The abdominal organs are protected. What are the organs of the abdominal cavity? Organs of the small and large pelvis of a person: location

Knowledge of the features of the structure and location of the abdominal organs is important for understanding many pathological processes. The abdominal cavity contains the digestive and excretory organs. must be described taking into account the relative position of these organs.

General information

The abdomen is the space between the sternum and the pelvis

The abdomen refers to the space of the body between the chest and the pelvis. The basis of the internal structure of the abdomen is the abdominal cavity, which contains the organs of digestion and excretion.

Anatomically, the area is limited by the diaphragm, located between the chest and abdominal cavities. At the level of the pelvic bones, the pelvic region begins.

Features of the structure of the abdomen and abdominal cavity determine many pathological processes. The digestive organs are held together by a special connective tissue called the mesentery.

This tissue has its own characteristics of blood supply. The organs of other important systems are also located in the abdominal cavity - the kidneys and.

Many large blood vessels nourish the tissues and organs of the abdominal cavity. In this anatomical region, the aorta and its branches, the inferior pudendal vein and other large arteries and veins are isolated.

Bodies and main vessels The abdominal cavity is protected by muscle layers that form the external structure of the abdomen.

External structure and abdominal muscles

The structure of the abdomen: internal organs

The external structure of the abdomen is no different from the structure of other anatomical regions of the body. To the most surface layers include skin and subcutaneous fat.

The subcutaneous fat layer of the abdomen can be developed into varying degrees in people with different constitutional types. Skin, fat and subcutaneous fascia contain a large number of arteries, veins and nerve structures.

Muscles are represented in the next layer of the abdomen. The abdominal area has a sufficiently powerful muscular structure that allows you to protect the abdominal organs from external physical influences.

The abdominal wall consists of several paired muscles, the fibers of which are intertwined in different places. Main abdominal muscles:

• External oblique muscle. It is the largest and most superficial paired abdominal muscle. It originates from the eight lower ribs. The fibers of the external oblique muscle are involved in the formation of a dense aponeurosis of the abdomen and inguinal canal, which contains the structures of the reproductive system.
• Internal oblique muscle. This is the structure of the intermediate layer of paired abdominal muscles. The muscle originates from the iliac crest and part of the inguinal ligament. Individual fibers are also associated with the ribs and pubic bones. Like the external muscle, the internal oblique muscle is involved in the formation of a wide aponeurosis of the abdomen.
• Transverse abdominal muscle. This is the deepest muscle of the superficial layer of the abdomen. Its fibers are connected with the ribs, iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia of the chest and pelvis. The structure also forms the aponeurosis and the inguinal canal.
• Rectus abdominis. It is a long muscle associated with the ribs, sternum, and pubic bone. It is this muscle layer that forms the so-called abdominal press, which is clearly visible in physically developed people. The functions of the rectus abdominis muscle are associated with flexion of the body, obstetric processes, defecation, urination and forced exhalation.
• Pyramidal muscle. It is a triangular muscle structure located in front of the lower part of the rectus abdominis. The fibers of the pyramidal muscle are connected to the pubic bones and the linea alba. The muscle may be absent in 20% of people, which is associated with individual characteristics structures of the abdomen.
• The aponeuroses and muscular lines of the abdomen are of particular importance in protecting and maintaining the shape of the structures of the abdominal cavity. In addition, the abdominal muscles form the inguinal canal, which contains the spermatic cord in men and the round ligament of the uterus in women.

Abdomen

The structure of the abdomen: muscles

The internal structure of the abdomen is represented by the abdominal cavity. The cavity is lined from the inside with peritoneum, which has inner and outer sheets.

Between the layers of the peritoneum are the organs of the abdomen, blood vessels and nerve formations. In addition, the space between the sheets of the peritoneum contains a special fluid that prevents friction.

The peritoneum not only nourishes and protects the structures of the abdomen, but also fixes the organs. The peritoneum also forms the so-called mesenteric tissue associated with the abdominal wall and abdominal organs.

The boundaries of the mesenteric tissue extend from the pancreas and small intestine before lower divisions large intestine. The mesentery fixes the organs in a certain position and nourishes the tissues with the help of blood vessels.

Some organs of the abdomen are located directly in the abdominal cavity, others - in the retroperitoneal space. Such features determine the position of the organs relative to the sheets of the peritoneum.

abdominal organs

Abdomen

The organs located in the abdominal cavity belong to the digestive, excretory, immune and hematopoietic systems.

Them mutual arrangement provides a variety of joint functions.

Main organs of the abdomen:

• Liver. The organ is located in the right abdomen directly below the diaphragm. The functions of this organ are associated with the processes of digestion, detoxification and metabolism. All the nutritional components formed as a result of digestion enter the liver cells with the blood, where chemical compounds harmful to the body are neutralized. The liver is also involved in the formation of bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats.
• Stomach. The organ is located in the left abdomen under the diaphragm. It is an enlarged part of the digestive tract associated with the esophagus and initial department small intestine. Key processes of chemical decomposition of food substrates take place in the stomach. In addition, the cells of the stomach help absorb vitamin B12, which is necessary for the functioning of body cells. Hydrochloric acid, contained in the stomach, helps to destroy bacteria.
• gallbladder. The organ is located under the liver. The gallbladder is a storehouse of bile. When food components enter the duodenum for digestion, the gallbladder secretes bile into the intestinal cavity.
• Pancreas. This structure is located below the stomach between the spleen and duodenum. The pancreas is an indispensable digestive organ necessary for the final processes of food digestion. Iron produces enzymes that make it possible to turn large food components into structural units necessary for cells. The role of the pancreas in glucose metabolism is also very important. The gland secretes insulin and glucagon, which control blood sugar levels.
• Spleen. The organ is located in the left abdomen next to the stomach and pancreas. This is an organ of hematopoiesis and immunity, which allows you to deposit blood components and utilize unnecessary cells.
• Small and large intestine. In the departments of the small intestine, the main processes of digestion and assimilation of food substrates take place. The large intestine forms and stores stool and absorbs water.
• Kidneys. These are paired excretory organs that filter the bloodstream and utilize metabolic waste products. The kidneys are connected to the ureters, bladder and urethra. In addition, the kidneys secrete a number of important substances necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D and the formation of red blood cells.

The close location of the abdominal organs determines the features of many diseases. Inflammatory processes, associated with the entry of bacteria into the abdominal cavity, can be deadly.

Methods for examining the abdominal organs

Abdomen, or abdominal cavity, limited at the top by the diaphragm, below it continues into the pelvic cavity, the exit from which is closed by the pelvic diaphragm. The posterior wall of the abdominal cavity is formed by the lumbar spine and muscles (square muscles of the lower back and iliopsoas muscles), anterior and side walls- abdominal muscles. From the inside, the abdominal cavity is lined with intra-abdominal fascia, which is adjacent to adipose tissue and peritoneum. The space bounded in front by the peritoneum is called retroperitoneal. It contains some organs (kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, etc.) and adipose tissue, significant amounts of which are located on the posterior abdominal wall near the internal organs located there.

serous membrane, which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the internal organs located in it and limits the peritoneal cavity - peritoneal cavity (cavitas peritonei), called the peritoneum. Peritoneum formed by a thin connective tissue plate and covering it with a single-layer squamous epithelium (mesothelium) (Fig. 39). The connective tissue plate of the peritoneum consists of elastic and collagen fibers, in which there are many blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers. On the surface of the mesothelium facing the cavity of the peritoneum, there are many microvilli. There are many pinocytic vesicles in the cytoplasm of the mesothelium.

Rice. 39. The structure of the peritoneum (diagram): 1 - 5 - avascular layers of the peritoneum; 6 - deep trellised collagen-elastic layer with blood vessels located in it; 7 - smooth muscles; 8 - serous-muscular network of blood vessels

All this testifies to the high suction function of the mesothelium. The mesothelial cells are connected to each other by means of clutch bands.

At the peritoneum, two sheets are distinguished: one - parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, the other - visceral peritoneum covers the internal organs. The total area of ​​the peritoneum in an adult is 1.6-1.75 m2. Both sheets of the peritoneum pass continuously from the walls of the abdominal cavity to the organs and from the organs to the walls of the abdominal cavity, limiting the peritoneal cavity (Fig. 40). In women, the peritoneal cavity communicates with external environment through the fallopian tubes, uterine cavity and vagina. In men, the peritoneal cavity is closed. It is moistened with a small amount of serous fluid, which facilitates the movement of organs and prevents them from rubbing against each other.

Parietal peritoneum covers the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity, at the top passes to the lower surface of the diaphragm, and then to the back and side walls of the abdominal cavity and internal organs, and below - to the walls and organs of the pelvic cavity. The visceral peritoneum covers the internal organs in whole or in part. At the transition points

Rice. 40. The abdominal cavity and organs located in the abdominal cavity. Horizontal (transverse) cut of the torso between the bodies of the II and III lumbar vertebrae:

1 - retroperitoneal space; 2 - kidney; 3 - colon; 4 - peritoneal cavity; 5 - parietal peritoneum; 6 - rectus abdominis; 7 - mesentery of the small intestine; 8 - small intestine; 9 - visceral peritoneum; 10 - aorta;

11 - inferior vena cava; 12 - duodenum; 13 - psoas muscle

from the parietal peritoneum to the visceral peritoneum, doublings of the peritoneum (mesenters), folds, and fossae are formed.

In the pubic region, under the parietal peritoneum, a layer of adipose tissue lies, due to which the peritoneum can move upward with a filled bladder. On the anterior wall of the abdomen, the parietal peritoneum forms five umbilical folds (Fig. 41). Median umbilical fold (plica umbilicalis media) located above the overgrown urinary duct, which in the fetus passes between the top of the bladder and the navel. steam room medial umbilical fold located above the overgrown umbilical arteries. steam room lateral umbilical fold lies above the lower

Rice. 41. The location of the peritoneum on the back side of the anterior abdominal wall. Rear view, from the side of the peritoneal cavity: 1 - anterior parietal peritoneum; 2 - median umbilical fold; 3 - medial umbilical fold; 4 - lateral umbilical fold; 5 - vas deferens; 6 - outdoor iliac artery and vein; 7 - bladder; 8 - seminal vesicle; 9 - lower fascia of the pelvic diaphragm; 10 - prostate gland; 11 - supravesical fossa; 12 - medial inguinal fossa; 13 - lateral inguinal fossa

epigastric arteries. Above the bladder on the sides of the median umbilical masonry are located right and left supravesical fossa (fossae supravesicales dextra et sinistra). Medially and laterally from the lateral umbilical fold there are medial and lateral inguinal fossa (fossae inguialis lateralis et medialis), corresponding to the superficial and deep rings of the inguinal canal.

On the back wall of the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum covers the organs lying retroperitoneally(retroperitoneally). This is the pancreas, most duodenum, kidneys, adrenal glands,

empty bladder, aorta, inferior vena cava and other vessels, nerves and The lymph nodes.

Organs covered by the visceral peritoneum on only three sides are called mesoperitoneally lying organs (ascending and descending colon, middle part of the rectum, filled bladder). Organs covered by the peritoneum on all sides occupy the intraperitoneal, or intraperitoneal, position. This is the stomach, mesenteric part small intestine, caecum, appendix, transverse and sigmoid colon, anterior rectum, spleen, liver. Two sheets of peritoneum, covering the sigmoid colon from all sides, form it mesentery. Two sheets of peritoneum also go to the transverse colon from the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, which form a transversely lying mesentery of the transverse colon. Directly under the mesentery of the transverse colon from the posterior abdominal wall begins formed by two sheets of peritoneum mesentery of the small intestine(Fig. 42). Its length is 15-17 cm, the root of the mesentery is located obliquely, goes from top to bottom from the left to the right from the body of the II lumbar vertebra to the level of the right sacroiliac joint. Between the sheets of the mesentery in a thin layer of connective tissue are arteries with their branches, veins of the same name, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, nerves.

From the lower surface of the diaphragm, the peritoneum passes to the diaphragmatic surface of the liver, forming sickle-shaped, coronal and triangular ligaments of the liver. On the visceral surface of the liver, the peritoneum approaches its gate, from where it goes to the lesser curvature of the stomach and to the upper part of the duodenum. At the same time, between the gates of the liver, on the one hand, the lesser curvature of the stomach and top duodenum - on the other hand, a duplication (two sheets) of the peritoneum is formed - small omentum (omentum minus). The left side of the small omentum is wider - this is hepatogastric ligament(lig. hepatogastricum), and the right one is hepatoduodenal ligament (lig. hepatoduodenale).

Rice. 42. The ratio of internal organs to the peritoneum. Median (sagittal) section of the body: 1 - liver; 2 - hepato-gastric ligament; 3 - stuffing bag; 4 - pancreas; 5 - duodenum; 6 - mesentery of the small intestine; 7 - rectum; 8 - bladder; 9 - small intestine; 10 - cavity of the greater omentum; 11 - transverse colon; 12 - mesentery of the transverse colon; 13 - stomach

In the hepatoduodenal ligament between the layers of the peritoneum are located from right to left common bile duct, portal vein of the liver and own hepatic artery.

The leaves of the hepatogastric ligament diverge at the lesser curvature, cover the stomach in front and behind, and converge again on the greater curvature, descending in front of the transverse colon and the loops of the small intestine. Having reached the level of the navel, and sometimes below, these two layers of the peritoneum are bent backwards and rise up behind the descending layers, and also in front of the transverse colon and loops of the small intestine. This long fold hanging down in front of the transverse colon and the loops of the small intestine in the form of an apron and formed by four sheets of peritoneum is called greater omentum (omentum m i ajus). In the thickness of the connective tissue plates of the greater omentum, blood, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers pass, and numerous cells of loose connective tissue are located: fibrocytes, macrophages, tissue basophils, lipocytes, as well as cells immune system- lymphocytes. In the thickness of the greater omentum there are numerous accumulations of lymphocytes (lymphoid nodules). When microorganisms enter the peritoneal cavity, macrophages and lymphocytes are activated and begin to perform their specific protective functions. Between the sheets of the greater omentum is fatty tissue. In an adult, the sheets of the peritoneum of the greater omentum fuse into two plates - anterior and posterior, each of which consists of two sheets of the peritoneum. The anterior plate starts from the greater curvature of the stomach, then connects to the posterior plate of the greater omentum. Both of these plates fuse with the anterior surface of the transverse colon at the level of its omental band. The posterior plate of the greater omentum also fuses with the mesentery of the transverse colon.

The anterior plate of the greater omentum, consisting of two sheets of peritoneum, stretched between the greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon, is called gastrocolic ligament (lig. gastroc i olicum). Two layers of peritoneum running from the greater curvature of the stomach to the left to the hilum of the spleen form gastro-splenic ligament (lig. gastrolienale), going from the cardial part of the stomach to the diaphragm form gastro-phrenic ligament (lig. gastrophrenicum).

Above the mesentery of the transverse colon, both sheets of the posterior plate of the greater omentum pass into the parietal peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall. The top sheet goes up in front of the front

surface of the pancreas and passes from the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity to the diaphragm. The lower leaf goes down and passes into the upper leaf of the mesentery of the transverse colon.

In the abdominal cavity and in the peritoneal cavity, the upper and lower sections (floors) are also distinguished, separated by a transverse colon and her mesentery. AT upper section abdominal cavity the stomach, liver with gallbladder, spleen, upper part of the duodenum are located. In the upper part of the peritoneal cavity, there are three spaces relatively delimited from each other: hepatic, pregastric and omental bags (see Fig. 42). To the right of the falciform ligament is liver bag (bursa hepatica), in which is located right lobe liver. To the left of the falciform ligament of the liver and anterior to the stomach and lesser omentum is located pregastric bag (b i u rsa pr i gastrica), limited in front by the anterior abdominal wall, and from above by the diaphragm. The pregastric sac contains the left lobe of the liver and spleen. Behind the stomach is stuffing bag (b i u rsa omentalis), the cavity of which is a narrow slot located in the frontal plane. From above, the stuffing bag is limited by the caudate lobe of the liver, below - the posterior plate of the greater omentum, fused with the mesentery of the transverse colon, in front - the posterior surface of the stomach and the lesser omentum, behind - the parietal peritoneum covering the aorta, inferior vena cava, upper pole of the left kidney, left adrenal gland and pancreas. At the top, the cavity of the stuffing bag has upper gland recess (rec i essus sup i prior oment i alis) located between the lumbar part of the diaphragm behind and the back surface of the caudate lobe of the liver in front. On the left in the region of the gate of the spleen near the stuffing bag is formed splenic recess (rec i essus lien i alis) the walls of which are in front - the gastro-splenic ligament, behind - the phrenic-splenic ligament, which is a duplication of the peritoneum, going from the diaphragm to the posterior end of the spleen. Lower omental recess (recessus inferior omentalis) located between the gastrocolic ligament in front and above and the posterior plate of the greater omentum, fused with the transverse colon and its mesentery, behind and below. Through omental (winslow) hole (foramen epiploicum) with a diameter of 2-3 cm, the stuffing bag communicates with the liver bag. The hole is located at the free right edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament. From above, the stuffing box is limited by the caudate

Rice. 43. Mesenteric sinuses, ligaments of the peritoneum in the peritoneal cavity. Part of the transverse colon and the greater omentum are removed: 1 - liver; 2 - falciform ligament (liver); 3- round ligament liver; 4 - coronary ligament; 5 - left triangular ligament; 6 - gastro-phrenic ligament; 7 - stomach; 8 - spleen; 9 - hepato-gastric ligament; 10 - gastro-splenic ligament; 11 - hepatoduodenal ligament; 12 - front wall of the gland hole; 13 - mesentery of the colon; 14 - transverse colon; 15 - upper duodenal recess; 16 - descending colon; 17 - root of the mesentery of the small intestine; 18 - sigmoid colon; 19 - intersigmoid depression; 20 - rectum; 21 - appendix; 22 - mesentery of the appendix; 23 - lower ileocecal recess; 24 - caecum; 25 - ileum; 26 - upper ileocecal recess; 27 - ascending colon; 28 - transverse colon; 29 - right triangular ligament; 30 - gland hole

lobes of the liver, below - the upper part of the duodenum, behind - the parietal peritoneum covering the inferior vena cava.

The lower part of the peritoneal cavity passes into the pelvic cavity. Between the peritoneum-covered lateral wall of the abdominal cavity, on the one hand, the blind and ascending colon, on the other, there is a narrow vertical slit-like right paracolic sulcus (sulcus paracolicus dexter), or right side channel. On the left between the lateral wall of the peritoneal cavity and the descending and sigmoid colon is located left paracolic sulcus (sulcus par i acolicus sin i ester), or left side channel.

Part of the lower floor of the peritoneal cavity, bounded on three sides by the colon, is divided by the mesentery of the small intestine into right and left mesenteric sinuses (sinus mesentericus dexter, sinus mesentericus sinister)(Fig. 43). Retroperitoneally, in the depths of the right sinus, there are the final section of the descending part of the duodenum and its horizontal part, the lower part of the head of the pancreas, the section of the inferior vena cava, starting from the duodenum at the top to the root of the mesentery of the small intestine below, the right ureter, vessels, nerves and lymphatics. nodes. In the depth of the left mesenteric sinus, the lower half of the left kidney, the left ureter, the final section of the abdominal aorta, vessels, nerves and lymph nodes are also located retroperitoneally.

The parietal sheet of the peritoneum, covering the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, forms folds or depressions (pits) at the points of transition from one organ to another or between the edge of the organ and the abdominal wall, which may be the site of the formation of retroperitoneal hernias.

AT pelvic cavity the peritoneum covers the upper and partially middle sections of the rectum, urinary and genital organs. At men the peritoneum passes from the anterior surface of the rectum to the posterior and upper walls of the bladder and continues into the parietal peritoneum, which lines the anterior abdominal wall behind (Fig. 44).

Between the bladder and rectum is formed rectovesical depression (excavatio rectovesicalis), limited on the sides by rectovesical folds running from the lateral surfaces of the rectum to the bladder. At women the peritoneum from the anterior surface of the rectum passes to the posterior wall of the upper part of the vagina, rises up, covering the uterus from behind, and then from the front, and passes to the bladder (Fig. 45). Pair duplication of the peritoneum -

Rice. 44. The course of the peritoneum in the pelvic cavity of a man: 1 - mesentery of the sigmoid colon; 2 - rectovesical deepening; 3 - rectum; 4 - ampoule of the rectum; 5 - ampulla of the vas deferens; 6 - seminal vesicle; 7 - prostate gland; 8 - ejaculatory duct; 9 - external anal sphincter; ten - internal sphincter anus; 11 - anus; 12 - sphincter of the urethra; 13 - bulbous-spongy muscle; 14 - bulb of the penis; 15 - scrotum; sixteen - foreskin penis; 17 - external opening of the urethra (urethra); 18 - head of the penis; 19 - cavernous body of the penis; 20 - spongy part of the male urethra (male urethra); 21 - membranous part of the male urethra; 22 - deep transverse muscle of the perineum; 23 - seed mound; 24 - internal opening of the urethra; 25 - bladder; 26 - lateral umbilical fold; 27 - peritoneum; 28 - vas deferens; 29 - external iliac artery and vein; 30 - ureter

Rice. 45. The course of the peritoneum in the pelvic cavity of a woman: 1 - rectum; 2 - rectal-uterine cavity; 3 - ampoule of the rectum; 4 - back of the vaginal vault; 5 - opening of the uterus; 6 - anterior part of the vaginal vault; 7 - external anal sphincter; 8 - internal anal sphincter; 9 - anus; 10 - vagina; 11 - opening of the vagina; 12 - large labia; 13 - labia minora; 14 - head of the clitoris; 15 - body of the clitoris; 16 - female urethra (female urethra); 17 - bladder; 18 - anterior lip of the opening of the uterus; 19 - posterior lip of the opening of the uterus; 20 - vesicouterine cavity; 21 - round ligament of the uterus; 22 - uterus; 23 - fallopian tube; 24 - external iliac artery and vein; 25 - ovary; 26 - a ligament that suspends the ovary; 27 - pipe fringe;

28 - ureter

wide ligament of the uterus (lig. latum utem), connects the uterus to the side walls of the small pelvis. The fallopian tube runs inside the upper edge of the broad ligament. The ovary is attached to the broad ligament of the uterus at the back. The fallopian tube and ovary have their own mesentery. Between uterus and rectum recto-uterine cavity(Douglas space) (excavatio rectouterina), limited on the sides by recto-uterine folds. Between uterus and bladder vesicouterine cavity (excavatio vesicouterina).

The peritoneum in a newborn child is much thinner than in an adult, the subperitoneal fatty tissue is poorly developed. The greater omentum is thin, short. The folds and pits are weakly expressed, as the child grows, they deepen.

The abdominal cavity has the following structure: it is a special zone located below the diaphragm and consisting of many organs. The diaphragm is the upper part of it and separates this zone from the chest.

The main area of ​​the peritoneum consists of tendons and abdominal muscles.

What is included in the abdominal cavity?

The abdominal cavity consists of 2 main parts:

Peritoneum.
. Retroperitoneal space

The organs in the abdominal cavity are located between the peritoneum and the walls of the abdomen. With an increase in volume, they begin to lag behind the main part, connect with the tissues of the peritoneum and form a single whole with it. Thus, a serous fold appears, which includes two sheets. These folds are called mesentery.

Complete coverage of the organs by the peritoneum indicates an intraperitoneal location. An example of this is the intestines. When closed by the peritoneum, only three sides indicate a mesoperitoneal position. Such an organ is the liver. When the peritoneum is located in the anterior part of the organs, it indicates an extraperitoneal structure. These organs are the kidneys.
The abdominal cavity is lined with a smooth layer called epithelium. Its high humidity is provided by a layer of capillaries of the serous substance. The peritoneum promotes easy movement of the internal organs relative to each other.

What and what main organs are included in the abdominal cavity?

The structure of its upper region includes: the liver bag, omental gland, pre-gastric fissure. The liver bag is located to the right of the liver. It is connected to the peritoneum with a special hole. In its upper part is the liver. In the anterior part, it is separated by various ligaments.

The liver is located on the right, between the ribs. It is closed by the visceral peritoneum. The lower region of this organ is connected to a vein and part of the diaphragm. It is divided by the falciform ligament into two parts. All of it is permeated with many different vessels of the circulatory system, fibers and nodes of the lymphatic system. With their help, it connects with other organs located in the abdominal region. On palpation of the liver, the adrenal gland is easily detected.

The pancreatic fissure consists of the spleen, stomach, left hepatic lobe.
The spleen is the main organ in supplying the body with blood and ensures the proper functioning of the lymphatic system. It is all permeated with many capillaries and has nerve endings. The splenic artery is involved in providing this organ with a large amount of blood. The main organ of the digestive system is the stomach. It is involved in supplying the body with nutrients. With its help, food is processed with the participation of gastric juice. It also processes food and moves it to the intestines.

Many people think that the pancreas is located under the stomach, but this is not entirely true. It is located near the back of the stomach at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. Anatomy of this organ: divided into 3 main zones: tail, body and head. The head has a continuation in the form of a small hook-shaped process. The stomach is completely permeated with capillaries located in the dorsal surface of the glands. It separates it from the inferior vena cava. The pancreatic duct is located throughout the stomach. It ends in the area of ​​the intestines.

In the intestine, organic elements enter the blood and form stool. Masses are removed from the body through the anus in a natural way.

The anatomy of the posterior part is the parietal sheet, which covers the entire abdominal aorta, pancreas, kidneys on the left side, adrenal glands and inferior pudendal vein. The greater omentum enters the region of the colon. It covers some areas of the small intestine. This organ is represented by 4 connected serous sheets. Between the petals there is a zone connected to the stuffing bag. Most often, you can observe the absence of this cavity, especially in adults. In the region of the omentum there are nodes of the lymphatic system, which are necessary for the elimination of lymph from the body.

The structure of the main part: it includes the ascending, descending cavities of the colon and the mesentery of the small intestine. The abdominal cavity is divided into several main sections: the lateral canals and the two mesenteric sinuses. The mesentery is a fold consisting of 2 serous sheets. It is necessary for fixing the small intestine at the back of the human abdomen. The basis of attachment is called the root of the mesentery. It consists of the circulatory and lymphatic systems, as well as many different nerve fibers. The posterior region of the abdominal cavity consists of a huge number of heterogeneities that are of particular importance for the human body.

Most often, retroperitoneal hernias appear in them.

The lower part is represented by many organs that make up the human pelvic region.
In order for all organs inside the human abdominal cavity to be located strictly horizontally and in a normal structure, it is necessary to have a good press.
In order for the internal organs to be reliably protected, the cavity is closed from the outside the following bodies:
. spine
. pelvic bones
. Press muscles

The gallbladder, located on the right side, is attached to the right lower wall of the liver. Usually in the pictures it is represented in the form of a pear. small size. It consists of a neck, body and bottom. It is also associated with such important organs as: the liver, blood vessels and the peritoneal region.

If a person has pathologies in the structure of organs located in the abdominal cavity, one should resort to the help of a doctor.

Improper development and location can be the cause of adhesions that form in the small intestine.
In order to identify abnormalities in the formation of internal organs, they resort to the help of ultrasound diagnostics.
The structure of the abdominal cavity in men and women and their main differences.
All organs included in this part of the body are equipped with a thin serous membrane. It is represented by soft connective tissue with a large number of dense differentiated fibers and one-sided epithelial tissue. The epithelial tissue is called mesothelial. Its main advantage is a high degree of absorption of nutrients. Only in it is the development of useful substances that prevent the friction of organs against each other. Due to this, there is no pain in this area in a person.

The organs of the abdominal cavity in a woman are slightly different in structure than in men. Initially, in women in this area, especially in its lower part, the fallopian tubes are located, which are connected to the uterus. They are necessary for the normal functioning of the ovaries, the process of fertilization and bearing a child. reproductive system women in outward manifestation isolated by the vaginal opening. When conducting complete examination women undergo diagnostic ultrasound methods. They help to determine the state of the human body on this moment, identify existing problems and prescribe the necessary treatment.

When studying the anatomy of the abdominal organs of a man, it should be noted that they are in a closed space and are interconnected.
Similarities between male and female systems consist in the fact that the internal organs have a serous membrane. However, in women they are only partially covered, either only on one side or on some organs.
In addition, the main difference is the cells that arise in the body of a man and a woman. For example, in a woman it is the eggs, and in men it is the spermatozoa.

Another difference, according to experts, is that most women have big belly unlike men. And this happens for the following reasons:
. A woman's large intestine is 10 times longer than a man's.
. Women drink more fluids
. In men, the intestines are located in the form of a horseshoe, while in women it is even, but has many loops.
. This feature is associated with the anatomy and structure of a woman and the ability to bear a child and protect him from possible damage.
. hormonal factor.

Diagnostics.

Treatment.

by the most unpleasant manifestation in human disease in the abdominal cavity is hemorrhoids. It gives the patient a lot of trouble. Usually treatment is done at home. It includes the application medicines, various lotions and compresses with medicinal and herbal preparations. If hemorrhoids are in a progressive stage and cause severe pain, then a person is recommended surgical intervention.

Currently, the anatomy of the human abdominal cavity is studied in detail in many scientific laboratories. Interest in it is associated with the progression of diseases in this area. Due to the fact that this area will be well studied by doctors, it will be possible to accurately diagnose even on early stages development of the disease and prescribe the correct and competent treatment. This will help to reduce the time for treating people and get rid of severe cases of the manifestation of the disease, in which the only way out can only be surgical intervention.

The study of the complex structure of the human body and the layout of internal organs - this is what human anatomy takes. Discipline helps to understand the structure of our body, which is one of the most complex on the planet. All its parts perform strictly defined functions and all of them are interconnected. Modern anatomy is a science that distinguishes both what we observe visually and the structure of the human body hidden from the eyes.

What is human anatomy

This is the name of one of the sections of biology and morphology (along with cytology and histology), which studies the structure of the human body, its origin, formation, evolutionary development at a level above the cellular level. Anatomy (from the Greek Anatomia - incision, opening, dissection) studies how the external parts of the body look. She also describes internal environment and microscopic structure of organs.

The selection of human anatomy from the comparative anatomy of all living organisms is due to the presence of thinking. There are several main forms of this science:

1. Normal, or systematic. This section studies the body of the "normal" i.e. of a healthy person by tissues, organs, their systems.
2. Pathological. This is an applied scientific discipline that studies diseases.
3. Topographic, or surgical. It is so called because it has applied significance for surgery. Complements the descriptive human anatomy.

normal anatomy

Extensive material has led to the complexity of studying the anatomy of the structure of the human body. For this reason, it became necessary to artificially divide it into parts - organ systems. They are considered normal, or systematic, anatomy. She breaks down the complex into the simpler. normal anatomy human examines the body in a healthy state. This is its difference from the pathological. Plastic anatomy studies appearance. It is used when depicting a human figure.

• topographic;
• typical;
• comparative;
• theoretical;
• age;
• X-ray anatomy.

Pathological human anatomy

This kind of science, along with physiology, studies the changes that occur with the human body in certain diseases. Anatomical studies are carried out microscopically, which helps to identify pathological physiological factors in tissues, organs, their aggregates. The object in this case are the corpses of persons who died from various diseases.

The study of the anatomy of a living person is carried out using harmless methods. This discipline is mandatory in medical schools. Anatomical knowledge is divided into:

• general, reflective methods anatomical studies pathological processes;
• private, describing morphological manifestations certain diseases e.g. tuberculosis, cirrhosis, rheumatism.

Topographic (surgical)

This kind of science has developed as a result of the need for practical medicine. Its creator is the doctor N.I. Pirogov. Scientific human anatomy studies the arrangement of elements relative to each other, the layered structure, the process of lymph flow, blood supply in healthy body. This takes into account gender characteristics and changes associated with age-related anatomy.

The anatomical structure of a person

functional elements human bodies are cells. Their accumulation forms the tissue that makes up all parts of the body. The latter are combined in the body into systems:

1. Digestive. It is considered the most difficult. The organs of the digestive system are responsible for the process of digestion of food.
2. Cardiovascular. The function of the circulatory system is to supply blood to all parts of the human body. This includes the lymphatic vessels.
3. Endocrine. Its function is to regulate the nervous and biological processes in the body.
4. Urogenital. In men and women, it has differences, provides reproductive and excretory functions.
5. Cover. Protects the insides from external influences.
6. Respiratory. Saturates the blood with oxygen, converts it into carbon dioxide.
7. Musculoskeletal. Responsible for the movement of a person, maintaining the body in a certain position.
8. Nervous. Includes the spinal cord and brain, which regulate all body functions.

The structure of human internal organs

The branch of anatomy that studies internal systems man is called splanchnology. These include respiratory, genitourinary and digestive. Each has characteristic anatomical and functional connections. They can be combined according to the general property of the exchange of substances between the external environment and man. In the evolution of the organism, it is believed that the respiratory system buds from certain sections of the digestive tract.

organs of the respiratory system

They provide a continuous supply of oxygen to all organs, the removal of carbon dioxide formed from them. This system is divided into upper and lower Airways. The first list includes:

1. Nose. Produces mucus that traps foreign particles when inhaled.
2. Sinuses. Air-filled cavities in the lower jaw, wedge-shaped, ethmoid, frontal bones.
3. Throat. It is divided into the nasopharynx (provides air flow), oropharynx (contains tonsils that have a protective function), laryngopharynx (serves as a passage for food).
4. Larynx. Does not allow food to enter the respiratory tract.

Another part of this system is the lower respiratory tract. They include the organs of the thoracic cavity, presented in the following small list:

1. Trachea. It starts after the larynx, stretches down to the chest. Responsible for air filtration.
2. Bronchi. Similar in structure to the trachea, they continue to purify the air.
3. Lungs. Located on either side of the heart in the chest. Each lung is responsible for vital important process exchange of oxygen with carbon dioxide.

Human abdominal organs

The abdominal cavity has a complex structure. Its elements are located in the center, left and right. According to human anatomy, the main organs in the abdominal cavity are as follows:

1. Stomach. It is located on the left under the diaphragm. Responsible for the primary digestion of food, gives a signal of satiety.
2. The kidneys are located at the bottom of the peritoneum symmetrically. They perform a urinary function. The substance of the kidney is made up of nephrons.
3. Pancreas. Located just below the stomach. Produces enzymes for digestion.
4. Liver. It is located on the right under the diaphragm. Removes poisons, toxins, removes unnecessary elements.
5. Spleen. It is located behind the stomach, is responsible for immunity, provides hematopoiesis.
6. Intestines. Located in the lower abdomen, absorbs all the nutrients.
7. Appendix. It is an appendage of the caecum. Its function is protective.
8. Gallbladder. Located below the liver. Accumulates incoming bile.

genitourinary system

This includes the organs of the human pelvic cavity. There are significant differences between men and women in the structure of this part. They are in organs that provide reproductive function. In general, a description of the structure of the pelvis includes information about:

1. Bladder. Accumulates urine before urination. It is located below in front of the pubic bone.
2. Genital organs of a woman. The uterus is located under the bladder, and the ovaries are slightly higher above it. They produce eggs that are responsible for reproduction.
3. Male genitals. The prostate gland is also located under the bladder, responsible for the production of secretory fluid. The testicles are located in the scrotum, they form sex cells and hormones.

Human endocrine organs

The system responsible for the regulation of activity human body through hormones - endocrine. Science distinguishes two devices in it:

1. diffuse. Endocrine cells here are not concentrated in one place. Some functions are performed by the liver, kidneys, stomach, intestines and spleen.
2. Glandular. Includes thyroid, parathyroid glands, thymus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands.

Thyroid and parathyroid glands

The largest gland internal secretion is thyroid. It is located on the neck in front of the trachea, on its side walls. Partially, the gland is adjacent to the thyroid cartilage, consists of two lobes and an isthmus, necessary for their connection. The function of the thyroid gland is the production of hormones that promote growth, development, and regulate metabolism. Not far from it are the parathyroid glands, which have the following structural features:

1. Quantity. There are 4 of them in the body - 2 upper, 2 lower.
2. Place. They are located on the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland.
3. Function. Responsible for the exchange of calcium and phosphorus (parathyroid hormone).

Anatomy of the thymus

thymus, or thymus, is located behind the handle and part of the body of the sternum in the upper anterior region of the chest cavity. It consists of two lobes connected by loose connective tissue. The upper ends of the thymus are narrower, so they go beyond the chest cavity and reach the thyroid gland. In this organ, lymphocytes acquire properties that provide protective functions against cells alien to the body.

The structure and functions of the pituitary gland

small gland spherical or oval shape with a reddish tinge is the pituitary gland. It is directly related to the brain. The pituitary gland has two lobes:

1. Front. It affects the growth and development of the whole body as a whole, stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and sex glands.
2. back. Responsible for strengthening the work of vascular smooth muscles, increases blood pressure, affects the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

Adrenal glands, gonads and endocrine pancreas

The paired organ located above the upper end of the kidney in the retroperitoneal tissue is the adrenal gland. On the anterior surface, it has one or more furrows that serve as gates for outgoing veins and incoming arteries. Functions of the adrenal glands: production of adrenaline in the blood, neutralization of toxins in muscle cells. Other elements endocrine system:

1. Sex glands. The testicles contain interstitial cells responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The ovaries secrete folliculin, which regulates menstruation, affects nervous state.
2. Endocrine part of the pancreas. It contains pancreatic islets, which secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood. This ensures the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.

Musculoskeletal system

This system is a set of structures that provide support to parts of the body and help a person move in space. The whole apparatus is divided into two parts:

1. Bone-articular. From the point of view of mechanics, this is a system of levers, which, as a result of muscle contraction, transmit the effects of forces. This part is considered passive.
2. Muscular. The active part of the musculoskeletal system is muscles, ligaments, tendons, cartilaginous structures, synovial bags.

Anatomy of bones and joints

The skeleton is made up of bones and joints. Its functions are the perception of loads, the protection of soft tissues, the implementation of movements. Cells bone marrow produce new blood cells. Joints are the points of contact between bones, between bones and cartilage. The most common type is synovial. Bones develop as a child grows, providing support for the entire body. They make up the skeleton. It includes 206 individual bones, consisting of bone tissue and bone cells. All of them are located in the axial (80 pieces) and appendicular (126 pieces) skeleton.

Bone weight in an adult is about 17-18% of body weight. According to the description of the structures skeletal system, its main elements are:

1. Scull. Consists of 22 connected bones, excluding only the lower jaw. The functions of the skeleton in this part: protecting the brain from damage, supporting the nose, eyes, mouth.
2. Spine. Formed by 26 vertebrae. The main functions of the spine: protective, depreciation, motor, support.
3. Rib cage. Includes sternum, 12 pairs of ribs. They protect chest cavity.
4. Limbs. This includes the shoulders, hands, forearms, thigh bones, feet, and lower legs. Provides basic mobility.

The structure of the muscular skeleton

The muscle apparatus also studies human anatomy. There is even a special section - myology. The main function of the muscles is to provide a person with the ability to move. About 700 muscles are attached to the bones of the skeletal system. They make up about 50% of a person's body weight. The main types of muscles are as follows:

1. Visceral. They are located inside the organs, provide the movement of substances.
2. Cardiac. Located only in the heart, it is necessary for pumping blood through the human body.
3. Skeletal. This type of muscle tissue is controlled by a person consciously.

Organs of the human cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels and about 5 liters of transported blood. Their main function is to carry oxygen, hormones, nutrients and cellular waste. This system works only at the expense of the heart, which, remaining at rest, pumps about 5 liters of blood through the body every minute. It continues to work even at night, when most of the rest of the elements of the body are resting.

Anatomy of the heart

This organ has a muscular hollow structure. The blood in it is poured into the venous trunks, and then driven into arterial system. The heart consists of 4 chambers: 2 ventricles, 2 atria. The left parts protrude arterial heart, and the right - venous. This division is based on the blood in the chambers. The heart in human anatomy is a pumping organ, since its function is to pump blood. There are only 2 circles of blood circulation in the body:

• small, or pulmonary, transporting venous blood;
• large, carrying oxygenated blood.

Vessels of the pulmonary circle

The pulmonary circulation carries blood from the right side of the heart towards the lungs. There it is filled with oxygen. This is the main function of the vessels of the pulmonary circle. Then the blood returns back, but already to the left half of the heart. The pulmonary circuit is supported by the right atrium and right ventricle - for it they are pumping chambers. This circle of blood circulation includes:

• right and left pulmonary artery;
• their branches are arterioles, capillaries and precapillaries;
• venules and veins that merge into 4 pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium.

Arteries and veins of the systemic circulation

The corporal, or large, circle of blood circulation in human anatomy is designed to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all tissues. Its function is the subsequent removal of carbon dioxide from them with metabolic products. The circle begins in the left ventricle - from the aorta, which carries arterial blood. It is further divided into:

1. arteries. They go to all the insides, except for the lungs and heart. Contains nutrients.
2. Arterioles. These are small arteries that carry blood to the capillaries.
3. capillaries. In them, the blood gives off nutrients with oxygen, and in return takes away carbon dioxide and metabolic products.
4. Venules. These are reverse vessels that provide the return of blood. Similar to arterioles.
5. Vienna. They merge into two large trunks - the superior and inferior vena cava, which flow into the right atrium.

Anatomy of the structure of the nervous system

sense organs, nervous tissue and cells, spinal cord and brain - that's what the nervous system consists of. Their combination provides control of the body and the interconnection of its parts. The central nervous system is the control center, consisting of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for evaluating the information coming from outside and making certain decisions by a person.

The location of organs in the human CNS

Human anatomy says that the main function of the central nervous system is the implementation of simple and complex reflexes. They are responsible for the following important organs:

1. Brain. Located in the brain region of the skull. It consists of several sections and 4 communicating cavities - cerebral ventricles. performs the highest mental functions Keywords: consciousness, voluntary actions, memory, planning. In addition, it supports breathing, heart rate, digestion and blood pressure.
2. Spinal cord. Located in the spinal canal, is a white cord. It has longitudinal grooves on the front and back surfaces, and the spinal canal in the center. The spinal cord consists of white (a conductor of nerve signals from the brain) and gray (creates reflexes to stimuli) matter.

Functioning of the peripheral nervous system

This includes elements of the nervous system outside the spinal cord and brain. This part is allocated conditionally. It includes the following:

1. Spinal nerves. Each person out of 31 couples. The posterior branches of the spinal nerves run between the transverse processes of the vertebrae. They innervate the back of the head, deep muscles of the back.
2. cranial nerves. There are 12 pairs. They innervate the organs of vision, hearing, smell, glands of the oral cavity, teeth and skin of the face.
3. Sensory receptors. These are specific cells that perceive the irritation of the external environment and convert it into nerve impulses.

Human anatomical atlas

The structure of the human body is described in detail in the anatomical atlas. The material in it shows the body as a whole, consisting of individual elements. Many encyclopedias were written by various medical scientists who studied the course of human anatomy. These collections contain visual layouts of the organs of each system. This makes it easier to see the relationship between them. In general, the anatomical atlas is a detailed description of the internal structure of a person.

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The abdominal cavity of humans has significant differences in structure from the abdominal cavity of other types of mammals. The abdominal cavity (cavum abdominis) or the abdominal cavity is referred to as the space lined with the intra-abdominal cavity.

It is limited from above by the diaphragmatic region, on both sides and from the front by the massive muscles (musculi obliqui et transversus abdominis) of the abdomen, and from the back by the region lumbar spinal column and located muscle tissues.

Anatomy of the abdomen

Below the cavity, that is, the abdominal or abdominal cavity, has a smooth transition into a small space of the small pelvis. In the abdominal cavity there are various kinds of systems of internal organs together with the peritoneum enveloping them, as well as volumetric trunks of blood vessels and nerve endings.

The abdominal cavity and its structure are thoroughly studied in medical schools, because diseases of the organs located in it are most frequent in medical practice. It is the deep knowledge of doctors about the structure of the abdominal cavity that helps in staging correct diagnosis on which the lives of many sick patients sometimes even depend.

The essence of the structure of the abdominal organs of people is that most of them are covered with the thinnest serous membrane, which is called the peritoneum.

Functions and structure of the peritoneum

The peritoneum is a delicate and very thin connective tissue structure that has big number differential strong fibers and covered on the inside with one-sided epithelial tissue, which is called mesothelial.

This elastic serous membrane has a large and very specific suction capacity. serous fluid, which in large quantities produced by the mesothelium of the abdominal region, implements lubrication of the surface of each internal organ reducing their friction.

In view of this unique property the peritoneal cavity in a healthy person does not cause discomfort and any changes in the peritoneum. However, if one or another inflammatory phenomenon occurs, when an infection enters the peritoneal cavity, a sharp and ongoing pain appears.

When inflammation occurs, the abdominal region forms a group of adhesions to prevent the infection from spreading throughout the space.

Differences between the male and female abdomen

The abdominal cavity has the same structure in any representative Homo sapiens. The difference can only be in different periods of life. Childhood has some features, the adult period of life - others.

There are also a number of differences between the male and female abdominal systems.

In men, this area is a closed space, while the female part of the planet does not have one, because the process of communication with the uterine region takes place through the fallopian tubes, and through the vaginal cavity with the external environment. Organs in the abdominal or abdominal cavity may have a serosa covering either on each side or partially.

Some of them are not coated at all. The abdominal cavity, which envelops the walls of the abdomen, is called the parietal peritoneum.