Grammatical categories of the verb. Verb

I. The concept of a verb

General grammatical meaning

Infinitive

Reflexive verbs

Types of verb

10. Verb mood

11.

12.

13. Verb tenses

14. Past tense

15. Present and future tense

16. Person and number of the verb

17. Verb conjugation

18.

19. Variable verbs

20. Impersonal verbs

Grammatical meaning verb.

2. The specific nature of the verb.

5. System of species-temporal forms.

A) main category;

B) long discharge;

B) perfect;

D) perfect-long discharge.

6. The so-called coordination of times.

7. Inclination.

A) indicative;

B) imperative mood;

B) subjunctive mood.

A) active voice;

B) passive voice;

C) the problem of returnable deposit.

9. Infinitive.

A) second participle;

B) first participle and gerund.

A verb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical meaning of an action, i.e. a dynamic sign that occurs over time. The syntactic function of the personal forms of the verb is unambiguous - they are always the predicate of the sentence.

The inflectional system of the verb is richer and more diverse than that of other parts of speech; The verb is the only part of speech that has analytical forms. On the other hand, the word-formation structure of the verb is rather poor: affixation is represented by a very small number of suffixes. Most common suffixes: (Germanic origin –en: to redden, to strengthen; Romanesque origin –fy: to magnify, to dignify; -ize: to fraternize, to mobilize).

Verbs are divided into significant and official(explain) (the lexical semantics of which has been lost; hence the possibility of combining lexically incompatible verbs I have lost my umbrella).

Modal verbs convey the attitude of the agent to the action; - opportunity, obligation, etc. Modal verbs have a flawed paradigm. They completely lack the category of person and number; not all modal verbs have past tense forms; They do not have forms of the future tense; the meaning of the future is conveyed by descriptive phrases.

2. The specific nature of the verb.

The aspectual character of a verb is a dependent grammatical meaning that unites verbs in relation to the action they denote to the limit. Verbs are divided on this basis into limit And Unlimited. Limit- these are verbs denoting an action that, once a limit is reached, cannot continue ( to arrive, to catch, to break, to discover). Unlimited verbs do not contain the semantics of limit in the action they denote; the limit can be thought of as set from the outside, but not as arising from the semantics of the verb: to sleep, to enjoy, to live. The group of unsaturated ones is small. The boundaries between these groups are unstable.

Between these two groups there is a large group of verbs of a dual nature, capable of appearing in one meaning or another depending on the context: to laugh, to move, to look, to walk.

Aspectual character of the verb in English language This is not a grammatical category because it does not have the corresponding formal features, and it does not coincide with the Russian perfect and imperfect forms (unlimited verbs correspond to the imperfect form, but extremeness in Russian can be conveyed by both SV and NSV he approached, he was approaching).

3. Grammatical categories of the verb.

English verb has a very developed system of aspectual and tense forms, the opposition of active and passive voice, the opposition of indicative, subjunctive and imperative. These are the main verbal categories, covering the entire verb system as a whole. In addition, there are residual, defective categories of person and number; whether they can be categorized is debatable. All of these categories are valid within personal forms. But there are, in addition, non-personal forms: participle, gerund, infinitive, which have special functions and convey different relationships than personal forms.

In English, the categories of person and number are very weakly expressed. Thus, in the preterite (past indefinite) of all verbs, except the verb of being, there are no forms of person and number ( came, stopped), are referred to person and number only through a pronoun or noun.

The verb of being in the preterite has number forms, but not persons: was, were.

In present, the verb of being has an asymmetrical paradigm: the first and third persons are expressed in the singular, plural. has no face shape: am, is, are. The remaining verbs have one single form, conveying the meaning of the third person singular. comes, looks. The morphological paradigm here is completely asymmetrical: the ending –s does not convey the category of number, since there is a form that denotes singularity, but does not have the ending -s: I look(referring to 1st person is conveyed by a pronoun). The ending –s also does not convey the category of person, because there is a verb form that can be attributed to the 3rd person – they look– and without ending –s.

6. System of species-temporal forms.

The leading category in the system of species-temporal forms is the category of time. Verb tenses (tenses) in real speech can reflect real time, when the starting point is the actual moment of speech. But verb tenses also reflect conditional time, in which the starting point does not coincide with the real moment of speech.

The grammatical category of time (tense) is the relationship of action to the moment of reference, which is, first of all, the conditional moment of speech. The period of time that includes the moment of speech is the present tense; this segment can have a very diverse length, from minutes to infinite time space. The past is a period of time preceding the present and not including the moment of speech; the future is a period of time expected after the present, also not including the moment of speech. The past and the future never touch: they are separated by the present.

The grammatical category of aspect is usually defined as a formal category that conveys the nature of the action. The specificity of English aspectual forms is that the aspectual meaning is necessarily associated with an indication of the period of time in which the action takes place and, accordingly, is expressed within the framework of time. Therefore, species forms are called species-temporal to emphasize unbreakable connection aspect and tense in English.

The English aspectual-temporal system includes 4 paradigmatic categories: basic category (Indefinite), continuous category (Continuous), perfect (Perfect), perfect continuous (Perfect Continuous). All categories, except the present and preterite of the main category, are expressed in analytical forms.

A) main category.

The category Indefinite is pivotal in the entire species-time system Present the main category can denote unlimited duration, displacing or absorbing the past and future ( Water boils at 100 C). It can be used in any statement that states something ordinary, as well as an action occurring at a conventional moment of speech or refers the action to the future ( when the term b e g i n s, we’ll discuss our plans).

Preterite the main category indicates that the action occurred in a period of time that did not include the moment of speech, i.e. in the past time. Information about the nature of the action comes from the context. This is the leading form of storytelling. It can convey repeated actions, changes in actions.

The negative and interrogative forms of the present and preterite of the main category are formed analytically, the affirmative forms of the present and preterite are isolated; these are the only synthetic finite forms of the verb. Such an obvious asymmetry could jeopardize the continued existence of synthetic forms, but they are so firmly integrated into the verb system that modern language There is absolutely no tendency to crowd them out. This is probably explained precisely by their functional importance compared to other forms.

Future the main category indicates actions that have not yet taken place, planned for a period of time after the present. It is debatable whether these forms contain a purely temporal meaning or have a modal connotation. Many linguists believe that they retain their inherent modal meaning of ought and desire. However, the predominant use instead of ’ ll, as well as the use will in the first person indicate a tendency towards elimination formal differences in expression of future action; form ' ll does not carry modal content, but will expresses modality only when it is stressed: We'll try anything, but the chances are against us.

B) long discharge.

A long discharge is a species-temporal form expressing the procedural nature of an action. Meaning present time The long category is modified depending on the aspectual nature of the verb. The non-limit verb indicates a process not directed towards achieving a limit; when using a terminal verb, its aspectual nature contradicts the meaning of the form; This results in a deferred limit value: the bus is coming. I'll have to run for it.

The following verbs are non-procedural: to belong, to consist, to contain, to possess, to resemble, to know, to comprise, to conflict, to date, to seem, to love, to hate, to like, to see, to hear.

The past tense of a continuous discharge cannot be used without indicating a time in the past. This indication can be expressed lexically, or by mentioning another past action

Preterite long discharge is similar to present; the meaning of form and specific character also interact.

Future prolonged discharge is rarely used. It takes on the meaning of an assumption, a modality, a consequence arising from certain premises: she will be waiting up for me, he said. I shall hurt her beyond words.

B) perfect.

The place of the perfect in the system of aspectual-temporal forms causes greatest number disputes among Englishists. The problem of its correlation to the category of aspect or to the category of time, as well as its basic grammatical meaning, has not yet found a clear solution. Of course, these two issues are inextricably linked. Some scientists considered the perfect as a form of time, others as the meaning of the resultative form, and others as a form of connection between the past and the present (retrospective view).

The meaning of precedence, undoubtedly present in the perfect, functions differently in the present and past perfect. Most important factor is that in English no aspectual forms exist outside of combination with a temporal meaning. Correlation in time is obligatory, and species relationships only superimpose on temporal ones.

While the temporal relation conveyed by the continuous discharge is the meaning of simultaneity, the meaning of the perfect is precedence. But this meaning follows from another – completeness, completeness of the action, which is a specific meaning. This combination of specific and temporal meanings can be realized in different ways, with a preponderance of one or the other. In this respect, the forms of the present and the past are not the same.

Present perfect conveys the completeness of a separate, isolated action in the sphere of the present time; because the we're talking about about completion, the action occurs before the moment of speech or, when special instructions in the context, continues until the moment of speech (the so-called inclusive meaning of the perfect). The main area of ​​functioning of the present perfect tense is direct speech.

In the form of the present tense, where in the context there is no direct indication of the relationship with the reference point in time, the specific meaning is predominant; in the past time it is necessary to correlate with the temporal center of the past tense (as a rule, this is a verb in the form of a preterite of the main category, which is the narrative center of the text.). The temporal meaning appears clearly, often darkening the specific meaning of completeness.

Aspectual and temporal meanings - completion and precedence - are so intertwined in the past perfect that it is difficult to determine which of them predominates; they are interconnected.

The future perfect is correlated with the temporal center of the future; it conveys an action that must be completed by the moment taken as the time center. The perfect does not acquire any additional meaning, is extremely rare and has the character of book speech: I’ll see you tomorrow night. I shall have thought over your business by then.

D) perfect-long discharge.

Various authors have tried to establish whether the perfect-continuous discharge belongs to the continuous forms or to the perfect. The synthesis of two different types of meanings turns out to be possible, because the perfect-long discharge conveys a process occurring during a period completed before a certain starting point. Processuality comes from the long discharge, and the completeness of the process or its continuation from the perfect. For this category, the use of non-finite verbs is much more typical than the use of limit verbs.

Past tense form the perfect-continuous category, like all aspectual-temporal forms, is correlated with the temporal center of the past tense and therefore has a clearly expressed precedence value, like the perfect in the past tense; otherwise, the meaning of the form is no different from its meaning in the present tense.

In the shape of future tense the use of perfect-continuous discharge is not observed.

7. The so-called coordination of times.

Words act as building material for the tongue. To convey thoughts, we use sentences that consist of combinations of words. In order to be combined into combinations and sentences, many words change their form.

The branch of linguistics that studies the forms of words, types of phrases and sentences is called grammar.

Grammar has two parts: morphology and syntax.

Morphology- a section of grammar that studies the word and its modification.

Syntax- a section of grammar that studies combinations of words and sentences.

Thus, word is object of study in lexicology and grammar. Lexicology is more interested in the lexical meaning of a word - its correlation with certain phenomena of reality, that is, when defining a concept, we try to find its distinctive feature.

Grammar studies a word from the point of view of generalizing its signs and properties. If the difference between words is important for vocabulary house And smoke, table And chair, then for grammar all these four words are absolutely the same: they form the same case forms and numbers, and have the same grammatical meanings.

Grammatical meaning e is a characteristic of a word from the point of view of belonging to a certain part of speech, the most general meaning inherent in a number of words, independent of their real material content.

For example, words smoke And house have different lexical meanings: house- this is a residential building, as well as (collective) people living in it; smoke– an aerosol formed by products of incomplete combustion of substances (materials). And the grammatical meanings of these words are the same: noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, each of these words can be defined by an adjective, change according to cases and numbers, and act as a member of a sentence.

Grammatical meanings are characteristic not only of words, but also of larger grammatical units: phrases, components complex sentence.

Material expression of grammatical meaning is grammatical means. Most often, grammatical meaning is expressed in affixes. It can be expressed using function words, alternating sounds, changing the place of stress and word order, and intonation.

Each grammatical meaning finds its expression in the corresponding grammatical form.

Grammatical forms words can be simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical).

Simple (synthetic) grammatical form involves the expression of lexical and grammatical meaning in the same word, within a word (consists of one word): read– verb in the past tense form.

When grammatical meaning is expressed outside the lexeme, it is formed complex (analytical) form(combination of a significant word with a service word): I will read, let's read! In the Russian language, the analytical forms include the form of the future tense from imperfective verbs: I will write.

Individual grammatical meanings are combined into systems. For example, singular and plural meanings are combined into a number meaning system. In such cases we talk about grammatical category numbers. Thus, we can talk about the grammatical category of tense, the grammatical category of gender, the grammatical category of mood, the grammatical category of aspect, etc.

Each grammatical category has a number of grammatical forms. The totality of all possible forms of this word called the paradigm of the word. For example, the paradigm of nouns usually consists of 12 forms, and that of adjectives - of 24.

The paradigm happens:

universal– all forms (full);

incomplete– there are no forms;

private according to a certain grammatical category: declension paradigm, mood paradigm.

Lexical and grammatical meanings interact: change lexical meaning words leads to a change in both its grammatical meaning and form. For example, adjective voiced in a phrase ringing voice is qualitative (has forms of degrees of comparison: sonorous, more sonorous, most sonorous). This is the same adjective in the phrase media is a relative adjective (voiced, i.e. formed with the participation of the voice). In this case, this adjective has no degrees of comparison.

And vice versa grammatical meaning some words may directly depend on their lexical meaning. For example, verb run in the meaning of “to move quickly” is used only as an imperfective verb: He ran for quite a long time until he fell completely exhausted. The lexical meaning (“to escape”) also determines another grammatical meaning – the meaning of the perfect form: The prisoner escaped from prison.

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Subject. General grammatical meaning of the verb, questions, role in a sentence
/predicate/. Infinitive
Goal: to introduce students to the indefinite form of the verb, as a form that does not
varies according to persons, numbers and tenses and its role in speech; teach to highlight verbs
indefinite form in the text; develop cognitive and creative possibilities,
ability to work in a group.
UE
UE0
1.Organizational
moment
UE1
1.Repetition
studied
2.Incoming control
UE2
1.Formulation
lesson topics
2.Lesson topic
Creating a collaborative environment
Lesson content
Guys, let's start today's lesson with a smile. Smile for me, smile
each other.
I want you to be in a good mood all day.
Turn to your desk neighbor and wish Have a good mood
1. Design of a notebook
2. A minute of penmanship
3. Vocabulary work
1.Fill out the table
Units
Pl.
1 person
2nd person
3rd person
"Brainstorm"
1.Creating a problem situation
Emphasize pronouns
I, let go, sat down, we, came, with them, saw, her, about you, draws.
2. What part of speech do the other words belong to?
1. Work in groups
A) What do you know about the verb?
Let's remember what we already know about the verb.
What is a verb?
What does the verb mean?
What questions does the verb answer?
Which part of the sentence is most often the verb?
Does the verb change according to numbers?
What three tenses does the verb have?
Would you like to know even more about the verb?
2. INDEFINITE FORM OF VERB
Every verb has special form, which is called initial. Her also
called the indefinite form of the verb or infinitive (from Latin infinitivus
(modus) - indefinite). This name is an infinitive form of the verb
received due to the fact that it does not show the time, date, person, or
sort of - well, just complete uncertainty!
Indefinite verbs, despite their “indeterminacy”, are very
are easily identified among other verb forms due to the fact that:
have formative suffixes: t, ti, ch
Infinitive verbs answer the questions: “what to do?”
"what to do?".
The following verbs have an indefinite form: read, guard, write,

carry, bake, climb, carry, crawl, want, build, etc.
3. Game “Auction”
Target. Consolidating the concept of the indefinite form of the verb.
Content. The whole class participates in the game.
The winner is the one who writes down correctly greatest number verbs
for the specified time.
UE3
1. Fastening
studied
material
1. We record the text from dictation.
It is difficult to see a wild animal in the forest. The beast can be recognized by its tracks. Better
just read the tracks of animals in the fresh snow. The tracks of a hare are difficult to confuse with
tracks of other animals.
Underline the infinitive verbs.
2. Game "Find the odd one out."
Identify the extra verb in each group. Explain
1. play, walk, thought, sing (thought)
2. reads, writes, counts, be friends (be friends)
3. bring, bring, let go, take out (let go)
4. told, quarreled, blossomed, planted (blossomed)
3. Replace with one word
Nick down; remember

 Nod off; doze
 Let it fall on deaf ears; listen
 Putting spokes in wheels; interfere
 Circle around your finger; deceive
 Keep your mouth shut. - be silent

Tooth does not get frozen
p.143 exercise 386
 What rule did you work with in the lesson?
 Are you satisfied with your job?
 What did you like most about the lesson?
 What difficulties did you experience in the lesson?
Homework
UE4 Lesson summary
Lesson reflection

Verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object as a process.

Subject characteristics are expressed in several ways: a) static characteristics or affiliations, denoted by adjectives and pronouns; b) quantitative and ordinal definitions, denoted by numerals; c) dynamic features denoted by verbs.

In terms of their meaning, verbs are contrasted primarily with adjectives, as well as other nominal parts of speech, as words that express a characteristic in the process of its formation, continuation or development. Compare for example: white snow and whitening snow, desk And wrote at the table; two eyes And seeing double; your opinion And grasp the thought. In the named pairs of words of a common root, some denote the characteristics of an object or their quantity, while others express dynamic characteristics associated with human activity or the activity of an object.

The grammatical features of the verb also differ from other parts of speech. Thus, adjectives are associated with nouns that express the meaning of the attribute in the grammatical categories of gender, number and case, dependent on the nouns. A verb can also have the categories of gender (due to connections with the pronoun) and number, depending on the noun, but it must also have the categories of aspect, transitivity/intransitivity, state of manner and time inherent only to it, characterizing the attribute of the subject in a procedural expression.

Processuality, or dynamism, is the formation or deployment of features in a time perspective. Various modal, aspectual shades, indications of an active or passive figure and other additional characteristics are uniquely manifested in the verb, closely associated with its semantics.

A feature of the verb is also the combination in its paradigm of various grammatical forms: dievidminyuvani personal (I'm writing, writing, writing etc.) and generic (wrote, wrote, would write and etc.); case (writing, written) and unchangeable - participles (wrote, having written) and infinitive, or indefinite, forms (write, write).

Divide minyuvani forms of the active, conditional and imperative modes (personal and generic) perform a predicative function in a sentence, acting as a predicate: The train started moving; Soon the linden tree will bloom; Let there be peace. Individual verb forms perform an attributive function (book read, window closed) and functions of circumstances (Having rested, he began to work). The indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) is included in the system of its paradigm as the initial form in which the action (dynamic sign) is expressed, regardless of the figure or object. The grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person (gender) and number are expressed by distinct forms of the verb; The infinitive expresses only the meaning of aspect, transitivity/intransitivity, state. It is these meanings that distinguish the verb form of the infinitive from nouns with a generalized meaning of action. Compare for example getting used is a habit, sending is a message, thinking is thinking, competing is thinking. In syntactic use there is noticeably more in common with the noun: the infinitive can be the subject (To live is to work) application (Ordered to be recalled) inconsistent definition (have skills a desire to work), circumstance (My son left to study).

All verbal forms are combined into one coherent system based on the general lexical meaning of the procedural and postal categories of aspect, transitivity/intransitivity and state, as well as their ability to control the nominal form of the oblique case and be combined with observable words, for example: I was going to my father, I would go to school, I would read it in the evening, done a long time ago, saying deliberately, run around.

The verb can mean:

a) real physical action faces: walk, write, draw;

b) the state in which the item is located: lie down, sleep, stand;

c) formation of the subject: rot, flourish, grow old;

d) a person’s attitude towards someone or something: love, respect, honor;

d) desire: want, wish, want;

e) speeches: speak, tell;

e) thinking: think, dream; T.

Verb forms:

a) indefinite form;

b) personal (non-infinitive) forms;

c) participle;

d) participle;

d) impersonal forms on -but that.

An unchangeable verb form names an action, but does not name time, person, number, or gender; it is called an indefinite form (infinitive).

The infinitive form answers the question what to do? .what to do?

For example: You can choose a friend based on the spirit of your brother, but you can’t choose your own mother.(V. Simonenko).

The indefinite form of the verb is used when you need to name an action in general, regardless of who performs it and when: until you sweat, until then you can(People. Creativity). The infinitive is the initial form of a verb.

The infinitive is characterized by such grammatical features as transitivity (build) and intransitivity (go), type (perfect or imperfect: whiten - whiten, knock - knocked).

The infinitive has a suffix ti (t). Suffix t more often used in oral speech, fiction. Eg:

Oh cherry, cherry, why so abundantly non-bearing? Young girl Why don’t you go for a walk?

(Gen. Creativity)

Indefinite verbs are close in meaning to nouns and can be replaced by them in a sentence.

For example: write correctly - competent letter: smoking is harmful - smoking is harmful.

Words eat, pythonki, bainki(and origins, origins; torture, pitki; to bed, spatochki, spatunechki) are verbs that are emotionally charged with grammatical means. Because these words call action (eat, pythons) or condition (bainki), but do not indicate time, person and number, answer questions what to do?, then they should be considered the indefinite form of the verb. There are reasons to consider these words as such, in which the suffix you dissolved by interspersed affectionate suffixes -k-, -onk-, -onk- and under.: is-t (points-) and, pi-t (-onk-) and.

So, eat, pythonki, bainki- verbs in indefinite form.

The infinitive can act as any member of a sentence, but most often it acts as the main member in impersonal offer: Either speak wisely, or remain completely silent(People. Creativity). In addition, the infinitive can mean confidence, determination, order, and the like.