Sergo Ordzhonikidze: known life, unknown death. Biography of Grigory (Sergo) Ordzhonikidze
Sergo Ordzhonikidze
(short biography)
Ordzhonikidze (Sergo) Grigory Konstantinovich (born in 1886, died in 1937) - a major figure in the Bolshevik Party, an outstanding leader of socialist construction, a fiery, fearless Bolshevik, faithful ally Lenin and Stalin.
Born in Western Georgia. In 1900 he entered the Tiflis Medical Assistant School, where he took part in the work of school Social Democratic circles. Since 1903 - member of the Bolshevik Party. Active participant in the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. in Transcaucasia.
At the end of 1905 he was arrested and imprisoned and released in April 1906. In November 1907 he was again arrested and imprisoned, then sent into exile in the Angara region of the Yenisei province, from where in the summer of 1909 he fled back to Baku . In the fall of 1909, the Baku Bolshevik organization sent him to Iran (Persia), where he took an active part in the Persian revolution. In 1910 he left for Paris. He was a student of the party school led by Lenin in Longjumeau (near Paris).
In 1911 he went back to Russia to work on preparing the All-Russian Party Conference. Delegate to the Prague Conference, at which he was elected a member of the Central Committee and the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee, led by Comrade Stalin. In 1912 he was arrested and sentenced to 3 years of hard labor, which he served in the Shlisselburg fortress. In 1915 he was exiled to Eastern Siberia, near Yakutsk.
After the February Revolution, in June 1917, he returned to Petrograd. At the VI Party Congress, together with Comrade Stalin, he stood for Lenin’s failure to appear at the trial of the counter-revolutionary Provisional Government, against the treacherous line of Trotsky-Rykov in this matter.
Active participant of the Great October Revolution socialist revolution. In 1918 - temporary extraordinary commissioner of the region of Ukraine, specially authorized to supply food to the Soviet Republic. Extraordinary Commissioner of the South of Russia, organizer of Soviet power in the Don, Kuban and the Black Sea region. Sergo Ordzhonikidze carried out combat work on the most critical sectors of the civil war fronts, was the organizer of the XI Army in the North Caucasus, the political leader of the XVI Army of the Western Front, which defended Soviet Belarus from the White Poles, and a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the XIV Army of the Southern Front. His name is associated with the implementation of Stalin's brilliant plan to defeat Denikin.
From the beginning of 1920, he was the head of the Party Bureau created by the Central Committee of the RCP (b) for the restoration of Soviet power in the North Caucasus. Liberator of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia from the interventionists and their accomplices - Mussavatists, Mensheviks and Dashnaks. After the formation of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Ordzhonikidze was the executive secretary of the Transcaucasian Regional Committee until 1926. Since 1921, he was a member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party.
From 1926 to 1930 - as chairman of the Central Control Commission and People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Since 1930 - Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, and then - People's Commissar of Heavy Industry. Since December 1930 - member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
Associated with the name Ordzhonikidze greatest victories socialist economy, the creation in our country of a powerful heavy industry that has re-equipped Agriculture, transport and defence. Behind military merits in the civil war and outstanding successes in socialist construction was awarded three orders USSR. Ordzhonikidze is an example of a Bolshevik who knows no fear and | obstacles in achieving the great goals set by the party.
Throughout his work, he waged an irreconcilable, merciless struggle against the enemies of the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet people - with the Trotskyists and Bukharinites. Sergo Ordzhonikidze enjoyed the love of the broad working masses. Ordzhonikidze devoted his entire life to the cause of the working class, to the cause of the liberation of humanity, to the cause of communism. He was buried on Red Square near the Kremlin wall.
The era of the 1930s divided the Bolsheviks into “loyal Stalinists” and “enemies of the people.” Some of the people who stood at the origins of the revolution were not only destroyed: even their names were erased from history. Subsequently, the repressions were recognized as criminal and the trend changed: yesterday’s “enemies of the people” began to be considered progressive figures, and the “Stalinists” - counter-revolutionaries who distorted the essence of Lenin’s course. And in 1991, after the collapse of the USSR, both of them were hastily thrown off the ship of history.
Georgy Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze, better known by his party nickname "Sergo", was stuck somewhere between two categories of Bolsheviks. A close friend of Stalin for many years, he did not accept or understand the new methods political struggle. His death remains one of the main mysteries of that era.
Nobleman, paramedic, Bolshevik
Grigory Ordzhonikidze was born in western Georgia, into an impoverished noble family.
Orphaned in adolescence, Grigory lived with relatives in Tiflis, where he graduated from the paramedic school at the city Mikhailovsky Hospital. The training was not useless: Ordzhonikidze actually later worked as a paramedic, treating comrades in the revolutionary struggle.
In Tiflis, the young man became interested in socialist ideas that were popular at that time, and in 1903 he became a member of the RSDLP. In 1904 he was first arrested for possession of illegal literature, but was quickly released.
Thanks to this, he became an active participant in the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 in Transcaucasia.
In the gendarmerie department, which was engaged in political investigation, Ordzhonikidze was very quickly singled out among other young revolutionaries, giving him the nickname “Direct.” Grigory said everything he thought straight to his face, and did not compromise, which is why it was difficult not only for the Tsar’s secret police, but also for his party comrades.
Party career of “Comrade Sergo”
In 1907, “Comrade Sergo”, in Once again arrested, was placed in the Bailov prison in Baku. A Bolshevik nicknamed “Koba” ended up in the same cell with Sergo. This is how the friendship between Sergo Ordzhonikidze and Joseph Stalin.
Sergo Ordzhonikidze. 1921 Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Exiled in 1909 to permanent settlement in Siberia, Ordzhonikidze fled and reached Transcaucasia. From there, Sergo went to Persia, taking part in revolutionary events, and in 1910, his party comrades helped him get to Paris.
In 1911, the promising Bolshevik Ordzhonikidze was among the first students of the party school opened by Lenin in the suburb of Paris - Longjumeau.
At its end, he returned to Russia as Lenin’s representative for convening the All-Russian Party Conference. Having become its delegate and joining the Central Committee, Ordzhonikidze soon found himself in prison again. On April 14, 1912, he was arrested in St. Petersburg, sentenced to 3 years of hard labor, which he served in the Shlisselburg fortress, and then was exiled to Yakutsk, where he worked as a doctor.
"Stalin's Donkey"
In the years Civil War Ordzhonikidze acquired the nickname “ram of the revolution”: he was sent to the most “hot spots” to resolve operational issues, and almost always “Comrade Sergo” coped with the assigned tasks.
In the early 1920s, Ordzhonikidze became the main curator of the establishment of Soviet power in Transcaucasia. Thanks to his will and energy, this task was successfully completed in a short time.
In 1922, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan united into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Federation Soviet Republic(ZSFSR), which became one of the subjects of the Treaty on the Formation of the Soviet Union.
Ordzhonikidze became the first leader of the TSFSR, leading it from 1922 to 1926.
During the same period, he earned another nickname: “Stalin’s donkey.” This “epithet” was awarded to comrade Sergo by one of the leaders of the Georgian communists Kabakhidze, dissatisfied with Ordzhonikidze's support for Stalin's autonomization plan. The idea of the plan was that a new unified state was to be formed through the entry of all republics into the RSFSR.
“Comrade Sergo” responded to the accusations by hitting his opponent in the face, and as a result, the case was examined by a special commission.
Lenin he did not support autonomy, and Ordzhonikidze proposed expelling him from the party for fighting, but the position of the seriously ill party leader was simply ignored.
First Secretary of the Transcaucasian Regional Committee of the RCP(b) Sergo Ordzhonikidze and general secretary Central Committee of the RCP (b) Joseph Stalin at the XII Congress of the RCP (b). 1923 Photo: RIA Novosti
"Father" of heavy industry
In 1926, “Comrade Sergo” concentrated the functions of state and party control in his hands, becoming People’s Commissar of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate and Chairman of the Central control commission CPSU(b).
Only a person who enjoyed the absolute trust of the “first person” could occupy such a post. The direct and decisive Ordzhonikidze, who never hid his thoughts from anyone, suited Stalin quite well in this role.
In 1930, at the height of the first five-year plan, Ordzhonikidze was appointed chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh). Stalin needed an organizer who could take control of the country's main construction projects and defeat bureaucratic red tape, ensuring that the implementation of the industrialization plan reached the planned pace.In 1932, Ordzhonikidze continued his activities in the same direction, but as the first People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR.
By 1932, the USSR took 1st place in Europe in terms of gross industrial output, and also ranks 2nd in the world in terms of this indicator.
By 1935, out of the second ten in the world in terms of electricity production Soviet Union moved up to third place.
The development of mechanical engineering, the rapid development of the aviation industry - behind all this was the work of Sergo Ordzhonikidze, whose efficiency and dedication were legendary.
In 1935 he became a holder of the Order of Lenin, and a year later - the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
Sergo Ordzhonikidze. 1936 Photo: RIA Novosti / Ivan Shagin
Particularly dangerous opinion
Outwardly, everything looked good in Ordzhonikidze’s life, but it was only an appearance.
Early 1930s Lavrenty Beria, who led first Georgia and then the entire Transcaucasus, launched a real struggle with the team once formed by Ordzhonikidze. Comrade Sergo openly expressed to Stalin that he did not agree with the methods of work of the new Transcaucasian leadership, but did not receive support.
The “faithful Stalinist” Ordzhonikidze was also alarmed by what was happening in the party. Increasing pressure on the “oppositionists,” which resulted in the First Moscow Trial of 1936, where the main accused were Kamenev And Zinoviev, also affected the industries that Ordzhonikidze supervised. High-class professionals were fired from their jobs and arrested for their connections with the Zinovievites.“Comrade Sergo” believed that such a line would only cause damage to industry, and therefore to the country as a whole. While others began to look for “internal enemies,” Ordzhonikidze fought to defend the people he needed.
He was not an oppositionist; his inherent honesty and directness simply came into conflict with the era.
What this threatened him with is obvious. But on February 18, 1937, literally on the eve of the beginning of the period of mass terror, 50-year-old Sergo Ordzhonikidze died.
Driven to suicide?
The official cause of death was a heart attack. The urn with the ashes of “Comrade Sergo” was buried in the Kremlin wall with all state honors.
Within a few days, at the Plenum of the Central Committee, the deceased will be blamed for insufficient vigilance and excessive loyalty to “counter-revolutionary elements.” However, Ordzhonikidze was not declared posthumously an “enemy of the people”.
But people close to him were drawn into the flywheel of the “great terror”: his elder brother and nephew were shot, Ordzhonikidze’s widow and another brother were imprisoned.
Many comrades and associates of Sergo Ordzhonikidze, who created the heavy industry of the USSR, died. Among those executed was the founder and first director of Krivorozhstal Yakov Vesnik, father of a Soviet cinema star Evgenia Vesnik.
All this led many to think that the death of Sergo Ordzhonikidze was not caused by a heart attack.
For the first time officially voiced the version of suicide Nikita Khrushchev in the famous report at the 20th Party Congress: “Beria also carried out a brutal reprisal against the family of Comrade Ordzhonikidze. Why? Because Ordzhonikidze interfered with Beria in the implementation of his insidious plans. Beria cleared the way for himself, getting rid of all the people who could interfere with him. Ordzhonikidze was always against Beria, which he told Stalin about. Instead of understanding and accepting necessary measures“Stalin allowed Ordzhonikidze’s brother to be destroyed, and brought Ordzhonikidze himself to such a state that the latter was forced to shoot himself.”At the XXII Congress, Khrushchev again touched upon this topic: “Let us remember Sergo Ordzhonikidze. I had to participate in Ordzhonikidze’s funeral. I believed what was said then, that he died suddenly, since we knew that he had a bad heart. Much later, after the war, I learned quite by accident that he had committed suicide... Comrade Ordzhonikidze saw that he could not continue to work with Stalin, although he had previously been one of his closest friends. Ordzhonikidze held a high position in the party. Lenin knew and appreciated him, but the situation was such that Ordzhonikidze could no longer work normally and, in order not to clash with Stalin, not to share responsibility for his abuse of power, he decided to commit suicide.”
Sergo Ordzhonikidze at the All-Union Meeting of Wives of Business Executives and Engineering and Technical Workers in Heavy Industry. Moscow. Kremlin. 1936 Photo: RIA Novosti / Ivan Shagin
Broken Heart
In his memoirs written after his resignation, Khrushchev claimed that Ordzhonikidze told him about suicide Anastas Mikoyan.
Mikoyan himself said something different. A few days before Ordzhonikidze’s death, he talked to him and noticed that he was very excited: “He walked around very excited. He asked me: “I don’t understand why Comrade Stalin doesn’t trust me. I am absolutely loyal to Comrade Stalin and I don’t want to fight with him, I want to support him, but he doesn’t trust me. Beria's intrigues play a big role here. Beria from Tbilisi gives Comrade Stalin incorrect information, but Stalin believes him."
At the same time, “Comrade Sergo” did not say any specific words about suicide to Mikoyan.There are also Mikoyan’s memoirs, in which he cites the words of a suicide witness: Ordzhonikidze’s wife Zinaida Pavlutskaya. The only problem is that Anastas Ivanovich makes a reservation: he himself did not hear these words, but conveys them according to a journalist’s recording Gershberg, who was talking to the widow of “Comrade Sergo.”
But a strange thing: in the widow’s memoirs there is a mention that forty minutes after Ordzhonikidze’s death, Mikoyan, together with Stalin and other leaders, stood over the body of the alleged suicide. In 40 minutes, they eliminated all the consequences in the apartment and covered their tracks? What if Mikoyan immediately knew about the suicide, and then, for some reason of his own, referred to others?
During the period of perestroika, the version of Ordzhonikidze’s suicide began to be considered the main one. Versions about poisoning or even murder, which also surfaced, did not find any, not even indirect, confirmation.
True, the version of suicide cannot be considered completely confirmed. Ordzhonikidze, a straightforward person, would probably have left a note explaining the reasons for his action, but no one mentions such a document. Nothing is known about the weapon with which the People's Commissar could have shot himself.And most importantly, Grigory Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze could really die from a heart attack. A man who had exhausted himself at work, and whose bad heart was well known, physically could not withstand the most difficult internal conflict between my own beliefs and the processes that were taking place in the country.
BASIC GIVE! LIFE AND ACTIVITY OF G.K. ORDZHONIKIDZE
1886, October 12- Grigory Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze (Sergo) was born in the village of Goresha, Shorapan district, Kutaisi province.
1898 - Ordzhonikidze graduates from the two-year Khoragoul School.
1901 -1902 - Ordzhonikidze takes part in the work of the Social Democratic student circle at the paramedic school in Tiflis.
1903 - Ordzhonikidze joins the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
1904, June 10- Ordzhonikidze was arrested for distributing Social Democratic proclamations.
1905, spring- Ordzhonikidze graduates from paramedic school; conducts revolutionary work in Western Georgia.
September - December- Ordzhonikidze works as a paramedic in a city hospital in Gudauta; leads the party organization, is a member of the Sukhumi district committee of the RSDLP, takes an active part in the first Russian revolution.
December 24- Behind revolutionary activity G.K. Ordzhonikidze was arrested and imprisoned in Sukhumi prison.
August- Ordzhonikidze leaves illegally for Berlin.
1907, January - March- Ordzhonikidze returns to Russia, goes to party work in Baku.
1st of May- Ordzhonikidze was arrested at the May Day demonstration in Balakhany and imprisoned.
June - November- After his release from prison, Ordzhonikidze continues to conduct party work.
November 4- Ordzhonikidze was arrested for belonging to the Baku organization of the RSDLP and imprisoned in Walloon prison.
1908, March 27- Ordzhonikidze was sentenced to deprivation of all rights to his estate and exile to eternal settlement in Siberia.
1909, first half of the year- Ordzhonikidze is in exile in the Angara region, in the village of Potoskuy, Piichugovsky volost, Yenisei province, where he participates in the organization and work of the union of political exiles.
1910, November- Ordzhonikidze is traveling from Iran to Paris. Meets Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
1911, June - July- Sergo is a student of the party school in Longjumeau (near Paris), organized by V.I. Lenin,
Second half of July - September- Ordzhonikidze is going to Russia. Manages the work of the Russian Organizational Commission (ROC) to convene the VI All-Russian Party Conference.
End of october- Sergo returns to Paris.
1912, 5 -January 17- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the VI (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP. The conference elects him as a member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP and to the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.
First half of February- Sergo comes to Russia illegally; delivers a report on the VI All-Russian Party Conference.
October 9- After six months of pre-trial detention, G.K. Ordzhonikidze was sentenced to three years of hard labor and imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress. He was imprisoned until October 1915.
1916, June- Ordzhonikidze comes with a convoy to Yakutia. The village of Pokrovskoye is designated as the place of “settlement”. Together with G.I. Petrovsky and E.M. Yaroslavsky conducts party work among political exiles.
March - May- Sergo is a member of the Yakut Committee of the RSDLP (b) and the Executive Committee of the Yakut Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
June July- At the suggestion of V.I. Lenina G.K. Ordzhonikidze was introduced to the Petrograd Committee of the RSDLP (b), as well as to the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet.
July - On behalf of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) G.K. Ordzhonikidze visits V.I. Lenin at Razliv station, informs Vladimir Ilyich about the state of affairs in the party and receives directives from him.
26 July - August 3rd- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the work of the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b).
Beginning of September - second half of October- G.K. Ordzhonikidze was sent by the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) to Transcaucasia, where he led the work of the Bolsheviks in Tiflis and Western Georgia.
October 24- Ordzhonikidze returns to Petrograd; takes an active part in the armed uprising.
November 16- Ordzhonikidze is elected as a member of the Executive Commission of the Petrograd Committee of the RSDLP (b).
December 19th- By the decision of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, Ordzhonikidze was appointed Temporary Extraordinary Commissioner of the region of Ukraine.
1918, April 9- Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR G.K. Ordzhonikidze was instructed to organize and head the Temporary Emergency Commissariat of the Southern Region, uniting Crimea, the Don and Terek regions, the Black Sea province, the Black Sea Fleet and the entire North Caucasus to Baku.
August - December- G.K. Ordzhonikidze leads the Red Army's military operations against the armed forces of the counter-revolution in the North Caucasus.
1919, early June- G.K. Ordzhonikidze leads an illegal regional meeting of communist organizations in Transcaucasia in Tiflis.
July 15- Ordzhonikidze is appointed a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the XVI Army Western Front.
October 5- G.K. Ordzhonikidze is appointed a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the XIV Army of the Southern Front.
1920, January 23- G.K. Ordzhonikidze is appointed a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasian Front.
Previously February 3- By resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) G.K. Ordzhonikidze is appointed chairman of the Bureau for the Restoration of Soviet Power in the North Caucasus.
March 31- By order on the Caucasian Front G.K. Ordzhonikidze is appointed chairman of the North Caucasus Revolutionary Committee.
April 8- By the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), which includes G.K. Ordzhonikidze.
22 -December 29th- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the work of the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets; elected as a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
1921, February 27- According to the resolution of the Azerbaijan Revolutionary Committee G.K. Ordzhonikidze is awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
March 16- The X Congress of the RCP (b) elects G.K. Ordzhonikidze a member of the Central Committee of the party.
May 19 - By resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee G.K. Ordzhonikidze was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
26 -May 28- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the X All-Russian Conference of the RCP (b).
19 -December 22- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the XI All-Russian Conference of the RCP (b).
1922, March 27 - April 2 - G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the XI Congress of the RCP (b). The congress elects G.K. Ordzhonikidze member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b).
Beginning of May- G.K. Ordzhonikidze, on instructions from the Central Committee of the RCP(b), travels to Turkestan.
4 -August 7- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the XII All-Russian Conference of the RCP (b).
1923, 17 -25th of April- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the work of the XII Congress of the RCP (b); the congress elects G.K. Ordzhonikidze a member of the Central Committee of the party.
1924, 16 -January 18- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the XIII Conference of the RCP(b).
21 -January 22- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the work of the emergency Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), held in connection with the death of V.I. Lenin.
1st of February- By resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR G.K. Ordzhonikidze is appointed a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.
23 -May 31- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the work of the XII Congress of the RCP (b); the congress elects G.K. Ordzhonikidze a member of the Central Committee of the party.
1925, 27 -April 29- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the XIV Conference of the RCP (b).
May 13–20- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the work of the III Congress of Soviets of the USSR; The congress elects G. K. Ordzhonikidze as a member of the USSR Central Executive Committee.
18 -31th of December- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the work of the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b); the congress elects G.K. Ordzhonikidze a member of the Central Committee of the party.
December 29th- G.K. Ordzhonikidze, at a meeting of the extended plenum of the Vyborg district committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and at a meeting of the party activists of this region of Leningrad, denounces the anti-party position taken at the XIV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks by the Leningrad delegation.
1926, 14 -July 23- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the work of the joint Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. The plenum elects G.K. Ordzhonikidze as a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
September 24- G.K. Ordzhonikidze was elected first secretary of the North Caucasus Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
October 26 - the 3rd of November- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the XV Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
the 3rd of November,- The United Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks approves G.K. Ordzhonikidze Chairman of the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
November 5- The Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee appoints G.K. Ordzhonikidze People's Commissar Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate of the USSR, Deputy Chairman of the Council People's Commissars USSR and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense.
1927, April 10–16- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the work of the XIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
July 29 - August 9 - G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the work of the joint Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks; delivers a report to the RKI on the rationalization of the state and economic apparatus and the economy regime and a report on the violation of party discipline by Zinoviev and Trotsky.
21 -October 23- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the work of the joint Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, delivers a report from the Presidium of the Central Control Commission on the factional work of Trotsky and Zinoviev after the August Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
2 -December 19th- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the work of the XV Congress of the CPSU (b), makes reports on the work of the Central Control Commission - RKI and on the work of the commission of the XV Congress of the CPSU (b) on the issue of opposition.
1928, 20 -January 26- G.K. Ordzhonikidze makes a presentation at the All-Union Conference on the Rationalization of Industrial Production.
1929, 23 -April 29 - G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the XVI Conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
1930, June 26 - July 13- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the work of the XVI Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and delivers a report to the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
10th of November- The Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee appoints G.K. Ordzhonikidze Chairman of the Supreme Council of the People's Economy of the USSR.
11 -21 December - G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the work of the joint Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the VKShchb); by decision of the Plenum of G.K. Ordzhonikidze was included in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
1931, January 30 - February 4- G.K. Ordzhonikidze directs the work of the I All-Union Conference of Industrial Workers.
22 -June 23- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the work of a meeting of business executives at the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
1932, January 5- Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR G.K. Ordzhonikidze is appointed People's Commissar of Heavy Industry.
January 30 - February 4- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the XVII Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
1933, March 17- By resolution of the Presidium of the Central Election Commission G.K. Ordzhonikidze was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the Transcaucasian Federation for special services in the formation of the Transcaucasian Federation.
10th of November - G.K. Ordzhonikidze leads the work of a meeting of miners, metallurgists, machine builders and oil workers dedicated to the exchange of advanced production experience.
1934, 20 -September 22nd- G.K. Ordzhonikidze leads the work of the All-Union Conference of Heavy Industry Workers.
1935, January 28 - February 6- G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes part in the work of the VII Congress of Soviets of the USSR, delivers a report from the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry.
March 22- Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR G.K. Ordzhonikidze was awarded the Order of Lenin for overachievement production program 1934 by the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry of the USSR and achievements achieved in organizing production and mastering technology.
21 -22nd of June- G.K. Ordzhonikidze leads the work of the meeting of oil refining industry workers.
14 -November 17- G.K. Ordzhonikidze leads the work of the first All-Union Conference of workers and workers - Stakhanovites of industry and transport.
10 -December 14- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in a meeting at the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on issues of construction and production of building materials.
1936, January 17 - By resolution of the USSR Central Executive Committee G.K. Ordzhonikidze is awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for overachievement production plan 1935 by the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry of the USSR, for success in the development of new technology and initiative in the development of the Stakhanov movement.
February 26- G.K. Ordzhonikidze leads the meeting of hydroelectric power plant builders.
July August- G.K. Ordzhonikidze is in charge of organizing the non-stop flight of Chkalov, Baidukov and Belyakov along the route: Moscow - Arctic Ocean - Franz Josef Land - Cape Chelyuskin - Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka - Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
25 -August 27- G.K. Ordzhonikidze chairs a meeting of workers of research institutes.
November 25 - December, December 5- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the work of the Extraordinary VIII All-Union Congress of Soviets; elected to the Editorial Commission to establish the final text of the Constitution of the USSR.
1937, 15 -January 18, January 21- G.K. Ordzhonikidze participates in the work of the Emergency XVII All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
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Soviet party and statesman.
Grigory Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze (party pseudonym - Sergo) was born in the village of Goresha, Shorapan district, Kutaisi province (now in Georgia) into an impoverished Georgian noble family.
G. K. Ordzhonikidze received elementary education at the school in the village of Kharaguni (Georgia), which he attended in 1896-1898. In 1901-1905 he studied at the Tiflis paramedic school in Tiflis at the city Mikhailovsky Hospital. He participated in the work of the Social Democratic circle, in 1903 he joined the RSDLP, and conducted propaganda among the workers of the Main Workshops of the Transcaucasian Railway.
G.K. Ordzhonikidze took part in the events of the Revolution of 1905-1907 in Transcaucasia. In December 1905, he was arrested while delivering weapons to revolutionary units. In May 1906, G. K. Ordzhonikidze was released on bail and emigrated to Germany in August.
In 1907, G.K. Ordzhonikidze conducted party work in Baku (now in Azerbaijan), was a party organizer in the Balakhani region, and a member of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP. In November 1907, he was arrested and was in prison in Baku and Sukhum. In February 1909, G.K. Ordzhonikidze was exiled to the village of Potoskuy, Pinchug volost, Yenisei province (now a village), from where he fled in August of the same year.
He emigrated to Iran, where he took part in the Revolution of 1905-1911. In 1911 he came to Paris and studied at an organized party school in Longjumeau. In the summer of 1911, G. K. Ordzhonikidze returned to, worked as an authorized representative of the Foreign Organizational Commission and was a member of the Russian Organizational Commission for convening the VI All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP, and toured a number of party organizations in industrial cities. He was a delegate to the VI (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP, and was elected a member of the Central Committee and the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In April 1912, G. K. Ordzhonikidze was again arrested in, and in October he was sentenced to three years of hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia. He spent 1912-1915 in the Shlisselburg convict prison, then deported to, where he served as a paramedic in a rural hospital.
After February Revolution In 1917, G. K. Ordzhonikidze was elected a member of the Executive Committee of the Yakut Council. In June 1917, he became a member of the Petrograd Committee of the RSDLP (b) and the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. After the July days of 1917, he participated in organizing the transition to the underground, visited him twice in Razliv, informed him about the state of affairs in the party and received directives for its leadership.
Carrying out instructions from the Party Central Committee, G.K. Ordzhonikidze worked in June-August in, and in September-October in Transcaucasia. On October 24 (November 6), 1917, he returned to, participated in an armed uprising, then in battles against the troops of P.N. Krasnov.
In December 1917, G. K. Ordzhonikidze was appointed temporary Extraordinary Commissioner of the region of Ukraine, plenipotentiary auditor of the People's Commissariat for Food in the south of the country. In April 1918, he headed the temporary Extraordinary Commissariat of the Southern Region.
During the Civil War of 1918-1920, G. K. Ordzhonikidze was one of the political leaders of the Red Army troops. In 1918, he was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Don Republic, was one of the organizers of the defense of Tsaritsyn (now), chairman of the Defense Council of the North Caucasus. In 1919, he was part of the RVS of the 16th Army of the Western Front, then the 14th Army of the Southern Front, and became one of the leaders of the defeat of the troops under, the liberation of Donbass, Kharkov, and Left Bank Ukraine.
Since 1920, G. K. Ordzhonikidze was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasian Front and chairman of the North Caucasus Revolutionary Committee, chairman of the Bureau for the Restoration of Soviet Power in the North Caucasus. From April 1920, he was chairman of the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (6), and actively participated in the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia.
In 1922-1926, G. K. Ordzhonikidze was the first secretary of the regional committee of the party, the first secretary of the North Caucasus regional committee of the CPSU (b). In 1926-1930, he held the posts of Chairman of the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and People's Commissar of the RKI, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and STO of the USSR, and since 1924 he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.
Since November 1930, G.K. Ordzhonikidze was the chairman of the Supreme Economic Council, then the People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR. He played an outstanding role in the implementation of the socialist industrialization of the USSR.
Since 1921, G. K. Ordzhonikidze was a member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), since 1926 he was a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, and since December 1930 he was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b). Was awarded with orders Red Banner (1921), (1931), Red Banner of Labor (1936).
G. K. Ordzhonikidze died on February 18, 1937. According to the official version, the cause of death was a heart attack. Rumors about the suicide of G. K. Ordzhonikidze, which remain undocumented, spread among contemporaries. His ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall behind the Mausoleum on Red Square in
If the word “Ordzhonikidze” is known to modern Russian-speaking people, it is most often due to the fact that this name is in Soviet years wore the city of Vladikavkaz. Few people know in whose honor this one of the largest cities in the Caucasus was named. Meanwhile, Grigory Ordzhonikidze, who went down in history under the party nickname “Sergo,” is notable not only for his eventful life, but also for his mysterious death.
From a Georgian village to the leaders of the largest state in the world
Grigory Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze was born in 1886 into a noble family in one of the villages of western Georgia. Already at the age of 17 he chose his life path, becoming a member of the RSDLP, that is, a Bolshevik. He was first briefly arrested in 1904, after which he became an active participant in the 1905 revolution, including participating in revolutionary combat detachments. In connection with this, he was arrested several times. During one of his arrests, in 1907, in a Baku prison, he met Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin), with whom he maintained close friendships throughout his life. In 1909, Ordzhonikidze was sent into exile in a Siberian village (present-day Krasnoyarsk Territory), from where he escaped two years later and managed to get to France.
Abroad, he took a kind of “revolutionary training course” conducted by Lenin, after which he returned to continue his activities in Russia. Here he was arrested and spent three years in captivity in the Shlisselburg fortress, then sent into exile in Yakutsk. In 1917, under a political amnesty, Ordzhonikidze returned from exile and immediately joined the revolutionary political struggle. He became one of the most prominent figures in the Soviet party government, since 1921 being a member of the Central Committee of the party. He held a number of responsible government and party posts, among which the positions of People's Commissar of Heavy Industry and Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh) stand out. Ordzhonikidze was one of the generally recognized party and state leaders. He died suddenly on February 18, 1937.
Heart attack is a common death for statesman
The newspapers provided a medical report on death, according to which Grigory Ordzhonikidze complained of heart problems during the last years of his life. According to doctors, Ordzhonikidze suffered from arteriosclerosis with severe sclerotic changes in the heart muscle and blood vessels. In addition, in the last two years of his life he complained of periodic attacks of angina pectoris. On the last day there were no health complaints, and death occurred during an acute heart attack during daytime rest.
Suicide or murder?
Heart attack - this natural version of the death of Sergo Ordzhonikidze was generally accepted and did not cause any complaints for a long time. But after the fall of the Soviet system and in the wake of numerous historical revelations of the true nature of the Stalinist regime, Ordzhonikidze also came to the attention of modern fans of sensations. It seemed to many that it was no coincidence that Ordzhonikidze’s death occurred at the beginning of 1937, during the period of preparation by Stalin 
and his entourage of the Great Terror.
Historians have found that in last years and the months of his life, Ordzhonikidze constantly expressed, albeit in soft form, Stalin was dissatisfied with the increase in repression. He believed that, contrary to the unfolding official propaganda about numerous spies and saboteurs, the problems in carrying out industrialization were explained by internal factors. objective reasons. It is known that at the February-March plenum of the Central Committee, Ordzhonikidze was supposed to make a report on the issue of sabotage in heavy industry. Supporters of the version of Ordzhonikidze’s violent death believe that he was killed on Stalin’s orders, since Sergo intended to publicly declare that sabotage did not play a big role and thereby resist the emerging terror.
However, no real evidence murder of Ordzhonikidze, in addition to logical conclusions according to the classical principle “look for who benefits”, on this moment No. The version of Sergo’s suicide is more actively discussed, the reason for which was disagreement with the party and state reforms, with the repression of the Old Bolsheviks and the inability to influence the situation.
There are memoirs of a journalist and a victim Stalin's repressions Olga Shatunovskaya, in which she conveys the content of her conversation with Ordzhonikidze’s widow, Zinaida Gavrilovna.
Ordzhonikidze’s wife allegedly said that Sergo spent the entire day in bed on the day of his death, occasionally getting up to the table and writing something down. In the evening one of his close friends came, and his wife went to call Ordzhonikidze to the table. The moment she turned on the light, a shot was heard in the next room. Sergo Ordzhonikidze shot himself in the heart with a revolver. On the direct orders of Stalin, this fact was hidden and presented as death from a heart attack. However, it is noteworthy that there is no other evidence about the violent causes of Ordzhonikidze’s death, except for Shatunovskaya’s memoirs.
Alexander Babitsky