Phonetic principle of Russian spelling, examples of words. Principles of Russian spelling

Introduction

Spelling (from the Greek ορθο – ‘correct’ and γραφος – ‘I write’) is a historically developed system of rules establishing the spelling of words. In school practice, we often use the term spelling (from the Greek Orthos - 'correct' and gramma - 'letter'), it refers to spellings determined by spelling rules.

The theory of Russian spelling began to take shape back in the 18th century. V.K. made a great contribution to its formation. Trediakovsky, M.V. Lomonosov, Y.K. Groth, F.F. Fortunatov.

Modern Russian spelling is based on the Code of Rules published in 1956. The rules of the Russian language are reflected in Russian grammars and spelling dictionaries. Special school spelling dictionaries are published for schoolchildren.

Language changes as society changes. Many new words and expressions, both our own and borrowed, appear. The rules for writing new words are established by the Spelling Commission and recorded in spelling dictionaries. The most complete modern spelling dictionary was compiled under the editorship of the spelling scientist V.V. Lopatin (M., 2000).

Russian orthography is a system of rules for writing words. It consists of five main sections:

1) transmission of the phonemic composition of words in letters;

2) continuous, separate and hyphenated (semi-continuous) spellings of words and their parts;

3) the use of upper and lowercase letters;

4) transferring part of a word from one line to another;

5) graphic abbreviations words

Spelling sections are large groups spelling rules, Related different types difficulties in conveying words in writing. Each section of spelling is characterized by certain principles, underlying the spelling system.

Principles of Russian spelling– basic theoretical principles on which the rules are based. Each principle of spelling unites a group of rules that are the application of this principle to specific linguistic phenomena.

L. V. Shcherba (1880-1944; Russian Soviet linguist, academician, who made a great contribution to the development of psycholinguistics, lexicography and phonology; one of the creators of phoneme theory) wrote: “There are four principles: 1) phonetic, 2) etymological, or word production, otherwise morphological, 3) historical and 4) ideographic. Well, phonetic - that's clear. This means that as it is written, so it is pronounced. In Russian and many other languages, there are many words that are written the way they are pronounced, without any tricks. This is best seen in Italian. The alphabetic associations there are complex, but the orthographic principle is basically phonetic.” An example would be the spelling of prefixes in h-With(be h gifted - be With deceased) or a radical change in the initial And on s after prefixes ending in a consonant ( And play - once s play).

The principle behind L.V. Shcherby is in second place, in modern spelling it is called phonemic. It represents the spelling of words according to a rule. In other words, we must determine which phoneme stands in place of the sound we are interested in. And from the phoneme we go to the letter. To define a phoneme, we must place it in a strong position (for vowels this is the position under stress, for consonants - before the vowel, before sonorants ( l, m, n, R, j) and before V). Based on this principle following rules: spelling of unstressed vowels in the root (in O dyanoy - in O yes, r e ka – p e ki, n e demonic - n e bo), spelling of voiced and voiceless consonants in the root (lu G– lu G a, co T– to T ik, co d– to d ovy), spelling of most prefixes and suffixes.

Next principle Russian spelling – traditional, or historical. This principle applies when the choice of letter cannot be verified by a strong position, since there is no such position in modern language, the word is written according to tradition, and its spelling is determined by the dictionary. Rules such as the spelling of unchecked and alternating vowels and consonants in the root (near O live - near A to go; mo G y – mo and et), spelling of vowels after sibilants and ts (sh e sweat, sh O rokh, ts s gan, prince And p), use ь after sizzling (burn b, things b, gallop b, you hang b), combined and separate spelling of adverbs (wad, rashly, mean, mean, etc.), adverbial combinations and some prepositions (during, as a result), spelling of the endings of masculine adjectives genitive case singular -Wow(handsome - beautiful Wow; smart - smart Wow) and etc.

The fourth principle of spelling is semantic, or differentiating. It is implemented in situations where it is necessary to distinguish between equally sounding words by means of spelling: ba ll(score) and ba l(dance evening), ok e g (verb) and ож O g (noun), crying b(verb) and crying (noun), carcasses (masculine noun) and carcasses b(noun female), O reel (bird), and ABOUT rel (city).

In addition to those mentioned, in Russian orthography there are principles governing continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling, the use of capital letters, rules for word hyphenation, etc.

The basic principles on which the rules of merged, separate or hyphenated spelling words are defined as lexical-syntactic and word-formation-grammatical.

Lexico-syntactic the principle of Russian orthography is associated with the distinction between words and phrases: parts of the word are written together, and individual words in a phrase - separately. Based on this principle, spellings such as chamber are distinguished lightly wounded – slightly wounded in the hand; evergreen bush – evergreen on alpine meadows grass; look into the distance- to peer V sea distance; act at random- hope for good luck; nowhere ever I wasn’t - I didn’t know no where he was, never he is back; not dry cloth - not dry per night clothes, etc.

Spelling difficulties here are associated with the fact that writers have to decide whether a given piece of speech is a separate word or a phrase, which is often difficult to do due to the unclear boundaries between these linguistic units.

Word formation and grammar the principle establishes the continuous or hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives and nouns according to a formal feature - the presence or absence of a suffix in the first part of the complex adjective and a connecting vowel - O- (-e-) V compound noun. The adjectives fruit and berry are spelled differently O-berry, potato, vegetable and potato But-vegetable, gas-oil and gas in-petroleum, water soluble and water But-soluble. If the first part of a complex adjective has a suffix, the word is written with a hyphen; if there is no suffix, it is written together. Nouns with a connecting vowel - O- (-e-) are written together, and nouns without a connecting vowel are written separately (cf. glands O concrete, wood O park, land e businessman, birds e catch and sofa - bed, sister - hostess, cafe - dining room, etc.).

Some spellings explained traditional the principle by which parts of a modern single word are written separately, going back to a combination of words: under the arm,carelessly,without waking up,incessantly,skin-tight,in girth,for slaughter etc.

CHAPTER 7. NORMS OF RUSSIAN SPELLING

The concept of spelling, types and types of spelling

The concept of spelling is familiar to everyone from school. Well-known terms immediately come to mind: “spelling”, “spelling errors”, “spelling parsing”, etc. All of them are related to the laws of correct writing and spelling.

In modern Russian, all the rules of “correct writing” are contained in two main sections: spelling and punctuation.

Spelling(from Greek orthos – “correct” and grapho – “I write”) is a system of rules for the alphabetic writing of words, and punctuation– rules for placing punctuation marks. Spelling is divided into five sections.

1. Rules for designating sounds with letters.

2. Rules for the use of continuous, hyphenated and separate spellings.

3. Rules for the use of uppercase (capital) and lowercase (small) letters.

4. Word hyphenation rules.

5. Rules for the use of abbreviated words.

We can say that the spelling is a “mistaken” place in a word.

The word “orthogram” comes from the Greek [orthos] - “correct” and [grama] - “letter”. But not only the letter is included in the concept of spelling. What to do with word hyphenation (wrong hyphenation is also a mistake), with combined and separate spelling, capital letters, hyphens? Consequently, the spelling is a “mistake-dangerous” place not only in a word, where you can make a mistake in choosing a letter, but also in spelling in general.

Spelling patterns differ by type (letter spellings, continuous-hyphen-separate spellings, spellings with capital and lowercase letter), by type (orthograms of roots, prefixes, suffixes, endings; hyphenated spellings, etc.), within types they can also be subdivided (for example, spellings of roots are verifiable - unverifiable, with alternating vowels, etc.).

Determining the nature of spelling patterns is the most important skill that helps to perceive the material being studied in the system and relate it to the desired rule. In teaching practice, students often confuse spellings (for example, in the word “overnight” the letter “o” is often written after the sibilant on the grounds that the corresponding vowel is stressed). In this case, no word-formation analysis is performed, and the spelling error is caused by a confusion of rules: spelling o–e after sibilants in the roots, suffixes and endings of nouns and adjectives.

To write correctly, you should be able to see “erroneous” places in writing and be able to apply the rule. Therefore, most often a spelling is understood as a spelling determined on the basis of rules or a dictionary. There are writing rules in every language - they ensure the accurate transmission of speech and the correct understanding of what is written by everyone who speaks a given language.

Principles of Russian spelling

Formation of rules in the process of development and formation language goes constantly. Systematization of rules, their grouping do not occur on their own, but in accordance with those ideas and principles of spelling and punctuation that are leading in a given historical period time. And although there are many rules and they are different, they are subject to only a few basic principles. The spelling systems of languages differ depending on what principles underlie the use of letters.

Phonetic principle

Phonetic principle Russian spelling is based on the rule “As we hear, so we write.” Historically, the letter-sound system of Russian writing was focused specifically on pronunciation: in birch bark charters, ancient Russian chronicles You can, for example, find writings such as: bezhny (without him). Today, the phonetic principle as a leading one has been preserved and is used, in particular, in Serbian and Belarusian orthography.

Applying the phonetic principle is not as simple as it seems at first glance. Firstly, it is difficult to follow pronunciation when writing. Secondly, everyone’s pronunciation is different, everyone speaks and hears in their own way, so learning to “decipher” texts written strictly within the phonetic principle is not easy. For example, we pronounce [sivodnya, maya], but write it differently.

However, some of modern rules developed under the influence of phonetic patterns: for example, writing “ы” instead of “and” in roots after Russian-language prefixes ending in a hard consonant (except for prefixes inter- And super-): artless, previous and etc.; writing "s" rather than "z" at the end of some prefixes before the following voiceless consonant: armless, story. The rules for writing “s” and “z” at the end of prefixes are connected with the history of the Russian language. These prefixes, unlike all the others, have never been prepositions, that is, independent words, and therefore between the final sound of such a prefix and initial sound there was no "gap" for the next part of the word. However, it should be remembered that talking about the use of prefixes in writing h – s According to the principle “I write as I hear” it is possible only with a reservation. This principle is observed in relation to the bulk of words with these prefixes - whether you know the rule or not, write, guided by the pronunciation (reckless, say goodbye, quirky), but there are two groups of words in the spelling of which you can make a mistake if you use this principle. These are words in which the prefix is followed by a hissing (expand, disappear) or a sound similar to the final sound of the console (tell, carefree). How to be? Words that begin with prefixes z – s-, and then they are followed by the letters “z”, “s” or hissing, you should first pronounce without a prefix, and then decide on the use of one or another letter: be?sonica, be?honest, be?ruthless, make you laugh.

Traditional principle of Russian spelling

Spelling is based on the traditional, or historical, principle, when a word is written the way it was once pronounced. This principle underlies English spelling. There are such words in Russian, for example sew. In the Old Russian language, the sounds [zh], [sh], [ts] were soft, so the writing after them reflected the pronunciation. TO XVI century[zh], [sh], [ts] hardened, and after them the sound [s] began to be pronounced, but according to tradition we write after them -i (lived, sewed, circus). Traditional spellings most often include unverifiable spellings (they should be checked in dictionaries).

The rules for combined and separate, as well as hyphenated writing are based on the concept of a word, and the principle is this: individual words in the Russian language should be written separately. The rules for transferring words from one line to another are based on the principle of syllabification (dividing words into syllables).

In cases with word hyphenation, one should take into account the morphemic composition of the word (dividing a word into syllables, taking into account the composition of the word) and the prohibition of hyphenation of one letter (for example, although in the word “family” the final orthographic “I” represents the ending and syllable, one cannot hyphenate one letter to another line).

In cases of merged and separate writing or writing with a hyphen, also not everything is as simple as it seems at first glance: for example, when writing complex adjectives or a number of adverbs, it can be difficult to determine the boundaries of words in speech stream, and the question of how such words should be written (continuously, separately or with a hyphen) is decided on the basis of knowledge of the meaning of the word as a lexical and grammatical unit, on the basis of contrasting the morphemes of words. For example, it is necessary to decide whether a certain segment of speech is a word, or a morpheme, or two words, that is, first of all, determine the boundary of the words, and then apply the rule: in our opinion and in our opinion.

Russian spelling is a system of rules for writing words.

It consists of five main sections:

1) transmission of the phonemic composition of words in letters;
2) continuous, separate and hyphenated (semi-continuous) spellings of words and their parts;
3) the use of upper and lowercase letters;
4) transferring part of a word from one line to another;
5) graphic abbreviations of words.

Spelling sections - these are large groups of spelling rules associated with different types of difficulties in conveying words in writing. Each section of spelling is characterized by certain principles underlying the spelling system.

Principles of Russian spelling

Modern Russian orthography is based on several principles. The main one is MORPHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE, the essence of which is as follows:
morpheme (significant part of the word: root, prefix, suffix, ending) maintains a single lettering , although during pronunciation the sounds included in this morpheme may change.

Yes, root bread in all related words it is written the same, but pronounced differently depending on the place in the word occupied by the vowel or consonant sounds, cf.: [hl"ieba], [hl"bavos]; console under- in the words file and knock down the same, despite different pronunciations, cf.: [ptp"il"it"] [padb"it"]; the adjectives mocking and boastful have the same suffix -liv- ; unstressed endings and stressed endings are designated the same: in the table - in the book, big - great, blue - mine and so on.

Guided by this very principle, we check the truth of a particular morpheme by selecting related words or changing the form of the word so that the morpheme is in strong position(under stress, before p, l, m, n, j, etc.), i.e. would be clearly marked.

The role of the morphological principle in spelling is great, if we keep in mind that in the Russian language there is a widely developed system of intramorphemic alternations due to various reasons.
Along with the morphological one, it also acts PHONETIC PRINCIPLE, according to which words or parts thereof are written as they are pronounced .

For example, prefixes on h change depending on the quality of the consonant following the prefix: before the voiced consonant, the letter is heard and written in the prefixes h (without-, through-, from-, bottom-, times-, rose-, through-, through-), and before the voiceless consonant in the same prefixes the letter is heard and written With , cf.: object - exclaim, beat - drink, overthrow - send down and so on.

The operation of the phonetic principle also explains the writing of vowels O - e after sibilants in suffixes and endings different parts speech, where the choice of the corresponding vowel depends on stress, cf.: a scrap - a knife, a brocade - nomadic, a candle - a cloud and so on.

Root vowel And after Russian prefixes the consonant becomes s and is designated by this letter also in accordance with the phonetic principle, i.e. written as it is heard and pronounced: background, pre-July, prank, play out and so on.

Also valid in our spelling HISTORICAL, or TRADITIONAL PRINCIPLE, according to which words are written the way they were written before, in the old days .

So, spelling vowels And , A , at after hissing ones - this is an echo of the most ancient state of the phonetic system of the Russian language. Dictionary words, as well as borrowed ones, are written using the same principle. Such spellings can only be explained using the historical laws of language development as a whole.

Exists in modern spelling and PRINCIPLE OF DIFFERENTIATED WRITING (semantic principle), Whereby words are written depending on their lexical meaning , cf.: burnt(verb) and burn(noun), company(group of people) and campaign(any event) ball(dance evening) and point(unit of assessment).

In addition to those mentioned in the spelling, it is necessary to note PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUOUS, HYPHEN AND SEPARATE WRITING: We write complex words together or with a hyphen, and combinations of words - separately.

To summarize, we can say that the variety of rules of Russian orthography is explained, on the one hand, by the peculiarities of the phonetic and grammatical structure of the Russian language, the specifics of its development, and on the other hand, by interaction with other languages, both Slavic and non-Slavic. The result of the latter is a large number of words of non-Russian origin, the spelling of which has to be memorized.

The principles of Russian spelling are considered very complex, but compared with other European languages, where there are a lot of traditional, conventional spellings, the spelling of the Russian language as a whole is quite logical, you just need to understand what it is based on.

This article talks about the morphological principle of Russian orthography, examples of which are the majority of words in our language.

What is morphology

Understanding what the morphological principle of Russian spelling is, examples of which are given already in the first grade primary school, is impossible without the concept of morphology as such. What is morphology? In what areas of knowledge is it customary to talk about it?

The application of the concept of morphology is much wider than the linguistic field, that is, the field of language study. The easiest way to explain what it is is by using the example of biology, where this term actually comes from. Morphology studies the structure of the organism, its components and the role of each part in the life of the organism as a whole. For example, the internal morphology of a person is anatomy.

Thus, morphology in the linguistic sense of the word studies the anatomy of a word, its structure, that is, what parts it consists of, why these parts can be distinguished and why they exist. The “components” of a person are the heart, liver, lungs; flower - petals, pistil, stamens; and the words are prefix, root, suffix and ending. These are the “organs” of the word that are in complex interaction with each other and perform their functions. The topic “Morphemics and word formation” at school is aimed specifically at studying these components words, the laws of their connection.

Preliminarily answering the question about the main principle of our spelling, we can say that we write down the constituent parts of a word (morphemes) as elements of writing; this is the morphological principle of Russian spelling. Examples (the simplest ones to begin with): in the word “balls” we write I, as we write it down, we transfer the root “ball” without changes, just as we hear it in the word “ball”.

Are there other principles of spelling?

To understand the essence of the morphological principle of Russian orthography, it needs to be considered against the background of other principles.

Let us clarify what spelling or spelling is. These are the rules that govern writing. specific language. The main principle that underlies these rules is not always morphological. Besides this, first of all we need to talk about phonetic and traditional principles.

Recording sounds

For example, you can write down a word as it is heard, that is, write down sounds. We would write the word “oak” like this: “dup”. This principle of writing words (when nothing is important except the sound of the word and the transmission of this sound) is called phonetic. It is followed by children who have just learned to write: they write down what they hear and say. In this case, the uniformity of any prefix, root, suffix or ending may be violated.

Phonetic principle in Russian

There are not many examples of phonetic spelling. It affects, first of all, the rules for writing the prefix (without- (bes-)). In cases where we hear the sound C at its end (before voiceless consonants), we write down exactly this sound (carefree, uncompromising, unscrupulous), and in those cases when we hear Z (before voiced consonants and sonorants), we write it down (uncomplaining, carefree, slacker).

Traditional principle

Another important principle is traditional, also called historical. It lies in the fact that a certain spelling of a word can only be explained by tradition or habit. Once upon a time, a word was pronounced, and therefore written, in a certain way. Time has passed, the language has changed, its sound has changed, but according to tradition the word still continues to be written this way. In Russian, this, for example, concerns the spelling of the well-known “zhi” and “shi”. Once upon a time in the Russian language these combinations were pronounced “softly”, then this pronunciation disappeared, but the writing tradition was preserved. Another example of traditional spelling is the loss of connection between a word and its “test” words. This will be discussed below.

Disadvantages of the traditional way of writing words

In the Russian language, there are quite a lot of such “evidence” of the past, but if you compare, for example, with the English language, it will not seem to be the main one. IN English language Most of the writings are explained precisely by tradition, since no reforms were carried out in it for an extremely long time. That is why English-speaking schoolchildren are forced not so much to understand the rules of spelling words as to memorize the spellings themselves. Only tradition, for example, can explain why in the word “high” only the first two letters are “voiced”, and the next two are written simply “out of habit”, denoting zero sounds in the word.

Widespread use of the traditional principle in the Russian language

As mentioned above, the spelling of the Russian language follows not only the morphological principle, but also the phonetic and traditional one, from which it is quite difficult to escape completely. Most often we come across the traditional or historical principle of Russian spelling when we write down so-called dictionary words. These are words whose spelling can only be explained historically. For example, why do we write “ink” with an E? Or "underwear" with E? The fact is that historically these words are associated with the names of colors - black and white, since at first ink was only black, and linen was only white. Then the connection between these words and those from which they were derived was lost, but we continue to write them that way. There are also words whose origin cannot be explained using modern words, but their spelling is strictly regulated. For example: cow, dog. The same goes for foreign words: Their spelling is governed by the words of another language. These and similar words just need to be learned.

Another example is the spelling qi/tsy. Only convention can explain why I is written in the roots of words after T (with the exception of some surnames, for example, Antsyferov, and the words tsyts, chicks, chicken, gypsy), and in the endings - Y. After all, the syllables in both cases are pronounced exactly the same and are subject to no verification.

There is no obvious logic when writing words with traditional spelling, and, you see, they are much harder to learn than “tested” words. After all, it is always easier to remember something that has an obvious explanation.

Why the morphological principle?

The role of the morphological principle in spelling is difficult to overestimate, because it regulates the laws of writing, makes it predictable, eliminates the need to memorize an endless number of words in traditional writing and “unraveling” spellings in phonetic writing. After all, in the end, the correct spelling of words is not a simple whim of linguists. This is what ensures easy understanding of the text, the ability to read any word “on sight”. Children's writing “vykhodnyi myzbabushkay hadili nayolku” makes reading the text difficult and slow. If we imagine that words will be written differently each time, the reader, his speed of reading the text and the quality of his perception will suffer from this, first of all, since all efforts will be aimed at “deciphering” the words.

Perhaps, for a language that is at least rich in word forms (that is, less rich in morphemes) and has fewer word-forming capabilities (the formation of words in the Russian language occurs very easily and freely, according to a variety of models and using the most different ways), this principle would be suitable, but not for a Russian. If we add to this the rich cultural discourse, that is, the complexity and subtlety of thoughts that our language is designed to express, then a primitive phonetic notation is completely unacceptable.

The essence of the morphological principle of the Russian language. Examples

So, having examined the background of the existence of the morphological principle and found out what morphology is, let’s return to its essence. It's very simple. When we write down a word, we choose not sounds or words as recording elements, but parts of words, its constituent elements (prefixes, roots, suffixes, postfixes and inflections). That is, when writing a word, we build it, as if from cubes, not from but from more complex, meaningful formations - morphemes. And “transfer”, each part of the word must be written down unchanged. In the word “gymnastic” after N we write A, as in the word “gymnast”, since we are writing down an entire morpheme - the root “gymnast”. In the word “clouds” we write the first letter O, as in the form “cloud”, since we “transfer” the whole morpheme - the root “clouds”. It cannot be destroyed or modified, because the morphological principle says: write down the whole morpheme, regardless of how it is heard and pronounced. In the word “cloud”, in turn, we write the final O at the ending, as in the word “window” (this is the ending of a neuter noun in nominative case singular).

The problem of following the morphological principle in Russian writing

In Russian, the problem with writing according to morphological principles is that we constantly fall into the traps of our pronunciation. Everything would be simple if all morphemes always sounded the same. However, in speech everything happens completely differently, which is why children, following the phonetic principle, make so many mistakes.

The fact is that sounds in Russian speech are pronounced differently, depending on their position in the word.

Search for standard morphemes

For example, at the end of words we never pronounce a voiced consonant - it is always stunned. This is the articulatory law of the Russian language. It’s hard to imagine, but this doesn’t happen in all languages. The English, on the contrary, are always surprised when Russians try to apply this law and pronounce a voiceless consonant at the end, say, English word"dog". In a “stunned” form - “doc” - the word is completely unrecognizable to them.

To find out which letter should be written at the end of the word "steamer", we must pronounce the morpheme "move" in such a way as not to put it in the weak position of the absolute end of the word: "go". From this example of the use of a morpheme it is clear that its standard ends in D.

Another example is vowel sounds. Without stress, we pronounce them “fuzzy”; they sound clearly only under stress. When choosing a letter, we also follow the morphological principle of Russian orthography. Examples: to write the word “walk”, we must “check” the unstressed vowel - “pass”. This word has a clear, standard vowel sound, which means that we write it in a “weak” position - without stress. All of these are spellings that obey the morphological principle of Russian orthography.

We also restore other standards of morphemes, not only root ones, but also others (for example, we always write the prefix “NA” one way and no other way). And it is the standard morpheme, according to the morphological principle of Russian orthography, that we write down as an element when we write a word.

Thus, the morphological principle of Russian orthography presupposes knowledge about the structure of the word, its formation, part-speak, and grammatical features (otherwise it will be impossible to restore the standards of suffixes and endings). To write fluently and competently in Russian, you must have a rich lexicon- then the search for “standards” of morphemes will take place quickly and automatically. People who read a lot write competently, since a free orientation in the language allows them to easily recognize the connections between words and their forms. It is during reading that the understanding of the morphological principle of Russian orthography develops.

CONCLUSION THREE: in order to consciously apply the morphological principle of spelling, it is necessary to have an idea of grammatical meaning both the word as a whole and its individual parts in particular.

Morphological principle Russian spelling is so logical and generally consistent that there are practically no exceptions. (It is estimated that 96% of spellings in Russian texts comply with this principle.) One can easily imagine what a storm of indignation this categorical statement will cause among diligent readers of grammar reference books, where almost every rule is accompanied by a long list of notes and exceptions, shyly cowering in small lines of petite. However, most of these seemingly anomalous spellings are by no means exceptions. They were born as a result of certain restrictions and violations of the morphological principle, which, in turn, also have their own historical pattern and are subject to the logic of the centuries-old development of the very system of our language.
Let's compare two well-known verbs - to get angry and to quarrel. It is easy to notice that both of them are written through double C, although such a spelling corresponds to the morphological composition of the word only in the first case (prefix ras + to quarrel), and in the second (prefix ras + quarrel) - the word, according to the morphological principle, should I would write with a triple C: ra sss orate. However, the absence of such a form is well explained. The fact is that in the Russian language “there are only two degrees of consonant length: consonants can be either long (which is conveyed in writing by writing two letters, cf. Kassa), or short (which is conveyed by writing one letter, cf. Kosa). The third there is no degree of length of consonants, so writing three identical consonants is phonetically meaningless" [Ivanova V.F. Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling. M., 1976. S. 168-169]. Thus, it turns out that writing only two consonants at the junction of morphemes, although morphologically there should be three such consonants (bath - but bathroom, although the adjective suffix -n- is attached to the root of baths), or one consonant, when according to the morphological principle there should be be written two (crystal - but crystal, Finn - but Finnish, finka, column - but column, manna - but semolina, uniform - but formenka, operetta - but operetta, ton - but five-tonka, antenna - but antenna man), is explained by the action historically established phonetic patterns of the Russian language.
Now it becomes clear the spelling of adjectives such as Nice, Cherepovets, German, which, at first glance, conflicts with the spelling of Konstanz, which was mentioned above. In fact: by adding the suffix -sk- to the base, according to the morphological principle, we would expect to see the form Nice. However, such a form would reflect the third degree of longitude of consonants, which is absent in the Russian language. Our spelling was free to choose from two options (Niztsky or Nitssky), equally violating the morphological principle for the sake of phonetic regularity. The reasonableness of preferring the first one possible options is obvious: it at least preserves the spelling of the generating stem of a word, especially a foreign word, intact.
We must not forget that spelling norms developed gradually, preserving the heritage of the past, and therefore they cannot but reflect the linguistic state of previous eras. It is safe to say that the remaining 4% of “anomalous” spellings that do not fall within the scope of the morphological principle of spelling did not arise spontaneously, but under the influence of certain phonetic traditions that have developed over the long centuries of the existence of our language. On the pages of various manuals, textbooks and grammars, the same spelling patterns are often interpreted differently (for example, spellings in root morphemes with alternating vowels like -zor- -zar- are considered by some authors to be subject to the phonetic principle of spelling, while others consider them to be a consequence of the traditional principle ). However, since you and I are in this moment We are concerned not so much with scholastic as with practical problems, let’s forget about terminological accuracy and ask a more specific question: “What, exactly, are these phonetic traditions and what trace did they leave in Russian orthography?”