Genitive case: rules of education and interesting facts. How to explain the genitive case

Cases of nouns.

It is difficult to imagine the Russian language without cases. They are the ones who help us speak, write and read correctly.
Total in Russian modern language There are six cases, each case has its own question and its own ending.
To make it more clear, we will look at each case separately, and also analyze what questions the cases answer.

Nominative case is singular case in Russian, the question of which is answered by the subject.

Genitive case determines affiliation, kinship and some other relationships.
Dative the case determines the exact end point of the action of the addressee of the message.
Accusative case denotes the immediate object of the action.
Instrumental case determines the instrument, some types of temporary accessory.
Prepositional the case can be presented in the form of a question: “Are you thinking about who, what?”

Nominative case answers the questions “who? ", "What? »

Auxiliary word " There is"

Who? Dog	What? Book	What? Sea
Who? Human	Who? Children	What? Forest

Genitive case answers the questions “who? ", "what? »

Auxiliary word " No". Prepositions: from, to, from, without,at, for, about,near, near.

Whom? Wolf	What? Tables	Whom? Natasha
What? Toys	What? Swamps	Whom? Student

Dative case answers the questions “who? ", "what? »

Auxiliary word " I'll give". Prepositions: to, by.

To whom? To the athlete	Why? Gingerbread	To whom? Grandma
Why? on the road	Why? Field	To whom? Schoolgirl

Accusative case answers the questions “who? ", "What? »

Auxiliary word " I see". Prepositions: in, on, for, about,through.

Whom? Bird	What? Beach	What? The roof
Whom? Shark	Whom? Doctor	What? Reed

Instrumental case answers the questions “by whom? ", "how? »

Auxiliary word " I'm creating". Prepositions: under, over, behind, with,before, between.

By whom? As a child	How? Home	How? bed
By whom? Bear	By whom? teacher	How? Puddle

Prepositional case answers the questions “about whom? ", "about what? »

Auxiliary word " Think". Prepositions: in, on, about, about, at.

About whom? (ABOUT) To mom	About what? (ABOUT) Tractor	About what? (ABOUT) Mathematics
About whom? (ABOUT) Giraffe	About whom? (ABOUT) To dad	About whom? (ABOUT) Mouse

In the nominative case, the noun appears in the sentence subject to.
In the morning Tanya(I. p.) went to the window.

To determine the case of other nouns you need to:
a) find the word with which this noun is connected in meaning and pose a case question from it;
b) using the case question, determine the case of the noun.
The sparrow tapped its beak on the glass.
Knocked(with what?) beak (etc.)
Knocked (on what?) on the glass (D.p.)

Three declensions of nouns.

Feminine, masculine and neuter nouns have different case endings.
Based on their endings, nouns are divided into three declensions.
To determine the declension of a noun, you need:

1. Determine the gender of the noun
2. Highlight the ending in the initial form

TO 1st declension include feminine and masculine nouns with endings -а, -я in the nominative case ( winter A, grandfather A, hundred I ).

Co. 2nd declension include masculine nouns with zero ending in the nominative case and neuter gender with endings -O, -e in the nominative case ( table, rain, sparrow to her, floor e, pestilence e ).

TO 3rd declension include nouns female with a soft sign at the end and with a zero ending in the nominative case ( horse, night, spruce).

To determine the declension of a noun in the oblique case, you need to find its initial form.

Genitive necessary in Russian to express different relationships between the phenomena of the world: this can be the definition of an object through another object (a house made of wood); an action and its subject (the rustling of leaves), an action and its object (building a house), an action and its place (walking near the house), the absence of an object (no wind).

Any case is determined by the question.

What question does the genitive case of a noun answer?

When it comes to nouns, it depends on the category of animate or inanimate. The genitive case answers the question:

• whom? - animate noun
• what? - inanimate noun

The table shows nouns in the genitive case with prepositions. It is these prepositions that are used with this case of nouns.

Circumstantial questions of the genitive case

It is not always convenient to pose case questions. When a noun with a preposition in a sentence denotes the time, image, place, purpose of an action, then the genitive case is used, the questions of which will be adverbial:

• where?
• When?
• For what?

Determining the meaning of the genitive case on a question

The most convenient way to classify values ​​is in the table:

As can be seen from the table, the genitive case of nouns with prepositions has wide range used as a circumstance.

The biggest problem in learning the genitive case

How to correctly:

• among the Turks or among the Turks?
• two hundred grams of sausage or two hundred grams of sausage?
• kilogram of tangerines or tangerines?

If someone has these questions, it’s normal.

The biggest headache- genitive plural form.

Of course, you can say: “We have no business, we don’t know cases.” But there are circumstances when knowledge is power. For example, the Unified State Exam in Russian is coming up.

This topic is the most difficult when studying this case, since a countless number of word forms are formed and it can be difficult not to get confused in them.

For ease of learning, you can divide the material into groups according to their type.

Feminine nouns in the genitive case

These nouns usually have zero inflection. But what is determined by the initial form before the end (singular h, im. p.)

It is worth recalling that words in the nominative case answer the question who? or what? The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?

• In them. p. -a with hissing. in front of it: barge - barge, theft - theft, puddle - puddle, ski - ski, cloud - cloud (without b).
• In them. p. -a, -i not after hissing: waffle - waffle, shoe - shoes, blast furnace - domain, poker - poker, nanny - nanny, rod - rod, wedding - weddings, gossip - gossip, sheet - sheet, estate - estates
• In them. case - ia: lecture - lectures, army - armies, parody - parodies, surname - surnames, excursion - excursions.
• In them. p. - ya or -ya: rook - rook, article - articles, pin - pins. But: singers, jumpers, fussers, naughty girls, witches, pancakes.

• In them. p. - nya: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, bell tower - bell towers (here without soft sign); village - villages, kitchen - kitchens, apple tree - apple trees (here with a soft sign).
• In them. p. - b: mother - mothers, daughter - daughters, notebook - notebooks, night - nights, square - squares, bed - beds, bone - bones, whip - whips, bed - beds, stove - stoves (ending -ee).

Nouns in plurals. number of the neuter genitive case

In such nouns, the genitive case form also in most cases has a zero ending, but there are also inflections -ev, -ov.

• In them. p. -o: window - windows, sieve - sieve, mirror - mirrors, vessel - vessel; village - village, oar - oar; apple - apples But: awl - shilyev, bottom - donyev, little face - faces (ending -ev, -ov).
• In them. p. -e: field - fields, saucer - saucer, towel - towels.
• In them. p. -ie, -ye: nesting - nesting, conquest - conquests, food - food, coast - coasts, drug - drugs, land - land. But: dress - dresses, mouth - mouths, lower reaches - lower reaches (ending -ev).

• In them. P.-Ye: guns. But: copies, rabble.

The genitive case of masculine plural nouns and nouns that are used only in the plural. h.

Masculine words form a lot of genitive word forms that do not obey any rules. For convenience, you can classify them by ending and use the table for this:

Nouns that have the same plural form in the genitive case also vary and do not have a specific rule.

Adjectives and participles in the genitive case

Adjectives and participles are also declined according to cases and have endings that depend on the questions that are posed to them by nouns.

If we consider only the genitive case, the following questions are posed:

• Which one? - husband. and Wednesday sort of
• Which? - female sort of

For example:

• dawn (what?) scarlet, evening - ending -ey, -oh;
• sea ​​(what?) deep, sparkling - the end of -it;
• ship (what?) large, sailing - the end of -it.

Adjectives and participles are posed with genitive plural questions:

• which ones?
• what are they doing?
• what did they do?

For example:

Sails (what?) white, (what are they doing?) turning white, (what have they done?) unfolding.

- (grams) in Indo-European languages formed by several suffixes. I. Suffixes os es s (three varieties of the same suffix, with different degrees of vocalization) form the R. singular case from stems to a consonant sound and to all... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Genitive- ● The genitive of a date indicates the date of an event. This happened on the first of March. The meeting will open on May 10th. The kind landowner congratulated Ivan Petrovich on the birth of his son, who was born in the village of Pokrovskoye on August 20, 1807...… … Control Dictionary

Genitive- Case form combined with a verb, name (noun, adjective, numeral), adverb (in the form comparative degree) and expressing the meaning of an object, accessory, quantity, etc. Genitive date indicates the date of any ... Dictionary linguistic terms

Genitive- See genitivo... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

Genitive- Genitive … Russian spelling dictionary

Genitive- The form of the word used in the text of speech construction as one of the stylistic means. It is believed that use in creative works students of a chain of words in the genitive case, is speech error. But meanwhile, in scientific speech the use... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Genitive- linguistic Indirect case form, expressing the meaning of an object, accessory, quantity; answers the questions: who? what? ... Dictionary of many expressions

GENTIVE: genitive case- H case, answering the question of whom? Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

genitive case of qualitative assessment- units In morphological stylistics: a type of genitive attributive that characterizes the features or properties of an object. A man of great intelligence, kind heart, cheerful disposition, tall, strong build... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

GENITIVE- GENERAL, genitive, genitive. Only in the expression: genitive case (gram.) answering the question: whom what? or in other cases (eg adj.) a case depending on the word in this case. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

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None of the ancient Indo-European cases was so clearly defined semantically that it could be said to have only one function or use that distinguished it from the other cases. The genitive case combines two functions corresponding to two separate Finnish cases - genitive and partitive. However, the first can only be determined in the very general view- as belonging to something, relation to something, connection with something (English: belonging to, belonging together, appertaining to, connexion with, relation to, association with 1); V English language the use of this case is very limited. And yet he conveys such various relationships as Peter's house, Peter's father, Peter's son, Peter's work, Peter's books (those that belong to him , and those that he wrote), Peter's servants, Peter's master, Peter's enemies, an hour's rest, out of harm's way, etc. e. Some grammarians try to classify these various uses of the genitive case; however, the special meaning often depends not on the use of the genitive case, but on eigenvalue each of two words connected, and therefore their features are always easily understood by the listener. Here it is also necessary to mention the “subjective” and “objective” genitive, which were discussed above (p. 194).

In English, only the cases of using the genitive, which serves as a means of connecting two nouns, have been preserved - one of the nouns is an adjunct to the other (“adjunctive genitive”) - and the cases of using the genitive case that have developed from here, when it is the primary word: for example, at the grocer's "at the grocery store." In ancient languages, the genitive case is also used in other combinations: with certain verbs, where it was a kind of addition; with some adjectives, etc. The relationship between such use of the genitive and the usual object can be observed in German, where some verbs, for example vergessen “to forget”, wahrnehmen “to notice”, “to perceive”, schonen “to spare”, “to deal with economically” , previously used with the genitive, are now combined with the accusative case. Es in the sentences Ich kann es nicht los werden “I can’t get rid of it”, Ich bin es zufrieden “I am satisfied with this” originally expressed the genitive case, but now it is perceived as accusative.

Let's move on to the second meaning of the ancient Indo-European genitive case - the partitive, which cannot be separated from the so-called genitivus generis. In Latin, the partitive genitive is usually used in combination with primary words (nouns, etc.), for example: magna pars milituni “most warriors”, major fratrum “eldest of the brothers”,. multum temporis "a lot of time". This use is consistent with other meanings of this case, since both here and there it is an adjunct. However, there are other cases of using the partitive genitive when it performs a more independent function in a sentence. The genitive case is often used as an object to the verb and thus competes with the accusative case; Wed Other English bruceyu fodres “taste food”, gr. phagein tou artou “to eat bread”; early modern German (for example, in Luther) wer des wassers trincken wird, Russian. Give me some bread. In Russian, the use of the genitive case as an object (with the loss of the partitive meaning) has spread to all masculine plural nouns denoting living beings. The partitive can also be the subject of a sentence and thus compete with nominative case. This is often observed in Finnish, and sporadically in the languages ​​of our family: cf. Russian negative: sentences There is no bread, our friend is gone. Similar phenomena are found in Romance languages, where the preposition de replaced the former genitive case even in its partitive use. In this sense, de is now often called the “partitive article.” It is interesting to note that a noun with a partitive article can be not only the object of a verb (J'y ai vu des amis), but also the subject of a sentence (Ce soir des amis vont arriver; Il tombe de la pluie), a predicate (Ceci est du vin ) and stand after prepositions (avec du vin; apris des détours; Je le donnerai a des amis). If use as a subject is relatively rare, this is explained by the fact that speakers generally do not like to use an indefinite subject (see p. 175; in the sentences Voici du vin; Il у а du vin; Il faut du vin combinations with du were originally additions).

The expression of the partitive concept “a certain amount of something”, thus, seems to cross the usual case system, since the partitive is used in those functions for which in many languages ​​there are special cases (nominative, accusative); and this remains valid whether the partitivity is expressed by the special case, as in Finnish, or by the genitive case, as in Greek, or, finally, by the French combination with the preposition de.

If the difference between different cases really represented a difference in meaning, that is, if each case expressed any one concept, then the discrepancy that we observe in relation to one and the same construction, namely the so-called “absolute construction” (nexus-subjunct, as I call it): positive case (in Latin), dative (Old English), genitive (Greek), accusative (German), nominative (Modern English). This can be explained historically, but not logically, on the basis of some supposed intrinsic meaning of these cases.

The irrationality of the old system of case distinctions can be explained by the following reasoning. The dative and genitive cases seem to be antonymous to some extent: this is evident from the fact that when they were replaced by prepositional groups, instead of the dative case they began to use the prepositions to, ad, and instead of the genitive - prepositions denoting the opposite movement - of (weak form of off), de. But still dative(or its substitute) often coincides in meaning with the genitive, as, for example, in the popular German phrase dem Kerl seine Mutter “this guy’s mother,” French. Ce n'est pas ma faute a moi, sa mire a lui, as well as in the popular la mire a Jean (Old French je te donrai le file a un roi u a un conte, Aucassin et Nicolette). C'est a moi means "This is mine." In Norwegian dialects, combinations with til and et ("k", "y", "at") and in Faroese - combinations with hjb ("y") in most cases replaced the obsolete genitive case 1.

Name: Genitive.

The genitive case is one of the indirect cases, usually expressing possessive relations, and also having a number of other functions.

Nouns in the genitive case answer the questions of whom?, what?.
And they have endings:
In the first declension: -ы, -и;
In the second declension: -a, -i;
In the third declension: -i.

The genitive case has the following basic meanings:
1. Genitive, denoting the person to whom something belongs (a brother’s book, an artist’s painting, Lermontov’s poems);
2. Genitive relations, which clarifies the meaning in which the control word is used and shows the relationship of one object to another (lyceum director, airplane wing, game rule).
3. Genitive quality (attribute), which determines the external or internal qualities of animate and inanimate objects (the discipline of a schoolchild, the kindness of a mother, the blueness of the sky, the smell of flowers).

4. Genitive quantities, measures, comparisons (ten schoolchildren, a meter of canvas, lighter than the sun).
5. The genitive of an object, included in combinations in which the control name is the bearer of verbal meanings, and controlled form denotes the object of action (cutting wood, taking Berlin, fulfilling a wish).

There are errors associated with the use of the genitive case, which mainly come down to replacing it with other cases. Here are some examples:
1. Replacing the genitive case with the accusative case with the preposition for: “Bortzov and Venasov are singers for human happiness” (instead of human happiness).
2. Replacing the genitive case with the preposition for the accusative case with the preposition for: “Excellent discipline matters not only to teachers” (instead of for teachers)...
3. Replacing the genitive case with the preposition from instrumental case with the preposition c: “Lermontov’s feelings and thoughts are inseparable from the feelings and thoughts of his people” (instead of inseparable from thoughts and feelings).
4. Replacing the genitive case with a preposition with the prepositional case with a preposition to: “ Modern people evaluate labor in financial terms” (instead of financial terms).
5. Replacing the genitive case without a preposition with the genitive case with the preposition from or against: “Russian people remember well the crimes of the invaders who committed murders and robberies against the civilian population” (instead of the civilian population).
Moreover, rude stylistic mistake a cluster of genitive cases is considered, depending on one another: “In order to further improve the matter of advanced training service personnel...". Such accumulation creates confusion in thought and causes unpleasant feeling those listening and reading.

Publication date: 12/11/2011 08:22 UTC

• Working with text in the Russian language lesson, Teacher's Manual, grades 5-11, Aleksandrova O.M., Dobrotina I.N., Gosteva Yu.N., Vasiliev I.P., Uskova I.V., 2019