Two homogeneous additions. Homogeneous members of the sentence

One sentence can have several subjects or predicates. What punctuation marks should be used in such cases? Sentences with homogeneous subjects are the topic of the article.

Rules

A sentence usually has two main parts. One of them is the subject. The second is the predicate. But there are also those in which there are two or more subjects. Or several predicates.

Words related to each other by type are called. It is important to know that with several predicates there can be only one subject. With two or more subjects, there is only one predicate. The article will examine in detail a sentence with homogeneous subjects. Examples in which there are several predicates are also worth giving:

1. He rowded and fought to maintain morale.
2. They screamed, and called for help, and cried out to God.

Unions

A sentence with homogeneous subjects can have both a conjunction and a non-conjunction.

1. Children, women, disabled people, and old people remained in the village.
2. Children, women, old people, and disabled people remained in the village.
3. Only children, women, old people and disabled people remained in the village.
4. Children and women, old people and disabled people remained in the village.

The first option is typical for narrative and calm speech. It represents a kind of open circle. The second option is an incomplete enumeration. The third sentence with homogeneous subjects includes a closed enumeration. And finally, the fourth has several types:

• paired words are close in meaning;
• paired words are lexical units that are contrasting in meaning;
• paired words-concepts are logically far from each other.

Particles

A sentence with homogeneous members may include prepositions. These auxiliary parts of speech perform a connecting function between paired words. But if such words are subjects, then only conjunctions and particles can appear before them. For example:

1. Not only children, but also skeptical adults froze in front of the TV.
2. Not only he, but also you will be able to complete this task on time.

Predicate

In the examples given above, it is nouns that express homogeneous members of the sentence. Subjects, as is known, can be represented by another part of speech. But in the cases discussed in this article, these are always nouns. The predicate can be not only a verb. This part of the sentence is sometimes expressed as a noun. For example:

1. Moscow, Budapest, Kyiv, Minsk are all capitals of countries.
2. And “Amok”, and “Impatience of the Heart”, and “Letter from a Stranger” are works by Zweig.
3. Poems and poems, stories and tales, dramas and comedies - all these are literary works.
4. Red Square, Patriarch's Ponds and Sparrow Hills are the sights of the capital.

In sentences that have several subjects, the predicate is always plural.

Errors

The lexical discrepancy between one of the homogeneous subjects and the predicate is the cause of common errors. For example:

Comments and proposals were considered at the meeting (proposals are considered, comments are made).

There are other errors as well. Homogeneous members can interbreed according to generic and species concepts. For example:

1. Cakes, confectionery, wines and fruits are included in the store’s assortment (you should cross out “cakes”, since they belong to the category of confectionery).
2. AND alcoholic drinks, And tobacco products, and the wines will soon disappear from store shelves.

A minor, but still a mistake, is the incorrect selection of paired words. Examples of sentences with such homogeneous subjects are given above.

When you need to more accurately characterize any object or phenomenon (or their properties), describe them more specifically and expressively, intelligibly, so that the interlocutor understands your thought more fully, homogeneous members of the sentence come to your aid. Without them, your thought will lose completeness and clarity.

Homogeneous members─ these are characteristics that relate exclusively to one object; in a sentence they will be subordinated to only one word. They describe various aspects of the same person, action or quality.

I love bread, especially wheat and rye.

In that simple sentence with homogeneous members are adjectives"rye" and "wheat". In another example:

It's gotten lighter outside sunlight and smiles.

─ this nouns.

But homogeneous members may turn out to be any part of speech: verb, noun, adverb.

We worked, strained ourselves and worked hard at this construction site for centuries.

How to identify homogeneous groups of sentence words in a simple sentence

It is very easy to identify such members of a sentence. They are subordinated only to the word that they characterize; they can be classified as same question. Moreover, they are independent of each other.

Lena loves dancing, rhythmic music and fitness.

In this case, these are words related to the subject “Lena” and answer the question of what exactly she likes. They are nouns. If we remove one or another addition from the example, the meaning of the sentence will not change, but we will learn less about Lena’s tastes. At the same time, homogeneous members can be main or secondary in a sentence.

For example:

Identification of homogeneous members

In a sentence, homogeneous words can be distinguished using:

It's important to remember that commas must be placed before the second conjunction, when you write a sentence in which words are connected in this way!

How to emphasize homogeneous members?

When analyzing a sentence in a written text, homogeneous members are emphasized equally, depending on what function they perform in the sentence. Predicates are underlined as predicates (with a double solid line), definitions are underlined as definitions (with a wavy line), and so on.

It is important to remember that in the analyzed text in one phrase there may be several groups at once homogeneous words , and they may well turn out to be various parts speech.

The hyacinths, crocuses and azaleas in this park were fragrant and intoxicated my head with their scent.

In this simple phrase quickly two groups are defined: three subjects and two predicates. The first group should be emphasized as subjects (nouns, names of colors), the second group of words - as predicates, with two solid words.

Phraseological phrases

With phraseological turns, more awaits you difficult case in terms of punctuation. Remember that in stable expressions, commas are never used. There are not so many of them, you can just memorize them:

• Both old and young.
• Neither fish nor fowl.
• And so on.

You just need to analyze the text very carefully and train your own memory on phraseological units. Not such a difficult matter!

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes allowed in writing. The most complex punctuation rules usually include the placement of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree (an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

Definition this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part of a complex) sentence. Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depending on the same word. Therefore, they will respond to general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Video on the topic

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

1. Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " WITH early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
3. Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " He entered the room briskly A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions(examples of these can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at Luzhin’s big, pale face, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
3. When using adjectives in figurative meaning(close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent remedy expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As shown this example, in such a case, two groups of definitions are distinguished that relate to one noun, but have opposite meanings.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from open window " In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. The exception is sentences with combinations that allow for double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.

1. Homogeneous members of the sentence- these are the members of the sentence that
are related to the same word in a sentence and usually answer
same question. These are also the same members of the sentence,
united with each other by a creative connection.

Homogeneous members can be both main and minor members
offers.

Here's an example:
The old carpenter Vasily and his apprentice do the work slowly,
thoroughly.

In this sentence there are two rows of homogeneous members: homogeneous
the subjects Vasily and the student correspond to one predicate -
perform;
homogeneous circumstances of the course of action slowly, thoroughly
depend on the predicate (perform (how?) slowly, thoroughly).

2. Homogeneous members are usually expressed by the same part of speech.

Let's give an example: Vasily and the student are nouns in
nominative case.

But homogeneous members can also be morphologically heterogeneous:

A young lady of about thirty-two entered, glowing with health, with
laughing lips, cheeks and eyes.
In this sentence, among homogeneous definitions, the first is expressed
noun phrase in genitive case(about thirty-two years old)
the second – a participial phrase (blazing with health), the third –
combination of three nouns instrumental case with the preposition with
with dependent participle (with laughing lips, cheeks and eyes).

Note. Sometimes a coordinating connection can connect and
opposite members of a sentence.
Let's give an example: It is not clear who and how distributed it throughout the region
news of the birth of a white boy.
Conjunctive words in subordinate clause are different members
sentences (subject who and adverbial manner of action how, but
They are connected by a coordinating conjunction and).

3. Homogeneous members are connected by coordinating conjunctions and intonation or just intonation. If homogeneous terms are separated by a comma, then
commas are placed only between them. Before the first homogeneous member,
There are no commas after the last homogeneous term.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members X.

A) Non-union connection - a comma is placed between homogeneous members.

* , *, *
Here's an example:
A strange, motley, dense life passed with terrible speed.

Single connecting unions(and, yes=and) or disjunctive conjunctions
(either, or) – a comma is not placed between homogeneous terms.

* And *; * or *.

Here's an example:
She cried and stamped her feet;
Here and there along the road you come across White birch or weeping willow.

Note.
Conjunctions and, yes and, yes can have a connecting meaning. These unions
are introduced not homogeneous, but affiliate members offers. In that
In this case, a comma is placed before the conjunction.
Here's an example:
People made fun of her, and rightfully so.
“People made fun of her, and rightly so;
Why would you order an artist, and a bad one at that, to draw?
- Why would you order an artist to draw, and a bad one at that?

Opposing alliances(but, but, but, however=but, yes=but) – a comma between
homogeneous members are placed.
*, A *; *, But *; *, however *; *, but *

Let's give an example: He looks handsome, but young;
Now the lake shimmered not entirely, but only in a few places;
Our kindergarten is small, but cozy.

D) Double and paired unions(if not..., if not..., then; not
so much..., so; although..., but also; both..., not only..., and; but also;
How many; as much... as; not that..., but; Not really...,
a) – a comma is placed between homogeneous terms.
Not only but *; both * and *; although *, but also *.

Here's an example:
The rainbow stretched not only over the outskirts of the city, but also far away
around;
I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends to reconcile
you and your friend;
For Vasily Vasilievich, although familiar, the power of Erofey was heavy
Kuzmich.

Homogeneous members can be combined with a general word. Generalizing
the word is the same member of the sentence as other homogeneous
members, answers the same question, but has a general meaning:

A generalizing word denotes the whole, and homogeneous members denote parts of it.
whole:

Outside the city, from the mountain, a village was visible: square blocks, wooden
buildings, overflowing gardens, church spiers;

A general word denotes a generic ( general concept), and homogeneous
members – specific (more particular concepts):

Birds screamed shrilly: roosters, geese, turkeys (Fadeev).

Generalizing words are expressed by different parts of speech, but most often
pronouns and pronominal adverbs and nouns:

The forest is always beautiful: both on winter days and in spring (always -
pronominal adverb); Everything is here: both the building and the greenery - I perceived
especially I (everything is a pronoun).

Self-control task:
1. Find homogeneous members in these sentences.
What parts of speech are they expressed by?
Explain the spelling of the highlighted words, analyze them according to their composition
a) Visitors to the exhibition examined metal products with interest,
glass vases, national costumes, embroidery, jewelry from
mother of pearl brought from distant islands.
b) People came to the meeting to exchange experiences, to understand the assumptions
mistakes, outline a plan for further work.
c) Edward walked quickly, with a measured step, without looking around.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are called, answering the same question, performing the same syntactic function, relating to the same member of the sentence and interconnected by a coordinative connection. Ourlanguage - oursword , ourlight , ourLove , ourpride.

Homogeneous members are usually expressed in words of one part of speech, but can also be expressed in words different parts speech.

Homogeneous members can be common and non-widespread.

Common ones carry dependent words. AND came up He, spread his wings, took a deep breath, sparkled his eyes And - rolled down .

A sentence may contain more than one row of homogeneous members. Russian people smart And understanding , diligent And hot to all good And beautiful .

Homogeneous members of the sentence are not:

• repeated words pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. Winters waited, waited nature . Words waited, waited are used in sentences to emphasize the multitude of objects or the duration of an action. Such combinations of words are considered as one member of a sentence;
• two verbs in the same form, acting as a single predicate (the second word has a particle Not or So). Shout or scream, like it or not, just walk like that .
• stable combinations with double conjunctions and...and, neither...nor. For example: this way and that, neither back nor forth, neither fish nor fowl .
• paired combinations of a synonymous, antonymic or associative nature, for example: sewn-covered, let's go, life-being, any-expensive, at the very least and so on.; questions and answers, buying and selling, up and down, back and forth and so on.; bread and salt, (by) mushrooms and berries, (by) hands and feet, brothers and sisters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren etc. Such combinations are not separated by a comma, but are joined by a hyphen;
• two verbs in the same form, indicating movement and its purpose or forming a semantic whole. Let's go talk to ourselves. Sit down and rest.

Homogeneous members are connected using coordinating conjunctions and intonation or only with the help intonation .

Homogeneous members of a sentence are combined coordinating conjunctions :

• connecting ( and, yes(= and) , no no): And the flowers are white Yes lush ;
• dividing ( or, then... then, either and etc.): He looked with suspicion That on the owner, That to the counselor ;
• adversative ( ah, but, yes(= but), however and etc.): She spoke little But sensibly .

In a sentence with repeated conjunctions, always by one comma fewer than homogeneous members.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Definitions there are homogeneous when each of them refers to the word being defined, that is, when they are interconnected by a coordinating connection and pronounced with enumerative intonation. Homogeneous definitions characterize an object or phenomenon from the same side (by color, material, properties, etc.). Powerful, violent, deafening rain poured onto the steppe .

Heterogeneous definitions happen when they characterize an object with different sides. In this case, there is no coordinating connection between the definitions and they are pronounced without enumerative intonation. Starlings serve as models kind hardworking family life.

Homogeneous members of the sentence and generalizing words

With homogeneous members there can be generalizing words, which are the same members of the sentence as homogeneous ones. The generalizing word stands either before or after homogeneous members. In the grass, in the dogwood and wild rose bushes, in the vineyards And in the trees - everywhere the cicadas were singing .