Meniere's disease. Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of pathology

List of diseases - M

Disease- a process resulting from the impact on the body of a harmful (emergency) stimulus of external or internal environment, characterized by a decrease in the adaptability of a living organism to the external environment while simultaneously mobilizing its defenses. The disease is manifested by an imbalance of the body with environment, expressed in the occurrence of adverse (inadequate) reactions, and in humans - a decrease in his ability to work for the duration of the illness.

Each disease is described in detail by our specialists in this section. medical portal EUROLAB - here you can find general information about each disease, learn it causes and characteristic external signs, you will learn how to recognize a dangerous disease and what types of diagnostics and analyzes should go through, you can see disease stages, her consequences and complications on the body, methods treatment and prevention this disease in general, you will find out when and which doctors you should contact, you can read doctor's consultations self-care, as well as themselves ask a doctor a question.

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

Under the term "macroglobulinemia" are combined clinical conditions with the presence of monoclonal macroglobulin, which is produced by B-lymphoid elements that are normally responsible for the synthesis of M-globulin Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is 10 times less common than multiple myeloma, more often in men....

Macrocheilitis (macrocheilitis) is the leading symptom of the disease, first described in 1901 by G.I. Rossolimo; then the Swedish physician Melkersson also described a disease characterized by unilateral facial paralysis and swelling of the lips. Later, in 1931, in describing the disease, Rosenthal added another symptom to these two signs ...

Macula in Latin means "spot", and dystrophy is translated from Greek as "malnutrition". The macula is the central part of the retina, that is, the inner, light-sensitive shell of the eye. Light refracting into optical system eyes, focuses in the macula, in the so-called central fovea, where ...

Malabsorption (malabsorption syndrome) is a syndrome of impaired intestinal absorption, a disease that manifests itself in improper absorption of nutrients, which is the result of a violation digestive processes, suction and transport them. Malabsorption may involve micro- or micronutrients. TO...

Malaria (Italian mala aria - “bad air”, formerly known as “swamp fever”) is a group of transmissible infectious diseases transmitted to humans by the bites of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles (“malarial mosquitoes”) and accompanied by fever, chills, splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen), hepatomegaly ...

Malaria is an infectious disease that lasts a long time, manifests itself with periodic bouts of fever, provokes an increase in the liver, spleen and progressive anemia. Plasmodium falciparum malaria may present with or without cerebral complications. Salaria caused by Plasmodium vivax can lead to...

A manic episode is an affective disorder characterized by pathological elevated background mood and an increase in the volume and pace of physical and mental activity. The patient's mood is elevated inappropriately to the circumstances and can vary from carefree gaiety to almost uncontrollable ...

Mansonellosis (mansonellosis) - filariasis, characterized by allergic reactions, a benign course. Mansonellosis is common in Central and South America as well as in several Caribbean countries.

MARS (minor cardiac anomalies) is a large heterogeneous group of developmental anomalies of cardio-vascular system, which manifest themselves in anatomical and morphological abnormalities of the structures of the heart and blood vessels. At the same time, no clinically and hemodynamically significant deviations were observed. Thanks to the method...

Marching hemoglobinuria is a rare form of mechanical hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis due to injury of erythrocytes in the capillaries of the feet. For the first time, hemoglobinuria associated with long walking was described in 1881. Subsequently, there were many reports of this form of hemolytic anemia. She probably...

Mastoiditis - osteomyelitis of the mastoid process. In most cases, it is secondary (a consequence of the inflammatory process in the tympanic cavity), although cases of primary mastoiditis are also described, for example, as a result of mastoid injury. Prevalence. Approximately starting from 1.5-2 years, when the child ...

Mastoiditis is an inflammatory lesion of the mastoid process of the temporal bone (behind the ear). infectious origin. Mastoiditis can develop when infected with an infection or be a complication of acute otitis media. Clinically, mastoiditis is manifested by fever, intoxication, pain and ...

Mastocytosis (mast cell leukemia) - systemic disease, whose morphological substrate is massive infiltration of the skin, various bodies and tissue mast cells (mastocytes, mastocytes, tissue basophils). The disease is rare, its frequency does not depend on gender. Usually develops during the first ...

Macrocephaly (syn.: macroencephaly, megalocephaly) is an unusual increase in the mass and size of the brain, accompanied by disturbances in the location of the convolutions, changes in the cytoarchitectonics of the cortex, foci of heterotopia in the white matter, and an increase in the size of the skull. Macrocephaly (megalocephaly) - an increase in mass and size ...

This nosological form of non-carious lesions of the teeth was first identified by Professor Yu.A. Fedorov et al. (1997). According to the authors, patients with such disorders account for at least 5% of all patients with non-carious lesions of the teeth.

Slow viral infections - a group of viral diseases of humans and animals, characterized by a long incubation period, the originality of lesions of organs and tissues, a slow course with a fatal outcome. The doctrine of the slow viral infections based on years of research by Sigurdsson (B....

Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor that usually develops in childhood. This is a malignant (stage IV, WHO) congenital neuroectodermal brain tumor that affects children and adolescents; localized mainly in the posterior cranial fossa, can metastasize along the paths ...

Despite the fact that traditionally intervertebral osteochondrosis and spondylosis are classified as orthopedics and partly neuropathology, these diseases are recent times included in all classifications of rheumatic diseases. This is because, in essence, degenerative lesions intervertebral discs, vertebral bodies and...

General remarks on terminology and classification. One of the main problems of dentistry is the prevention and treatment of dental anomalies and deformities. Among them is a big specific gravity according to the appealability of patients, the complexity of the clinical picture, the frequency of relapses and treatment failures, they have various forms of progeny ...

Choose a letter:

Regardless of the type of inflammation of the Bartholin gland (true or false abscess formation), the clinical picture of this disease includes the following symptoms: unilateral inflammatory…

Every woman can suspect that she has adenomyosis according to one of the most bright symptoms - long run menstruation (more than one week), while the discharge is abundant ...

Adnexitis can develop in several phases, the main of which are chronic and acute forms with frequent relapses and a protracted course. For subacute and acute forms of salpingo-oophoritis ...

Allergic vulvitis in women can proceed almost imperceptibly, and maybe very rapidly. It can develop both gradually and very quickly. It all depends...

The anovulatory cycle is pathological condition, which is characterized by the absence of obvious signs of progression. Basically, patients do not complain about the deterioration of the general ...

Usually anovulation is determined by the presence of some signs. The main symptoms of ovarian dysfunction in this pathology are: infertility, acne, reduced manifestations ...

The most common signs of atrophic vaginitis are as follows. Dryness and itching of the vaginal mucosa, a burning sensation in the vaginal cavity, as well as omission of the walls of the vagina. Increased calls...

Long before the onset of the disease, the mucous membrane of the genital organs begins to thin in a woman. This phenomenon often associated with dryness. Atrophic vulvitis can occur ...

Like any other inflammatory process, with the diagnosis of "atrophic colpitis" in women, the symptoms appear similar. Swelling of the outer labia. Due to inflammatory...

Gynecologists will make 3 stages of development of aerobic vaginitis. Aerobic subacute vaginitis has no symptoms or they are mild. Therefore, the diagnosis of the disease at the first stage ...

At the very beginning of the development of bacterial vaginitis, a woman begins to appear abundant thick discharge from the vagina with a grayish-greenish tint and the smell of rotten fish. ...

The severity of clinical signs of bacterial vaginosis can be very diverse. Symptoms depend on the composition of microbiocinosis, as well as on the general condition female body…

As a rule, bacterial vulvitis has the following symptoms, regardless of the age of the patient and the nature of the course of her disease: itching, burning and swelling of the organs, ...

Incubation period illness can last from 1 to 5 weeks. After that, the woman begins to notice the first signs of the disease. Among the symptoms indicating...

Symptoms of bartholinitis are different, as with initial stage the development of the disease, as well as the subsequent development and spread pathological process. The beginning of the development of this disease ...

All clinical symptoms of painful menstruation can be divided into the following syndromes: Pain syndrome Very painful menstruation with algomenorrhea often have cramping ...

The main clinical symptom of vaginismus is uncontrolled spasms of the muscle fibers of the vagina, thighs, lower abdomen, as well as very severe pain when trying various contacts or ...

Vaginitis caused by various pathogens has similar clinical symptoms. The most common signs of vaginitis are abnormal vaginal discharge…

In the acute form, vulvitis develops rapidly, has violent symptoms. Vulvitis in women usually has the following symptoms: redness and swelling of the outer part of the reproductive ...

Since vulvovaginitis is a two-component disease, its manifestations combine both options. The symptoms of the disease are the same as those of vaginitis and vulvitis. Disease…

On the early stages prolapse of the vagina and uterus are not accompanied by obvious symptoms or they are absent at all. If the disease develops, then the general condition changes ...

Initially, women should understand that vulvitis can have two forms: primary and recurrent. They differ only in the period of infection. When infection occurs in the body ...

Finding signs of endometrial hyperplasia is a reason to seek help from a specialist. What symptoms should be looked out for? This is severe bleeding…

Symptoms of ovarian pathology depend on the type of disease. With congenital hypofunction of the ovaries, the following signs are noted: puberty occurs after 15 years; milk glands…

In each individual case, women have their own set of factors that led to hormonal failure. Age, condition of the body, the presence of bad habits, as well as transferred ...

Bilateral adnexitis shows quite vivid symptoms, so a woman can determine them on her own. An increase in body temperature as a result of the inflammatory process ...

Mostly in women, vaginal dysbacteriosis passes without obvious symptoms; for a long time, microflora disturbances remain invisible. Vaginal discharge is an important indicator. However,…

In the early stages (at grade 1), cervical dysplasia does not have pronounced manifestations. The signal to visit a gynecologist should be: pain on contact; copious discharge having ...

The main clinical manifestations: delayed menstruation, sometimes the development of amenorrhea; copious, scanty or prolonged uterine bloody issues which may have clots; anemic syndrome...

Diffuse mastopathy has no pronounced symptoms, most often the only sign is seals of various sizes in the chest. Diffuse mastopathy, as a rule, ...

In most cases, adenomyosis is manifested by symptoms such as: dark brown vaginal discharge before menstruation; premenstrual syndrome of moderate and severe degree ...

This disease has the following symptoms: itching and discomfort in intimate area, heaviness in the lower abdomen; redness of the labia, pain when touched; pain and discomfort in...

There are no manifestations that clearly indicate the bending of the uterus. Many patients are not even aware that they have abnormalities until the first visit to the doctor. Retroversion of the uterus...

Signs of implantation bleeding are not very pronounced, but we will try to consider each of them: The nature of the discharge. Scanty, relatively minor spotting ...

The main symptom of the disease in question is pain. Discomfort increases significantly with walking, running, other active movements and sexual intercourse. Outside, around the outlet hole ...

In medicine, one of two stages of candidal lesions of the genital organs is often diagnosed: acute or chronic. In acute form, candidal vulvitis is manifested by the following ...

Based on several clinical forms this disease, the symptoms vary. There are 3 forms of vulvovaginal candidiasis: acute form; chronic form; asymptomatic...

The cyst at the initial stage is a small round swelling in the lower part of the labia majora. In this case, the cyst is about the size of an average pea. If a…

Cyst symptoms corpus luteum usually not very pronounced. Often, a corpus luteum cyst forms within a couple of months, and then spontaneously disappears. However, there are a few characteristic...

In most cases, the disease proceeds for a long time without visible symptoms, only after a certain amount of time painful sensation and burning inside...

The first and most important reason that should alert any woman is causeless chest pain. It manifests itself as a periodic or constant sensation of painful ...

Harbingers of this condition can manifest themselves in relatively early age- from 30 to 40 years. These are diseases of the reproductive system, cycle disorders, difficulties with conception and bearing ...

Colpitis usually has characteristic symptoms among women. These include: Burning or itching in the groin; Unpleasant pain in the abdomen; Various pathological discharges. Chronic…

Clinical symptoms This disease can be different, since it depends on the specific pathogen that caused this pathological process. Along the course of the inflammatory ...

Today, there are four types of molluscum contagiosum, two of which affect only children, and the other two only affect adults. The first manifestation of this disease is the presence ...

Many lactating women find themselves with certain symptoms of lactostasis. This disease manifests itself in the form of pain in the area of ​​​​the mammary glands, as well as ...

This pathological condition does not cause characteristic clinical symptoms in women. This disease is often detected during a routine examination by a gynecologist. Sometimes at…

There are serous, infiltrative and purulent forms of mastitis. In rare cases, infiltrative-purulent, abscessing, phlegmonous, purulent-necrotic or gangrenous ...

The main signs of the development of the disease: an increase in one of the mammary glands (most often mastitis develops unilaterally, less often it is bilateral); pain in breast...

One of the striking symptoms of mastopathy are dense diffuse or nodular formations in the mammary glands. The sizes of such neoplasms can be different. Restless...

At uterine bleeding there are general symptoms that should make you alert and undergo an examination. These include: weakness and constant ...

Violations menstrual cycle, discomfort and brownish spotting in the middle of the cycle. Heaviness in the lower abdomen, aching pain, as during menstruation. Prolonged constipation and frequent ...

The following main signs of metritis are distinguished: an increase in the thickness of the myometrium; pain in the lower abdomen and sacrum; fever, chills, tachycardia; worsening overall...

Symptoms of acute metroendometritis: a sharp increase in body temperature up to 390C; spotting with impurities of pus from the genital tract; severe pain syndrome, radiating ...

Mycoplasmosis in women, the treatment of which is challenging task, can give both a pronounced clinical picture, and be asymptomatic. Often mycoplasmosis is characterized by ...

Main Clinical signs uterine fibroids: prolonged heavy menstrual flow with blood clots; dysfunctional uterine secretions which lead to general weakness…

Signs of uterine adenomyosis and fibroids are very similar, although in some cases the combination of these diseases may be completely asymptomatic. For example, diffuse adenomyosis ...

Progressive vaginal candidiasis, or thrush, in women always has vivid signs. Doctors identify the main symptoms of infection of the mucous membrane, including: a feeling of itching, ...

Age. In older women, this pathology is much more common, due to the relaxation of the ligamentous apparatus that supports the urethra. In addition, older people are more likely to...

Symptoms nonspecific vaginitis can vary greatly depending on the form, nature of the course and the type of pathogen that caused it. In general, symptoms...

Acute vulvitis in girls develops as a result of exposure to pathogenic microorganisms on the damaged mucous membrane of the external genital organs. The process is moving fast...

Clinical symptoms and the course of the disease depend on its stage. The main symptoms of acute oophoritis: severe pain sensations of a sharp nature, which are localized in the lower ...

This pathology is characterized by a slow development in the initial stages of the disease and a rapid pace of development with a protracted course of the disease. Against the background of the prolapse of the walls of the vagina, often ...

The clinic of this disease largely depends on the type of pathogen. The main symptoms of acute adnexitis are as follows: symptoms of general intoxication (a sharp increase in body temperature, increased ...

The clinical symptoms of acute bartholinitis depend on the form of its course. Downstream, bartholinitis can be divided into acute and chronic. There are several stages of acute ...

Acute vaginitis always occurs suddenly. If the causes of the disease are the presence of an infection, then from the moment of infection until the first symptoms of vaginitis appear ...

The following symptoms are characteristic of the acute form of the disease in women: hyperemia, swelling of the genital organs; discharge: purulent, watery, sanious; increase in regional lymphatic...

Acute vulvovaginitis occurs with pronounced symptoms: severe burning and itching in the pelvic area, aggravated by urination; purulent discharge...

Acute endometritis most often develops a few days after various intrauterine manipulations (such as abortion, childbirth, uterine surgery, curettage, and so on). ...

A reporting factor about the presence of the disease is menstruation (pain in the pelvis, profuse bleeding). Many patients complain of weakness, anemia is observed.

The main clinical symptoms of acute adnexitis are as follows: a pronounced pain syndrome of a pulsating nature, which is localized in lower sections abdomen and can irradiate ...

The main symptoms that make it possible to diagnose polycystic ovaries are: the presence of multiple cystic formations in enlarged ovaries; violations menstrual function as…

With the diagnosis of "cervical polyp", symptoms may not appear at first. Their presence is mainly diagnosed during a routine preventive examination.

Polyps in the uterus manifest themselves in different ways, most often as symptoms there are menstrual irregularities. You can also highlight the following symptoms of polyps in the uterus: profuse hemorrhage during ...

If we consider absolutely all the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, then conditionally they can be divided into two groups: Neuralgic or psychological; Physical. But both types...

The cystic drift shows quite pronounced symptoms, and every pregnant woman can determine the first signs of this disease. Sudden jump hCG levels(chorionic…

There are three types of salpingitis - acute, subacute and chronic. Acute salpingitis is expressed by a sharp, sometimes unbearable pain in the abdomen, sharp rise body temperature. Also…

Meniere's disease is a rare inner ear disease, manifested by a triad of symptoms - dizziness, hearing loss and noise in the ear / ears. The disease has a paroxysmal character, but the general dynamics of the disease is different. In most patients, the severity of all three of the above symptoms increases over time. In some patients, the disease does not progress even in the absence of treatment. There are also rare cases of a single attack of the disease without its subsequent repetitions and progression of hearing and balance disorders.

Due to the fact that exact reason disease is still unknown, the methods of its treatment are not targeted, and therefore are characterized by varying success. Although Meniere's disease does not lead to lethal outcome, hard-tolerated attacks rank it among the serious diseases that lead to the patient's disability and limit his occupation.

Anatomy of the inner ear and vestibular apparatus

The inner ear or labyrinth is a complex bony structure with an even more complex internal organization, located in the pyramid of the temporal bone between the internal auditory meatus and the cavity of the middle ear ( tympanic cavity). The labyrinth, in turn, is divided into two types - bone and membranous. The bony labyrinth determines the shape of the inner ear. The membranous labyrinth is located inside the bone labyrinth, repeats its shape and is the basis on which specific receptors are located. Lymph circulates in the cavity of the membranous labyrinth.

The inner ear is divided into three main parts - the vestibule, the cochlea and the semicircular canals. The vestibule is an intermediate section in direct contact with the tympanic cavity, cochlea and semicircular canals. The cochlea contains a peripheral section auditory analyzer– spiral ( Corti) an organ, and the semicircular canals are the peripheral part of the vestibular analyzer.

Anatomy of the bony labyrinth

The vestibule is an elliptical cavity located between the cochlea and the semicircular arches. Communication with the cochlea occurs through the wide opening of the cochlear canal. Communication with the semicircular canals is carried out through 5 small holes. On the surface of the vestibule facing the tympanic cavity there are two openings - an oval and a round window. oval window ( vestibule window) has a central location and somewhat exceeds the diameter of a round window. The oval window contains the stirrup plate ( one of the three ossicles of the middle ear), the movements of which cause fluctuations in the lymph of the inner ear. round window ( snail window) is located closer to the entrance to the cochlea. It is tightened with a thin, elastic plate, the purpose of which is to dampen the fluctuations of the lymph after it passes through the cochlea, as well as to protect the spiral organ ( system of mechanoreceptors in the cavity of the cochlear canal, transforming mechanical vibrations lymph into electrical impulses) from mechanical damage. Also, this membrane prevents the reverse passage of the lymph wave through the cochlea, eliminating the "echo" effect.

The cochlea is represented by a spiral bone canal that performs 2.5 turns. Approximately in the middle of the bony canal of the cochlea, a spiral bone plate passes, dividing it into two sections. The first section is called the staircase of the vestibule. It communicates with the vestibule cavity through one wide opening. The second section is called the scala tympani because it communicates with the tympanic cavity through a round window. The inner terminal part of the cochlea is called its dome. In the area of ​​this dome, the spiral bone plate forms a hole called the helicotrema, which connects the scala vestibuli with the scala tympani.

Bone semicircular sea otters are three arcuate cavities located strictly perpendicular ( at a right angle) in relation to each other. The anterior semicircular canal is located vertically and perpendicular to the axis of the pyramid of the temporal bone. The posterior semicircular canal is also located vertically, but already almost parallel to the posterior surface of the temporal bone pyramid. The third - the lateral semicircular canal is located horizontally. Each channel has two legs. The legs of the anterior and posterior semicircular canals are connected on one side, forming a wider common pedicle. Thus, the communication of the semicircular canals with the vestibule occurs through only 5 small openings. Each leg has its own hole. At one end of each semicircular canal is an extension called the ampulla.

Anatomy of the membranous labyrinth

The electrolyte composition of endolymph and perilymph is different, which plays important role in providing a mechanism for perceiving sounds and maintaining balance. The formation of the perilymph is carried out by the wall of the membranous labyrinth. Endolymph is formed in the endolymphatic sac located in the solid meninges. Through the endolymphatic duct, which lies in the water supply of the vestibule, this fluid enters the spherical ( sacculus) and elliptical ( utriculus) sac, interconnected by a small duct. These sacs, in turn, communicate with the cochlear duct and the semicircular ducts located in the semicircular canals. Each semicircular duct forms its own ampulla ( extension before joining with vestibule), which contains the rectilinear and angular acceleration receptors. Auditory receptors are located in the cavity of the cochlear duct.

The volume of endolymph and perilymph is not constant, but tends to a certain reference value. Excess perilymph enters the middle ear through the round and oval fenestra. Excess endolymph enters the easily extensible endolymphatic sac located in the cranial cavity.

The mechanism of transmission and perception of sound

When a sound wave enters the external auditory canal, it causes the eardrum to vibrate. Through the system of sound ossicles in the middle ear, these mechanical vibrations are amplified approximately 20 times and transmitted to the stirrup, which tightly covers the oval window of the vestibule. Vibrations of the stirrup cause vibrations of the perilymph, which propagate to the scala vestibuli. Since the vestibule membrane separating the vestibule and the membranous canal is thin, the vibrations of the perilymph are transmitted unchanged to the endolymph of the membranous canal, which, in turn, causes vibrations of the main membrane on which the spiral organ is located.

The spiral organ consists of approximately 3,500 inner receptor hair cells and 12,000 to 20,000 outer hair cells. When the main membrane vibrates, the hairs of these receptors associated with the integumentary membrane ( component of the spiral organ - a thin plate hanging over the receptors) are deflected by less than half the diameter of a hydrogen atom. The deviation of these hairs causes the opening of ion channels, potassium ions penetrate into the receptor cell, causing its excitation and generation of a nerve impulse. Subsequently, impulses from internal and external receptors along the fibers of the VIII pair of cranial nerves enter the brain, where they are processed in the nuclei of the auditory analyzer and cause the corresponding sensations.

The mechanism of functioning of the vestibular apparatus

There are two sacs in the vestibule - elliptical ( matochka) and spherical. On the inner surface of each of the sacs there is an elevation formed by an accumulation of mechanoreceptors. One pole of these receptors is attached to the wall of the sac, and the second is facing its cavity and is free. At the free end of the receptor there is one long mobile hair and about 60 - 80 short and immobile hairs. Short hairs are located in the thickness of a jelly-like membrane containing a large number of microscopic otolith crystals ( calcium carbonate).

At rest, these crystals do not come into contact with the hairs and their irritation does not occur. However, at the beginning of a rectilinear movement in any direction, the otolithic membrane, being jelly-like, somewhat lags behind the underlying receptor cell, due to which the otolith crystals come into contact with short hairs, causing their irritation. The irritation of short hairs is summed up, and the cell generates a nerve impulse. The stronger the acceleration, the more otolith crystals are in contact with short hairs. Stronger irritation of the hairs leads to more frequent impulses of this nerve receptor. The higher the frequency of the sac receptor impulses, the stronger the feeling of acceleration or movement in space is felt.

Thus, the receptors of the sacs of the vestibule determine the intensity rectilinear acceleration. The direction of acceleration is determined by analyzing data from the receptors of the semicircular canals, the visual analyzer, and skeletal muscle mechanoreceptors.

The receptors of the semicircular ducts are concentrated only in the region of the ampullae and are located in the form of cristae ( ridges). These receptors are attached to the wall of the ampulla with one pole, and are immersed in the endolymph with the other free pole. Motile hairs are also located on the free pole of the receptor, but differ from the short and immobile hairs of the sacs. During the rotation of the head around one of the axes, the endolymph moves along the semicircular canals. Since each channel has only two openings, the movements of the endolymph can only be in two directions. When the endolymph moves, for example, forward, the hairs of the receptors deviate forward, ion channels for potassium open, the membrane of this receptor depolarizes and a nerve impulse is formed. When the endolymph moves into reverse direction the hairs of the receptors deviate backward, closing the ion channels and stopping the impulses of this receptor.

The above mechanism is approximate. In fact, impulses from the neurons of the vestibular system occur constantly at a certain frequency, which the brain perceives as a state of rest and balance. The movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals leads to an increase or decrease in the frequency of impulses, depending on the direction of its movement.

Thus, the ampullae receptors of all three semicircular canals constantly send information to the brain about the position of the head relative to three axes - the frontal ( left right), vertical ( top bottom) and sagittal ( back and forth). These impulses fall into the centers of equilibrium in medulla oblongata (Bekhterev, Deiters and Schwalbe kernels) along the fibers of the VIII pair of cranial nerves. In the future, these nuclei coordinate the activities spinal cord, cerebellum, autonomic nerve ganglia, oculomotor nuclei, cerebral cortex, etc.

Causes and pathogenesis of Meniere's disease

Symptoms ( signs) Meniere's disease

• systemic dizziness;
• hearing loss;
• tinnitus.

Dizziness

The development of an attack can occur regardless of the time of day, however, it has been noted that attacks are somewhat more common at night and in the morning. The duration of an attack of dizziness varies from several minutes to several days ( on average 2 - 6 hours). Some patients may anticipate the approach of an attack some time before its onset, as during an aura in epilepsy. The intensity of dizziness can also vary from mild to extremely severe. Autonomic symptoms associated with dizziness include nausea, vomiting, changes in blood pressure, sweating, and horizontal nystagmus ( involuntary oscillatory eye movements). In some cases, patients are forced to take a horizontal position immediately after the onset of an attack, since any turn of the head causes an increase in autonomic symptoms.

Such a patient not only experiences a sensation of rotation of objects, but cannot stand on his feet due to sudden loss balance. If the onset of an attack is simultaneous, then its passage, as a rule, takes some time - from 6 to 48 hours, during which dizziness and the vestibular symptoms associated with it gradually decrease. Nystagmus disappears last and can be observed up to a week from the moment the attack has passed. Also, for some time after the attack, the patient may experience severe general weakness. Nevertheless, a few days after the attack, the working capacity is completely restored, and during the period of remission the patient leads a full life.

Hearing loss

Initially, the perception of low and speech frequencies deteriorates with practically unchanged hearing in relation to high frequencies. During an attack of illness, hearing loss sharply increases, and after an attack, hearing is somewhat restored, but does not reach the level that was before the attack. In other words, with each attack of Meniere's disease, the hearing loss worsens.

Noise in ears

Clinical forms and stages

In a typical course, the disease debuts with the appearance of a slight noise in the ears or one ear, after which, after a while, hearing and balance disorders appear simultaneously. Hearing impairment in this case is bilateral.

A different course of the disease is considered atypical, such as the onset of auditory disorders, and then vestibular ones, and vice versa.

There are three stages in the evolution of Meniere's disease:

• reversible;
• stage of severe clinical manifestations;
• final ( terminal) stage.

In the stage of pronounced clinical manifestations, the pressure of the endolymph in the inner ear is constantly increased. A positive dehydration test confirms the presence of this particular stage, when hearing impairment proceeds mainly by the conductive type and the spiral organ is slightly damaged. Clinically, this stage is manifested by fluctuating ( intermittent) hearing loss - hearing loss during an attack and its improvement during remission.

In the final stage of the disease, hearing loss becomes mixed - conductive and neurosensory, which indicates an organic lesion of the spiral ( Corti's) organ. Hearing is permanently impaired and does not change during attacks, unlike vestibular symptoms and tinnitus. The dehydration test at this stage will be negative.

Diagnosis of Meniere's disease

A triad of symptoms is clinically determined - vestibular disorders, hearing loss and tinnitus. Measurement of pulse and blood pressure during an attack can reveal associated vegetative-vascular disorders.

Audiometry

Audiometry in the initial stage of the disease
In the initial stage of the disease in the interictal period, there are no changes on the audiogram, that is, a normal audiogram is recorded. healthy person. Only some time before the attack and at the beginning of the attack, there is an increase in the sensitivity threshold of low sounds. At the same time, an air-bone interval is present, which indicates a conductive type of hearing loss. In other words, only air transmission of sound suffers, while bone conduction and auditory receptors are not affected.

Audiometry in the stage of advanced clinical manifestations
In the stage of advanced clinical manifestations in the interictal period, there is a constant decrease in hearing at low and speech frequencies with air conduction. Bone patency may be normal or slightly reduced. During an attack, hearing deteriorates significantly. The air-bone gap is still present. The condition of the sensory apparatus of the cochlea is normal or somewhat worsened.

It is at this stage of the disease that a dehydration test with furosemide is relevant ( diuretic). Its purpose is to temporarily reduce the pressure of the endolymphatic fluid and demonstrate an improvement in hearing on given background. For the test, the patient undergoes audiometry before intravenous administration of furosemide and after 2 to 3 hours, depending on the rate of development of the diuretic effect. If the speech frequency threshold decreases on the second audiogram ( hearing improves) by 10 dB ( decibel is a unit of sound intensity), the sample is considered positive.

A positive dehydration test is recorded only in the second stage of the disease, when air conduction is impaired due to an increase in endolymph pressure in the inner ear, and the spiral organ is not yet damaged. At the initial stage, such a test cannot be carried out, since in this case it will be positive only before the attack and in its initial period, and it is almost impossible to predict the time of the attack. In other words, in 99% of cases, this test will be negative, because most of the time, the pressure of the endolymph in the inner ear is not increased.

Audiometry in terminal stage diseases
In the terminal stage of the disease, there is a constant decrease in hearing in the interictal period and during an attack with both types of conduction. The air-bone interval disappears. The dehydration test is negative, because at this stage, a decrease in endolymph pressure in the inner ear does not improve the perception of sounds due to irreversible damage to the sensory apparatus of the cochlea.

In addition to the above changes in the audiogram according to the stages of the disease, there are also some of its changes that may be present at any of the stages. One of these changes is the phenomenon of sound bifurcation, that is, different frequency perception of sounds by the left and right ear. Also, in the initial stage of the disease, there may be a positive phenomenon of accelerating the increase in volume.

Treatment of Meniere's disease

Treatment during an attack

From drug treatment apply:

• atropine sulfate solution subcutaneously ( 1 ml - 0.1%);
• intravenous glucose solution 20 ml - 40%);
• novocaine solution intravenously ( 10 ml - 5%);
• pipolfen solution ( 2 ml - 2.5%) or suprastin ( 20 mg/ml - 1 ml) intramuscularly;
• promedol solution ( 1 ml - 2%) or chlorpromazine ( 1 ml - 2.5%) intramuscularly.

In case of refractoriness ( decrease in efficiency) of the ongoing treatment, repeated administration of atropine, chlorpromazine and novocaine is carried out. If you have skills behind the ear drug administration, you can enter a mixture of novocaine, atropine and caffeine ( 1 ml - 10%). Thus, the effectiveness of drugs increases, and their systemic side effects decrease.

In the interval between the appointment of the above funds, not earlier than one hour after the administration of the last drug, a drip injection of a sodium bicarbonate solution is recommended ( 50 ml - 5%). Repeated injections of this drug are performed only under the control of the acid-base balance of the blood.

Treatment during remission

• betahistine ( vertran, betaserc, tagista - 16 mg) by mouth daily for at least 3 to 4 months;
• rheopolyglucin ( 100 mg/ml - 100 ml) intravenous drip 1-2 times a week for 3-4 months;
• vinpocetine ( 5 mg a) by mouth daily for 2 to 3 months;
• papaverine ( 40 mg) inside in short courses of 10-14 days with a break of 1-2 months;
• piracetam ( 800 mg) courses of 10 - 14 days with breaks of several months, etc.

All of the above drugs are serious drugs. Due to high risks side effects be sure to consult with your doctor otorhinolaryngologist/ENT) on the need for their use, as well as on the individual dosage and combination regimen.

The practice of treating this pathology with alternative medicine methods, such as acupuncture, laser puncture, etc., is considered positive. A healthy and moderate lifestyle allows you to prolong the remission of the disease and make attacks less painful.

Surgical treatments

Surgical methods of treatment are developing in three directions:

• dissection of the nerves responsible for the regulation of pressure in the labyrinth;
• decompression operations;
• destructive operations.

Decompression operations
This type of surgical intervention is indicated in the second and third stages of the disease. Their effectiveness is high, and there are not many side effects compared to destructive operations. The essence of these operations is to form a hole or a small gap in one or more structures in which the endolymph circulates ( vestibular sacs, cochlear duct, endolymphatic sac). As a result, excess fluid will constantly bleed into the cavity of the skull or middle ear, from where naturally will dissolve.

Destructive operations
This type of surgical intervention is rarely used, only when other methods of medical and surgical intervention have not brought the desired result. Its essence lies in the unilateral or bilateral destruction of the labyrinth, after which the pathological impulses from it cease, and the attacks of dizziness disappear. Some time after the operation, the brain partially compensates for the vestibular function of the lost organ due to the joint work of the visual analyzer, the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex. Unfortunately, hearing during these operations is irretrievably lost, and therefore such operations are recommended only at the third stage of the disease, when hearing is already lost.

Prognosis for Meniere's disease

Is Meniere's disease treated with folk remedies?

The main purpose of traditional medicine is to relieve the inflammatory process and antispasmodic effect. Because Meniere's disease is not inflammatory diseases, then the means of traditional medicine in most cases are powerless. Moreover, their use increases the risk of excess fluid intake and impaired electrolyte balance, which can enhance hydrops ( dropsy) of the labyrinth and cause another attack of the disease.

However, one of effective methods, used to urgently reduce pressure in the cavity of the labyrinth, is the application of mustard plasters to the cervical-occipital region and the application of a warm heating pad to the legs. These manipulations lead to the expansion of the vessels of the head, neck and lower extremities, as well as to the redistribution of fluid from the head to the body. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the rate of endolymph formation and an acceleration in the rate of its evacuation. In addition, under the action of mustard plasters, a reflex expansion of the endolymphatic sac occurs, into which excess endolymph flows, reducing pressure in the cavity of the inner ear and stopping the attack of the disease.

It is difficult to say whether this method to traditional medicine. On the one hand, mustard plasters are less and less considered traditional medicine due to the controversial mechanism of action, unlike conventional medicines. On the other hand, the above method of stopping an attack of Meniere's disease is described in serious medical sources, which does not allow doubting its reliability.

What is the most effective medicine for Meniere's disease?

Despite the fact that the etiology of Meniere's disease is unknown, and therefore the cause that needs to be eradicated for a complete cure is unknown, betahistine showed the best and most stable effect compared to other groups of drugs used for the complex treatment of this disease. To develop the effect, betahistine should be taken continuously throughout life, if it does not cause significant side effects. The result of the treatment does not appear immediately, but after 3-4 months of taking the drug, when its sufficient concentration is created in the structures of the inner ear.

As a result of clinical studies, patients with Meniere's disease who took this drug according to all recommendations for many years developed attacks of the disease several times less often. The duration of the attack and its severity also decreased, and the tinnitus became quieter and even completely disappeared. The progression of hearing loss slowed down, but did not stop completely. Thus, betahistine is not able to cure Meniere's disease, but greatly facilitates its course and delays the patient's disability due to hearing loss.

Despite the fact that this drug is recommended for use throughout life, it should be temporarily discontinued during an exacerbation of peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. Treatment can be resumed only after endoscopic confirmation of ulcer healing. In addition, this drug is absolutely contraindicated in pheochromocytoma ( benign tumor of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and its analogs) due to an increase in the rate of secretion of biologically active substances. Tumor releases large amounts of adrenaline into the bloodstream leading to life-threatening surges in blood pressure and heart rate. Thus, you can take betahistine only after surgical removal this tumor. With the development of an allergic reaction to the components of the drug, it should be immediately canceled.

Are Meniere's Disease Disabled?

When assessing the severity of this pathology, the patient's condition is examined during an attack and in the interictal period ( remission period). Audiometry is performed to determine the severity of hearing impairment. To assess vestibular disorders, an objective neurological examination is performed with mandatory positional tests ( finger-nose test, Romberg test, etc.). An objective assessment of tinnitus is not possible, therefore, they take into account subjective feelings the patient about the frequency and loudness of the noise. Patients in the terminal stage of the disease usually receive a second or even a first degree of disability.

Do I need a diet for Meniere's disease?

With Meniere's disease, constant abstinence from spicy and salty foods is recommended. For one week of each month, the diet should be tightened. Salt must be completely excluded, water consumption should be limited to half a liter per day and one liter on hot days. With active physical work fluid intake may increase, but the patient should be constantly slightly thirsty. It is recommended to increase the proportion of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Dairy products should be present in at least one meal a day. Meat and fish are allowed only boiled 2-3 times a week. Complying with the data simple recommendations on nutrition, in most cases it is possible to increase the remission period for Meniere's disease.

Are there exercises for Meniere's disease?

Organic damage to the structures of the vestibular apparatus is also practically not restored, however, unlike the auditory analyzer vestibular analyzer can partially compensate for lost functions due to the joint work of the visual analyzer, proprioceptive receptors ( receptors that measure tension in muscles, tendons, and ligaments), cerebellum and reticular formation of the brain.

Exercises for Meniere's disease are aimed at accelerating the body's adaptation to the loss of vestibular apparatus receptors after another bout of dizziness. Such exercises include squatting with support, lifting the head and then the trunk from a supine position, rotation around the axis with support, gymnastics for the eyes, etc. Any exercise that causes the patient moderate dizziness, but not nausea, will do. and vomiting.

You need to start such exercises 2-3 days after the attack. It is advisable to give them a total of at least two hours a day. Of course, you need to do not two hours in a row, but approaches for 20-30 minutes. Daily exercises can reduce the time to restore the previous balance 2 - 3 times faster than it happens when the patient does not exercise.

Mild leukoplakia was first described by B.M. Pashkov and E.F. Belyaeva (1964), differs from regular forms leukoplakia - the presence of slightly elevated foci on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, lips and tongue white color covered with soft scales, easily removed with a spatula.

Acidum arsenicosum is used in dentistry to treat inflamed pulp. This is a sympathetic poison that acts on the smallest blood vessels, they burst, as a result, the nutrition of the pulp tissue is disturbed and it becomes necrotic. Arsenic periodontitis is a consequence of incorrect treatment of acute pulpitis.

Most of the diseases discussed here result in bilateral proximal weakness and atrophy of a symmetrical pattern (with the exception of proximal diabetic polyneuropathy, neuralgic amyotrophy, and, in part, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) in the arms and legs.

Prothrombin, or factor II, under the influence of factors X and Xa, becomes active, which activates the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen. This mutation is thought to account for 10–15% of hereditary thrombophilias, but occurs in approximately 1–9% of mutations without thrombophilia.

The mucocele of the paranasal sinuses is a kind of retention saccular cyst of any one paranasal sinus, which is formed as a result of obliteration of the nasal excretory duct and the accumulation of mucous and hyaline secretion inside the sinus, as well as elements of desquamation of the epithelium

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are hereditary metabolic diseases from the group of lysosomal storage diseases. The development of hereditary mucopolysaccharidoses is due to a dysfunction of lysosomal enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - important structural components of the intracellular matrix.

Mucopolysaccharidosis IV is an autosomal recessive progressive genetically heterogeneous disease resulting from mutations in the genes encoding galactose-6-sulfatase (N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase), which is involved in the metabolism of keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate or in the beta-galactosidase gene (this form is an allelic variant of Gml-gangliosidosis), leading to the manifestation of mucopolysaccharidosis IVA and mucopolysaccharidosis IVB, respectively.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type III is a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Four nosological forms are distinguished, differing in the severity of clinical manifestations and the primary biochemical defect.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II is an X-linked recessive disease resulting from a decrease in the activity of lysosomal iduronate-2-sulfatase, which is involved in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans. Mucopolysaccharidosis II is characterized by progressive neuropsychiatric disorders, hepatosplenomegaly, cardiopulmonary disorders, and bone deformities. To date, 2 cases have been described in girls associated with inactivation of the second, normal, X chromosome.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from a decrease in the activity of lysosomal a-L-iduronidase, which is involved in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans. The disease is characterized by progressive disorders of the internal organs, skeletal system, neuropsychiatric and cardiopulmonary disorders.

Cystic fibrosis is hereditary disease that affects the exocrine glands, mainly the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system. As a result, COPD, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and abnormal high content electrolytes in sweat. Diagnosis is based on a sweat test or identification of 2 mutations that cause cystic fibrosis in patients with characteristic symptoms.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic autosomal recessive monogenic disease characterized by a violation of the secretion of exocrine glands of vital important organs with damage primarily to the respiratory and digestive systems, severe course and poor prognosis.

A-Z A B C D E F G I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y Z All sections Hereditary diseases Urgent conditions Eye diseases Children's diseases Men's diseases Venereal diseases Women's diseases Skin diseases Infectious diseases Nervous diseases Rheumatic diseases Urological diseases Endocrine diseases Immune diseases Allergic diseases Oncological diseases Diseases of the veins and lymph nodes Hair diseases Diseases of the teeth Blood diseases Diseases of the mammary glands Diseases of the ODS and injuries Diseases of the respiratory organs Diseases of the digestive organs Diseases of the heart and blood vessels Diseases of the large intestine Diseases of the ear, throat, nose Narcological problems Mental disorders Speech disorders Cosmetic problems Aesthetic concerns

Grace and beauty cannot be separated from health.
Cicero Mark Tullius

The medical directory of diseases that you see in front of you is an electronic encyclopedia containing the most complete up-to-date information on various human diseases.

The medical directory of diseases includes a detailed description of more than 4000 nosological units. It reflects both the most "popular", common diseases, and those systematized information about which is not presented in almost any online publication.

The structure of the medical reference book is built in such a way that you can find the disease of interest in the alphabetical rubricator, the corresponding section, or through the search box. The description of each disease contains short definition, classification, information about the causes and mechanisms of development, symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment, prevention and prognosis. Such a clear unification of the articles, according to the authors of the online publication, will allow the reader of the medical reference book of diseases to obtain the most comprehensive information, on the one hand, and not “get lost in the wilds of medical labyrinths,” on the other.

To date, the content of the medical directory of diseases consists of 30 independent sections, two of which (“Aesthetic problems” and “Cosmetic problems”) are related to the field of Beauty, and the rest represent Medicine itself. This close symbiosis of aesthetics and health gave the name to the whole site - "Beauty and Medicine".

On the pages of the medical directory of diseases, you can get comprehensive information about women's, nervous, children's, skin, venereal, infectious, urological, systemic, endocrine, cardiovascular, ocular, dental, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, ENT diseases. Each section of the medical directory of diseases corresponds to a specific clinical direction (for example, Women's diseases - Gynecology, Children's diseases - Pediatrics, Dental diseases - Dentistry, Aesthetic problems - Plastic surgery, Cosmetic Problems - Cosmetology, etc.), which allows the user to move from the description of the disease to information about diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

Articles posted in the medical directory of diseases are written by practitioners medical specialists and are carefully pre-screened before publication. All reviews are written in an accessible popular science language that does not distort reliable information, but also does not allow one to stoop to the level of populism. The medical directory of diseases is supplemented and updated daily, so you can be sure that you receive the most reliable and up-to-date information from the world of medicine.

The universality of the medical directory of diseases lies in the fact that it will be useful to a wide range of Internet users who are faced with a particular health problem. The Medical Directory of Diseases is a doctor who is always at your fingertips! At the same time, we draw your attention to the fact that the information provided here is for informational purposes only, does not replace the face-to-face consultation of a specialist doctor and cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-treatment.

"Praemonitus praemunitus" - "Forewarned is forearmed," said the ancients. Today, this winged Latin saying is as relevant as possible: everyone needs to take care of themselves and their health. Health is the only permanent fashion and the greatest luxury, which is incommensurable with any earthly goods. To be healthy means to be successful, to know the happiness of motherhood and fatherhood, to live a long and active life.

Health and beauty are inseparable; Moreover, beauty is a reflection healthy condition organism. Indeed, in order to have perfect skin, a slim figure, luxurious hair, first of all, you need to take care of your physical and mental health.

We hope that the medical directory of diseases will become for you a reliable and understandable guide to the vast world of medicine.

Health to you and your loved ones!
Sincerely, the team of K rasotaimedicina.ru