ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD OF SENSATIONS - minimum value irritant any modality (light, sound, etc.) capable of causing a barely noticeable sensation.
ABSTRACTION - mental isolation of any sign or property of an object, phenomenon for the purpose of studying it in more detail.
AUTOKINETIC EFFECT - illusory, apparent movement of an actually stationary object, for example, a luminous point in the dark when the gaze is fixed on it for a long time in the absence of any other visible objects in the field of view.
AUTHORITARIAN (powerful, directive) - a characteristic of a person as an individual or his behavior in relation to other people, emphasizing the tendency to use predominantly non-democratic methods of influencing them: pressure, orders, instructions, etc.
AUTHORITY is a person’s ability to have a certain weight among people, serve as a source of ideas for them and enjoy their recognition and respect.
AGGLUTINATION - the merging of different words into one, reducing their morphological structure, but preserving the original meaning. In psychology, one of the essential characteristics of words used in inner speech.
AGGRESSIVENESS (hostility) - a person’s behavior towards other people, which is characterized by the desire to cause them trouble and harm.
ADAPTATION - adaptation sense organs to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to best perceive and protect them receptors from excessive overload.
ACCOMMODATION is a change in the curvature of the lens of the eye in order to accurately focus the image on the retina.
ACTIVITY - a concept indicating the ability of living beings to produce spontaneous movements and change under the influence of external or internal stimulus stimuli.
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ACCENTUATION- highlighting a property or characteristic against the background of others, its special development.
ACTION ACCEPTOR- a concept introduced by P. K Anokhin. Denotes a hypothetical psychophysiological apparatus existing in central nervous system and representing a model of the future result of the action, with which the parameters of the actually performed action are then compared.
ALTRUISM- trait character, encouraging a person to selflessly come to the aid of people and animals.
AMBIVALENCE- duality, inconsistency. In psychology feelings denotes the simultaneous presence in the soul of a person of opposing, incompatible aspirations relating to the same object.
AMNESIA- violations memory.
ANALYZER- concept proposed by I.P. Pavlov. Denotes a collection afferent And efferent neural structures involved in perception, processing and response to irritants(cm.).
ANIMISM- the ancient doctrine of objective existence, the transmigration of souls and spirits, as well as fantastic, supernatural ghosts.
ANTICIPATION- anticipation, anticipation of something happening.
APATHY- a state of emotional indifference, indifference and inactivity:
APPERCEPTION- a concept introduced by the German scientist G. Leibniz. Defines a state of particular clarity consciousness, his concentration on something. In the understanding of another German scientist, W. Wundt, it meant some internal force that directs the flow of thought and the course of mental processes.
APRAXIA- movement disorder in humans.
ASSOCIATION- connection, connection of mental phenomena with each other.
ASSOCIATIONISM- a psychological doctrine that used association as the main explanatory principle of all mental phenomena. A. dominated psychology in the 18th-19th centuries.
ATTRIBUTION- attribution of any directly non-perceptible property to an object, person or phenomenon.
CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION- attributing some explanatory cause to an observed action or behavior of a person.
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ATTRACTION- attractiveness, attraction one person to another, accompanied by positive emotions.
AUTOGENOUS TRAINING- a set of special exercises based on self-hypnosis and used by a person to control his own mental states and behavior.
AUTISM- disruption of the normal course of thinking under the influence of illness, psychotropic or other drugs. A person’s escape from reality into the world fantasies And dreams Found in its most pronounced form in children preschool age and in patients with schizophrenia. The term was introduced by psychiatrist E. Bleuler.
APHASIA- violations speech.
AFFECT- a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal resulting from frustration or any other substance that has a strong effect on psyche reasons, usually associated with dissatisfaction of very important for a person needs.
AFFERENT- a concept that characterizes the course of the process of nervous excitation through the nervous system in the direction from the periphery of the body to the brain.
AFFILIATION- a person’s need to establish, maintain and strengthen emotionally positive: friendly, comradely, friendly relationships with people around him.
BARRIER PSYCHOLOGICAL- an internal obstacle of a psychological nature (reluctance, fear, uncertainty, etc.) that prevents a person from successfully performing some action. It often occurs in business and personal relationships between people and prevents the establishment of open and trusting relationships between them.
UNCONSCIOUS- characteristic psychological properties, processes and states of a person that are outside the sphere of his consciousness, but have the same influence on his behavior as consciousness.
BEHAVIORISM- a doctrine in which only human behavior is considered as the subject of psychological research and its dependence on external and internal material stimuli is studied. B. denies the need and possibility of scientific research into psychic phenomena themselves. The founder of B. is considered to be the American scientist D. Watson.
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LARGE GROUP - a social association of people of significant quantitative composition, formed on the basis of some abstract (see. abstraction) socio-demographic characteristics: gender, age, nationality, professional affiliation, social or economic situation and so on.
Delirium is an abnormal, painful state of the human psyche, accompanied by fantastic images, visions, hallucinations (see also autism).
BRAINSTORING - special method organizing joint group creative work of people, designed to increase their mental activity and solve complex intellectual problems.
VALIDITY is the quality of a psychological research method, expressed in its compliance with what it was originally intended to study and evaluate.
FAITH is a person’s belief in something that is not supported by convincing logical arguments or facts.
VERBAL LEARNING - a person’s acquisition of life experience, knowledge, skills And skills through verbal instructions and explanations.
VERBAL - relating to the sound of human speech.
VICARRY LEARNING - a person’s acquisition of knowledge, skills And skills through direct observation and imitation of the observed object.
ATTRACTION is a desire or need to do something, prompting a person to take appropriate action.
ATTENTION is a state of psychological concentration, concentration on some object.
INTERNAL SPEECH is a special type of human speech activity, directly related to unconscious, automatically occurring processes of translating thoughts into words and back.
Suggestibility - a person’s pliability to action suggestions.
Suggestion is the unconscious influence of one person on another, causing certain changes in his psychology and behavior.
EXCITABILITY - the property of living matter to come into a state of excitement under the influence irritants and keep traces of it for some time.
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AGE PSYCHOLOGY - a field of psychology that studies the psychological characteristics of people of different ages, their development and transitions from one age to another.
WILL - a property (process, state) of a person, manifested in his ability to consciously manage his psyche And actions. It manifests itself in overcoming obstacles that arise on the way to achieving a consciously set goal.
IMAGINATION - the ability to imagine an absent or really non-existent object, hold it in consciousness and mentally manipulate it.
MEMORIES (remembering) - reproduction by memory any previously perceived information. One of the main memory processes.
PERCEPTION is the process of a person receiving and processing various information entering the brain through the organs feelings. Ends with the formation image.
REACTION TIME is the time interval between the onset of action of a stimulus and the appearance in the body of a certain reaction to it.
SECOND SIGNAL SYSTEM - a system of speech signs, symbols that evoke in a person the same reactions as real objects that are designated by these symbols.
EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENTS (expression) - a system of data from nature or learned movements (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime), with the help of which a person non-verbally (see. verbal) transmits information about its internal states or outside world to other people.
HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS - transformed under the influence of life in society, training and education mental processes person. The concept was introduced by L.S. Vygotsky within the framework of the cultural-historical theory of development of V.p.f. (cm.).
REPLACEMENT is one of defense mechanisms(see) in the psychoanalytic theory of personality (see. psychoanalysis). Under the influence of V., human memory is removed from consciousness into the sphere unconscious information that causes him strong unpleasant emotional experiences.
HALLUCINATIONS - unreal, fantastic images that arise in a person during illnesses that affect his mental state (see also autism, delirium).
GENERALIZATION OF STIMULUS - acquisition by many stimuli (see. stimulus), initially not related to us-
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clever reaction (see conditioned reflex), ability to evoke it.
GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies the origin of mental phenomena and their connection with genotype person.
GENETIC METHOD - a method for studying mental phenomena in development, establishing their origin and the laws of transformation as they develop (see also historical method).
GENIUS - the highest level of development in a person of any kind abilities, abilities making him an outstanding personality in the relevant field or field of activity.
GENOTYPE - a set of genes or any qualities received by a person as an inheritance from his parents.
GESTALT - structure, whole, system.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY is a direction of psychological research that arose in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. during a period of open crisis psychological science. In contrast associationism Gestalt psychology asserted the priority of structure, or integrity (see. gestalt), in the organization of mental processes, laws and dynamics of their flow.
HYLOZOISM - philosophical doctrine about the universal spirituality of matter, asserting that sensitivity as an elementary form psyche inherent in all things existing in nature without exception.
HYPNOSIS is a temporary shutdown of a person’s consciousness caused by suggestive influence or the removal of conscious control over one’s own behavior.
HOMEOSTASIS - normal condition equilibrium of organic and other processes in a living system.
DREAMS - fantasies, dreams of a person, drawing pleasant, desirable pictures of a future life in his imagination.
GROUP - a collection of people, identified on the basis of any one or more characteristics common to them (see also small group).
GROUP DYNAMICS - direction of research in social psychology(q.v.), which studies the process of emergence, functioning and development of different groups (q.v.).
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychology in which a person is viewed as a higher spiritual being who sets the goal of self-improvement and strives to achieve it. G.p. arose in the first half
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wine of the 20th century The founders are considered to be American scientists G. Allport, A. Maslow and K. Rogers.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR- (cm. deviant behavior).
DEPERSONALIZATION(depersonalization) - a temporary loss by a person of psychological and behavioral characteristics that characterize him as personality.
DEPRESSION- a state of mental distress, depression, characterized by loss of strength and decreased activity.
DETERMINATION- causal conditioning (see determinism).
DETERMINISM- philosophical and epistemological doctrine that affirms the existence and possibility of establishing objective reasons all phenomena existing in the world.
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY- industry developmental psychology, which studies the psychology of children of different ages, from birth to graduation.
ACTIVITY- a specific type of human activity aimed at creative transformation, improvement of reality and oneself.
SUBJECT ACTIVITY- an activity that is subordinated in its course to the characteristics of objects of material and spiritual culture created by people. Designed for mastering methods correct use these objects by people and their development abilities.
DISPOSITION- predisposition, readiness of a person for certain external or internal actions.
DISTRESS- negative impact of stress (see. stress) situations on human activity, up to its complete destruction.
DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies and explains the psychological and behavioral differences of people.
DOMINANT- the predominant focus of excitation in the human brain, associated with increased attention or urgent need. It can be amplified due to the attraction of excitations from neighboring areas of the brain. The concept of D. was introduced by A. Ukhtomsky.
DRIVE- a concept denoting an unconscious internal attraction general, generated by some organic need. Used in psychology motivation and in theory learning.
22. R. S. Nemov, book 1
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DUALISM is the doctrine of the independent, independent existence of body and soul. It originates in the works of ancient philosophers, but receives full development in the Middle Ages. It is presented in detail in the works of the French philosopher R. Descartes.
SOUL is an old name used in science before the advent of the word “psychology” for a set of phenomena studied in modern psychology.
WISH- state updated, i.e. a need that has begun to act, accompanied by a desire and readiness to do something specific to satisfy it.
GESTURE- the movement of a person’s hands, expressing his internal state or pointing to some object in the external world.
LIFE ACTIVITIES- a set of types of activity united by the concept of “life” and characteristic of living matter.
FORGETING- process memory, associated with the loss of traces of previous influences and the possibility of their reproduction (see. memory).
ADVANTAGES - prerequisites for the development of abilities. They can be congenital or acquired during life.
BOOGER-WEBER LAW- psychophysical (see psychophysics) law expressing the constancy of the ratio of the increment of value irritant, which gave rise to a barely noticeable change in strength Feel to its original value:
A/
-------=K,
I
Where I- initial stimulus value, M- its increment, TO - constant.
This law was independently established by the French scientist P. Bouguer and the German scientist E. Weber.
WEBER-FECHNER LAW- a law stating that the strength of sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the magnitude of the acting stimulus:
S= K¦ lg I+ C,
Where S- strength of feeling, I- magnitude of the stimulus, Ki S - constants.
Derived by the German scientist G. Fechner on the basis of the Bouguer-Weber law (see).
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YERKES-DODSON LAW - a curvilinear, bell-shaped relationship that exists between the strength of emotional arousal and the success of human activity. Shows that the most productive activity occurs at a moderate, optimal level of arousal. Opened at the beginning of the 20th century. American psychologists R. Yerkes and J. Dodson.
STEVENS'S LAW- one of the variants of the basic psychophysical law (see. Weber-Fechner law), suggesting the presence of not a logarithmic, but a power-law functional relationship between the magnitude of the stimulus and the strength of sensation:
S= TO- D
where 5 is the strength of sensation, I- the magnitude of the current stimulus, TO and and are constants.
SUBSTITUTION(sublimation) - one of the protective mechanisms, representing a subconscious replacement of one, forbidden or practically unattainable, goal with another, permitted and more accessible, capable of at least partially satisfying the current need.
INFECTION- a psychological term denoting the unconscious transfer from person to person of any emotions, states, or motives.
PROTECTION MECHANISMS- psychoanalytic concept (see psychoanalysis), denoting a set of unconscious techniques with the help of which a person, as an individual, protects himself from psychological trauma.
MEMORY- one of the processes memory, denoting the introduction into memory of newly received information.
SIGN- a symbol or object that serves as a substitute for another object.
MEANING (words, concepts) - the content that is put into given word or the concept of all the people who use it.
ZONE OF POTENTIAL (NEAR-TERM) DEVELOPMENT- opportunities in mental development that open up for a person when he is provided with minimal outside help. The concept of Z.p.r. introduced by L.S. Vygotsky.
ZOOPSYCHOLOGY- branch of psychological science that studies the behavior and psychology of animals.
IDENTIFICATION- identification. In psychology, it is the establishment of the similarity of one person to another, aimed at remembering him and the own development of the person identified with him.
22*
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IDEOMOTORICS - the influence of thoughts on movements, manifested in the fact that every thought about movement is accompanied by a barely noticeable real movement of the most mobile parts of the body: arms, eyes, head or torso. These movements are often involuntary and hidden from the consciousness of the person performing them.
ICONIC MEMORY - (see. instant memory).
ILLUSIONS are phenomena of perception, imagination and memory that exist only in the human head and do not correspond to any real phenomenon or object.
IMPLICIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY - a stable, lifetime idea of ​​interconnection formed in a person appearance, behavior and traits personalities people, on the basis of which he judges people in conditions of insufficient information about them.
IMPRINTING is a type of experience acquisition that occupies an intermediate position between learning and innate reactions. With I., forms of behavior ready from birth are put into action under the influence of some external stimulus, which, as it were, launches them into action.
IMPULSIVITY is a characterological trait of a person, manifested in his tendency to fleeting, ill-considered actions and deeds.
INDIVIDUAL is a single person in the totality of all his inherent qualities: biological, physical, social, psychological, etc.
INDIVIDUALITY is a peculiar combination of individual (see. individual) properties of a person that distinguishes him from other people.
INDIVIDUAL STYLE OF ACTIVITY - a stable combination of characteristics of performing different types of activities by the same person.
INITIATIVE is a manifestation by a person of activity that is not stimulated from the outside and not determined by circumstances beyond his control.
INSIGHT (insight, guess) - unexpected for a person himself, a sudden finding of a solution to a problem that he has thought about for a long time and persistently.
INSTINCT is an innate, slightly changeable form of behavior that ensures the body’s adaptation to the typical conditions of its life.
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INSTRUMENTAL ACTION - an action that serves as a means to an end other than its own result.
INTELLIGENCE - the totality of the mental abilities of humans and some higher animals, for example, apes.
INTERACTION- interaction.
INTERACTIONISM- a doctrine that asserts that all psychological properties, qualities and types of behavior acquired by a person during his lifetime are the result of the interaction of his inner world and the external environment.
INTEREST- emotionally charged, increased human attention to any object or phenomenon.
INTERIORIZATION- transition from the environment external to the body to the internal. In relation to a person, I. means the transformation of external actions with material objects into internal, mental ones, operating with symbols. According to the cultural-historical theory of the formation of higher mental functions I. is the main mechanism of their development.
INTERFERENCE- disruption of the normal course of one process by the intervention of another.
INTROVERSION- turning a person’s consciousness towards himself; absorption in one’s own problems and experiences, accompanied by a weakening of attention to what is happening around. I. is one of the basic features personality.
INTROSPECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological research that existed mainly in the 19th century. The main research method in I.p. was introspection.
INTROSPECTION- method of cognition of mental phenomena through human introspection, i.e. careful study by the person himself of what happens in his mind when making a decision various kinds tasks.
INTUITION- the ability to quickly find the right solution to a problem and navigate difficult life situations, as well as foresee the course of events.
IFANTILISM- manifestation of childish traits in the psychology and behavior of an adult.
SUBJECT- a person on whom scientific psychological experiments are carried out.
HISTORICAL METHOD- a method for studying mental phenomena in their development depending on the historical conditions of human life.
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CATharsis - cleansing. Psychoanalytic (see psychoanalysis) a term denoting mental relief that occurs in a person after strong emotional experiences such as affect or stress.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS- a method of psychological research in which quantitative indicators are not used, and conclusions are drawn only on the basis of logical reasoning about the facts obtained.
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE- general socio-psychological characteristics of the condition small group, especially the human relationships that have developed within it.
COGNITIVE HELPLESS- a psychological state or situation in which an individual, having the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to solve a problem, due to a number of cognitive reasons, cannot cope with it.
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY- one of modern trends research in psychology that explains human behavior on the basis of knowledge and studies the process and dynamics of its formation.
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY- theory proposed in line with cognitive psychology American scientist L. Festinger. Considers the cognitive dissonance as one of the main factors governing human behavior.
THE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE- a contradiction in a person’s knowledge system, which gives rise to unpleasant experiences in him and encourages him to take actions aimed at eliminating this contradiction.
COLLECTIVE- highly developed small group people in which relationships are built on positive moral standards. K. has increased efficiency in work, manifested in the form superadditive effect.
COMMUNICATIONS- contacts, communication, exchange of information and interaction of people with each other.
COMPENSATION- a person’s ability to get rid of worries about his own shortcomings (see. inferiority complex) through intensive work on oneself and the development of other positive qualities. The concept of K. was introduced by A. Adler.
INFERIORITY COMPLEX- a complex human condition associated with a lack of any qualities (abilities, knowledge, abilities and skills), accompanied by deep
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our negative emotional feelings about this.
REVIVAL COMPLEX- a complex sensory-motor reaction of an infant (about 2-3 months) that occurs during perception loved one, first of all, his mother.
CONVERGENCE- reduction of the visual axes of the eyes on any object or to one point in visual space.
CONSTANTITY OF PERCEPTION- the ability to perceive objects and see them as relatively constant in size, shape and color in changing physical conditions of perception.
CONTENT ANALYSIS- a method of psychological study of various texts, allowing one to judge by their content the psychology of the creators of these texts.
INTRAPERSONAL CONFLICT- a state of a person’s dissatisfaction with any circumstances of his life, associated with the presence of conflicting interests, aspirations, needs that give rise to affects And stress.
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT- an intractable contradiction that arises between people and is caused by the incompatibility of their views, interests, goals, and needs.
CONFORMITY- a person’s uncritical acceptance of someone else’s wrong opinion, accompanied by an insincere rejection of his own opinion, the correctness of which the person does not internally doubt. Such a refusal to conform to behavior is usually motivated by some opportunistic considerations.
CONCEPTUAL REFLECTOR ARC- a concept that expands and deepens Pavlov’s idea of reflex arc by including the latest data on the specialization and functioning of various groups of neurons in the cerebral cortex. Concept of K.r.d. introduced by E.N. Sokolov and Ch.A. Izmailov.
CORRELATION- a mathematical concept indicating the statistical relationship that exists between the phenomena being studied (see. math statistics).
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT QUOTE-numerical indicator mental development human, obtained as a result of the use of special tests, designed to quantify the level of human intelligence development.
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A CRISIS- a state of mental disorder caused by a person’s long-term dissatisfaction with himself and his relationships with the outside world. Age-related cancer often occurs when a person moves from one age group to another.
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS- a theory that explains the process of formation and development higher mental functions human based on the cultural and socio-historical conditions of human existence. Developed in the 20-30s by L.S. Vygotsky.
LABILITY- a property of nervous processes (nervous system), manifested in the ability to conduct a certain number of nerve impulses per unit of time. L. also characterizes the rate of onset and cessation of the nervous process.
LIBIDO- one of the main concepts psychoanalysis. Denotes a certain type of energy, most often biochemical, which underlies human needs and actions. The concept of L. was introduced into scientific circulation by S. Freud.
LEADER- a member of a group whose authority, power or authority is unconditionally recognized by the other members small group, ready to follow him.
LEADERSHIP- behavior leader V small group. The acquisition or loss of leadership powers by him, the implementation of his leadership functions.
LINGUISTIC- relating to language.
PERSONALITY- a concept denoting the totality of stable psychological qualities of a person that make up his individuality.
LOGOTHERAPY- psychotherapeutic method (see psychotherapy), designed to give a person’s life that has lost its meaning a more definite spiritual content, to draw a person’s attention and consciousness to genuine moral and cultural values. Proposed by the Austrian psychiatrist W. Frankl and based on a person’s awareness of his responsibility to people and himself.
LOCALIZATION OF MENTAL FUNCTIONS(properties and states of a person) - representation in the structures of the human brain of the location of the main mental functions, states and properties, their connection with specific anatomical and physiological sections and structures of the brain.
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LOCAL- limited, local.
LOCUS OF CONTROL- a concept that characterizes the localization of the reasons on the basis of which a person explains his own behavior and the behavior of other people observed by him. Internal L.k. - this is a search for the reasons for behavior in the person himself, and the external L.K. - their localization outside a person, in his environment. The concept of L.k. introduced by the American psychologist Yu. Rotter.
LONGITUDINAL STUDY- long-term scientific research into the processes of formation, development and change of any mental or behavioral phenomena.
LOVE- the highest spiritual feeling of a person, rich in a variety of emotional experiences, based on noble feelings and high morality and accompanied by a willingness to do everything in one’s power for the well-being of a loved one.
MASOCHISM- self-humiliation, self-torture of a person, associated with dissatisfaction with oneself and the conviction that the reasons for failures in life are in oneself (see. internal locus of control). M.- one of the main concepts used in the typology of social characters proposed by the German-American scientist E. Fromm.
SMALL GROUP- a small group of people, including from 2-3 to 20-30 people, engaged in common affairs and having direct personal contacts with each other.
MASS PSYCHIC PHENOMENA- socio-psychological phenomena that arise in masses of people (population, crowd, mass, group, nation, etc.). M.y.p. include rumors panic, imitation, infection, suggestion and etc.
MASS COMMUNICATIONS- means of transmitting information designed for a mass audience: print, radio, television, etc.
MATH STATISTICS- region higher mathematics, dealing with patterns characterizing the interaction of random variables. Methods M.s. are widely used in psychology to search and detect reliable connections between mental and behavioral phenomena with other factors considered as their causes or consequences.
INSTANT MEMORY- memory, designed for a very short period of time, storing traces of memories in a person’s head
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accepted material. M.p. acts, as a rule, only during the process of perception itself.
MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies mental phenomena and human behavior with the aim of preventing, diagnosing and treating various diseases.
MELANCHOLIC- a person whose behavior is characterized by slow reactions to actions incentives, as well as speech, thought and motor processes.
TWIN METHOD- a scientific research method based on comparing the psychology and behavior of two types of twins: monozygotic (with the same genotype) and dizygotic (with different genotypes). M.b. is used to solve the problem of genotypic or environmental conditioning of certain psychological and behavioral characteristics of a person.
TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD- a way of acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities through repeated mechanical repetition of actions as a result of which they are formed. M.p. and about. introduced by American researcher E. Thorndike to study the process learning in animals.
SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL METHOD- a way to study content and structure consciousness a person through his definition of concepts using a series of predetermined polar definitions such as “strong - weak”, “good - bad”, etc. M.sd. introduced by the American psychologist Charles Osgood.
DREAMS- a person’s plans for the future, presented in his imagination and realizing the most important needs and interests for him.
FAMILY- a set of movements of parts of a person’s face that express his state or attitude towards what he perceives (imagine, think about, remember, etc.).
MODALITY- a concept denoting the quality of sensations arising under the influence of certain irritants.
POWER MOTIVE- a stable personality trait that expresses one person’s need to have power over other people, the desire to dominate, manage, and dispose of them.
MOTIVE- an internal stable psychological reason for a person’s behavior or action.
MOTIVE FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF SUCCESS- the need to achieve success in various types of activities, considered as a stable personal trait.
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THE MOTIVE OF AVOIDING FAILURE is a more or less stable desire of a person to avoid failures in those life situations where the results of his activities are assessed by other people. M.H.S. - trait personalities, the opposite of the achievement motive success.
MOTIVATION is a dynamic process of internal, psychological and physiological management of behavior, including its initiation, direction, organization, support.
MOTIVATION is a reasonable justification, an explanation by the person himself of his actions, which does not always correspond to the truth.
THINKING is a psychological process of cognition associated with the discovery of subjectively new knowledge, with problem solving, with the creative transformation of reality.

OBSERVATION is a method of psychological research designed to directly obtain necessary information through organs feelings.
SKILL - a formed, automatically carried out movement that does not require conscious control and special volitional efforts to perform it.
VISUAL-ACTIVE THINKING is a method of practical problem solving that involves a visual study of the situation and practical actions in it with material objects.
VISUAL-FIGURATORY THINKING is a method of solving problems that includes observing a situation and operating with images of its constituent objects without practical actions with them.
RELIABILITY is the quality of a scientific research method that allows one to obtain the same results when the method is used repeatedly or repeatedly.
INTENTION - a conscious desire, readiness to do something.
ORIENTATION OF A PERSONALITY is a concept denoting a set of needs and motives personality, determining the main direction of its behavior.
TENSION is a state of increased physical or psychological arousal, accompanied by unpleasant internal feelings and requiring release.
MOOD - a person’s emotional state associated with weakly expressed positive or negative
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bodily emotions and existing for a long time.
LEARNING- acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities as a result of life experience.
NEUROTICISM- a human property characterized by increased excitability, impulsiveness And anxiety.
NEGATIVISM- demonstrative opposition of a person to other people, failure to accept reasonable advice from other people. Often occurs in children during puberty crises.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies the connection of mental processes, properties and states with the functioning of the brain.
NON-BEHAVIORISM- a direction in psychology that replaced behaviorism in the 30s of the XX century. Characterized by recognition of the active role of mental states in controlling behavior. Presented in the teachings of American psychologists E. Tolman, K. Hull, B. Skinner.
NEO-FREUDISM- a doctrine that arose on the basis psychoanalysis Z. Freud. Associated with the recognition of the essential role of society in the formation of personality and with the refusal to consider organic needs as the only basis for social human behavior.
SOCIAL NORMS- accepted in a given society or group rules of conduct that govern human relationships.
DEPERSONALIZATION- (cm. depersonalization).
GENERALIZATION- (cm. abstraction) - identifying the general from many particular phenomena. Transfer of once formed knowledge, skills And skills to new tasks and situations.
IMAGE- a generalized picture of the world (objects, phenomena), which develops as a result of processing information about it coming through the senses.
FEEDBACK- the process of obtaining information about the states of a communication partner in order to improve communication and achieve the desired result.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY- a field of psychological science that studies the general laws of the human psyche and behavior, develops basic concepts and presents the main laws on the basis of which it is formed, develops and functions psyche person.
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COMMUNICATION- exchange of information between people, their interaction.
ORDINARY CONSCIOUSNESS- the average level of consciousness of the masses of people who make up a given society. O.S. differs from scientific consciousness in the low reliability and accuracy of the information it contains.
OBJECTIFICATION- the process and result of localizing images of perception in the external world - where the source of perceived information is located.
GIFTEDNESS- presence in a person inclinations to development abilities.
EXPECTATION- one of the main concepts cognitive psychology, expressing a person’s ability to anticipate future events.
ONTOGENESIS- the process of individual development of an organism or personalities(cm.).
OPERANT CONDITIONING- a type of learning carried out by reinforcing the body’s most successful reactions to certain incentives. The concept of O.o. proposed by the American psychologist E. Thorndike and developed by B. Skinner.
RAM- a type of memory designed to retain information for a certain time necessary to perform some action or operations.
OPERATION- a system of movements associated with the execution specific action aimed at achieving his goal.
OBJECTIFICATION- a dialectical-materialistic concept that denotes the process and result of the embodiment of human abilities in the objects of human activity that make up material and spiritual culture.
SURVEY- a method of psychological study, in the process of which people are asked questions and, based on the answers to them, the psychology of these people is judged.
PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE- a method of personality research based on the use of a system of written or oral, pre-thought-out questions addressed to a person whose psychological characteristics are to be studied.
SENSE ORGANS- bodily organs specifically designed for perception, processing and storage of information. O.ch. include receptors,nerve pathways, conducting excitations to the brain and back, as well as the central parts of the human nervous system that process these excitations.
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ORIENTATIVE REACTION (REFLEX) - the body’s reaction to new stimuli, manifested in its general activation, concentration of attention, mobilization of forces and resources.
MEANINGFULNESS OF PERCEPTION is the property of human perception to attribute a certain meaning to a perceived object or phenomenon, designate it with a word, and assign it to a certain linguistic category.
BASIC PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAW - (see. Weber-Fechner law).
DEVIANT (DEVIANT) BEHAVIOR - human behavior that deviates from established legal or moral norms, violating them.
OPEN CRISIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE is a critical condition in psychological science that arose at the beginning of the 20th century. and associated with its inability to satisfactorily resolve a number of pressing theoretical and practical problems.
RELATIVE SENSATION THRESHOLD - the amount by which the stimulus acting on the sense organs must change in order for the sensation it causes to simultaneously change (value A/ in Bouguer-Weber law).
REFLECTION is a philosophical and epistemological concept related to the theory of knowledge. In accordance with it, all mental processes and states of a person are considered as reflections in a person’s head of an objective reality independent of him.
ALIENATION is the process or result of a person’s loss of meaning or personal meaning (see. personal meaning) what previously attracted his attention was interesting and important to him.
SENSATION is an elementary mental process, which is a subjective reflection by a living being in the form of mental phenomena of the simplest properties of the surrounding world.
MEMORY - processes of remembering, preserving, reproducing and processing various information by a person.
GENETIC MEMORY - memory conditioned genotype, passed down from generation to generation.
LONG-TERM MEMORY - memory designed for long-term storage and repeated reproduction of information, provided it is preserved.
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SHORT-TERM MEMORY - memory designed to store information for a short period of time, from several to tens of seconds, until the information contained in it is used or transferred to long-term memory.
RAM MEMORY - (see. RAM).
PANIC is a mass phenomenon psyche, characterized by the simultaneous occurrence in many people who are in contact with each other of feelings of fear, anxiety, as well as erratic, chaotic movements and ill-considered actions.
PANTOMIMIC is a system of expressive movements performed using the body.
PARAPSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychology that studies unusual, intractable scientific explanation phenomena related to the psychology and behavior of people.
PATHOPSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychological research associated with the study of abnormalities in the psyche and behavior of a person in various diseases.
PEDAGOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychological science that studies the psychological foundations of teaching, upbringing and pedagogical activity.
PRIMARY DATA is that information about the phenomena being studied that is obtained at the beginning of the study and is subject to further processing before reliable conclusions about these phenomena can be drawn on its basis.
PRIMARY EMOTIONS - genotypically (see. genotype) conditioned simple emotional experiences: pleasure, displeasure, pain, fear, anger, etc.
EXPERIENCE is a sensation accompanied by emotions.
PERSONALIZATION is the process of turning a person into personality(see), acquisitions by him individuality(cm.).
PERCEPTIVE - relating to perception.
REINFORCEMENT is a means that can satisfy a need and relieve the tension caused by it. P. is also a means of confirming the correctness or error of a completed act or action.
IMITATION is a conscious or unconscious behavior of a person aimed at reproducing the actions and actions of other people.
GENDER ROLE TYPIZATION - a person’s assimilation of forms of social behavior that are typical for people of the same sex.
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GENDER ROLE BEHAVIOR - behavior characteristic of a person of a certain gender in the social role that corresponds to this gender.
UNDERSTANDING is a psychological state that expresses the correctness of the decision made and is accompanied by a feeling of confidence in the accuracy of the perception or interpretation of any event, phenomenon, or fact.
THRESHOLD OF SENSATION - meaning incentive, affecting the sense organs, which causes a minimal sensation (lower absolute threshold sensations), the maximum possible strength of the sensation of the corresponding modality (the upper absolute threshold of sensation) or a change in the parameters of an existing sensation (see. relative threshold of sensation).
ACTION - consciously committed by a person and controlled by will action based on certain beliefs.
NEED - a state of need of an organism, an individual, a personality for something necessary for their normal existence.
PRACTICAL THINKING is a type of thinking aimed at solving practical problems.
PREDICATIVITY - characteristic inner speech, expressed in the absence of words representing the subject (subject), and the presence of only words related to the predicate (predicate).
OBJECTIVENESS OF PERCEPTION - the property of perception to represent the world not in the form of individual sensations, but in the form of integral images related to perceived objects.
PREJUDICE is a persistent erroneous opinion, not supported by facts and logic, based on faith.
PRECONSCIOUSNESS - a person’s mental state, occupying an intermediate place between consciousness And unconscious. It is characterized by the presence of a vague awareness of what is being experienced, but the absence of volitional control or the ability to manage it.
REPRESENTATION is the process and result of reproduction in the form of an image of any object, event, phenomenon.
HABITATION - cessation or decrease in the severity of the response to a stimulus that is still in effect.
PROJECTION is one of defense mechanisms through which a person gets rid of worries about his own shortcomings by attributing them to other people.
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PROPRIOCEPTIVE - associated with the muscular system.
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR - human behavior among people, selflessly aimed at their benefit.
PSYCHE is a general concept denoting the totality of all mental phenomena studied in psychology.
MENTAL PROCESSES - processes occurring in the human head and reflected in dynamically changing mental phenomena: sensations, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, speech and etc.
PSYCHOANALYSIS is a teaching created by S. Freud. Contains a system of ideas and methods for interpreting dreams and other unconscious mental phenomena, as well as diagnosing and treating various mental illnesses.
PSYCHOGENETICS is a field of research that studies the hereditary nature of certain mental and behavioral phenomena, their dependence on genotype.
PSYCHODYAGNOSTICS is a field of research related to quantitative assessment and precise qualitative analysis psychological properties and conditions of a person using scientifically proven methods that provide reliable information about them.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS is a field of science bordering between psychology and linguistics that deals with the study of human speech, its occurrence and functioning.
PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY OF PEOPLE - the ability of people to find mutual understanding, establish business and personal contacts, and cooperate with each other.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE - (see. socio-psychological climate).
WORK PSYCHOLOGY - a field of science that studies psychological aspects labor activity people, including their vocational guidance, vocational counseling, professional education and labor organization.
MANAGEMENT PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies the psychological aspects of human management of various objects: government organizations, people, economic and technical systems, etc.
PSYCHOTHERAPY is an area bordering medicine and psychology, in which psychological diagnostic tools and methods of treating diseases are widely used.
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PSYCHOTECHNICS is a field of research that existed in the first decades of the 20th century. and associated with the study of the interaction of man and machines, the use of various mechanical and technical devices by humans in their work activities.
PSYCHOPHYSICS is a field of research designed to answer fundamental questions regarding the connection between mental and physical processes and phenomena. Private but important question P. - application physical methods to measure human sensations.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEM - the problem of the connection between mental phenomena and physiological processes, occurring in the human body and brain.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PARALLELISM is the doctrine of the parallel and independent existence of psychological and physiological processes in the human body.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY is a field of research bordering between psychology and physiology. He studies the connections that exist between psychological phenomena and physiological processes in the body.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PROBLEM - the problem of communication between the world of physical phenomena being studied natural sciences, and psychological phenomena studied by psychology (see. psychophysiological problem).
IRRITABILITY - the ability of living organisms to react biologically expediently (for the purpose of self-preservation and development) to environmental influences that are significant for their lives.
IRRITANT - any factor that affects the body and can cause any reaction in it.
DISOBJECTIFICATION is a philosophical, dialectical-materialistic concept that means the process of a person acquiring those knowledge, skills and abilities that were previously laid down (objectified) (see. objectification) in objects of material and spiritual culture. R. acts as the main source of the formation and development of human abilities.
ABSORPTION - inability attention concentrate on the object.
RATIONALIZATION is one of the defense mechanisms expressed in a person’s search for reasonable and logical explanations for his negative actions and actions, designed for their moral justification and relieving remorse.
REACTION - the body's response to some stimulus.
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RELAXATION - relaxation.
REMINISTENCE - spontaneous recollection of material that was once perceived, but then temporarily forgotten and not restored in memory.
REFERENCE GROUP - a group of people who are somehow attractive to an individual. Group source of individual values, judgments, actions, norms and rules of behavior.
REFLEX - an automatic response of the body to the action of any internal or external stimulus.
UNCONDITIONED REFLEX is an innate automatic reaction of the body to a specific influence.
CONDITIONED REFLEX - an acquired reaction of the body to a certain stimulus, resulting from a combination of the influence of this stimulus with positive reinforcement from an actual need.
REFLECTION is the ability of a person’s consciousness to focus on himself.
REFLECTOR ARC - a concept denoting a set of nerve structures that conduct nerve impulses from stimuli located on the periphery of the body to the center (see. afferent), processing them into central nervous system And causing a reaction to the relevant irritants.
RECEPTOR - a specialized organic device located on the surface of the body or inside it and designed to perceive stimuli of various nature: physical, chemical, mechanical, etc. - and their transformation into nerve electrical impulses.
SPEECH is a system of human-used sound signals, written signs and characters for presentation, processing, storage and transmission of information.
INTERNAL SPEECH - (see. inner speech).
DETERMINATION - readiness to move on to practical action, a formed intention to commit a certain act.
RIGIDITY is a retardation of thinking, manifested in the difficulty of a person’s refusal to once make a decision, way of thinking and acting.
ROLE is a concept that denotes a person’s behavior in a certain life situation corresponding to the position he occupies (for example, the role of a leader, subordinate, father, mother, etc.).
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SADISM is hostile human actions towards people and animals, sometimes taking the form of a pathological desire to harm them. The desire for destruction, the destruction of everything that is around. S. is one of the main concepts used by E. Fromm to construct a typology of social characters.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION- the use and development by a person of his existing inclinations, their transformation into abilities. The desire for personal self-improvement. S. as a concept introduced in humanistic psychology.
INTROSPECTION.- (cm. introspection).
SELF-CONTROL- a person’s ability to maintain inner calm, act wisely and deliberately in difficult life situations.
SELF-DETERMINATION OF PERSONALITY- a person’s independent choice of his life path, goals, values, moral standards, future profession and living conditions.
SELF-ESTEEM- a person’s assessment of his own qualities, advantages and disadvantages.
SELF-REGULATION- the process of managing a person’s own psychological and physiological states, as well as actions.
SELF-AWARENESS- a person’s awareness of himself, his own qualities.
SANGUINE- a type of temperament characterized by energy, increased performance and speed of reactions.
SUPERADDICTIVE EFFECT- a higher quantitative and qualitative result of group activity compared to individual work. S. e. occurs in small group when it approaches the level of development to to the team due to a clearer distribution of responsibilities, coordination of activities and the establishment of good business and personal relationships between its members.
EXCESSIVE ACTIVITIES- voluntary activity of a person or group of people, going beyond established social norms, aimed at helping other people.
PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM- a complex of physical characteristics of the nervous system that determine the processes of emergence, conduction, switching and transformation
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dyeing of nerve impulses in various departments and parts central nervous system.
SENSITIVITY- a characteristic of the senses, expressed in their ability to subtly and accurately perceive, distinguish and selectively respond to weak stimuli that differ little from each other.
SENSITIVE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT- the period in a person’s life that provides the most favorable conditions for the formation of certain psychological properties and types of behavior.
SENSIBILIZATION- increasing the sensitivity of the senses under the influence of certain stimuli on them, in particular those that arrive at the same time to other senses (for example, an increase in visual acuity under the influence of auditory stimuli).
SENSORY- associated with the functioning of the senses.
SENSATIONALISM- a philosophical doctrine for which sensations act as the only source of information and human knowledge of the external world.
POWER OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM- the ability of the nervous system to withstand prolonged and heavy loads.
SYMBOL- sign something that has a certain resemblance to the designated object.
SYMPATHY- a feeling of emotional predisposition towards a person, increased interest and attraction to him.
SYNESTHESIA- the ability of a stimulus, addressed by nature to an adapted sense organ, to simultaneously cause unusual sensation in another sense organ. For example, when perceiving music, some people may experience visual sensations.
ADDICTION- predisposition to something.
VERBAL-LOGICAL THINKING- a type of human thinking, where verbal expression is used as a means of solving a problem abstraction and logical reasoning.
PERSONAL MEANING- the meaning that an object, event, fact or word acquires for this person as a result of his personal life experiences. Concept of S.l. introduced by A. N. Leontiev.
CONSCIENCE- a concept denoting a person’s ability to experience, deeply personally perceive and regret cases of violation of moral principles by himself or other people
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normal S. characterizes personality, reaching a high level of psychological development.
COMPATIBILITY - the ability of people to work together, to successfully solve problems that require coordination of actions and good mutual understanding.
CONSCIOUSNESS - the highest level of mental reflections man of reality, its representation in the form of generalized images And concepts.
EMPATHY - a person’s experience of the same feelings and emotions that are characteristic of the people around him (see also empathy).
COMPETITION is a person’s desire to compete with other people, the desire to gain the upper hand over them, to win, to surpass them.
FOCUS - the concentration of a person's attention.
COOPERATION is a person’s desire for coordinated, harmonious work with people. Willingness to support and assist them. Opposite rivalry.
SAVING is one of the processes memory, aimed at retaining the received information in it.
SOCIALIZATION is the process and result of a child’s assimilation of social experience. As a result, S. the child becomes a cultured, educated and well-mannered person.
SOCIAL INHIBITION - inhibition of mental processes, deterioration of human activity in the presence of other people under their influence.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies psychological phenomena that arise in the interaction and communication of people.
SOCIAL ROLE - a set of norms, rules and forms of behavior that characterize the typical actions of a person occupying a certain position in society.
SOCIAL SITUATION OF DEVELOPMENT - system social conditions, defining psychological development person.
SOCIAL ATTITUDE - a person’s stable internal attitude towards someone or something, including thoughts, emotions and actions taken by him in relation to this object.
SOCIAL FACILITATION - the facilitating effect of the people present on the psychology and behavior of a person
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century, expressed in the activation of his mental processes and states, improvement of practical activities. S.f. the opposite of social inhibition.
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING is the theory and practice of special psychotherapeutic influence on people, designed to improve their communication and adaptation to living conditions.
SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS - judgments, actions and actions expected from a person occupying a certain position in society, corresponding to his social roles.
SOCIAL STEREOTYPE - distorted social attitudes of a person towards people of a certain category, which arose under the influence of limited or one-sided life experience of communication with representatives of a given social group: national, religious, cultural, etc.
SOCIOGRAM - a graphic drawing with the help of which the system of personal relationships that have developed between members is conventionally represented small group at this point in time. Used in sociometry.
SOCIOMETRY is a set of similarly constructed techniques designed to identify and present in the form sociograms and a number of special indices of the system of personal relationships between members small group.
COHESION OF A SMALL GROUP - a psychological characteristic of the unity of members small group.
ABILITIES - individual characteristics of people on which their acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as the success of performing various types of activities depends.
STATUS - a person’s position in the system of intra-group relations, which determines the degree of his authority in the eyes of the other participants groups.
LEADERSHIP STYLE is a characteristic of the relationships that develop between leader and followers. Ways and means used by a leader to exert the necessary influence on the people who depend on him.
STIMULUS - something that affects the human senses (see also stimulus).
PASSION is a person’s strongly expressed passion for someone or something, accompanied by deep emotional experiences associated with the corresponding object.
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PURSUIT- desire and readiness to act in a certain way.
STRESS- a state of mental (emotional) and behavioral disorder associated with a person’s inability to act expediently and wisely in the current situation.
STRUCTURE OF PERCEPTION- the property of human perception to combine influencing stimuli into holistic and relatively simple structures (see. gestalt).
SUBLIMATION- (cm. substitution).
SUBSENSOR PERCEPTION- unconscious perception and processing by a person of signals entering the brain through the senses and not reaching a threshold value (see. absolute threshold of sensations).
SUBJECTIVE- relating to a person - subject.
SUGGESTION- (cm. suggestion).
SIND PSYCHOLOGY- a special branch of psychology that studies the characteristics of deaf and hard of hearing people.
THINKING SCHEME- a system of concepts or logic of reasoning habitually used by a person when encountering an unfamiliar object or a new task.
TALENT- a high level of development of human abilities, ensuring the achievement of outstanding success in a particular type of activity.
CREATIVE THINKING- a type of thinking associated with the creation or discovery of something new.
TEMPERAMENT- a dynamic characteristic of mental processes and human behavior, manifested in their speed, variability, intensity and other characteristics.
ACTIVITY THEORY- a psychological theory that considers human mental processes as types internal activities, originating from external and having a structure similar to external activity. Etc. developed by A.N. Leontyev.
THEORY OF CULTURAL-HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS(cm. cultural-historical theory of the development of higher mental functions).
LEARNING THEORY- a general concept denoting a set of psychological and physiological concepts that explain how life experience is acquired by humans and animals.
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY is a concept that explains the process of a person acquiring experience under the influence of social factors as a result of training, education, communication and interaction with people.
JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTIONS is a theory that considers emotions as a subjective reflection of organic processes and asserts their derivative nature from the processes occurring in the body. Proposed by the American psychologist W. James and refined by the Danish scientist G. Lange at the end of the 19th century.
CANNON-BARD THEORY OF EMOTIONS - a theory that states that emotions are the result of processing signals entering the brain from the external and internal environment. Switching in the thalamus to nerve pathways that simultaneously go to the cerebral cortex and to internal organs, these signals give rise to emotions and accompanying organic changes. That is K.-B. acts as an alternative to the theory of emotions James-Lange.
TEST is a standardized psychological technique designed for comparative quantitative assessment of the psychological quality being studied in a person.
TESTING - application procedure tests on practice.
ANXIETY is the ability of a person to enter a state of increased anxiety, to experience fear and anxiety in specific social situations.
CONFIDENCE - a person’s confidence in his own rightness, confirmed by relevant arguments and facts.
RECOGNITION - classifying a perceived object into the category of already known ones.
SKILL - the ability to perform certain actions with good quality and successfully cope with activities that include these actions.
INFLUENCE is the process of logical deduction of a certain position from some reliable statements - premises.
LEVEL OF ASPIRATIONS - the maximum success that a person expects to achieve in a particular type of activity.
CONDITIONED REFLECTOR LEARNING - the acquisition of life experience through the mechanism of a conditioned reflex (see. conditioned reflex).
ATTITUDE - readiness, predisposition to certain actions or reactions to specific stimuli.
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FATIGUE is a state of fatigue accompanied by decreased performance.
FACTOR ANALYSIS- a method of mathematical and statistical processing of scientific research data, which makes it possible to identify and describe the underlying, not directly perceived causes, called factors.
FANATICISM- a person’s excessive passion for something, accompanied by a decrease in control over one’s behavior and uncritical judgment about the object of one’s passion.
FANTASY- (cm. autism, imagination, dreams, daydreams).
PHANTOM LIMB- an illusory feeling of the presence of a lost limb - an arm or a leg, which persists for a long time after their removal.
PHENOTYPE- acquired characteristics or a set of properties that arose on the basis of a certain genotype under the influence of training and education.
PHI PHENOMENON- the illusion of a luminous point moving from one place to another, which occurs when they are perceived sequentially in a short time and at a short distance from each other.
PHLEGMATIC PERSON- a type of human temperament characterized by reduced reactivity, poorly developed, slow expressive movements (see).
FREUDISM- a doctrine associated with the name of the Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist Z. Freud. Except psychoanalysis contains a theory of personality, a system of views on the relationship between man and society, a set of ideas about stages and stages psychosexual development person.
FRUSTRATION- an emotionally difficult experience by a person of his failure, accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness, frustration in achieving a certain desired goal.
FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM- a complexly organized psychophysiological system that ensures the coordinated operation of physiological and psychological processes, participating in the regulation of an integral behavioral act. Concept of F.s. proposed by P.K. Anokhin.
FUNCTIONAL ORGAN- an intravitally formed organic system that ensures the functioning of higher
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mental functions and being their anatomical and physiological basis.
CHARACTER is a set of personality properties that determine the typical ways of responding to life circumstances.
INTEGRITY OF PERCEPTION- sensory, mental completion of the totality of some perceived elements of an object to its holistic image.
CENSORSHIP is a psychoanalytic concept (see psychoanalysis), denoting subconscious psychological forces who seek to prevent certain thoughts, feelings, images, desires from entering the consciousness.
VALUES- what a person especially values ​​in life, to which he attaches a special, positive life meaning.
VALUE ORIENTATIONS- (cm. values).
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- part of the nervous system, including the brain, diencephalon and spinal cord.
CENTRAL- characteristics of nervous processes occurring on higher levels central nervous system.
PERSONALITY TRAITS- a stable property of a personality that determines its characteristic behavior and thinking.
AMBITION- a person’s desire for success, designed to increase his authority and recognition from others.
SENSITIVITY- the body’s ability to remember and respond to environmental influences that do not have direct biological significance, but cause a psychological reaction in the form of sensations.
FEELING- higher, culturally determined emotion person associated with some social object.
EGOCENTRISM- the concentration of a person’s consciousness and attention exclusively on himself, accompanied by ignoring what is happening around him.
EIDETIC MEMORY- visual memory on images, characterized by the ability to preserve and reproduce them for a sufficiently long time.
EUPHORIA- a state of excessive cheerfulness, usually not caused by any objective circumstances.
EXPECTATIONS- (cm. social expectations).
EXPRESSION- (cm. expressive movements).
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EXTERIORIZATION is the process of transition of internal states into external, practical actions. E. opposite interiorization(cm.).
EXTRAVERSION - the focus of a person’s consciousness and attention mainly on what is happening around him. E. opposite introversion.
EMOTIONS are elementary experiences that arise in a person under the influence of the general state of the body and the process of satisfying current needs.
EMOTIONALITY is a personality characteristic manifested in the frequency of occurrence of various emotions and feelings.
EMPATHY is a person’s ability to empathize and sympathize with other people, to understand their internal states.
EMPIRISM is a direction in the philosophical theory of knowledge, reducing it to sensory experience.
EPIPHENOMEN - an unnecessary, inactive appendage.
THE ZEYGARNIK EFFECT is a phenomenon in which a person remembers better and more often reproduces those tasks that he was unable to complete on time.
THE EFFECT OF NOVELTY is a phenomenon in the area of ​​people’s perception of each other. It manifests itself in the fact that the information about him that arrives last, i.e., usually has a greater impact on the formation of a person’s image. is the most recent.
THE HALO EFFECT is a phenomenon characterized by the fact that the first impression of a person determines his subsequent perception by other people, allowing into the consciousness of the perceiving person only that which corresponds to the existing first impression, and filtering out that which contradicts it.
EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUP OPERATIONS - the productivity and quality of teamwork of people in a small group.
EFFECTIVE - (see. efferent).
EFFERENT - a process directed from the inside out, from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.
LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies mental processes, phenomena and states of people involved in the perception and adherence to legal norms. In U.P. Phenomena related to the investigation, trial and correction of convicts are also studied.