, original, unlike anything elseview(Ax.); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fedorovna entered theirdark, stuffy, boringrooms(Ch.); Joyful, festive, radiantthe mood was bursting(Ser.);

7) if a single definition is followed by a definition expressed by a participial phrase: little-known, isolated mounds; an ancient wooden figurine, blackened by time; a small, carpeted platform; black, smoothly combed hair; a thin, deeply wrinkled face; an empty field covered with snow; early, slightly sparkling dawn; hard, poorly shaved chin(cf. with a different word order: poorly shaved, hard chin).

Wed. in language fiction: I found in the chestyellowed, written in no-Latinhetman's charter(Paust.); It was kind of sad about thissmall, already touched in late autumngarden(Hump.); That wasthe first, not clouded by any fearsjoy of discovery(Gran.); Onwhite, carefully ironedbear meat, dried sokhatina appeared on the tablecloths...(Already); There was a view oftall, slightly pinkfirmament(EAT.); Throughsmall, covered in icethe window... the moonlight was breaking through(Closed).

But: black spots appearing on the tablecloth; hare half frayed collar; a large amount of material collected by the author etc. - the first definition refers to the combination of the second definition with a noun;

8) if they stand after the defined noun (in this position, each of the definitions is directly related to the noun and has the same semantic independence): I saw a young womanbeautiful, kind, intelligent, charming(Ch.); I will then have the trutheternal, undoubted(T.).

Possible deviations:

a) in poetic speech, which is associated with the rhythm and melody of the verse: Hello, blue autumn days(Br.);

b) in combinations of a terminological nature: late-ripening winter pear; thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes; electric drift overhead crane; gray cloth trousers; early double aster;

9) if they are contrasted with a combination of other definitions with the same defined word: Not long ago in our area there werelow, woodenat home, and now -tall, stone;Through the window of the ticket office they stretched outlarge, masculinehands thensmall, female;

10) a special case are so-called explanatory definitions, when a comma is placed between the definitions if the second of them explains the first (a conjunction can be inserted between them that is or namely): Inside the house the rooms were filledordinary,simple furniture(T.); With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and... saw absolutelyother,to mestrangersplaces(T.); With a good feeling of hope fornew, betterlife he drove up to his house(L.T.); Evening was approaching, and in the air stood thatspecial, heavystuffiness that foretells a thunderstorm(M.G.); At allothers, urbansounds were heard outside and inside the apartment(Cat.); ...Normal, peacefulcoexistence of states; Was of interestand another,extra work; Soon we will enterinto the newXXI century. In these cases, the second definition acts not as a homogeneous one, but as an explanatory one (see § 23). Possibility of punctuation variations explained different interpretations the meaning of the sentence; compare: I want to buyother leatherbriefcase(I already have a leather briefcase). - I want to buyother, leatherbriefcase(I have a briefcase, but not a leather one).

2. There is no comma between heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions are heterogeneous if the previous definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to the combination of the subsequent definition with this noun: Alyosha gave it to himsmall folding roundmirror(Adv.) (cf.: round mirror - folding round mirror - small folding round mirror); The old woman's mother was laying out grapes onshort round Tatartable(L.T.); ... Can you imaginebad southern districtsmall town?(Cupr.); Early severe winterthe dawn appeared through the deathly haze(F.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, in different relationships, i.e. they express characteristics related to different generic (general) concepts: In the corner of the living room stoodpot-bellied nutthe Bureau(G.) - shape and material; Magical underwater islands... quietly passingwhite roundclouds(T.) - color and shape; We lived in the basementbig stoneHouses(M.G.) - size and material; Once upon a time I had the opportunity to sail along a gloomy Siberian river (Cor.) - quality and location.

If such characteristics are united by a common generic concept, such definitions can become homogeneous: A large stone house has been allocated for the tourist base - the unifying feature is “well-maintained”.

Depending on the style of speech, some examples allow for different understanding, and in connection with this, different intonation and punctuation; compare: It was these new, large, multi-story buildings that mainly determined the face of the city.(Cat.) - in fiction; New large multi-storey buildings were built- V business speech. Wed. Also: Tiny, motionless lights could be seen in the distance. - Tiny motionless lights were visible in the distance.

Heterogeneous definitions are expressed:

1) a combination of relative adjectives or participles and relative adjectives: summer health camp; marble quadrangular columns; unpublished original drafts; twisted iron staircase; neglected orchard;

2) a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives: tall, rare last year's reeds; brand new yellow chairs; pure calico striped dress; huge black disc-shaped anti-tank mines; uneven clay smeared floor; unironed gray canvas towel; a beautiful small oval mirror; luxurious carved gilded frame; new high economic milestones; interesting elongated dark face; fashionable fluffy curled wig; thick protruding underlip; thick arched high eyebrows.

Wed. in the language of fiction: The bright winter sun peeked through our windows(Ax.); Along the wide, large highwayless road, a tall blue Viennese carriage rode at a brisk trot in a row.(L.T.); Snowdrifts covered with thin ice crust(Ch.); Suddenly a horse's alarm neigh was heard in the darkness(F.);

3) less often - a combination qualitative adjectives: a tiny white fluffy dog; soft thick black curls; huge amazing dark blue swallowtails(Priv.); milk jug with thick yellow cream(Cupr.); light, restrained whisper(T.).

Punctuation with agreed upon definitions was discussed above. Inconsistent definitions are usually homogeneous: A young man came inabout twenty-five years old, sparkling with health, with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes(Gonch.).

From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 9. Homogeneous members sentences not connected by conjunctions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected only by intonation, a comma is usually placed: Questions, exclamations, stories poured out vying with each other (T.); Zotov frowned, stopped writing, swayed in his chair

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(OD) of the author TSB

§ 10. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions. Definitions are homogeneous: 1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects: Crowds of children wearing blue, red, white shirts stand on

From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 11. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications not connected by conjunctions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize a person or object on the one hand, indicate similar characteristics: Oblomov, nobleman by birth, collegiate

From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 1. A comma is usually placed between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by unions, for example: I saw his head, tangled hair, a tattered overcoat strap (Perventsev); Zhukhrai spoke brightly, clearly, understandably, simply

From the author's book

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions. Definitions are homogeneous: a) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: At a great distance the city lies down and quietly

From the author's book

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications not connected by conjunctions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize the subject on the one hand, indicate similar features, for example: Fifteen versts from mine

From the author's book

§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by conjunctions 1. A comma is usually placed between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by conjunctions, for example: At that time, a swallow quickly flew into the colonnade, made a circle under the golden ceiling, descended, and almost touched

From the author's book

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions. Definitions are homogeneous: 1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: A crowd of children in blue, red, white

From the author's book

§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating conjunctions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), dividing conjunctions or, or, a comma is not placed, for example: Khlopusha and Beloborodoye did not say

From the author's book

§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions and... and, yes... yes, neither... neither, or... or, whether... whether, either... either, then... then and etc., for example: The darkness of an early winter morning

From the author's book

§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 1. If homogeneous members are connected by paired (comparative, double) unions both... and, not so... as, not only... but also, not so much... as, as much... as much, although... but, if not... then, etc., then a comma is placed

From the author's book

Homogeneous members of a sentence are commas between homogeneous members not connected by conjunctions § 25 with repeated conjunctions (such as and... and, neither... nor). § 26 with double repetition of the union and § 26 with double repetition of other unions, except and § 26 with pairwise association of members

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?

Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a holistic picture of the object.

Homogeneous definitions connected by a coordinating connection; they equally directly relate to the defined noun and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.

Between homogeneous definitions you can usually insert a conjunction And .

For example: She ran into the room cheerful, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing– homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, a conjunction can be placed between them And .) They stood in a vase red, orange And yellow flowers. (Red, orange And yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles. In this case, only the closest definition directly relates to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the defined noun with the first definition.

Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinating connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a conjunction And .

As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, high quality And relative ).

For example: She ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing– heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them And .)

They stood in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different characteristics: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)

To differentiate homogeneous And heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole complex of characteristics. When parsing and arranging punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, method of expression and order of definitions in the sentence.

Signs of homogeneity of definitions

Indicate signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
denote characteristics that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
denote artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: woman young, beautiful, good, intelligent, charming ;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional attribute): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in the position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges .
denote features that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; IN thick, dark gray strands glistened in her hair; pale, strict face; funny, good-natured laughter; deserted, unfriendly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.

Between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions, a comma is added.

For example: Reds, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.

Signs of heterogeneity of definitions

Designate shape and material: P narrow walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: gloomy Siberian river.

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.

For example: At the end of November it fell first easy snowball.(Words first And easy first– numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). My old one house.(Words "my" And " old" refer to different parts speeches: my– pronouns, old– adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(Words " running" And "fruit" refer to different parts of speech: running- single participle, fruit- adjective).

We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with dependent word(participial phrase) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participial phrase should be in second place.

For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial phrase, if not special conditions isolation, no comma.

Between heterogeneous definitions no comma.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

1. Depending on the meaning, applications not connected by conjunctions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.

For example: Laureate Nobel Prize, academician HELL. Sakharov– honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig – academic degree and rank; World Cup winner, champion Europe – sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the “golden belt” of European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- listing of different titles.

If applications indicate different characteristics of an object, characterize it from different sides, then they are heterogeneous and are not separated by commas.

For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army – position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete engineer – position and profession; CEO production association candidate of technical sciences – position and academic degree.

2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student at the Institute of Physical Education.

Without definitions that explain the properties and quality of an object, human speech would be “dry” and uninteresting. Everything that has a characteristic is conveyed in sentences using definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and our attitude towards it: tasty fruit, bitter experience, beautiful person, white and fluffy rabbit, etc. Such explanations characterizing objects help to better understand them.

The concept of homogeneous members

To further reveal the content of a sentence or strengthen any part of it, sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or relate to the same part of the sentence. Homogeneous members are absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation, or rarely they can be connected by concessions or reasons for what is happening that convey the meaning.

For example:

All members of a sentence, both secondary and major, can be equally homogeneous. Difficulties in placing punctuation marks often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when they are not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Definitions that relate to one member of a sentence or that characterize it and answer one question are considered homogeneous. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, since they describe an object from some aspect or list its varieties, for example:

Heterogeneous definitions give a description of an object from different sides, characterizing it by its various qualities.

This is what distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous ones are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They are also characterized by enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

According to the method of expressing characteristics and place in a sentence, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions can be divided.

Heterogeneous ones include:

Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different sides. At the same time, its various qualities may be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped several times around the neck (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked the kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative adjective indicating the material).
Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes narrowed (two qualitative adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of enumerative intonation when they reveal different properties of objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

To determine what type of definitions in a sentence belong to, you should know what specific features of the subject they can characterize. In the section “Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Definitions” (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:

enumeration of qualities various items: aspens were decorated with yellow, purple and red foliage, birch trees - golden (definitions characterize foliage of different colors);
revealing the signs of an object, on the one hand, or a state: warm, quiet, unhurried rain rustled through the leaves (uniform definitions convey the state of rain);
each subsequent definition reveals or complements the meaning of the previous one: every September the forest is briefly transformed, acquiring a special, bright, unique appearance (the subsequent definition reveals the meaning of the previous one);
between the definitions you can substitute the conjunction and: on the table there were pencil and ink sketches (pencil and ink sketches);
when they convey different signs of an object, united in a common context by a single property: inflamed red eyes (red due to inflammation);
when they come after the defined word: we immediately looked at a fluffy, tall, slender Christmas tree (the defined word “Christmas tree”, followed by definitions describing it);
when this minor member of the sentence is an adjective and the person following it takes a fragrant, browned loaf out of the oven.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are also distinguished by punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous minor members they are always installed.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when there are homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions in a sentence. The lesson (8th grade) on this topic gives the following examples of comma placement:

When homogeneous definitions are expressed by a single adjective and a participial phrase following it, a comma is placed between them: the son handed his mother a large bouquet of wildflowers that he had collected.
When they list the characteristics of various objects, for example: red, yellow, orange, blue flowers, drawn by children on a gray fence, made it festive.
When are they transferred? different properties one object, indicating one of its properties: cold, hard ice cream balls were different colors.
When all homogeneous definitions refer to one word and between them you can put a conjunction and: he answered with an honest, calm look (an honest and calm look).
When they are located immediately after the word being defined: he saw an elegant, fragile, gentle girl.
When synonymous properties of an object are listed in a single context: a stormy, roaring, deafening storm broke out.
When there are signs due to mutual dependence: heavy, prolonged downpour (prolonged because it is strong).

Commas are not used if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by the coordinating conjunction and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and made of stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs, indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. or poetic forms bound by the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even those that come after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition comes before another, forming a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special type of definition

A special type includes definitions that connect explanatory relations. In this case, it is easy to determine where the definitions are homogeneous and heterogeneous. The test for distinguishing them is to substitute the conjunctions “namely” and “that is.”

A completely different, interesting time has come (different, namely interesting).
The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).

A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions associated with explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which is confirmed by the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.” A class 11 lesson introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of a sentence, for example:

New, yellow taxis appeared on the city streets (the previous ones were not yellow).
New yellow taxis have appeared on the city streets (the number of yellow taxis has increased).

In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have turned yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

Double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
New, proven methods led to the result (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the conjunctions “that is” and “namely”, so a comma is added and the intonation changes.