Learn Greek online. Tutorials, reference books, dictionaries, materials for learning the Greek language: download for free

Greek language tutorial

D. Feller, M. Vorobyova
Publisher: Mandeson - 2001
Self-instruction manual provides an opportunity to get to know modern Greek.
The tutorial is based on the method followed by the publisher Mandeson.
This method consists of 25 lessons that contain a large lexicon, transcription and grammar of the Greek language. For deeper improvement, this method uses exercises and dialogues. With our new method, the reader will be able to experience the beauty and richness of the Greek language. This method will be very useful for all Russian-speaking readers who strive for good command of the Greek language.
Format: PDF
Size: 69.8 MB

DOWNLOAD | DOWNLOAD
DEPOSITFILES
Greek language tutorial

Modern Greek language

Modern Greek language. Practical course
Rytova M.L. St. Petersburg, publishing house "Glossa", 1994
The Greek language textbook consists of introductory phonetic and basic courses.

Format: DjVu
Size: 3.53 MB

DOWNLOAD | DOWNLOAD
DEPOSITFILES
modern Greek language

A Brief Grammar of Greek

A.N. Popov
Textbook for students of secondary and higher educational institutions.
Greco-Latin cabinet of Yu.A. Shichalin - Moscow - 2001
The proposed book is a detailed and at the same time compact presentation of Greek mythology and syntax.
The appendix examines the features of the Homeric dialect.
The first edition of the textbook was published in Moscow in 1942. This publication was prepared based on the author's manuscript.

Format: DjVu (zip)
Size: 1.36 MB

Ancient Greek language

Textbook for higher educational institutions.
Author: Sobolevsky S.I.
St. Petersburg, 2000.
Reissue of the famous textbook, first published in 1948

Format: PDF
Size: 33.24 MB

DOWNLOAD | DOWNLOAD
DEPOSITFILES
Ancient Greek language - Sobolevsky

Ancient Greek Textbook

Slavyatinskaya M.N.
series “Philology”, Moscow, “Philomatis”, 2003

The introductory section contains a brief outline of the history of the Greek language, a description of writing and phonetics. Also available Basic grammar course And Supplementum(additions devoted to the analysis of the language of ancient Greek literature, reference-commentary, dictionary and bibliography)

Format: DjVu
Size: 5.68 MB

DOWNLOAD | DOWNLOAD
DEPOSITFILES
Slavyatinskaya - ancient Greek

Greek language. Cheat sheet for the traveler

Hartlieb Ellen
AST, 2009
In the "Cheat Sheet for the Traveler" you will find phrases and expressions that will really come in handy in any given situation while traveling.

Format: PDF
Size: 44.61 MB

DOWNLOAD | DOWNLOAD
DEPOSITFILES
Greek language. A Traveler's Cheat Sheet [Hartlieb Ellen]

Damotsidou M. O.

The textbook is intended for Russian-speaking students who are starting to study Greek for the first time. The textbook consists of 40 lessons, a lesson dictionary, lesson grammar comments and grammar tables. The subject of the textbook texts is everyday life. After the text in each lesson, unfamiliar words and expressions for the text are given, and grammatical explanations are followed by exercises. At the end of the textbook there are all the keys to the exercises and translations of all texts into Russian. Thus, this textbook can also be considered as a self-teacher for the Greek language.

Format: PDF
Size: 100.74 MB

DOWNLOAD | DOWNLOAD
Self-instruction manual of the Greek language for Russians [Damotsidou]
turbobit.net | hitfile.net

Hellenics: Reader of prose commented texts of ancient Greek authors

A manual for university students, gymnasium and lyceum students
L.V. Pavlenko
M.: Aspect Press, 1995

The anthology contains prose texts that make it possible to consolidate knowledge in Greek. In compiling this manual, the same principles were used as in preparing the first part (Anthology of Poetic Texts). The presentation of the material follows the gymnasium tradition: brief introduction, text, comments. The selection of material makes the manual multifunctional: it can be used both at early and advanced stages of training.
In preparing the commentary, domestic and foreign school and scientific editions of the works of classics of ancient Greek literature were widely used.

Format: PDF
Size: 20.4 MB

DOWNLOAD | DOWNLOAD
Hellenics: Reader of prose commented texts of ancient Greek authors
depositfiles.com

Feed_id: 4817 pattern_id: 1876

Greek language
tutorial,
textbook,
phrasebook

Greek vowel sounds [ι, e, a, o, u] are pronounced the same way as Russian vowels [i, e, a, o, u].
The letter Γ γ is pronounced aspirated, reminiscent of the Ukrainian “g”, as well as the Russian “g” in the word “aha”. In the future we will refer to this sound as [g], but please do not forget about the aspiration.
Before the vowels ε, ι, η, υ, as well as before the letter combinations αι, ει, οι, ευ, γ, it is pronounced close to the Russian [й]. The result is sounds similar to the Russian “yu”, “ya”, “e”. For example, για [ya] - for, γιος [yos], or [yos] - son.
The sounds denoted by the letters Δ δ and Θ θ do not have an exact correspondence in the Russian language. The first sound is pronounced close to the English th [p] in the word this. The second one is almost equivalent English sound[θ] in the word thank you.
Η η, Ι ι, Υ υ are pronounced like the Russian “i”, and after vowels as “th”.
O o, Ω ω are always pronounced like the Russian “o” under stress.

Useful words and expressions:

Communication. Greetings.
When meeting, Cypriots usually communicate as follows:
Γειά σού! (Γειά σας!) Τι κάνεις; (Τι κάνετε;)

Καλά. Εσύ; Καλά. Εσείς;

Moreover, to the question “How are you?” A detailed answer is usually not expected. These words are more of a formality than a question.
Acquaintances usually kiss twice on the cheeks when they meet, especially if they have not seen each other for a long time. When meeting for the first time, it is customary to shake hands. This rule applies to both men and women. Keep in mind, international etiquette assumes that the woman extends her hand first in greeting.

Other greeting options:
- Καλημέρα - Good morning!
- Καλησπέρα - Good evening! (during the day usually Γειά σου)
- Καλώς ορίσατε - Welcome!
- Καλώς σας βρήκαμε - Glad to see you!
- Καλώς ήρθατε - Welcome!

Acquaintance. Performance.
My name is... με λένε... [me lene]
Meet me...
My wife - η γυναίκα μου [and yineka mu]
My husband - ο άντρας μου [o andraz mu]
My sister - η αδελφή μου [and azelfi mu]
My brother - ο αδελφός μου [o azelfoz mu]
I came from... - Ηρθα από... [irsa apo...]
...Moscow - ...τη Μόσχα [ti mosha]
I am Russian - Είμαι Ρώσος [ime rosos]
I am Russian - Είμαι Ρωσίδα [ime rosiza]
I am 21 years old - Είμαι 21χρονών [ime ikosi enos chronon]

Greek. Lesson 2: Questions (Ερωτήσεις)

Που πηγαίνετε; Where are you going?

Where is it? Πού είναι; [pu ine]

Questions and answers:

inside μέσα [mesa]

opposite απέναντι [apenandi]

When? Πότε; [sweat]

today σήμερα [simera]

tomorrow αύριο [avrio]

yesterday χτές [htes]

now τώρα [torah]

then Μετά [meta]

soon σύντομα [syndoma]

then τότε [tote]

always πάντα [panda]

never ποτέ [pote]

often συχνά [sikhna]

Why? Γιατί; [yati]

because Γιατί [yati]

as Πως; [pos]

so έτσι [etsy]

good καλά [feces]

bad άσχημα [askhima]

loud δυνατά [zinata]

slowly, quietly σιγά [whitefish]

quickly γρήγορα [grigora]

early νωρίς [noris]

late αργά [arga]

Greek. Lesson 3: Article. Numbers. Time notation

The article helps us determine what kind of word it is. In Greek (as in Russian) nouns can be masculine, feminine and neuter. The masculine article is ο, the feminine article is η, the neuter article is το. For example, ο φοιτητής (student), η αδερφή (sister), το μπαλκόνι (balcony).

Count to 20

Note that the numbers "three" and "four" will change depending on the noun behind them. If it is a masculine noun or female(for example, treίV άντρες - three men), then we use treίV. If the noun is neuter (for example, trίa βιβλία three books), then you need to use trίa.

Time notation

Let's review the numbers we already know:

Ένα, δύο, τρία, τέσσερα, πέντε, έξι, εφτά, οκτώ, εννία, δέκα, ένδεκα, δώδεκα.

Στις 2 (η ‘ωρα) μετά το μεσημέρι – at two (hours) in the afternoon

Greek. Lesson 4: Reading rules. Indefinite article

Accent

All Greek words, except monosyllabic ones, are always stressed! Sometimes the meaning of a word depends on the emphasis. For example, the words “bank” and “table” sound the same and differ only in stress. Τράπεζα - Τραπέζα.

If the emphasis falls on a combination or digraph, it is placed above the second letter: εύκολα is pronounced [‘eucola]).

Articles

Today we continue enough difficult topic- article in Greek. Firstly, in our native language, Russian, there are no articles. Secondly, in Greek the article not only stands before the word, but also changes with it. Along with the ending, the article indicates the gender, number and case of the noun.

Articles are divided into definite and indefinite. The indefinite article is used when the subject is unknown and not defined “A dog was running down the street” - it is not known about which dog we're talking about(one of the dogs) – therefore, we will use the indefinite article. Definite article used when talking about an already defined subject. And, we will continue our story: “The dog stopped right in front of the door of our house.” - We already know something about this dog, and it is she who is now in front of our door, which means, from the point of view of Greek grammar, the definite article must be used.

Indefinite article

The indefinite article has no plural. The Greek language has four cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative (note that the article is not used in the vocative case). Let me remind you that the nominative case answers the question who?, what?; genitive – whom?, what?; accusative – who?, what? Below is the change in articles by gender, number and case:

Indefinite article:

Appeal

Κύριε! - Mister!

Κυρία! - Madam!

Κυρίες και κύριοι! - Ladies and Gentlemen!

Αγαπητοί φίλοι! - Dear friends!

Νεαρέ! - Young man!

Δεσποινίς! - Young woman!

Αγόρι! - Boy!

Κορίτσι! - Girl!

And a few more useful phrases expressing agreement or denial.

Καλά - Okay

Εντάξει - Okay

Είμαι σύμφωνος - I agree

Ευχαρίστως - With pleasure

Σωστά - Correct

Βέβαια - Of course

Έχετε δίκαιο - You are right

Όχι - No

Δε συμφωνώ - I disagree

Δε μπορώ - I can't

Δε μπορούμε - We cannot

Ευχαριστώ, δεν το θέλω - Thank you, I don’t want to

Δεν είναι σωστό - This is wrong

Διαφωνώ - I object

Greek. Lesson 5: How the article changes

Now you and I find ourselves in a similar situation. Look at the rules below. And don’t try to understand why so many complexities were invented, why everything is exactly like this.... Just learn it by heart.

The definite article changes according to cases and numbers. Here's the summary table:

Regarding the letter (ν) in articles accusative case, the following rule applies here:

The letter (ν) is placed if the word following the article begins with a vowel, or with a consonant that can be pronounced instantly (κ, π, τ, γκ, π, ντ, τζ, τσ) or with a consonant denoting a double sound (ξ ψ): Τον Αύγουστο, την πόλη, τον ξύλο, έναν κόσμο, έναν ξένο.

The letter (ν) is not placed if the word following the article begins with a consonant that can be pronounced continuously (β, γ, δ ζ, θ, λ, ν, ρ, σ, φ, χ) Το δρόμο, τη μάνα, τη βρύση , τη γραμματεία, ένα βράδυ, ένα σταφύλι.

I want – Θέλω (selo)

I have – Έχω (echo)

Please... Παρακαλώ... (parakalo)

Give... δώστε... (dost)

Wait... περιμένετε... (perimenete)

Show me... δείξτε... (dikste)

Close (turn off)... κλείστε... (kliste)

Open (turn on)... ανοίξτε... (anyxte)

Call... φωνάξτε... (phonakste)

Call (invite) καλέστε... (kaleste)

Repeat... επαναλάβετε... (epanalavete)

Call... τηλεφωνήστε... (tilephoniste)

Allow me... Επιτρέψτε μου... (epitrepste mu)

Login... να μπω on bo

Exit... να βγω... to VGO

Pass... να περάσω... on peraso

Greek. Lesson 6: How to conjugate verbs

Let's start with an important verb - the verb "to have". In Russian we say “I have”, but in Greek instead of three words we use one: έχω

verb έχω (to have)

The basic form of verbs ends with the letter ω. Regular verbs fall into two broad categories: those with the stress on the penultimate syllable, as in έχω ['echo] "I have" and θέλω [sel] "I want", and those with the stress on the last syllable, as in αγαπώ [agapo] “I love.”

έχω [‘echo] I have

έχεις [‘ehis] you have

έχει [‘ehi] sheonono has

έχουμε [‘ehume] we have

έχετε [‘ehete] you have

έχουν [‘ekhun] they have

Please note that you do not need to use pronouns. Not “I have”, but simply “is”, “I have”. This is the peculiarity of the Greek language. The ending of the verb indicates who is being talked about. If ω, then it means “I have,” if ουν, then “they have.” Get used to it.

Language knowledge

Are you saying / are you saying...? Μιλάτε...

In Russian ρωσικά

In Greek ελληνικά

I don't speak Greek. Δε μιλώ ελληνικά.

Do you understand me? Με καταλαβαίνετε;

I don't understand you Δε σας καταλαβαίνω

I understand a little, but I can't speak. Καταλαβαίνω λίγο, αλλά δεν μπορώ να μιλήσω

What language do you know? Τι γλώσσα μιλάτε;

I know Μιλάω

English αγγλικά

German γερμανικά

French γαλλικά

You speak well. Μιλάτε καλά

I have no practice. Μου λείπει η πρακτική

I want to learn to speak Greek. Θέλω να μάθω να μιλάω ελληνικά.

Repeat one more time. Πέστε το άλλη φορά.

A little slower. Λίγο πιο αργά.

What does this word mean? Τι σημαίνει αυτή η λέξη;

Greek. Lesson 7: Conjugating the verb “to be”

Verb conjugations:

I -(εγω) είμαι

You - (εσύ) είσαι

He - (αυτός) είναι

She (αυτή) είναι

We are (εμείς) είμαστε

You are (εσείς) είστε

They (m.) (αυτοί) είναι

They (female) (αυτές) είναι

Use:

Past tense:

This verb has only one past tense form - the imperfect, which is used when in Russian we say “byl”, “byla”, “bylo”, “byli”.

Useful words

QUALITIES

1. Good - bad καλός - κακός

2. Beautiful - ugly όμορφος - άσχημος

3. Old - young γέρος - νέος

4. Old - new

παλιός – καινούργιος, νέος

5. Rich - poor πλούσιος - φτωχός

6. Familiar - unfamiliar

γνωστός - άγνωστος

7. Cheerful - boring

εύθυμος – ανιαρός, σκυθρωπός

8. Smart - stupid

έξυπνος – κουτός, ανόητος

9. Strong - weak δυνατός - αδύνατος

10. Big - small μεγάλος - μικρός

Greek. Lesson 8: Pronoun Forms and Verb Conjugations

(εγώ) με Me (εμείς) μας us

(εσύ) σεYou (εσείς) σας you

(αυτός) τον His (αυτοί) τους theirs

(αυτή) την Her (αυτές) τις theirs

Την ξέρω καλά. I know her well.

Σας παρακαλώ. I ask you.

Τον βλέπω. I see him.

Verbs

In Greek, as in Russian, verbs change according to persons, tenses, voices and moods. Verbs can be divided into two large groups:

Note: Pronouns are in parentheses because they are often omitted in colloquial speech.

Useful words

1) Long - short μακρύς - κοντός (σύντομος)

2) Wide - narrow πλατύς, φαρδύς - στενός

3) High - low ψηλός - χαμηλός -κοντός

4) Deep – shallow βαθύς – ρηχός

5) Expensive – cheap ακριβός – φτηνός

6) Fast - slow γρήγορος - αργός

7) Light - heavy ελαφρύς - βαρύς

8) Soft - hard μαλακός - σκληρός

9) Thick - thin χοντρός - λεπτός

10) Clean - dirty καθαρός - βρώμικος, λερωμένος

Greek. Lesson 9: Conjugating verbs in the present tense

γράφω [grapho] I write

γράφεις [graphic] you write

γράφει [graphy] ononaono writes

γράφουμε [graphume] we write

γράφετε [graphete] you write

γράφουν [grafun] they write

In the previous lesson, we looked at the category of verbs that have stress on the penultimate syllable and are conjugated like the verb γράφω. In this lesson we will look at verbs of the second category, in which the stress falls on the last syllable and which are conjugated as the verb αγαπώ “I love”.

Remember that in Greek the present tense describes how actions are taking place in this moment, and repetitive actions, for example, “now I drink coffee” (continuous), “every morning I drink coffee” (simple). Both of these actions in Greek express the present tense, i.e. πίνω καφέ τώρα, πίνω καφέ κάθε πρωί.

Verb αγαπώ (I love)

Unit number

αγαπώ [ayapo] I love

αγαπάς [ayapas] you love

αγαπά [ayapa] he she it loves

Plural

αγαπούμε [ayapume] we love

αγαπάτε [ayapate] you love

αγαπόυν [ayapun] they love

The verb ζητώ “I ask, I seek” is conjugated like the verb αγαπώ

Verb μπορώ (I can)

A number of verbs ending in ώ as αγαπώ have other endings when conjugated. One example is the verb μπορώ (boro) "I can".

Unit number

μπορώ [boro] I can

μπορείς [Boris] you can

μπορεί [bori] ononaono can

Plural

μπορούμε [borume] we can

μπορείτε [fight] you can

μπορούν [borun] they can

Παρακαλώ [parakalo] “I ask” is another verb, conjugated as μπορώ. It can be used as an equivalent to "please" or "pleased to oblige" in response to "thank you."

Greek. Lesson 10: Verbs of the second conjugation. Exceptions to the rules

The method of changing the persons of verbs of the second conjugation must be remembered along with the meaning of the verb itself. In modern Greek dictionaries, after the verbs of the second conjugation of the first subgroup, there is usually the letter alpha (α) in brackets, and after the verbs of the second subgroup, epsilon (ε).

If there are two verbs in your sentence, then most likely they are connected by the particle να.

Please note that (unlike Russian) their forms are the same.

Θέλω να διαβάζω καλά βιβλία.

Ξέρω να γράφω ελληνικά.

I can write in Greek.

Ξέρουμε να γράφουμε.

We can write.

Ξέρουν να γράφουν.

They can write.

Verbs 1 conjugation

λέω - speak, τρώω - eat, eat, ακούω - listen, κλαίω - cry, πάω - go are conjugated as follows:

Λέω λέμε

Λες λέτε

Λέει λένε

In the last two lessons we looked at the rules for conjugating Greek verbs. Today you can add to your dictionary 20 new verbs.

Γράφω - to write

Συνεχίζω - continue

Δουλεύω - to work

Επιστρέφω - return

Αρχίζω - to begin

Τελειώνω - to finish

Μένω - live

Ακούω – hear, listen

Βλέπω - to see

Μιλώ - to speak

Περιμένω - wait

Αγαπώ – to love

Απαντώ – answer

Βοηθώ – to help

Δείχνω – show

Εκτιμώ – appreciate, respect

Ελπίζω - hope

Don't forget that the conjugation of a verb directly depends on its stress.

Greek. Lesson 11: How to determine the gender of a noun

The gender of a noun can be guessed by its ending (with the exception of a small number of words).

Masculine endings

The most common masculine endings are –ος, -ης, -ας.

For example, ο δρόμος [o ‘dromos] - road, street, path; ο άντρας [o’antras] – man; ο μαθητής [o masi‘tis] – student.

Feminine endings

The most common are: -η, -α.

For example, η νίκη [i'niki] - victory, η ζάχαρη [and 'zachari] - sugar, η γυναίκα [and yn'neka] - woman, η ώρα [and 'ora] - hour.

Neuter endings The most common neuter endings are: - ο, -ι.

For example, το βουνό [to vu‘no] – mountain, το ψωμί [to pso‘mi] – bread.

Greek. Lesson 12: Noun Declensions

The type of declension of a noun largely depends on the ending and stress.

When talking about masculine nouns with the ending – ης, they most often cite as an example the declension of the nouns ο φοιτητής (student) and ο εργάτης (worker).

Let's see how they lean:

ο φοιτητής (like all nouns ending in – ης) is declined as follows:

Singular

Nominative case ο φοιτητής

Genitive case του φοιτητή

Accusative case το(ν) φοιτητή

Vocative case - φοιτητή

Plural

Nominative case οι φοιτητές

Genitive case των φοιτητών

Accusative case τους φοιτητές

Vocative case - φοιτητές

ο εργάτης – worker (and nouns with stress on the penultimate syllable)

Singular

Nominative case ο εργάτης

Genitive case του εργάτη

Accusative case τον εργάτη

Vocative case - εργάτη

Plural

Nominative case οι εργάτες

Genitive case των εργατών

Accusative case τους εργάτες

Vocative case - εργάτες

Please note that the endings are exactly the same in both cases.

Only in the conjugation of nouns with stress on the penultimate syllable in the genitive plural the stress still falls on the last syllable.

That's all! It's not difficult, right?

New words and expressions:

Greek. Lesson 13: Genitive case

Η γυναίκα – της γυναίκας

Το δέντρο – του δέντρου

το παιδί – του παιδιού

Genitive case of masculine singular nouns

Form formation method genitive case depends on the ending of the word. That is why in the last lesson we looked in detail at the declension of masculine nouns. I recommend memorizing the forms of the nouns given in the last lesson. You can use them as an example.

USEFUL WORDS

What is the weather today! Τί καιρός!

What a beautiful day! Τί όμορφη ημέρα! ti omorphi imera

What terrible weather! Τί απαίσιος καιρός! ti apesios keros

How cold/hot it is today! Κάνει τόσο κρύο /τόση ζέστη σήμερα! Kani Toso Krio/Toshi Zesti Shimera

Today... Έχει... e’hi

sunny ήλιο orio

cloudy συννεφιά sinefya

Greek. Lesson 14: Possessive Pronouns

On last week I explained to you the formation of the genitive case of nouns. And I planned to continue. But the topic is serious, and I decided to devote enough space to it next week. Today we'll talk about possessive pronouns (Let's take a little break from conjugating nouns!).

my/my/my μου [mu]

our/our/our μας [mas]

your/your/your σου [su]

your/your/your σας [sas]

his του [tu] her της [tis]

their τους [tus] (for masculine gender) τις [tis] (for feminine gender)

Please note that in Greek possessive pronouns come after the word they define (which in this case is always used with an article):

my name is then onomo mu

your name is tonomo su

his name is then onomo that

her friend o philosopher tis

our aunt and fia mas

your aunt and fia sas

their house then sleep together

Useful words and expressions

Talking on the phone

Hello, this is Maria. Εμπρός. Είμαι η Μαρία... embros ime and Maria

I would like to talk to... θα ήθελα να μίλησα με τον /την ... sa isela no miliso me ton/tin

Speak louder/slower please. Μιλάτε πιο δυνατά /πιο αργά, παρακαλώ, milate pyo dinata/ pyo arga parakalo

Repeat please. Μπορείτε να το επαναλάβετε; borite nα to epanalavete

You dialed the number incorrectly. Έχετε λάθος νούμερο. ehete lazos numero

Just a minute. Μισό λεπτό, miso lepto

Please wait. Περιμένετε, παρακαλώ. parimenete parakalo

I'll call you back. θα έρθω σε επαφή. sa erso se epafi

Greek. Lesson 15: How nouns change

The declension of a noun depends on its gender. Once we have decided on the gender (male, female or neuter), we need to think about the ending. After all, it depends on him exactly how we will persuade. And thirdly, we need to remember the exceptions to the rules. Suddenly the word belongs to the list of exception words and is conjugated according to own rules. In the end, you come to the conclusion that you just need to learn the words by heart. And then, with practice, the use of words becomes automatic. And you no longer need to think about which form to use.

I'll try to bring you today maximum amount examples. And if the rules are hard to learn, please learn whole phrases. It's practical. And useful.

Note that Greek has only four cases. Those. not everything coincides with the Russian grammar we are used to. For example, to convey meaning dative case(to whom?, to what?) is added to the article of a noun in the accusative case initial preposition σε, for example, “Ο πατέρας λέει στο γιο του: Σίμερα δεν διαβάζεις καλά” - The father says to his son: “You don’t read well today.”

In the twelfth lesson we looked at the declension of masculine nouns ending in –ης. Today let's remember how nouns ending in ας and oς change.

Masculine nouns ending in – ας

Masculine nouns ending in – oς

Please note the following features:

1) If the stress falls on the last syllable, then it remains in all cases on the last syllable;

2) If the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, then it remains in all cases on the penultimate syllable;

3) If the stress falls on the third syllable from the end, then it moves to the penultimate syllable in the genitive case of the singular and plural and in the accusative case of the plural.

Got it? Now about the cases. I have already mentioned that the Greek language has four cases. When a sentence has a subject (who? what?), then this noun is always in the nominative case. Any other noun that you encounter in the same sentence will be in the genitive or accusative case. Less often in the vocative.
The vocative case presents some difficulty for us. After all, in the Russian language we do not separately learn the form of addressing a person. When I was preparing the material for this lesson, I learned something new. For myself and, perhaps, for you. In our office, of course, there are philologists, and my colleagues told me that the Old Russian language also had a vocative case. Remember in Pushkin’s “Golden Fish” - “What do you want, old man?” Here is the form of the vocative case (compare the Greek “fillet”, “kumbare”).

Greek. Lesson 16: Feminine nouns

Such nouns are declined as follows:
1) If the stress falls on the last syllable, then it does not change in all cases (η καρδιά - heart, η περιοχή - region, η προσευχή - prayer, η χαρά - joy):
Nominative case:
η καρδιά - οι καρδιές
Genitive:
της καρδιάς - των καρδιών
Accusative:
τη(ν) καρδιά - τις καρδιές
Vocative case:
Καρδιά - καρδιές

2) If the stress does not fall on the last syllable (η χώρα - country, η λέσχη - club, η αγάπη - love, η θάλασσα - sea, η ημέρα - day, η γλώσσα - language), then in the genitive plural the emphasis shifts to last syllable:
Nominative case:
η χώρα - οι χώρες
Genitive:
της χώρας - των χωρών (note the emphasis!)
Accusative:
την χώρα - τις χώρες
Vocative case:
Χώρα - χώρες

Exceptions are some nouns ending in -α (such as η μητέρα - mother, η δασκάλα - teacher), which, despite the fact that they do not have stress on the last syllable, do not change it in all cases:
It is also necessary to note that if a word ends in -ση, -ξη or -ψη (for example, η τάξη - order, η επιχείρηση - enterprise, η λάμψη - shine), then in the singular it will be declined in the same way as the words ending in -η, and in the plural will have the following endings:
Nominative case:
η λάμψη - οι λάμψεις (!)
Genitive:
της λάμψης - των λάμψεων (!)
Accusative:
τη(ν) λάμψη - τις λάμψεις (!)
Vocative case:
Λάμψη - λάμψεις (!)

The plural of feminine Greek nouns is formed by adding the ending –ες:

Greek. Lesson 17: Noun cases

See how they change depending on the case.

Let's return once again to the topic of plural nouns. Now we can compare the formation of the plural of masculine, feminine and neuter nouns.

Noun cases ( plural)

The plural is formed as follows.

Feminine and neuter nouns

Changes occur only with the definite article.

Masculine nouns

Please note that the stress has been moved from the first (end) to the second syllable. There are rules governing the transfer of accents, but we will not go into details now. Suffice it to say that this rarely happens in words of less than three syllables.

Useful words and expressions

Sights of Cyprus

Cyprus Museum [cypriako mucio] Κυπριακό Μουσείο

Municipal Theater [dimotyko teatro] Δημοττικό Θέατρο

Kykkos Monastery [monasteries tou kiku] Μοναστήρι του Κύκκου

Monastery of Mahera [monasteries tou mahera] Μοναστήρι του Μαχαιρά

Church of St. Lazarus in Larnaca [eklisia tou agiou lazaru sty larnaca]

Castle - fortress in Limassol [frouriosty lemeso] Φρούριο στη Λεμεσό

Municipal park with a zoo in Limassol [dimosio parko me zoologiko kipo sty lemeso]

Δημόσιο πάρκο με ζωολογικό κήπο στη Λεμεσό

Castle in Kolossi [frourio tou kolosiou]

Rock "Petra tou Romiou" [petra tou Romiou]

“Baths of Aphrodite” [ta lutra thousand aphroditys] Τα Λουτρά της Αφροδίτης

Greek. Lesson 18: Prepositions

Σε - in, on
Indicates position:
Είστε στο καφενείο; Are you in a cafe? (often loses the ending –ε before the article, for example, στον κήπο, στην Αθήνα, στο δρόμο);
denotes movement towards something: Πηγαίνουμε στο θέατρο. We're going to the theater.
In addition, this preposition is also used when communicating time and in this sense means “at.” More often it loses the final letter and joins the article, for example, σε τις – στις or σε ένα – σ’ένα. For example, Έφτασα στις δύο. I arrived at two. Θα σε δω στις έξι. I'll see you at six.

Από - from
denotes movement from somewhere: Ήρθα από την Κέρκυρα. - I came from Corfu.
This preposition is usually followed by a noun in the accusative case, for example, “from home” από το σπίτι.

Με - from, to
Ήμουν με την Αλίκη. I was with Alice. Πήγαμε με το λεωφορείο. We traveled by bus.

Μαζί με - with
Ήμαστε μαζί. We were together.
Ήμουν μαζί με την Αλίκη. I was with Alice.

Χωρίς - without
Είμαι χωρίς παπούτσια. I'm without shoes.

Παρά - without
This preposition is used when telling time and means “without.” Είναι δέκα παρά πέντε. It’s five to ten.
It can also mean “despite, despite.” For example, Δε σε ευχαρίστησε παρά τη βοήθεια σου. - He didn't thank you, despite your help. Πέθανε παρά τις προσπάθειες των γιατρων. He died despite the doctor's efforts.

Μετά - after
is used in this sense if it is followed by a noun and a definite article. For example,
Μετά το θέατρο πήγαμε σε μια δισκοθήκη. After the theater we went to the disco.
Το καλοκαίρι είναι μετά την άνοιξη. Summer comes after spring.

Πριν - before
Θα φύγουμε πριν το μεσημέρη. We'll leave before noon.

Για - on
Ήρθε για δυο μέρες. He came for two days.
This preposition is usually followed by a word in the accusative case, for example, για σένα.

Μέχρι - until, until then
Σε περίμενα μέχρι της δέκα. I waited for you until ten.
Θα σε πάρω μέχρι το σπίτι σου. I'll take you to your home.

Και - and
In addition to meaning "and", this word is used when telling time, meaning "after".

Greek. Lesson 19: Adjectives: Masculine Forms

1. Good - bad
καλός – κακός

2. Handsome - ugly
όμορφος – άσχημος

3. Old - young
γέρος – νέος

4. Old - new
παλιός – καινούργιος, νέος

5. Rich - poor
πλούσιος - φτωχός

6. Familiar - unfamiliar
γνωστός – άγνωστος

7. Cheerful - boring
εύθυμος – ανιαρός

8. Smart - stupid
έξυπνος – κουτός, ανόητος

9. Strong - weak
δυνατός - αδύνατος

10. Big - small
μεγάλος – μικρός

We have given only the masculine form. Naturally, you will need all three forms of adjectives. In the next lesson we will learn how to form the feminine and neuter forms and coordinate an adjective with a noun.

Greek. Lesson 20: Adjectives must change!

Adjectives ending -ος

Masculine adjectives with the ending -ος correspond to feminine adjectives with the ending – η or –α and neuter adjectives with the ending -ο. For example, καλός (good) – καλή - καλό, ωραίος (beautiful) – ωραία - ωραίο

If the ending of a masculine adjective with -ος in the nominative case is preceded by a consonant, then in the feminine gender such an adjective ends with – η. For example, γέρος (old) – γέρη.

If the ending of a masculine adjective with -ος in the nominative case is preceded by a vowel, then in the feminine gender such an adjective ends with –α. For example, νέος (new) – νέα.

Adjectives that have the same endings as nouns are declined according to the rules for noun declension. The only difference is that adjectives always have the stress on the same syllable.

Good man
(Singular)

I. p. ο καλός άνθρωπος
R. p. του καλόυ ανθρώπου
V. p. τον καλό άνθρωπο
Sound - καλέ άνθρωπε

Good people
(Plural)

I. p. οι καλοί άνθρωποι
R. p. των καλών ανθρώπων
V. p. τους καλούς ανθρώπους
Sound - καλοί άνθρωποι

Let's learn 23 more adjectives. Most of them end in -ος, so you should not have any difficulties with the formation of feminine and neuter genders. Try, for the sake of practice, to form feminine and neuter forms from the masculine adjectives given below.

1) Long - short
μακρύς – κοντός (σύντομος)

2) Wide - narrow
πλατύς, φαρδύς – στενός

3) High - low
ψηλός – χαμηλός -κοντός

4) Light - dark
βαθύς – ρηχός

5) Expensive - cheap
ακριβός – φτηνός

6) Fast - slow
γρήγορος – αργός

7) Light - heavy
ελαφρύς – βαρύς

8) Soft - hard
μαλακός – σκληρός

9) Thick - thin
χοντρός – λεπτός

10) Clean - dirty
καθαρός – βρώμικος, λερωμένος

Greek. Lesson 21: Constructing Greek Phrases

Now let's talk about pronouns in the indirect case. Την ξέρω καλά. - I know her well. Look, in Greek we said “I know her well.” It's necessary. Here are two more examples:

Σας παρακαλώ. I ask you.

Τον βλέπω. I see him.

We will continue to talk about sentences in the next lesson.

I often talk with our readers on a variety of topics. But, since my photo is usually seen on the page with lessons, they almost always recognize not the abstract head of the company, but the leader of the section. And then all conversations come down to the topic of lessons. Almost every second person I talk to regularly or irregularly views this page. And many people ask to publish Greek phrases not in Greek, but in Russian letters. I am against such mockery of the language. But I understand perfectly well those who missed our first lessons and cannot read. Or those who don’t have time to understand the intricacies of reading rules, but need to speak right now: today, tomorrow. And explain things to the Cypriots. At least on the fingers.

I thought for a long time about what was more important. And I came to the conclusion that, along with explanations and grammatical and lexical comments, it is still necessary to publish simple colloquial phrases written in Russian letters. Starting next week we will start publishing a small Russian-Greek phrasebook. And in order to fit more, we will omit the phrases in Greek writing. You will see a Russian phrase and how it sounds in Greek. This is, of course, easier. But I have a request to you: don’t stop reading the grammatical comments. After all, our ultimate goal is not a mechanical, thoughtless repetition of phrases, but the ability to speak Greek. Don't forget about it!

Greek. Lesson 22: Learning to build sentences

For example, we want to say that the newspaper belongs to Elena:
η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - Elena's newspaper

Now let's make a small proposal. For a phrase to become a sentence, you need to add a verb. Please note that linking verbs are rarely used in Russian. But in English and Greek you cannot do without this verb. Compare: Ειναι η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - This is Helen's newspaper. In a Russian sentence we will not say “this is Elena’s newspaper.” And in Greek this is exactly how a simple sentence is constructed. Get used to it.

Well, what if we want to say: “these are Helen’s newspapers”? Then you need to change the noun by making it plural. Don't forget that the article will change too!
Ειναι οι εφημερίδες της Ελένης - These are Elena's newspapers.

What if we are talking about a man? For example, “brother’s wife.”
Let's remember how masculine nouns ending in –ος change

Do you remember? So we say: η γινεκα του αδελφού.

Here are some more examples:
το γράμμα της μητέρας - letter to mother
η στάση του λεωφορείου – bus stop

Now write down a few more phrases in your dictionary (I hope you have a special notebook for new words?). In my opinion, very useful.

Useful words

This year – fetos – Φέτος
IN next year– tone epomeno chrono – Τον επόμενο χρόνο
Last year - then mberazmeno chrono - Toν περασμένο χρόνο
What date is today? -Are you imerominia ehume simera? – Τι ημερομηνία έχουμε σήμερα ;
What date is today? – Poses tu minos ekhume simera? – Πόσες του μηνός έχουμε σήμερα;
Every other day - mata mya mayor - Μετά μια μέρα
On Friday - you are mbaraskevi - Την Παρασκευή
On Saturday - that savato - Το Σάββατο
Last Tuesday - you mberazmeni triti - Την περασμένη Τρίτη
Next Thursday - tyn ali epomeni pampti - Την άλλη επόμενη Πέμπτη
Next Saturday - that epomeno savato - Το επόμενο Σάββατο
On what day? - Am I drinking the mayor? – Για ποια μέρα;
For Friday - I am you mbaraskevi - Για την Παρασκευή
From what time? - Apo pote? – Από πότε;
From Tuesday - apo you ndriti - Από την Τρίτη

Greek. Lesson 23: Answering the question: “Where are you from?”

Useful words

Weather – keros – καιρός
Temperature – thermokrasia – θερμοκρασία
Degree – vatmos – βαθμός
Heat – zesti, capsa – ζέστη, κάψα
Cold – cryo – κρύο
Sun – ilios – ήλιος
Sunrise – anatoly zisi tu iliu – ανατολή δύση του ήλιου
Star of star – astr/o (plural –a) – άστρ/ο (–α)
Moon, month – fe(n)gari, selini – φεγγάρι, σελήνη
Air – aeras –– αέρας
Wind – aeras, anemos – αέρας, άνεμος
Fog – ohmikhli – ομίχλη
Rain - little rain - βροχή
Snow - heni - χιόνι
Today... the weather –– o keros simera ine – Ο καιρός σήμερα είναι ...
good – kalos – καλός
bad – aschimos (kakos) – άσχημος (κακός)
Today – simera kani – Σήμερα κάνει ...
Hot – zesti – ζέστη
Cold – cryo – κρύο
It's raining - vrehi - βρέχει
Today + 25 heat – simera ehi 25 (ikosi pende) – Σήμερα έχει 25 βαθμούς
Today + 25 heat – vatmus pano apo to mizen – πάνο από το μηδέν
Tomorrow it will be...– avrio sa hume – αύριο θά’χουμε ...
Good weather - kalo kero (kaloceria) - καλό καιρό (καλοκαιρία)
Bad weather – ashimo kero (kakokeria) – άσχημο καιρό (κακοκερία)
Yesterday all day... - htes oli tin imera... - χτες όλη την ημέρα ...
– it was raining – evrehe – έβρεχε
– it was hot – ekane zesti – έκανε ζέστη

Greek. Lesson 24: Sentences

Useful words

I/We are here for the first time. – Είναι η πρώτη μου /μας επίσκεψη. – [ine and proti mu/mas episkepsi]
I like it here - Μου αρέσει... εδώ. – [mu oresi... eso]
I like to travel. – Μου αρέσι να ταξιδεύω – [mu oresi on taxizevo]
This... – Είναι... – ine
– beautiful – όμορφο – [omorpho]
– boring – βαρετό – [wareto]
– interesting – ενδιαφέρον – [endyaferon]
– romantic – ρομαντικό – [romandico]
– terrible – φοβερό – [fovero]
– bad – άσχημο – [askhimo]
I like it. – Μου αρέσει – [mu aresi]
I do not like it. – Δεν μου αρέσει – [den mu areshi]

Greek. Lesson 25: Examples

1. Χθες μιλούσα στο φίλο μου. – Yesterday I spoke with my friend.

In this case we use the past tense form. And don’t forget that the word “my” is always placed after the noun.

2.Τον γιατί μα και πρέπει να κάνουμε σχέδια. – I asked him to call me today because we are going to England and we need to make a plan.

The word σχέδια means a plan, a schedule, and a scheme of action. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that we placed the pronouns τον and μου before the verb. He asked him to call me - that’s how we speak Greek. The particle να is needed to connect two verbs: ρώτησα and τηλεφωνήσει. Without a particle, you cannot use two verbs in one sentence. θα πάμε – form of the future tense. Remember? We substitute θα to the present tense form of a verb of any group and get the simple future tense form. Look, in the phrase πρέπει να κάνουμε the second verb is conjugated. We need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνουμε σχέδια. You need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνετε σχέδια. They need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνουν σχέδια.

Greek. Lesson 26: Sentences

Last week my wife and I were driving from Paphos to Limassol for a meeting and saw a lot of bulbs scattered along the highway. They fell out of a truck that had stopped on the side of the road.

Την περασμένη εβδομάδα η - last week. If we want to say “last Tuesday,” then we will use the same word περασμένη: Την περασμένη Τρίτη [tim berazmeni trity]. Do you know the word “next”? Επόμενη. This means that “next Thursday” will be Την άλλη επόμενη Πέμπτη [tyn ali epomeni pampty].

In Greek (as in English, by the way), you need to say “my wife and I” instead of the Russian construction “my wife and I.” Moreover, “I” is usually put in last place. An article is required before city names. After all, these words change according to general rules Declension of nouns. Most cities are feminine: από την Πάφο στη Λεμεσό – from Paphos to Limassol.

πολλά κρεμμύδια - look, the adjective must be consistent with the noun. In this case they are neuter and in the plural.

Στην άκρη του δρόμου - on the edge (side) of the road. Στην, and not στη because the noun begins with a vowel. Don't forget that the word "road" must also change. On the edge of what? - roads.

Greek. Lesson 27: Communication. Greetings.

We continue to analyze the use of correct grammatical forms.
If there are two verbs in a sentence, then the particle ‘να’ usually stands between us. For example, “I want to write books” - θέλω να γράφω τα βιβλία. But notice that both verbs are inflected. “We want to write books” - θέλουμε να γράφουμε τα βιβλία.

Examples:
May I come in...
Επιτρέψτε μου να βγω...(epitrepste mu na vgo)
Allow me to pass...
Επιτρέψτε μου να περάσω..(epitrepste mu na peraso)
I understand a little, but I can't speak. Καταλαβαίνω λίγο, αλλά δεν μπορώ να μιλήσω (catalavano ligo alla zen boro na miliso)
I want to learn to speak Greek. Θέλω να μάθω να μιλάω ελληνικά. (selo na maso na milao hellinika)

Greek. Lesson 28: Questions

Interrogative sentences in Greek are formed by increasing intonation. Please note that according to the rules of Greek punctuation, a semicolon is used instead of a question mark: Που πηγαίνετε; Where are you going?
Where is it? Πού είναι; [pu ine]
Where are you going (going)? Πού πηγαίνετε; [pu pienete]
in Greece/to Greece στην Ελλάδα [stin Hellas]
to Cyprus στην Κυπρο [steen cypro]
from Russia από την Ρωσία [apo tin rosiya]

Questions and answers:

Where? Where? Πού [pu]
here (here) εδώ (ως εδώ) [eso] (os eso’)
there (there) εκεί (ως εκεί) [eki] (os eki)
next to the bank κοντά στην τράπεζα [konda steen meal]
left/right στα αριστερά/δεξιά [sta aristera/dexya]
inside μέσα [mesa]
opposite απέναντι [apenandi]
at the hotel (to the hotel)στο ξενοδοχείο [one hundred xenodochio]

When? Πότε; [sweat]
today σήμερα [simera]
tomorrow αύριο [avrio]
yesterday χτές [htes]
now τώρα [torah]
then Μετά [meta]
soon σύντομα [syndoma]
then τότε [tote]
always πάντα [panda]
never ποτέ [pote]
often συχνά [sikhna]
sometimes μερικές φορές [merikes fores]
after lunch μετά then μεσημεριανό [meta then mesimariano]
at seven o'clock στις εφτά [stis efta]
ten minutes ago
daily καθημερινά [kasimerina]
every week κάθε εβδομάδα [kase eudomaza]
for two hours για δύο ώρες [ya zio ores]
in 20 minutes σε είκοσι λεπτά [se ikosi mite]

Why? Γιατί; [yati]
because Γιατί [yati]

as Πως; [pos]
so έτσι [etsy]
good καλά [feces]
bad άσχημα [askhima]
loud δυνατά [zinata]
quietly σιγά [whitefish]
quickly γρήγορα [grigora]
slowly αργά [arga]

Continuation

Today you will learn how to correctly explain the route and how to find out where the place you need is located.
Είναι... This...
ευθεία straight
στα αριστερά to the left
στα δεξιά to the right
από την άλλη μεριά του δρόμου
on the other side of the street
στη γωνία on the corner
στη γωνία λίγο πιο κάτω around the corner
απέναντι .../πίσω .. opposite / behind...
δίπλα στο /στη /μετά next to/after
Πάρτε... Walk along...
Περάστε ... Pass (cross) ...
την πλατεία area
Στρίψτε αριστερά ... Turn left...
μετά τα πρώτα φώτα after the first traffic light
By car Με το αυτοκίνητο
Είναι... από εδώ. This is to... from here.
Πάρτε το δρόμο για ... Take the road to ...
Είστε σε λάθος δρόμο. You are on the wrong road.
Πρέπει να πάτε πίσω στο ...You will have to return to...
It is far? Πόσο απέχει;
Είναι... This...
Κοντά /όχι πολύ μακριά/ close/not very far/
μακριά far away
δέκα λεπτά με το αυτοκίνητο 10 minutes by car

Greek. Lesson 29: Continuing the topic "Questions"

We continue the topic “Questions”.

We answer the question “when?”
then τότε [tote]
always πάντα [panda]
never ποτέ [pote]
often συχνά [sikhna]
sometimes μερικές φορές [merikes fores]
after lunch μετά then μεσημεριανό [meta then mesimariano]
at seven o'clock στις εφτά [stis efta]
ten minutes ago
daily καθημερινά [kasimerina]
every week κάθε εβδομάδα [kase eudomaza]
for two hours για δύο ώρες [ya zio ores]
in 20 minutes σε είκοσι λεπτά [se ikosi mite]

Why? Γιατί; [yati]
because Γιατί [yati]

as Πως; [pos]
so έτσι [etsy]
good καλά [feces]
bad άσχημα [askhima]
loud δυνατά [zinata]
quietly σιγά [whitefish]
quickly γρήγορα [grigora]
slowly αργά [arga]

What is this?
We have to ask this question quite often.Τι είναι; = What is this?
Είναι is a form of the verb "to be". If we were to translate it literally, it would come out as “what is?” If we add the word “this” (Αυτό), then we get the translation of our question: Τι είναι αυτό;
We answer: Είναι ρολόι. = This is a watch.
And if the word “this” is placed first in the sentence, the meaning will change a little.
Αυτό, τι είναι; = What is this?Και αυτό είναι ρολόι. = And this is a clock.
By the way, did you know that if a word begins with a vowel, then the word και will turn into κι? For example, Κι εγώ ευχαριστώ. = And I thank you.
Finally, here are a few examples:
Αυτό είναι κλειδί. = This is the key
Αυτό είναι κλειδί και (κι) εκείνο είναι ρολόι. = This is the key, and this is the clock.
Τι είναι; - Είναι βάζο. = What is this? - It's a vase

Continuation

Today we are learning words related to the topic "city".
αεροδρόμιο – aerodrome – airport
αστυνομικό τμήμα – astinomiko tmima - police station
διαδρομή λεωφορείων - diazromi leoforion - bus route
εκκλησία - eclisia - church
θέατρο – teatro – theater
πάρκο – parko - park
στάση λεωφορείων - stasi leoforion – bus stop
ταχυδρομείο – tachydromyo - mail

Ads:

ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΗ ΕΙΣΟΔΟΣ - FREE ENTRY
ΑΝΟΙΧΤΟ - OPEN
ΚΛΕΙΣΤΟ - CLOSED
ΑΠΑΓΟΡΕΥΕΤΑΙ Η ΕΙΣΟΔΟΣ - NO ENTRANCE

Impressions Εντυπώσειο
This... Είναι... ine
amazingly καταπληκτικό katapliktiko
beautiful όμορφο omorpho
interesting ενδιαφέρον endyaferon
I like it. Μου αρέσει, mu aresi
I don't like. Δεν μου αρέσει, den mu areshi

Greek. Lesson 30: Negative Sentences

Last week we asked the question "what is this?" and learned to answer “this..”. Today we will build negative sentences.
Είναι βιβλίο. - This is a book.
Δεν είναι βιβλίο. - This is not a book.
Δεν είναι μολύβι, είναι κλειδί. - This is not a pencil, this is a key.
Δεν είναι ρολόι, είναι κουτί. - This is not a watch, this is a box.
Εκείνο είναι τραπέζι, δεν είναι ερμάρι. - This is a table, this is not a cabinet.
Αυτό δεν είναι περιοδικό, είναι βιβλίο. - This is not a magazine, this is a book.
It's clear?

Continuation

This week we're talking about entertainment. Pay attention to the phrase θα ήθελα - I would like. This is a form of the verb θέλω - to want. Using θα ήθελα, you speak in subjunctive mood. By the way, in the phrasebook the word “entertainment” is translated as Έξοδος - exit. Well, let’s “go out in public”?

Entertainment - Έξοδος
What are your plans for...? Ποια είναι τα σχέδια σου (σας) για ...; Pya ine ta skhezya su (sas) ya
...today σήμερα simera
... evening απόψε apopse
...tomorrow αύριο avrio
Are you free tonight? Είστε ελεύθερος /-η απόψε; iste zlefseros/-i apopse
Where would you like (would you like) to go? Πού θα ήθελες (θα θέλατε) να πάμε; pu sa iseles (sa selate] on pame
I would like to go to... θα ήθελα να πάω ... сα isela on πаο
I would like to see... θα ήθελα να δώ ... sa isela na zo
Do you like it...? Σου αρέσει...; su areshi

Greek. Lesson 31: Question and denial. Time designation.

Question and denial. Time designation.

In order to say “no”, we use the word όχι. Cypriots sometimes say "oh" - this is a truncated version equivalent to our "not", which in colloquial speech replaces the usual word "no". Look closely at the Cypriot saying "oops". He nods his head. He just nods upward. We make a similar gesture, asking "what?" And in Cyprus, such a gesture means “no”. Sometimes your interlocutor does without words. Don't get it wrong.
In order to make an interrogative sentence from a declarative sentence, it is enough to simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence. Don't forget that instead of the traditional question mark, there will be a semicolon at the end of the sentence.
Examples of interrogative and negative sentences:
What is this? Τι είναι αυτό;
This is a pencil. Είναι μολύβι
Is this a magazine? - Είναι περιοδικό εκείνο;
No. This is not a magazine, this is a book. - Όχι, δεν είναι. Δεν είναι περιοδικό, είναι βιβλίο.
The words αυτό and εκείνο can be at the beginning, at the end and in the middle of a sentence. Unlike the English language, where the order of words is clearly defined, the Greek language (like Russian!) allows you to freely rearrange words in a sentence.

Now let's review the numerals that we already know and learn to say what time it is.
Ένα, δύο, τρία, τέσσερα, πέντε, έξι, εφτά, οκτώ, εννιά, δέκα, ένδεκα, δώδεκα.
Είναι πέντε τώρα. - It's five o'clock.
In addition, to indicate time you will need the preposition σε (σ’) and one of the feminine forms of the article = στις.
Στις 6 (η ώρα) το πρωί – at 6 (o’clock) in the morning
Στις 2 (η ώρα) μετά το μεσημέρι – at two (hours) in the afternoon
Στις 7 (η ώρα) το βράδυ – at 7 (o’clock) pm

Continuation

Talking on the phone

Hello, this is... – Εμπρός. Είμαι ο/η ... – embros. ime o/i
I would like to talk to... - θα ήθελα να μίλησα με τον /την... - sa isela na miliso me ton/tin
Speak... – Μιλάτε... – milate
louder – πιο δυνατά – pyo dinata
slow down, please – πιο αργά, παρακαλώ – pyo arga parakalo
Repeat please. – Μπορείτε να then επαναλάβετε; – borite na to epanalavete
Sorry, he/she is not here. - Λυπάμαι, αλλά δεν είναι εδώ. – lipame ala den ine ezo
You dialed the number incorrectly. - Έχετε λάθος νούμερο. – ehete lasos numero
Just a minute. - Μισό λεπτό. – miso lepto
Please wait. - Περιμένετε, παρακαλώ. – perimenete parakalo
When will he/she be there? – Πότε θα επιστρέψει; – pote sa epistrepsi
Could you please tell him/her that I called? – Μπορείτε να του /της πείτε ότι πήρα τηλέφωνο; – borite na tu/tis – pite oti pyra tilefono
My name is... – Λέγομαι... – legome
Ask him/her to call me. – Μπορείτε να τον /την ζητήσετε να με πάρει τηλέφωνο; –
borite no ton/tin zitisete na me pari tilefono
Can I leave a note? – Μπορώ να αφήσω ένα μήνυμα, παρακαλώ; – boro na afiso ena minima parakalo

Greek. Lesson 32: Rules for reading letter combinations and Invitation

Continuation

Invitation

Won't you have lunch (Won't you have lunch) with us at...?
θέλεις (θέλετε) να έρθεις (έρθετε) για βράδυνα στις ...; [se'lis (selete) on ersis (zrsete) ya vradina stis]
I would like to invite you to dinner.
θα ήθελα να σε (σας) καλέσω για μεσημεριανό. [sa isela na se (sas) kaleso ya mesimeriano]
Maybe we can have a glass tonight?
Μπορείς να έρθεις (μπορείτε να έρθετε) για ένα ποτό απόψε;
(Boris na ersis (borite na ersete) ya ena poto apopse]
We're having a party. Can you join?
Κάνουμε ένα πάρτι. Μπορείς να έρθεις; [kanume ena party. Boris na ersis]
May I join you?
Να έρθουμε μαζί σας; [on ersume ointment sas]
Do you want (want) to join?
θέλεις να έρθεις (θέλετε να έρθετε) μαζί μας; [selise na ersis (selete na ersete) ointment mas]

Greek. Lesson 33: Articles and Stores

Article

The article helps us determine what kind of word it is. In Greek (as in Russian) nouns can be masculine, feminine and neuter. Along with the ending, the article indicates the gender, number and case of the noun.
Articles are divided into definite and indefinite. The indefinite article is used when the subject is unknown and cannot be defined “A dog was running down the street” - it is unknown what suits the dog speech (one of the dogs) - therefore, we will use the indefinite article. The definite article is used when talking about an already defined subject. And, we will continue our story: “The dog stopped right in front of the door of our house.” - We already know something about this dog, and it is she who is now in front of our door, which means, from the point of view of Greek grammar, the definite article must be used.

Indefinite article(singular)
Masculine gender - ένας, feminine gender - μία, neuter gender - ένα
For example, ένας φοιτητής (student), μία αδερφή (sister), ένα μπαλκόνι (balcony).

Definite article(singular)
The masculine article is ο, the feminine article is η, the neuter article is το.
For example, ο φοιτητής, η αδερφή, το μπαλκόνι.

Continuation

Shops (Καταστήματα)

Where...? - Πού είναι...; [pu ine]
Where is the nearest...? Πού είναι το κοντινότερο ...; [pu ine to kondinotero]
Where is the good...? Πού υπάρχει ένα καλό...; [pu iparhi ena kalo]
It is far from here? Είναι μακριά από εδώ; [ine makriya apo ezo]
How to get there? Πώς να πάω εκεί; [pos na pao eki]
antique store τо κατάστημα με αντίκες [to katastima me andikes]
bakery τto αρτοποιείο [to ortopio]
bank η τράπεζα [and meal]
hairdressing salon to κουρείο [to curio]
bookstore τо βιβλιοπωλείο [to vivliopolio]
butcher's shop to κρεοπωλείο [to kreopolio]
clothing store to κατάστημα ρούχων [to katastima rukhon]
pharmacy τto φαρμακείο [to pharmakio]
flower shop to ανθοπωλείο [to ansopolio]
jewelry store το κοσμηματοπωλείο [to kozmimatopolio]
kiosk το περίπτερο [to periptero]
market η αγορά [and agora]

Greek. Lesson 34: Demonstrative Pronouns and Services

Demonstrative pronouns

The gender of a noun can also be determined by its ending. You already know that Greek nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter.

Masculine endings The most common masculine endings are –ος, -ης, -ας. For example, ο δρόμος [o ‘dromos] - road, street, path; ο άντρας [o’andras] – man; ο μαθητής [o masi‘tis] – student.

Feminine endings The most common endings are -η, -α. For example, η νίκη [i'niki] - victory, η ζάχαρη [and 'zachari] - sugar, η γυναίκα [and yn'neka] - woman, η ώρα [and 'ora] - hour.

Neuter endings The most common neuter endings are: - ο, -ι. For example, το βουνό [to vu‘no] – mountain, το ψωμί [to pso‘mi] – bread.

But the article (see last lesson) is a more reliable means of determining gender, since several nouns do not follow the basic rules above.

Continuation

Services Υπηρεσίες

clinic – η κλινική – [and clinics]
dentist – about οδοντίατρος – [about odondiyatros]
doctor - about γιατρός - [about yatros]
dry cleaning – το καθαριστήριο – [to kaforistirio]
hospital – then νοσοκομείο – [then nosokomyo]
library – η βιβλιοθήκη – [and vivliosiki]
optics – about οπτικός – [about optikos]
police station - then αστυνομικό τμήμα - [then astynomico tmima]
mail – το ταχυδρομείο – [to takhizromio]
travel agency – το ταξιδιωτικό γραφείο – [to toxico graphio]

Greek. Lesson 35: Noun Endings and Maintenance

Noun endings

The genitive case is used primarily to express possession and belonging.
For example, το αυτοκίνητο του Γιώργου – George’s car.
It is very easy to explain the formation of the genitive case, so in today's lesson everything will be clear the first time. So…
Genitive case of feminine singular nouns
A noun is simply added - ς at the end of the word
Η γυναίκα – της γυναίκας
η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - Elena's newspaper
το γράμμα της μητέρας - letter to mother
Genitive case of neuter singular nouns
The ending is –ου. So, if a word ends in -ο, we simply add –υ.
Το δέντρο – του δέντρου
If the word ends in -ι, like το παιδί, we add –ου.
το παιδί – του παιδιού
η στάση του λεωφορείου – bus stop

Continuation

Service

Can you help me? – Μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε; – [borite na me voisisete]
I'm looking for... - Ψάχνω για... - [dog ya]
I'm just watching. – Απλώς κοιτάω – [aplos kitao]
Now it's my turn. – Είναι η σειρά μου – [ine to sira mu]
You have...? – Έχετε καθόλου ...; – [ehete kafolu]
I would like to buy... – θα ήθελα να αγοράσω... –
Could you show me...? – Μπορείτε να μου δείξετε ...; – [borite na mu ziksete]
How much does it/cost? – Πόσο κάνει αυτό /εκείνο; – [poso kani αftό/ekino]
Nothing more, thank you. - Τίποτε άλλο. Ευχαριστώ. – [tipote alo efkharisto]

Greek. Lesson 36: Let's Talk About Verbs and Choices

Let's talk about verbs

Today we begin to study one of the most difficult sections of Greek grammar - the section "verbs". First we will study the conjugation of verbs in the present tense - it is not difficult. A little cramming, daily repetition of what you have learned, and in a month you will know the conjugation of the most commonly used verbs. These are the only ones I select for you. A little later we will begin to study times. Let's start with an important verb - the verb "to have". In Russian we say “I have”, but in Greek instead of three words we use one: έχω.
verb έχω (to have)
The basic form of verbs ends with the letter ω. Regular verbs fall into two broad categories: those with the stress on the penultimate syllable, as in έχω ['echo] "I have" and θέλω [sel] "I want", and those with the stress on the last syllable, as in αγαπώ [agapo] “I love.”
The verb έχω is typical of the first category. In the present tense and active voice it is conjugated as follows:
έχω – [‘echo] – I have
έχεις – [‘ehis] – you have
έχει – [‘ehi] – sheonono has
έχουμε – [‘ehume] – we have
έχετε – [‘ehete] – you have
έχουν – [‘ekhun] – they have
Please note that you do not need to use pronouns. Not “I have”, but simply “is”, “I have”. This is the peculiarity of the Greek language. The ending of the verb indicates who is being talked about. If ω, then it means “I have,” if ουν, then “they have.”

Continuation

Choice of Προτίμηση

I want something... – θέλω κάτι... – selo kati
This should be... – Πρέπει να είναι... – pre’pi na ine
big/small – μεγάλο/μικρό – megalo/micro
cheap/expensive – φτηνό /ακριβό – phtino/akrivo
light/heavy – ελαφρύ /βαρύ – elafri/vari
dark/light – σκούρο /ανοιχτό – skuro/anikhto
oval/round/square – οβάλ/στρογγυλό /τετράγωνο – oval/strongylo/tetragono
I wouldn’t want anything too expensive – Δε θέλω κάτι πολύ ακριβό – ze selo kati poly akrivo

Greek. Lesson 37: The verb “to be” and Choice

Use:
Είμαι απο τη Ρωσία. - I'm from Russia.
Είμαστε απο την Κύπρο. – We are from Cyprus.
This verb has only one past tense form - the imperfect, which is used when in Russian we say “byl”, “byla”, “bylo”, “byli”.
Compare the forms of the present and past tenses.
Είμαι ήμουν
Είσαι ήσουν
Είναι ήταν
Είμαστε ήμαστε
Είσαστε/είστε ήσαστε
Είναι ήταν

New words and expressions (feel free to use them often!)

I want – Θέλω (selo)
I have – Έχω (echo)
I don’t understand you – Δε σας καταλαβαίνω (de sas catalaveno)
I don’t speak Greek – Δε μιλώ ελληνικά (de milo elinika)
I am learning Greek – Μαθαίνω ελληνικά (maseno elinika)
Please... – Παρακαλώ... (parakalo)
Give... - δώστε... (dost)
Wait... – περιμένετε... (perimenete)
Show me... – δείξτε... (dikste)
Close (turn off)... – κλείστε... (kliste)
Open (turn on)... – ανοίξτε... (anikste)
Call... – φωνάξτε... (phonakste)
Call (invite) – καλέστε... (kaleste)
Repeat... – επαναλάβετε... (epanalavete)
Call... – τηλεφωνήστε... (tilephoniste)
Allow me.. – Επιτρέψτε μου... (epitrepste mu)
To come in.. -. να μπω (on bo)
Exit... – να βγω... (on vgo)
Pass... – να περάσω...(on peraso)

Continuation

Selecting Προτίμηση (started in the last lesson)

Which (Which)... do you want? – Τί... θα θέλατε; χρώμα /σχήμα colors/shapes
ποιότητα /ποσότητα quality / quantity
What type do you want? – Τί είδος θα θέλατε;
How much money do you have? – Περίπου σε τι τιμή σκεφτόσαστε;
Do you have anything...? – Έχετε κάτι...; ehete kati
more – μεγαλύτερο megalitero
best quality – καλύτερης ποιότητας kaliteris piotitas
cheaper – φτηνότερο fsinotero
less – μικρότερο microtero
Will you show me this/that...? – Μπορείτε να μου δείξετε εκείνο/αυτό...; borite no mu dixete ekino/afto
these/those – αυτά /εκείνα afta/ekina
what is in the display case – αυτό στη βιτρίνα aftosti showcase
others – μερικά άλλα marik ala

Greek. Lesson 38: Pronouns

I still wrote the forms of personal pronouns for you. In brackets is what corresponds to our I, you. He she…. And next to it is written what will be most useful to you - the accusative case forms. You will have to use these pronouns quite often.

Monosyllabic personal pronouns have the following accusative forms:

(εγώ) – με – Me (εμείς) – μας – us
(εσύ) – σε – You (εσείς) – σας – you
(αυτός) – τον ​​– His (αυτοί) – τους – theirs
(αυτή) – την – Her (αυτές) – τις – theirs

Monosyllabic personal pronouns in a sentence are placed immediately before the verb, for example:
Την ξέρω καλά. - I know her well.
Σας παρακαλώ - I ask you.
Τον βλέπω. - I see him.

Greek. Lesson 39: First Conjugation Verbs

1) Verbs of the first conjugation. Have stress on the penultimate syllable: μαθαίνω, διαβάζω

2) Verbs of II conjugation. Have stress on the last syllable: αγαπώ, μπορώ

Verbs of the first conjugation change according to persons in the present tense as follows:
1 person
(Εγώ) γράφω - I write (Εμείς) γράφουμε - we write
2nd person
(Εσύ) γράφεις - you write (Εσείς) γράφετε - you write
3rd person
(Αυτός/αυτή) γράφει - he/she writes (Αυτοί/αυτές) γράφουν - they write
Note: Pronouns are in parentheses because they are omitted in colloquial speech.

Greek. Lesson 40: Second Conjugation Verbs

In the previous lesson, we looked at the category of verbs that have stress on the penultimate syllable and are conjugated as the verb γράφω. In this lesson we will look at verbs of the second category, in which the stress falls on the last syllable and which are conjugated as the verb αγαπώ “I love”.
Remember that in Greek, the present tense describes both ongoing actions and repeated actions, for example, “I am drinking coffee now” (continuous), “every morning I drink coffee” (simple). Both of these actions in Greek are expressed by the present tense, i.e. πίνω καφέ τώρα, πίνω καφέ κάθε πρωί.

Verb αγαπώ (I love)

Unit number
αγαπώ – [ayapo] – I love
αγαπάς – [ayapas] – you love
αγαπά – [ayapa] – he she it loves

Plural
αγαπούμε – [ayapume] – we love
αγαπάτε – [ayapate] – you love
αγαπόυν – [ayapun] – they love
The verb ζητώ “I ask, I seek” is conjugated like the verb αγαπώ

Verb μπορώ (I can)

A number of verbs ending in ώ as αγαπώ have other endings when conjugated. One example is the verb μπορώ (boro) "I can".
Unit number
μπορώ – [boro] – I can
μπορείς - [boris] - you can
μπορεί – [bori] – ononaono can

Plural
μπορούμε – [borume] – we can
μπορείτε - [fight] - you can
μπορούν – [borun] – they can

παρακαλώ – [parakalo] – “I ask” is another verb, conjugated as μπορώ. It can be used as an equivalent to "please" or "pleased to oblige" in response to "thank you."
Unfortunately no easy way distinguish which of the verbs of this category ending in ώ is conjugated as αγαπώ, and which as μπορώ. Gradually you will remember them.

Greek. Lesson 41: Conjugating Verbs (continued)

If there are two verbs in your sentence, then most likely they are connected by the particle να. Please note that (unlike Russian) their forms are the same.
Θέλω να διαβάζω καλά βιβλία. - I want to read good books.
Ξέρω να γράφω ελληνικά. - I can write in Greek.

If person or number changes, then the change occurs in both verbs:
Θέλεις να διαβάζεις. - You want to read.
Θέλει να διαβάζει.- He wants to read.
Ξέρουμε να γράφουμε. - We can write.
Ξέρουν να γράφουν. - They can write.

Verbs of the first conjugation
λέω - talk, τρώω - eat, eat, ακούω - listen, κλαίω - cry, πάω - go are conjugated as follows:
Λέω – λέμε
Λες – λέτε
Λέει – λένε

Greek. Lesson 42: Conjugating Verbs

Verbs of the second conjugation are divided into two subgroups.
The verb, αγαπώ, for example, belongs to the first subgroup: Αγαπώ, αγαπάς, αγαπά (αγαπάει), αγαπάμε, αγαπάτε, αγαπάν (αγαπάνε). Verbs of the second subgroup are conjugated as follows: μπορώ, μπορείς, μπορεί, μπορούμε, μπορείτε, μπορούν (μπορού νε)
To reinforce the topic, I suggest learning a few new words and expressions:
You say (you say)…

Μιλάτε (μιλάς)... – [milate] – [milas]


I’m not saying... – (Δε) μιλάω.. – [ze milao]
...in Russian – ρωσικά – [dew]
...in Greek – ελλινικά – [elinika]
I speak a little - Μιλάω λίγο - [milao ligo]
I’m just saying... – Μιλάω μόνω... – [sweet mono]
...in Russian – ρωσικά – [dew]
...in English – αγγλίκα – [English]

Where do you live? – Πού μένετε – [pu menete]
I live... – Μένω... – [meno]
...in Moscow – στη Μόσχα – [sti mosha]
...in Kyiv – στό Κίεβο – [one hundred Kiev]
...in Nicosia – στη Λευκωσία – [sti levkosia]

Hello! If you are reading this site, then with a high probability we can say that you are a fan of sunny Hellas. Today we’ll talk about very important point- This Greek language, Is it worth teaching it, how to teach it, is it difficult? How to learn this mysterious language yourself - will a tutorial, books, courses help?

There are many questions, but let's remember - for centuries, a cultured person was considered to be one who knew the Greek language as well. In pre-revolutionary Russian gymnasiums, ancient Greek was a compulsory subject.

And you also know a lot of words, if you don’t believe it, you’ll soon see it. Let's start in order.

Greek language - a little history

Greek is considered one of the Indo-European languages, but stands apart and belongs to its own Greek group. I remember this made a big impression on me in the sixth grade, then I looked at the atlas, where there was a linguistic map of the world, and the Greek language was on its own, absolutely alone in its group.

Of course, there are also dialects, for example, Pontic, but, as far as I understand, they have preserved more of the ancient Greek language, and they cannot be separated from Greek. And the language itself is one of the oldest written languages ​​in the world; the first written sources date back to the Cretan-Mycenaean civilization (12th – 15th century BC)

In the last two centuries, there were, as it were, two languages ​​in Greece - Kafarevusa and Dimotika. The first language was similar in norms to ancient Greek, it was more official and literary. Dimotika is the language of the people, colloquial, which is still spoken in Greece. Diglossia (bilingualism) was abolished in 1976 and official language became Dimotika.

Modern Greek, as Wikipedia tells us, is now spoken and considered native by about 15 million people around the world. A individual words, I am sure, is used by the vast majority of the inhabitants of planet Earth. Are you in doubt? Here are examples (all accents are always where the accent mark is):

Greek words you know

The vast majority of medical terms.

• « παιδίατρος " - pediatrician
• « γυναικολόγος " - gynecologist
• « θεραπεία » - therapy
• « οφθαλμός - eye and so on and so forth.

From other areas:

• « κινηματογράφος » - cinema, cinema like general concept, for example, “ελληνικός κινηματογράφος” - Greek cinema
• « θέατρο " - theater
• « χάρισμα " - literally "gift", that is, some kind of good quality, God's gift.

Greek names

It’s also worth mentioning about names - after all, we have so many Greek names!

• «Θ εόδωρος " - Theodoros - Fedor (God's gift)
• « Αρσένιος " - Arsenios - Arseny. Something very masculine, "arsenikos" means "male"
• « Πέτρος " - Petros - Peter (“petra” - stone)
• « Γαλίνη " - Galini - Galina (calmness, tranquility)
• « Ειρήνη " - Irini - Irina (peace) and so on.

My grandfather was baptized Anempodist, and as a child I was surprised at this strange name. A " ανεμπόδιστος "Anembodistos" means "unobstructed" in Greek.

We have already said that we encounter them in literally all areas of our lives. And our Cyrillic alphabet itself is based on the Greek alphabet.

How to learn Greek?

I started learning Greek Rytova's textbook, which I once bought for indecent money at that time in the underground passage near Gostiny Dvor. I still have a whole general notebook in which I diligently wrote down grammar exercises. In addition, it was also impossible to find dictionaries in the 90s; the first dictionary that I was able to buy in a used bookstore was from a pre-revolutionary publishing house - with the letter yat.

Now there are opportunities to study any foreign language a lot - tutorial, courses, video and audio content... I will try to help my readers as much as I can!

They didn’t study Greek, and therefore they will never agree!

I believe that it is quite possible to learn Greek for free, at least at an elementary level, in order to communicate at least a little. Of course, it is difficult to learn without a language environment, but audio and video can help here.

Paid - there are courses, there are teachers, there are schools. Surely there are good ones, but how can you determine how well your teacher knows the language he is teaching you? If you don’t know this language at all, no way.

I remember how my friend in Moscow paid a private Greek teacher 20 dollars per academic hour of classes. When she once gave the phone to a teacher so that he could talk to her Greek friend, there was confusion. This Greek was also my acquaintance, and so he told me that the teacher could not connect two words and confused the masculine with the feminine.

Already in Greece, I realized that the Greek language from the textbook is quite different from the spoken one. Greeks often shorten or combine words, swallow letters, and speak quickly - you can’t follow them.

It helped me that I started reading the magazine for girls “Katerina”, after all, it was easier to understand 🙂, and watched foreign films with Greek subtitles. Understanding a little English, I tried to have time to read the subtitles in order to understand what was being said in Greek. Quite quickly I learned to read without a dictionary; I haven’t used it for many years, only in extreme cases.

Of course, a Russian-Greek phrasebook will also be useful for tourists, where you can learn the basic concepts that a tourist needs. In general, before the summer you and I have enough time to master the Greek language, according to at least, its basics! In the next article we will talk about reading and pronunciation of letters, diphthongs and triphthongs.

Many people start learning Greek for irrational reasons. People love the sound of Greek, mythology, togas and laurel wreaths. But the way to the heart of Greek culture lies through the grammatical jungle. A fan of Greek speech will have to memorize a lot of articles and articles. Plus a generous set of genders, declensions, moods, voices and tenses. In a free word order - and in this way it is similar to Russian. So the enthusiast needs to be prepared to surpass Hercules, who performed 12 labors. There is, however, one relief. The Russian language includes the number greek words that we perceive them as our original ones.

Prepare thoroughly for the study. The starting point for this is the search for a mentor, a mentor. Each student has the right to decide whether to look for a bilingual tutor on Skype, sign up for languages school for courses under the wing of a Russian-speaking teacher or look for Greek friends in educational in social networks learning-oriented languages(for example, livemocha.com). You need to purchase a textbook, preferably one intended for serious Russian universities like MGIMO or Moscow State University. The third point is " languages oh material": songs, books, films, podcasts, interactive languages first games, programs for learning new words (they can even be installed on a mobile phone).

Develop a lesson structure. Regardless of what a paid teacher says, a student studying Greek should learn the language not two or three times a week for two hours, but every day. Learning a language is not cramming, it is immersion in languages y Wednesday. If you wish, you can structure your daily routine in such a way that the student will literally breathe Greek: Greek radio when waking up, a text on the way to work, a pocket memo during lunch break and notes on the way home. This style of training will allow you not to forget the theory. And it will even allow you to relieve the stress received during the day.

note

Certified specialists Greek language is taught at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State Pedagogical University (MPGU) and, of course, MGIMO.

Sources:

• Free program for learning Greek words.
• how to learn greek on your own

The grammar of the Greek language has remained virtually unchanged since ancient times. Therefore, having learned Greek, you can easily begin reading the works of such great philosophers and scientists as Plato, Xenophon, Hippocrates, Homer and Lucian in the original language. In addition, it is written in Greek New Testament.

Studying Greek in the future will allow you to partially understand most European languages, since many words in them were borrowed from this ancient language.

Alphabet

The first thing you need to do when learning any language is to learn its alphabet, pronunciation and writing of each letter, of which there are 24. The Greek alphabet has been used since the end of the 9th century BC and has survived to this day almost unchanged. It served as the basis for the creation of the Latin alphabet, so it will not be difficult for European residents to remember it by analogy with the local alphabet.

Aspiration marks

In Greek, there are aspiration marks - marks above the vowels with which words begin. They indicate the need for solid or soft pronunciation first syllable of words.

Declensions

Similar to Russian, there are three declensions in Greek - first, second and third. Just as in Russian, nouns are inflected by case and number, and adjectives are declined like nouns, agreeing with them in case, gender and number.

Prepositions

Prepositions in Greek require the use of nouns in a specific case. In most cases, this case is accusative. After all prepositions, an article must be placed, which is determined by the gender of the noun in the sentence.

Conjugation

In Greek, like Western European ones, there are regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs are conjugated by adding an ending to them. Irregular conjugations - can be found in special tables, which are in Greek textbooks.

Repeat

New words learned should be repeated. For better effect It is necessary to repeat already learned words before starting to memorize the next ones. It is better to study words in small portions, but daily.

Conversation with native speakers

One of best methods When learning a language, is direct living in the language environment. Constant contact with native speakers will make learning Greek simple and enjoyable. If this is not possible, an alternative would be listening to and speaking audio recordings of native speech, as well as watching films and TV series.

PRONUNCIATION

1. Basic phonetics course using Rytova’s textbook http://www.topcyprus.net/greek/phonetics/phonetics-of-the-greek-language.html
2. Description of phonetics http://www.omniglot.com/writing/greek.htm
3. Details and Features Greek pronunciation with detailed tables and examples that can be listened to online (page on English language): http://www.foundalis.com/lan/grphdetl.htm

GRAMMAR

6. View all forms of any word, find the initial form of the verb: http://www.neurolingo.gr/el/online_tools/lexiscope.htm

7. Portal Lexigram: dictionary of declension and conjugation of words http://www.lexigram.gr/lex/newg/#Hist0

8. Verbs and their forms, translation into English. language http://moderngreekverbs.com/contents.html

9. Conjugator - verb conjugator (all forms, 579 verbs) http://www.logosconjugator.org/list-of-verb/EL/

TEXTBOOKS

9. Textbooks and others teaching aids in Pdf format, registration is required on the site, then you can download books for free (100 points are allocated, one book costs approximately 20-30 points, points can be replenished in the future): http://www.twirpx.com/search/

For beginners (level A1 and A2): Ελληνικά τώρα 1+1. There is audio for it.

• Level A1 and A2 - Επικοινωνήστε ελληνικά 1 - Communicate in Greek, audio and workbook with separate grammar exercises. This is a fun textbook with funny cartoons and excellent tasks for developing spoken language. It has a part 2 - for levels B1-B2
• For levels C1-C2 - Καλεϊδοσκόπιο Γ1, Γ2 (here you can only download samples http://www.hcc.edu.gr/el/news/1-latest-news/291-kalei..

• For levels A1-B2 (released before the advent of classification by levels): Ελληνική γλώσσα Γ. Μπαμπινιώτη and Νέα Ελληνικά γα ξένους, it has all the audio
• Self-instruction manual in Russian: A.B. Borisova Greek without a tutor (levels A1-B2)
• Textbook Ελληνική γλώσσα Γ. Μπαμπινιώτη - there are the best tables on grammar and syntax (although it is entirely in Greek).

PODCASTS

10. Excellent audio podcasts with transcripts in Pdf and downloadable. The language level gradually becomes more complex: http://www.hau.gr/?i=learning.en.podcasts-in-greek

RADIO ONLINE

AUDIOBOOKS

DICTIONARIES AND PHRASE BOOKS

16. Dictionaries online http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/index.html

17. Russian-Greek Dictionary http://new_greek_russian.academic.ru

18. Online Greek-English dictionary with voiceover http://www.dictionarist.com/greek

VIDEO LESSONS

19. Greek on BBC - video lessons http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/greek/guide/

YOUTUBE CHANNELS

20. Video lessons Greek from scratch. You need to listen and repeat ready-made phrases in Greek. Subject: everyday communication, cafe Restaurant https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irvJ-ZWp5YA

21. Greek from the project Speak Asap – Greek in 7 lessons. Vocabulary, grammar at level A1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hm65v4IPsl8

22. Video project Greek-for-you https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5WtE8WrpLY

23. Easy Greek channel – from level A2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtmBaIKw5P4

24. Audiobooks in Greek: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvev7gYFGSavD8P6xqa4Ip2HiUh3P7r5K

25. Channel with educational videos in Greek for Greek primary school students https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnUUoWRBIEcCkST59d4JPmg

MOVIES

BOOKS

30. Open Library includes copyright-free works of classical literature, as well as modern works posted by the authors themselves. All books on the Open Literature list are distributed freely and legally. http://www.openbook.gr/2011/10/anoikth-bibliothhkh.html

31. E-books for free http://www.ebooks4greeks.gr/δωρεανελληνικα-ηλεκτρονικαβιβλια-free-ebooks

32. Interactive textbooks for Greek high school by grade and subject - suitable for students of Greek as a foreign language at levels B1-B2.

EXAMINATIONS AND TESTS

37. Portal of the Greek Language Center, which conducts, in particular, exams for CERTIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. Here you can:

Determine your level of Greek language proficiency
- Find exam centers for the Greek Language Certificate (required to study and work in Greece)
- Download materials to prepare for the Certificate exams

MISCELLANEOUS SITES

38. A site with a variety of information about the Greek language, many links to resources: