Endocrine system causes problems. Endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases are pathologies resulting from a violation of the normal functioning of the glands. internal secretion. All diseases of the endocrine system develop as a result of hyperfunction (excessive synthesis of hormones), hypofunction (insufficient production of hormones) or dysfunction (improper functioning) of the endocrine organs.

Causes of endocrine diseases

All diseases endocrine glands arise as a result of the following causes:

an excess of gomons;
lack of hormones;
production of abnormal hormones;
violation of the production and delivery of hormones;
hormonal resistance.

The reason for insufficient synthesis of hormones can be:

inflammation of the endocrine glands (for example, in diabetes mellitus or pancreatitis);
hereditary predisposition;
complications after infectious diseases of the endocrine organs;
exposure to radiation or toxic substances on the organs of internal secretion;
immune failure;
deficiency in the body essential substances(for example, a lack of iodine leads to a decrease in thyroid function).

The cause of hyperfunction of a particular gland may be:

its excessive stimulation;
synthesis of similar hormones by different tissues and glands.

Hormonal resistance is usually hereditary. Exact reasons development of such resistance is currently unknown.

Defective abnormal hormones in the endocrine system are rarely produced. Cause this phenomenon are usually a gene mutation.

In some cases, the body fails and the immune system begins to fight against its own cells, which leads to the destruction of the endocrine gland and its inability to perform its functions. Such causes of endocrine diseases are called autoimmune.

Classification of endocrine diseases

Diseases of the endocrine organs are divided into the following groups:

1. Pathologies of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus:

not diabetes;
gigantism and acromegaly;
hyperprolactinemia;
prolactinoma;
Itsenko-Cushing's disease.

2. Diseases of the gonads in women:

cycle disorders;
Stein-Leventhal syndrome.

3. Diseases thyroid gland:

hypothyroidism;
thyroid cancer;
hyperthyroidism;
goiter (nodular, endemic, toxic);
thyroiditis (subacute, autoimmune);
thyrotoxic adenoma.

4. Diseases of the adrenal glands:

chronic insufficiency;
tumors (hormonally active).

5. Diseases of the pancreas:

diabetes.

Symptoms of endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases manifest themselves in different ways, since we can talk about pathologies of several endocrine glands at once.

Often the patient does not attach importance to some symptoms, attributing them to fatigue, overeating or stress. As a result, the disease progresses, which complicates subsequent treatment and worsens the prognosis.

The following are the most common symptoms that characterize diseases of the endocrine glands:

Causeless fatigue, feeling of weakness and weakness;

A sharp change in weight in one direction or another;

Tachycardia, pain in the heart;

Headaches, hypertension;

increased sweating;

Constant feeling of thirst;

Frequent urination;

Drowsiness;

Increased nervous excitability.

Diagnosis of endocrine diseases

As a rule, it is impossible to self-diagnose this or that pathology of the internal secretion organs due to the non-specificity of symptoms. If you have any suspicions, you should seek help from an endocrinologist who will conduct necessary examinations diagnose and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Diseases of the endocrine system are diagnosed using the following methods:

1. Survey - conducted in order to find out the causes of endocrine diseases and understand the mechanism of their development.

2. External examination. Experienced doctor can make a preliminary diagnosis already at the first appointment, by analyzing the condition of the patient's hair and skin, noting atypical hair growth, enlargement of the thyroid gland, and so on.

3. Palpation. Typically, this technique is used to diagnose diseases of the thyroid gland.

4. Diseases of the endocrine organs can be detected using the following laboratory and instrumental research methods:

CT and MRI;
radiography;
radioisotope research;
blood test for sugar and a number of others.

Treatment of endocrine diseases

There are quite a few diseases of the endocrine organs and each of them is treated in its own way. When choosing a treatment regimen, the doctor pays attention to the localization of the pathological process, the stage and nature of the course of the disease, the condition immune system patient and his individual characteristics.

Treatment of endocrine diseases is carried out in order to achieve the following results:

restoration of normal hormone synthesis;
achieving remission of the disease, when positive changes in the patient's state of health become persistent (ideally, it is desirable to achieve a complete recovery).

The most effective is complex treatment diseases of the organs of internal secretion, which includes endocrine and immune therapy.

The most important body human body, which is responsible for the creation of cellular immunity and affects metabolic processes in the body (including hormonal metabolism) is the thymus, which is also called the thymus gland.

It is in this organ that the maturation of the body's immune cells occurs. When the thymus malfunctions, not only does the immune defense of the body decrease, but the work of the endocrine organs is also disrupted, which can lead to the development of various pathologies.

Luckily, modern medicine does not stand still and today there is a drug on the market that helps the thymus gland to function normally and, if necessary, duplicates its functions.

This drug is called Transfer Factor. It is based on immunomodulatory molecules, which, when they enter the patient's body, have the following complex effect:

eliminate possible side effects associated with taking other drugs;
remember information about pathogenic microorganisms that enter the human body and, when they reappear, immediately activate the immune system to fight them;
eliminate failures in the immune and endocrine systems.

To date, a whole line of Transfer Factor has been created for all occasions. In diseases of the endocrine system, the most effective are Transfer factor Glucouch and Transfer factor Advance.

Prevention of endocrine diseases

In order to reduce the likelihood of developing diseases of the endocrine organs to a minimum, the following recommendations must be observed:

eat right, lead active image life;
to refuse from bad habits;
timely treat infectious diseases and pathologies of other origin, which can adversely affect the state of the endocrine system;
as far as possible to avoid the impact on the body of harmful factors external environment(ultraviolet radiation, chemical compounds, and so on);
if any suspicious symptoms are found, you should immediately contact an endocrinologist and undergo examinations prescribed by a specialist.

If one or another disease of the endocrine organs is detected, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the treatment regimen prescribed by the doctor, to follow all his recommendations. This will help prevent the development of complications and improve the quality of life of the patient.

Endocrine diseases are accompanied by a disorder normal operation. They secrete hormones that affect the body and control the work of all organs and systems. Endocrine disruption is characterized by dysfunction, hyper- or. The most important components of this system are the pituitary, pineal, pancreas, thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands. In women, they also include the ovaries, in men - the testicles.

The causes of endocrine pathologies that are formed against the background of a lack of certain hormones are as follows:

damage to the endocrine glands due to infectious diseases (for example, with tuberculosis);
congenital pathologies causing (underdevelopment). As a result, such endocrine glands are not able to produce enough of the necessary substances;
hemorrhage in the tissue or, conversely, insufficient blood supply to the organs responsible for the production of hormones;
inflammatory processes that affect the failure of the endocrine system;
the presence of autoimmune lesions;
tumors of the endocrine glands;
nutritional problems, when the body does not receive enough substances necessary for the production of certain hormones;
negative impact of toxic substances, radiation;
iatrogenic causes and others.

Why do diseases caused by excessive production of hormones appear?

Causes of endocrine pathology, which causes excessive production of any hormones:

excessive stimulation of the endocrine glands, which is caused by natural factors or any pathologies, including congenital ones;
the production of hormonal substances by tissues that in an ordinary person are not responsible for this;
the formation of hormones in the periphery from their precursors, which are present in human blood. For example, adipose tissue able to produce;
iatrogenic causes.

Why do pathologies of a different nature occur?

The latest report of foreign scientists contains information that diseases of the endocrine system often occur against the background of a violation of the transport of hormones or with their abnormal metabolism. Most often, the causes of this phenomenon are liver pathologies, pregnancy and others.

Also often there are hormonal diseases that are caused by a mutation in the genes. In this case, the production of abnormal hormones that are unusual for the human body is observed. This state is quite rare.

Also, in some cases, human endocrine diseases are observed, which are associated with hormone resistance. The reason for this phenomenon is considered hereditary factor. In this condition, pathologies of hormonal receptors are observed. Active substances produced by the endocrine glands in the right amount are not able to get to the right parts of the body, where they should perform their function.

Diseases of the endocrine system often differ a wide range related violations. Failures during the work of the body occur due to the fact that hormones affect many functions of various organs and systems. Their excess or lack in any case negatively affects a person.

Symptoms of endocrine disorders are:

loss or, conversely, excessive weight gain;
uncharacteristic for a person interruptions in the work of the heart;
causeless increase in heart rate;
fever and constant feeling of heat;
increased sweating;
chronic diarrhea;
increased excitability;
the appearance of headaches, which are most often caused by high blood pressure;
severe weakness, muscle adynamia;
inability to focus on one thing;
drowsiness;
pain in the limbs, cramps;
significant memory impairment;
inexplicable thirst;
increased urination, and others.

Specific signs that indicate the presence of a certain endocrine disease associated with hormones indicate an excess or vice versa - their deficiency.

Diagnosis of violations

To determine a specific endocrine disorder, some studies are carried out to determine the amount and type of missing hormones:

radioimmunological study using iodine 131. Diagnostics are being carried out, which allows you to determine the presence of pathologies in the thyroid gland. This happens on the basis of how intensively some area absorbs iodine particles;
x-ray study. Helps to determine the presence of any changes in the bone tissue, which is typical for certain diseases;
computer and magnetic resonance imaging. Aimed at complex diagnostics of endocrine glands;
ultrasound diagnostics. The state of some glands is determined - the thyroid, ovaries, adrenal glands;
blood test. Determines the concentration of hormones, the amount of sugar in the blood and other indicators that are important for setting a specific indicator.

Disease prevention

To prevent the development of diseases associated with the endocrine system, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

balanced diet. Entry into the body enough useful substances helps to prevent the occurrence of serious pathologies of different localization;
fight with extra pounds. causes many disorders that can be eliminated only after losing weight;
exclusion of the negative impact on the body of toxic substances, radiation;
timely visit to the doctor. Having identified the first signs of any disease, a person should go to a specialized specialist (). On the initial stages Most diseases respond well to treatment.

Common diseases associated with pituitary dysfunction

Endocrine diseases that are associated with:

. The main manifestation is the excessive growth of a person, which can exceed 2 m. An increase in size is observed. internal organs. Against this background, other disorders arise - disruption of the heart, liver, diabetes mellitus, underdevelopment of the genital organs and others;
. There is an incorrect (disproportionate) growth of body parts;

precocious puberty syndrome. It is characterized by the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics at an early age (8-9 years), but the absence of an appropriate psychoemotional development;
. Appears against the background of excessive production of corticotropin, hyperfunction of the adrenal glands. Manifested by obesity, trophic processes on the skin, increased blood pressure, sexual dysfunction, mental disorders;

pituitary cachexia. There is an acute dysfunction of the adenohypophysis, leading to a serious disruption of all types of metabolism in the body and subsequent exhaustion;
. It is observed with a decrease in the production of somatotropin. Such a person has short stature, dry, flabby, wrinkled skin, sexual dysfunction;

. endocrine dysfunction caused by underproduction sex hormones in both sexes. There is a loss of reproductive function, development of the body according to the type of the opposite sex and other disorders;
. It is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of urine (from 4 to 40 liters per day), which leads to dehydration, unbearable thirst.

Pathologies of the adrenal glands

Endocrine diseases associated with disruption of the normal functioning of the adrenal glands:

. Accompanied by a total lack of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. As a result, the activity of many organs and systems is disrupted, which is manifested arterial hypotension, polyuria, muscle weakness, skin hyperpigmentation and other signs;
primary hyperaldosteronism. There is an increase in production. Against the background of such a violation, serious pathologies arise - hypernatremia, hypokalemia, alkalosis, hypertension, edema, muscle weakness, impaired kidney function and others;
hormonally active tumors of the adrenal glands. Characterized by the appearance of neoplasms (benign and malignant), which cause disturbances in the production of certain hormones.

Thyroid dysfunction

Endocrine diseases affecting the thyroid gland:

Other endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases that are associated with the pancreas, ovaries:

diabetes. A disease that is accompanied by a deficiency (pancreatic hormone);
exhausted ovary syndrome. Characterized by early menopause;
resistant ovary syndrome. It is characterized by insensitivity of the organs of the reproductive system to gonadotropic stimulation, secondary after the age of 35;
polycystic ovary syndrome. It is accompanied by a violation of the ovaries due to the formation of multiple cysts, dysfunction of the pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary gland;
premenstrual syndrome. Occurs due to various reasons and manifests itself different symptoms a few days before menstruation.

The human endocrine system includes many elements that work as a single complex. Male and female organisms are equally susceptible to diseases in this area. Medical students have been studying this issue for years. To do this, they use many sources of information, after which they draw up a communication plan, according to which they make reports and scientific articles.

Bibliography

A guide for emergency physicians. help. Edited by V.A. Mikhailovich, A.G. Miroshnichenko. 3rd edition. St. Petersburg, 2005.
Anosova L. N., Zefirova G. S., Krakov V. A. Brief endocrinology. – M.: Medicine, 1971.
Ovchinnikov Yu.A., Bioorganic chemistry // Peptide hormones. - 1987. - p.274.
Biochemistry: Textbook for universities / ed. E. S. Severina, M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2003. - 779 p.;

Causes of diseases of the endocrine system.

At the heart of any diseases of this system there is one or more main reasons:

1) insufficiency of one or another hormone;
2) an excess of any hormone;
3) production of an abnormal (abnormal) hormone by the gland;
4) resistance to the action of the hormone;
5) violation of the delivery, metabolism or rhythm of its secretion;
6) simultaneous violation of a number of hormonal systems.

And because of what this happens in most cases is not always known. In other cases, this may occur for the following reasons.

The causes of hormone deficiency (congenital or acquired) in most cases are known. These include

infectious lesions of the endocrine glands (low cortisol levels in adrenal tuberculosis),
congenital underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of these glands (congenital hypothyroidism),
bleeding into the gland or insufficient blood supply (postpartum hypopituitarism),
inflammatory processes (diabetes mellitus due to pancreatitis),
autoimmune lesions (autoimmune thyroiditis ending in hypothyroidism), tumors (pituitary adenomas),
insufficient intake of substances necessary for the production of hormones (hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency),
the influence of various toxic substances and radiation on the endocrine glands,
iatrogenic causes (removal of the parathyroid glands in the treatment of Graves' disease).

The most common causes of overproduction of hormones are

excessive stimulation of the endocrine gland by factors of a physiological or pathological nature, as a result of which the production of the hormone increases (hypercorticism in Itsenko-Cushing's disease),
hormone production by tissues that do not normally produce them (Itsenko-Cushing syndrome),
increased formation of the hormone in peripheral tissues from the precursors present in the blood (in case of liver damage, where androstenedione is destroyed, its excess enters the adipose tissue and there it turns into estrogen),
iatrogenic causes (in the treatment of any diseases with hormones).

The causes of impaired transport and metabolism of hormones are most often the presence of liver pathology, but it can also be in some physiological conditions, for example, during pregnancy.

The production of abnormal hormones is quite rare and can be caused by a single gene mutation (altered insulin molecule).

Hormone resistance often has a hereditary origin, but most often occurs due to the pathology of hormone receptors, as a result of which the hormone does not enter the desired tissues and cells and does not perform the appropriate function (hypothyroidism due to the formation of autoantibodies that block the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor).

Multiple violations endocrine functions, it is known that hormones of many endocrine glands are involved in the regulation of physiological processes, and that the endocrine glands themselves are the object of hormonal influences, therefore, with any endocrine pathology, the activity of a number of other glands can change, and, accordingly, the level of other hormones also changes. For example, panhypopituitarism (pathology of the pituitary gland), the function of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and a number of other glands is impaired.

Symptoms of endocrine diseases.

Complaints of patients suffering from endocrine diseases can be very diverse. These include, for example, weight loss or, conversely, weight gain, complaints of heart palpitations and interruptions in the work of the heart, fever, feeling hot, excessive sweating, irritability, diarrhea (with diffuse toxic goiter), headaches associated with increased blood pressure (with hypercortisolism, pheochromocytoma), severe weakness and muscle adynamia (with chronic adrenal insufficiency), decreased attention, drowsiness, memory impairment (with hypothyroidism), increased thirst (with diabetes mellitus), persistent increase in urination (with diabetes insipidus) and many others.

In a word, it is difficult to name organs and systems, the dysfunctions of which would not occur in diseases of the endocrine system. It is also very important here to identify the diseases that have been transferred by the doctor, which in the future can lead to diseases of the endocrine glands. For example, chronic adrenal insufficiency is often the result of tuberculosis. Hypothyroidism may develop after subtotal resection of the thyroid gland for diffuse toxic goiter. Acute inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis) can develop due to pneumonia, acute tonsillitis or sinusitis.

Clarification of the family anamnesis is of great importance. Hereditary predisposition plays an important role in the occurrence of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, diffuse toxic goiter, obesity, diabetes insipidus, autoimmune diseases of the glands.

In some cases, the place of residence of the patient can affect the health. So, to the development of endemic goiter leads low content iodine in the environment.

On examination of the patient, various symptoms, allowing you to immediately suspect a particular disease. When the thyroid gland is affected, changes in facial expression are detected: a frightened or angry look in combination with a number eye symptoms(increased luster of the eyes, expansion of the palpebral fissure, rare blinking, weakening of convergence, hyperpigmentation of the skin of the eyelids) are typical for patients with diffuse toxic goiter, and a mask-like and mimic face occurs in patients with hypothyroidism. An increase in the size of the nose, lips, ears are found in acromegaly. When examining the neck, it is possible to identify changes in its configuration, which is characteristic of a pronounced enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Also, with some diseases, there are some features of the physique of patients. So, with pituitary dwarfism, there is a very low growth (men below 130 cm, women below 120 cm) while maintaining body proportions characteristic of childhood. With gigantism, on the contrary, very high growth - men are above 200 cm, women are above 190 cm.

Often with endocrine pathology, the skin is affected. For example, hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes with increased deposition of melanin in the palmar lines, nipple circumference is observed in chronic adrenal insufficiency. Wide striae of red-violet color on the abdomen and thighs are found in patients with Itsenko-Cushing syndrome. Pale and cold skin is typical for patients with hypothyroidism, hot and with high elasticity in diffuse toxic goiter. A tendency to pustular and fungal skin lesions occurs with diabetes mellitus. Dry skin, brittleness and hair loss occurs with hypothyroidism.

In a number of diseases, changes in normal hair growth are also noted, so the female type occurs in men with eunuchoidism, on the contrary, the male type in women manifests itself in Itsenko-Cushing syndrome.

Even in some diseases, changes in the distribution of the subcutaneous fat layer are often found. For example, with Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, there is excessive deposition of fat in the neck, trunk, abdomen and face. Weight loss in patients is observed with hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus. Weight gain occurs quickly with hypothyroidism.

The skeletal system also changes, there may be bone pain and pathological fractures with hyperparathyroidism.

Palpation is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases. Normally, it is usually not palpable. Percussion can reveal retrosternal goiter. And with auscultation of the thyroid gland - diffuse toxic goiter.

Laboratory and instrumental research methods in endocrine diseases.

Methods for determining hormones allow you to determine the amount of a particular hormone, and on the basis of this, draw the appropriate conclusions, these include the radioimmunological method using radioactive material (tritium and iodine 125), non-isotope methods enzyme immunoassay, fluorescent immunoassay, enhanced luminescence method, electrochemical immunoassay method, particle count immunoassay, determination of iodine content associated with blood serum proteins, determination of basal metabolism indicators.

A blood test for sugar is used to determine diabetes mellitus.

Radioisotope research methods using iodine 131, and by the absorption of this iodine determine one or another pathology. Scanning allows not only to determine the presence of nodes in the thyroid gland, but also to assess their activity. If a malignant lesion of the thyroid gland is suspected, scanning can be combined with thermography.

X-ray examination, you can detect a change in the shape of the Turkish saddle (with pituitary tumors), thickening of the bones of the cranial vault, hands and feet (with acromegaly), osteoporosis of tubular bones and vertebrae (with hyperparathyroidism, Itsenko-Cushing syndrome).

Also widely researched computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of diseases of the endocrine glands.

Ultrasound is successfully used to detect nodular forms of goiter and thyroid cysts, to diagnose diseases of the adrenal glands. Under control ultrasound a puncture biopsy of the thyroid gland (its nodes) is also performed, followed by a histological study of the material obtained.

Prevention of diseases of the endocrine glands.

Timely treatment of infectious and diseases of a different nature, which in the future may have a negative impact on the endocrine system, reducing the impact of harmful environmental factors (various chemical compounds, radiation), balanced diet to prevent excess or lack of intake of any substances that are necessary for the production of certain hormones.

Here it is also necessary to say about the timely visit to a doctor (endocrinologist) when symptoms characteristic of diseases of the endocrine system appear, so as not to start the disease and “wait” for complications. If a disease occurs, strictly follow the doctor's instructions for treatment for get well soon or, if the disease is lifelong (diabetes mellitus), to improve the quality of life and prevent complications that may occur with this disease.

Diseases of the endocrine system, eating disorders and metabolic disorders:

Thyroid disease
Diabetes
Other disorders of glucose regulation and pancreatic endocrine disorders Disorders of other endocrine glands
Malnutrition
Other types of malnutrition
Obesity and other types of overnutrition
Metabolic disorders

Endocrine system - a set of specific endocrine glands (endocrine glands) and endocrine cells.

It includes:

pituitary;
epiphysis (pineal gland);
thyroid gland;
parathyroid glands;
adrenal glands;
APUD system, or diffuse system, formed by hormonal cells scattered in various bodies and body tissues - endocrine cells gastrointestinal tract producing gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin, etc.;
interstitial cells of the kidneys, producing, for example, prostaglandin E 2 , erythropoietin, and similar endocrine cells of some other organs.

endocrine cell - a cell that synthesizes and secretes a hormone into the liquid media of the body - blood, lymph, interstitial fluid, liquor.
Hormone - biologically active substance circulating in liquid media body and has a specific effect on certain target cells.

The chemical structure of hormones is different. Most of them are peptides (proteins), steroid substances, amines, prostaglandins.

Hormone target cell - This is a cell that specifically interacts with a hormone with the help of a receptor and responds to this by changing its vital activity and function.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Violations of the activity of the endocrine glands manifest themselves in two main forms: hyperfunctions (redundant function) and hypofunction (insufficient function).

The main initial links in the pathogenesis of endocrine disorders can be centrogenous, primary glandular and postglandular disorders.

Centrogenic disorders are caused by a violation of the mechanisms of neurohumoral regulation of the endocrine glands at the level of the brain and the hypothalamic-pituitary complex. The causes of these disorders can be damage to the brain tissue as a result of hemorrhage, tumor growth, the action of toxins and infectious agents, prolonged stress reactions, psychosis, etc.

The consequences of damage to the brain and the hypothalamic-pituitary system are a violation of the formation of neurohormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary hormones, as well as disorders of the functions of the endocrine glands, the activity of which is regulated by these hormones. For example, nervous mental trauma can lead to disruption of the central nervous system, which causes excessive thyroid function and the development of thyrotoxicosis.

Primary glandular disorders are caused by disorders in the biosynthesis or release of hormones by peripheral endocrine glands as a result of a decrease or increase in the mass of the gland and, accordingly, the level of the hormone in the blood.

The causes of these disorders can be tumors of the endocrine glands, as a result of which an excessive amount of the hormone is synthesized, atrophy of the glandular tissue, including age-related involution, which is accompanied by a decrease in hormonal influences, as well as a deficiency of hormone synthesis substrates, such as iodine, which is required for the formation of thyroid hormones, or insufficient levels of hormone biosynthesis.

Primary glandular feedback disorders can affect the function of the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamic-pituitary system. So, a decrease in thyroid function (for example, hereditary hypothyroidism) leads to disruption of the central nervous system and the development of dementia (thyroid cretinism).

Post glandular disorders caused by violations transport hormones of their reception, i.e., a violation of the interaction of the hormone with a specific receptor of the cell and tissue, and meta6ism hormones, which is a violation of their biochemical reactions, interactions and destruction.

DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

DISEASES OF THE HYPOPHYSIS

Pituitary - an endocrine organ that connects the nervous and endocrine systems, ensuring the unity of the neurohumoral regulation of the body.

The pituitary gland consists of the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis.

The main functions of the pituitary gland.

Adenohypophysis produces hormones:

follitropin (previously called follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH);
lutropin (formerly luteinizing hormone, LH);
prolactin (formerly luteomammatropic hormone, LTH);
corticotropin (formerly adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH);
thyrotropin (formerly thyroid-stimulating hormone. TSH) and a number of other hormones.

neurohypophysis releases two hormones into the blood: antidiuretic and oxytocin.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or arginine vasopressin, increases water reabsorption in the renal tubules, and in high concentrations causes contraction of glomerular arterioles and an increase in blood pressure in them.

Oxytocin regulates physiological processes in the female reproductive system, increases the contractile function of the pregnant uterus.

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERFUNCTION OF THE ADENOGYPOPHISIS

Hyperpituitarism - an excess of the content or effects of one or more hormones of the adenohypophysis.

The reasons. In most cases, hyperpituitarism is the result of a tumor of the adenohypophysis or its damage during intoxications and infections.

Hypophyar gigantism manifested by an excessive increase in growth and internal organs. At the same time, height is usually higher than 200 cm in men and 190 cm in women, the size and mass of internal organs do not correspond to the size of the body, more often the organs are also enlarged, less often they are relatively reduced compared to significant growth.

Rice. 76. Acromegaly. On the right - healthy, on the left - a patient with acromegaly.

In this regard, the development of functional insufficiency of the heart and liver is possible. As a rule, hyperglycemia is observed, often diabetes mellitus; there is an underdevelopment of the genital organs (hypogenitalism). often infertility; mental disorders - emotional instability, irritability, sleep disturbances, decreased mental performance, psychasthenia.

Acromegaly - a disease in which the size of individual parts of the body disproportionately increases (more often - hands, feet), facial features become rough due to an increase in mandible, nose, superciliary arches, cheekbones (Fig. 76).

These changes are combined with violations of the body's vital functions and the gradual development of multiple organ failure.

Syndrome of precocious puberty - a condition characterized by accelerated development of the gonads, the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, in some cases - the onset of puberty in girls up to 8 years old, in boys up to 9 years old, which, however, is accompanied by mental underdevelopment.

Pituitary hypercortisolism (Itsenko-Cushing's disease) occurs with excessive production of corticotropin, which leads to hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex. Clinically, Itsenko-Cushing's disease is manifested by obesity, trophic changes in the skin, arterial hypertension, the development of cardiomyopathy, osteoporosis, sexual dysfunction, skin hyperpigmentation, and mental disorders.

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOFUNCTION OF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

hypopituitarism - deficiency of pituitary hormones.

The reasons.

Hypofunction of the adenohypophysis can develop after meningitis or encephalitis, circulatory disorders in the pituitary gland (thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage), traumatic brain injury with damage to the base of the skull, and also as a result of protein starvation.

Hypofunction of the adenohypophysis may present with pituitary cachexia, pituitary dwarfism, and pituitary hypogonadism.

Pituitary cachexia develops with total hypofunction of the adenohypophysis, manifested by a decrease in the formation of almost all hormones, which leads to disruption of all types of metabolism and progressive exhaustion.

Pituitary dwarfism , or pituitary nanism , develops in case of somatotropin deficiency and is characterized by a progressive lag in growth and body weight (by the time the body is formed, growth usually does not exceed 110 cm in women and 130 cm in men), an senile appearance of the face (wrinkles, dry and loose skin), underdevelopment of the gonads and secondary sexual characteristics in combination with primary infertility. Intelligence in most cases is not impaired, but signs of a decrease in mental performance and memory are often revealed.

Pituitary hypogonadism develops with a lack of sex hormones due to hypofunction of the adenohypophysis. It shows up:

at husband's- eunuchoidism, which is characterized by underdevelopment of the testicles and external genital organs, mild secondary sexual characteristics, high (effeminate) voice timbre, infertility, development of an effeminate figure, obesity;
among women- female infantilism, accompanied by underdevelopment of the mammary glands, late onset of menstruation, menstrual irregularities up to amenorrhea, infertility, asthenic physique, emotional instability.

Hypofunction of the neurohypophysis may occur as a result of the development of a tumor in it, inflammatory processes, injuries, which is manifested diabetes insipidus due to a decrease in the formation of ADH. This disease is characterized by a large number urine (from 4 to 40 l / day) with its low relative density. The loss of water and an increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma are accompanied by indomitable thirst ( polydipsia), due to which patients drink large amounts of water.

ADDRENAL DISEASES

The adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands located at the upper poles of the kidneys and consisting of a cortex (cortex) and a medulla.

Main functions of the adrenal glands.

Three groups of steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex steroids.

Glucocorticoids have an impact on carbohydrate metabolism, have an anti-inflammatory effect and reduce the activity of the immune system.
Mineralocorticoids (in humans, mainly aldosterone) regulate the exchange of electrolytes, primarily sodium and potassium ions.
sex steroids (androgens and estrogens) determine the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and also stimulate the synthesis of nucleic acids and protein.
Diseases caused by hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex (hypercorticism), are associated with an increase in the content of corticosteroids in the blood and is manifested by hyperaldosteronism and Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome.
Hyperaldosteronism usually associated with the development of aldosteroma - a tumor of the adrenal cortex. Plasma sodium retention and hypernatremia are characteristic. Blood pressure rises, cardiac arrhythmias appear.
Itsenko-Cushing syndrome develops, as a rule, with a tumor of the adrenal cortex, which is accompanied by an excess of glucocorticoids. Obesity with deposition of fat on the face, neck, in the area of the upper shoulder girdle is characteristic. Patients have elevated blood pressure and blood glucose levels, often elevated body temperature. Due to the suppression of the immune system, resistance to infections decreases. In boys, the development of secondary sexual characteristics is accelerated and does not correspond to age, but primary sexual characteristics and behavior lag behind in development. Girls have features of a male physique.

Diseases caused by hypofunction of the adrenal cortex, or adrenal insufficiency. Depending on the extent of damage to the adrenal glands, 2 types of adrenal insufficiency are distinguished: total and partial.

Total adrenal insufficiency due to deficiency of all hormones of the adrenal cortex - glucomineralocorticoids and androgenic steroids. At the same time, there is a normal level of catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla.

Partial adrenal insufficiency - insufficiency of any one class of hormones of the adrenal cortex, most often - mineral or glucocorticoids.

Depending on the nature of the course, acute and chronic total insufficiency of the adrenal cortex is distinguished.

Acute total insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.

Her the reasons:

Cessation of the introduction of corticosteroids into the body after their long-term use with therapeutic purpose. The resulting state is referred to as corticosteroid withdrawal syndrome or iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency. It is caused by prolonged inhibition of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system and atrophy of the adrenal cortex.
Damage to the cortex of both adrenal glands, for example, when falling from a great height, bilateral hemorrhage in its tissue with thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, lightning-fast sepsis.
Removal of the adrenal gland affected by a hormone-producing tumor. However, insufficiency develops only with hypo- or atrophy of the cortical substance of the second adrenal gland.

Manifestations:

acute hypotension;
increasing circulatory failure due to acute heart failure, decreased muscle tone of arterial vessels, decreased mass of circulating blood due to its deposition. As a rule, acute severe circulatory failure is the cause of death of most patients.

Chronic total insufficiency of the adrenal cortex (Adcison's disease).

Basic cause is the destruction of the tissue of the adrenal cortex as a result of immune autoaggression, tuberculous lesions, tumor metastases, amyloidosis.

Manifestations

muscle weakness, fatigue;
arterial hypotension;
polyuria;
hypohydration of the body and hemoconcentration as a result of a decrease in the volume of fluid in the vascular bed, leading to hypovolemia;
hypoglycemia;
hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes due to increased secretion of ACTH and melanocyte-stimulating hormone by the adenohypophysis, since both hormones stimulate the formation of melanin. Characteristic of primary adrenal insufficiency, in which the pituitary gland is not affected.

Diseases caused by hyperfunction of the adrenal medulla.

The reasons: tumors from chromaffin cells of the medulla - benign (pheochromocytomas) and less often malignant (pheochromoblastomas). Pheochromocytomas produce an excess of catecholamines, mainly norepinephrine.

Manifestations of hypercatecholaminemia:

arterial hypertension;
acute hypotensive reactions with short-term loss of consciousness as a result of cerebral ischemia (fainting), developing against the background of arterial hypertension, pallor, sweating, muscle weakness, fatigue;
catecholamine hypertensive crises - periods of significant increase in blood pressure (systolic up to 200 mm Hg and above);
heart rhythm disturbances sinus tachycardia and extrasystole;
hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.

Insufficiency of the level or effects of adrenal catecholamines as an independent form of pathology is not observed, which is due to the pairing of the adrenal glands and their high compensatory-adaptive capabilities.

THYROID DISEASES

The thyroid gland is a component of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid gland system. The thyroid parenchyma consists of three types of cells: A-, B- and C-cells.

A-cells, or follicular, produce iodine-containing hormones. They make up most gland mass.
B cells produce biogenic amines (eg serotonin).
C-cells synthesize the hormone calcitonin and some other peptides.

The structural unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle - a cavity lined with A- and C-cells and filled with colloid.

The thyroid gland produces iodine-containing and peptide hormones that regulate the physical, mental and sexual development organism.

Peptide hormones(calcitonin, katacalcin, etc.) are synthesized by C-cells. An increase in the content of calcitonin in the blood occurs with tumors of the thyroid gland and with kidney failure accompanied by a violation of calcium reabsorption in the tubules of the kidneys.

Rice. 77. Goiter.

Numerous diseases of the thyroid gland, characterized by a change in the level or effects of iodine-containing hormones, are combined into two groups: hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

Hyperthyroidism , or thyrotoxicosis, characterized by an excess of the effects of iodine-containing hormones in the body. With the development of hypothyroidism, there is a lack of effects of these hormones.

Diseases of the thyroid gland, accompanied by hyperthyroidism.

These diseases occur when the activity of the gland itself is disturbed or as a result of a disorder in the functions of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Highest value among these diseases are goiter (struma) and tumors.

Goiter (struma) is a nodular or diffuse growth of thyroid tissue (Fig. 77).

Types of goiter.

By prevalence:

endemic goiter, the cause of which is a lack of iodine in water and food in some regions (in our country, a number of regions of the Urals and Siberia);
sporadic goiter occurring in residents of non-endemic areas.

By morphology:

diffuse goiter. characterized by uniform growth of gland tissue;
nodular goiter, in which the growing tissue of the gland forms dense nodular formations of various sizes;
colloid goiter, which is characterized by the accumulation of colloid in the follicles;
parenchymal goiter, which is characterized by the growth of the epithelium of the follicles with almost total absence colloid.

Diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease) accounts for more than 80% of cases of hyperthyroidism. It usually occurs after 20-50 years. women get sick 5-7 times more often than men.

The reasons:

hereditary predisposition;
repetitive mental trauma (stress) that causes the activation of the hypothalamus and sympathetic-adrenal system, which leads to an intensive production of thyroid hormones.

Pathogenesis.

The initial link in pathogenesis is an inherited genetic defect in lymphocytes, which causes the synthesis of a large number of “autoaggressive” immunoglobulins by plasma cells. The peculiarity of these immunoglobulins is the ability to specifically interact with receptors for TSH on the A-cells of the epithelium of the follicles, stimulate the formation and incretion of triiodothyronine into the blood, an excess of which causes hyperthyroidism or even thyrotoxicosis. The more autoaggressive immunoglobulins in the blood, the more severe is thyrotoxicosis, characterized by a significant change in metabolism: an increase in the level of oxidative processes, basal metabolism and body temperature, which leads to a sharp increase in the body's sensitivity to hypoxia. The breakdown of glycogen, proteins and fats increases, hyperglycemia occurs, and water metabolism is disturbed.

Morphology.

Goiter is usually diffuse, sometimes nodular. Histologically, it is characterized by papillary growths of the epithelium of the follicles and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the stroma. There is very little colloid in the follicles.

Due to a violation of water metabolism in the heart muscle, vacuolar degeneration develops, the heart increases in size; in the liver there is a serous edema and subsequently - sclerosis; not uncommon dystrophic changes nervous tissue, including the brain (thyrotoxic encephalitis). Disturbances in the activity of the nervous system and muscles are due to the emerging ATP deficiency, depletion of muscle glycogen stores and other metabolic disorders.

clinical picture.

Patients develop a characteristic triad - goiter, bulging eyes (exophthalmos) and tachycardia. Patients lose weight, they are easily excitable, restless; characterized by rapid mood swings, fussiness, fatigue, trembling fingers, increased reflexes. Tachycardia is associated with activation of the sympathetic-adrenal system. Patients have shortness of breath, increased systolic blood pressure, polyuria.

Hypothyroid conditions (hypothyroidism) characterized by insufficient effects of iodine-containing hormones in the body. They occur in 0.5-1% of the population, including newborns.

The reasons.

Various etiological factors can cause hypothyroidism, acting either directly on the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamic centers, or by reducing the sensitivity of target cells to thyroid hormones.

Cretinism and myxedema are among the most common diseases based on hypothyroidism.

Cretinism - a form of hypothyroidism observed in newborns and in early childhood.

Pathogenesis The disease is associated with a deficiency of the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine.

Main manifestations: backlog of children early age in the physical and mental development. Patients have dwarf growth, coarse facial features, due to soft tissue swelling; a large tongue that often does not fit in the mouth; wide flat "square" nose with retraction of its back: eyes far apart from each other; big belly, often with the presence of an umbilical hernia, which indicates weakness of the muscles.

Myxedema - a severe form of hypothyroidism, which develops, as a rule, in adults, as well as in older children.

A characteristic symptom of myxedema is swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, in which, after pressing on the tissue, a fossa (mucous edema) does not form.

Cause myxedema is an insufficiency of the effects of thyroid hormones as a result of primary lesion thyroid gland (in 90% of cases), less often - secondary (trauma, surgical removal of most of the gland, inflammation, administration of drugs that disrupt the synthesis of hormones, iodine deficiency, etc.), as well as in violation of the function of the adenohypophysis and hypothalamus.

Pathogenesis.

The essence of the mucous edema characteristic of the disease consists in the accumulation of water not only in the extracellular, but also in the intracellular environment due to changes in the properties of skin proteins and subcutaneous fatty tissue. With a lack of thyroid hormones, proteins are converted into a mucin-like substance with high hydrophilicity. The development of edema is promoted by water retention in the body due to increased reabsorption in the renal tubules with a lack of thyroid hormones.

Patients have reduced heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Oxidative processes are weakened, basal metabolism and body temperature are lowered. The breakdown of glycogen, proteins and fats is reduced; hypoglycemia is noted in the blood. Increased and accelerated development of atherosclerosis and coronary insufficiency due to the weakening of the breakdown of fats, especially cholesterol.

clinical picture.

Characteristic appearance and behavior of the patient: puffy face, dry, cold to the touch skin, swollen eyelids, narrowed palpebral fissures. Typical lethargy, apathy, drowsiness, lack of interest in the environment, weakening of memory. Muscle tone is reduced, reflexes are weakened, patients quickly get tired. All these changes are associated with the weakening of excitatory processes in the central nervous system and metabolic disorders.

Exodus. The outcome of myxedema, extremely severe, often fatal, is hypothyroid, or myxedematous coma. It can be the end stage of any type of hypothyroidism when it is inadequately treated or in untreated patients.

DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS

The pancreas performs, in addition to excretory, an important endocrine function that provides normal flow metabolism in tissues. Hormone produced in a-cells of the pancreas glucagon, and in p-cells of the islet apparatus - insulin.

Insulin is intensively produced with an increase in the level of glucose in the blood, it increases the utilization of glucose by tissues and at the same time increases the supply of energy sources in the form of glycogen and fats. Insulin provides an active process of transport of glucose from the extracellular environment into the cell. In the cell itself, it increases the activity of the important hexokinase enzyme, as a result of which glucose-6-phosphate is formed from glucose. It is in this form that glucose enters into various metabolic transformations in the cell. Insulin stimulates the synthesis of glycogen and inhibits its breakdown, increasing the supply of glycogen in tissues, primarily in the liver and muscles.
Glucagon belongs to the group of contrainsular hormones: it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, inhibits its synthesis and causes hyperglycemia.

Diseases accompanied by hyperfunction of the islet apparatus of the pancreas

An increase in the level of insulin in the body occurs with a hormone-producing tumor of the β-cells of the pancreas - insuloma; with an overdose of insulin used to treat diabetes; with some brain tumors. This state manifests itself hypoglycemia, up to development hypoglycemic coma.

Allocate absolute and relative insufficiency of the islet apparatus. In absolute insufficiency, the pancreas produces little or no insulin. There is a deficiency of this hormone in the body. With relative insufficiency, the amount of insulin produced is normal.

Diabetes - chronic illness, caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency, leading to disruption of all types of metabolism (primarily carbohydrate, manifested in hyperglycemia ), vascular damage ( angiopathy), nervous system ( neuropathy) and pathological changes in various organs and tissues.

More than 200 million people suffer from diabetes mellitus in the world, and there is a constant trend of increasing incidence by 6-10%, especially in industrialized countries. In Russia, over the past 15 years, the number of patients with diabetes has doubled and in some regions it reaches 4% of the total population, and among people over 70 years old it even exceeds 10%.

Classification of diabetes.

Type I diabetes - insulin dependent, develops mainly in children and adolescents (juvenile diabetes) and is caused by the death of p-cells of the islets of Langerhans.
Type II diabetes - insulin-independent, develops in adults, more often after 40 years, and is caused by insufficient function of β-cells. and insulin resistance (resistance to insulin) tissues.

The reasons diseases: hereditary inferiority of β-cells of the islets, often also sclerotic changes in the pancreas that develop as a person ages, sometimes - mental trauma. The development of diabetes can contribute to excessive consumption of carbohydrates. Change can be significant antigenic properties insulin at its normal physiological activity. In this case, antibodies are formed in the body that bind insulin and prevent its entry into the tissue. Importance may have an enzyme-mediated increase in insulin inactivation insulinase, which is activated by the growth hormone of the pituitary gland.

Diabetes mellitus can occur with a significant increase in hormones that reduce the action of insulin and cause hyperglycemia. With a prolonged excess of contra-insular hormones, relative insulin deficiency can turn into absolute deficiency due to the depletion of β-cells of the islet apparatus under the influence of hyperglycemia.

Pathogenesis. Characteristic of diabetes mellitus is an increase in blood glucose (hyperglycemia), which can reach up to 22 mmol / l or more at a rate of 4.2-6.4 mmol / l.

Hyperglycemia is caused by a violation of the supply of glucose to cells, a weakening of its use by tissues, a decrease in synthesis and an increase in the breakdown of glycogen and an increase in the synthesis of glucose from proteins and fats. Under normal conditions, complete reabsorption of glucose into the blood occurs in the renal tubules. The maximum concentration of glucose in blood plasma and primary urine, at which it is completely reabsorbed, is 10.0-11.1 mmol / l. Above this level (the elimination threshold for glucose), the excess is excreted in the urine. This phenomenon is called "glucosuria". Glucosuria is associated not only with hyperglycemia, but also with a decrease in the renal excretion threshold, since the process of glucose reabsorption can occur normally only when it is converted into epithelium. renal tubules to glucose-6-phosphate. In diabetes, this process is disrupted. In connection with the increased breakdown of fats, keto acids are formed; when they accumulate in the blood, patients develop hyperketonemia. Characteristic of diabetes is also an increase in blood cholesterol levels.

Hyperglycemia leads to an increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma, which in turn causes the loss of water by the tissues (dehydration); this is accompanied by thirst, increased water intake and consequently polyuria. An increase in glucose levels during secondary urine and its osmotic pressure reduces the reabsorption of water in the tubules, resulting in increased diuresis. Hyperketonemia contributes to the occurrence of acidosis and causes intoxication of the body.

pathological anatomy.

Morphological changes in diabetes mellitus are presented quite clearly. The pancreas is somewhat reduced in size, sclerosed. Part of the insular apparatus atrophies and scleroses, the remaining islets undergo hypertrophy.

Vascular pathology is associated with a violation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. develop in large arteries atherosclerotic changes, and in the vessels of the microvasculature, damage to their basement membranes, proliferation of the endothelium and perithelium occur. All these changes end with sclerosis of the vessels of the entire microcirculatory bed - microangiopathy. It leads to damage to the brain, digestive tract, retina, peripheral nervous system. Microangiopathy causes the most profound changes in the kidneys. Due to damage to basement membranes and increased permeability glomerular capillaries fibrin falls out on the capillary loops, which leads to glomerular hyalinosis. Developing diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Clinically, it is characterized by proteinuria and edema, arterial hypertension. The liver in diabetes mellitus is enlarged in size, there is no glycogen in hepatocytes, they develop fatty degeneration. Lipid infiltration is also noted in the spleen and lymph nodes.

Variants of the course and complications of diabetes mellitus.

In people of different ages, diabetes mellitus has its own characteristics and proceeds in different ways. In young people the disease is characterized by a malignant course, old people- relatively benign. Diabetes causes a variety of complications. Development of a diabetic coma is possible. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis complicates diabetes by the development of uremia. As a result of macroangiopathy, thrombosis of the vessels of the extremities and gangrene can occur. Decreased body resistance often manifested by activation of a purulent infection in the form of boils, pyoderma, pneumonia, and sometimes sepsis. These complications of diabetes are the most common causes death of patients.

Hormones are the regulators of all biological processes occurring in the body. Gender, character, appearance, state of health depend on their ratio. In women, during the course of their lives, the hormonal background changes many times, which is associated with work. reproductive organs. Even within 1 month, hormones are constantly “playing”. This explains many features of female behavior, a sharp change in mood, the formation of a maternal instinct. Violations lead to shifts in the operation of all systems and the appearance serious illnesses among women.

The production of estrogens and progesterone, in turn, is regulated by pituitary hormones, depends on the state of the thyroid gland and other organs of the endocrine system of the body. The change in the background can be very significant, but not always at the same time they talk about pathology.

The surge occurs when the ovaries begin to mature (puberty), the background changes after the woman begins to live sexually. Enormous background changes occur during pregnancy. After childbirth, the level of hormones is gradually restored, and the condition of the mammary glands and milk production depends on how correctly this happens.

The ratio of estrogens and progesterone changes significantly during the menstrual cycle, and there is a physiological pattern of such changes. The onset of menopause is another natural hormonal failure caused by a gradual decrease in ovarian activity and the aging of other hormone-producing organs.

All such manifestations of hormonal failure in women are normal and do not require any correction. Hormonal abnormalities are considered a violation, which lead to the development of diseases, impaired reproductive function of the body, and the appearance of pathological symptoms.

Factors that increase the risk of violations

Of course, such violations can occur at any of these stages, since no one is immune from diseases, injuries, stress. However, there are factors that increase the risk of hormonal disorders.

At risk are those who are obese, who are fond of diets for dramatic weight loss, and who constantly consume “fast food” products. The risk of pathologies is increased in those who use it for a long time and illiterately. oral contraceptives, takes medications containing hormones.

Hormonal failure can occur due to increased physical and emotional stress. Those who smoke, constantly use alcohol or drugs are also at risk.

Possible consequences

Hormonal failure is the cause of many diseases of the genital organs (endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, cervical dysplasia, malignant tumors), as well as mammary glands (mastopathy, fibroadenomas, cancer). The consequence of hormonal disorders is abnormal sexual development, early menopause, miscarriage, infertility. Violation can lead to the occurrence of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cerebral vascular sclerosis, bronchial asthma, cardiac pathology.

Causes of violations

Symptoms of hormonal failure often appear in the early years puberty when the production of sex hormones has not yet been regulated, as well as during the completion of the reproductive processes in the body. In reproductive age, a violation occurs after an abortion, miscarriage, in case of refusal to breastfeeding. The lack of regular sexual life, pregnancy and childbirth during this period also lead to deviations.

The reasons for the abnormal production of female sex hormones can be:

Violation of the brain and central system (hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction). Hormones are produced here that stimulate the work of the ovaries, the course of the processes of the menstrual cycle, contractility of the uterus, and the development of the mammary glands. Violations can be caused by the occurrence of a tumor, brain injury, lack of blood supply due to vascular pathologies.
Diseases of the thyroid and pancreas, adrenal glands, liver, hematopoietic organs (bone marrow, spleen).
Inflammatory, infectious and tumor diseases of the organs of the reproductive system and, first of all, the ovaries prevent the normal course of cyclic processes, while the production of hormones is disrupted.
Congenital pathologies organ development and hereditary diseases.

Video: Causes of disorders, their manifestations, diagnosis, treatment

Symptoms of violations

Hormonal abnormalities always affect the work of the reproductive and nervous systems, as well as the state of metabolism. Therefore, the first manifestations of a failure are violations of the cycle, changes in character and appearance.

Symptoms of reproductive dysfunction

Hormonal failure can occur even in little girls. The result of the pathology is too early onset of puberty. With a lack of hormones puberty will be delayed. Violations are indicated by the absence of primary sexual characteristics, the development of the body according to male type(hair growth, weak growth mammary glands, features of the figure).

The lack of hormones causes a decrease or lack of sexual desire, sexual dissatisfaction. One of the signs of hormonal failure is infertility.

The reaction of the nervous system

Symptoms of failure are sudden mood swings (from emotional arousal to depression), irritability, frequent headaches, insomnia and at the same time constant sleepiness. There is increased fatigue, memory impairment.

Symptoms of a metabolic disorder

Metabolic disorders due to hormonal failure are manifested by a change in body weight (obesity or sharp weight loss), which is especially common in diseases of the thyroid gland. An increase in blood sugar levels (the onset of diabetes), a violation of the water-salt balance (a woman develops edema) is possible.

Improper metabolism causes a lack of magnesium and calcium, which leads to diseases of the skeletal system. There are signs of anemia (pallor, blue under the eyes, dizziness).

Manifestations of hormonal disorders in women of different ages

The nature of the manifestations depends on the age, individual characteristics of the organism. In some cases, the background can be restored on its own, but sometimes it is required serious treatment to relieve symptoms.

Hormonal imbalance in teenage girls

Violations are indicated by the absence of external sexual characteristics and menstruation in a girl over 15 years old. At the same time, it should be taken into account that small breasts, a narrow pelvis, weak hair growth on the head can be hereditary signs. This also applies to the timing of the onset of the first menstruation. Finding out the true cause of deviations is possible only after examination general condition health.

Hormonal failure occurs if the girl is small or too thin, follows a starvation diet. If an anomaly occurs in early childhood, then menstruation can begin at 7-8 years. At the same time, the development of bone tissue is disrupted, the girl stops growing in height.

In many adolescents, the instability of the background leads to the irregularity of the first cycles, the occurrence of long menstrual bleeding(up to 15 days). In such cases, due to anemia, the work of other body systems is disrupted. Signs of metabolic disorders are the appearance acne on the face of teenagers excess weight, stretch marks on the skin (stretch marks).

Disorders in women of reproductive age

The following symptoms indicate the improper production of hormones:

Absence of menstruation (amenorrhea). This condition occurs due to disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary gland, dysfunction of the adrenal glands or ovaries, as well as disorders of the functions of the nervous system.
Male type obesity (Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome). There is an accumulation of subcutaneous fat in the upper body. At the same time, the legs and arms remain thin. Striae are formed.
Too pronounced premenstrual syndrome(pain in mammary glands, migraines, vomiting, edema, changes in blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, depression).

Hormonal shift after abortion

Interruption of the natural course hormonal changes occurring with the onset of pregnancy, leads to a failure, which most of all affects the state of the nervous system. Many people experience depression and apathy. Hormonal failure often causes tumor diseases of the uterus, ovaries, mammary glands.

Signs of violations of the background after childbirth

During this period, the woman gradually recovers physical health. Hormonal disorders lead to poor performance or lack of breast milk. Lack of oxytocin is the cause of such a complication as postpartum depression. This hormone is also necessary for the uterus to contract normally. With its deficiency in the uterus, inflammatory processes occur due to stagnation of postpartum contents.

Usually, the symptoms of hormonal failure in women disappear after the end of lactation and the onset of menstruation. If the violations remain, the woman becomes stout, menstruation comes irregularly, becomes painful. Character changes, nervousness appears, increased anxiety. Lack of sleep contributes to the occurrence of disorders, increased loads on the body.

Signs of disorders in menopause

The hormonal background changes over the course of several years, during which a woman manifests violations of the genitourinary, nervous, cardiovascular and other body systems. There is an involution of the mammary glands (they lose their elasticity and shape).

The strength of manifestations depends on the individual characteristics of the organism. If a woman is healthy, then in postmenopause, unpleasant manifestations disappear. Hormonal disruptions (hyperestrogenism, hypothyroidism, and others) at this age occur more often than in youth, therefore, the risk of developing malignant tumors increases.

Advice: At any age, you should consult a doctor if there are sexual disorders, increased irritability and fatigue, facial hair growth, suddenly there is a tendency to obesity or sudden weight loss, there is a decrease in sexual desire. Eliminating hormonal failure will help get rid of many of these problems.

Video: The role of hormones in the female body. How does hormonal imbalance manifest?

Diagnosis and treatment

If symptoms of a failure occur, you should contact a gynecologist and endocrinologist. Blood tests for estrogens, progesterone, pituitary hormones, thyroid hormones, and others help to identify violations.

To determine the cause of the violations, methods such as ultrasound, laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and tomographic examination methods are used. At the same time, the causes of violations and correction are being eliminated. hormonal background special preparations. In this case, all possible contraindications are taken into account.

Also, to restore the background are assigned birth control pills(Zhanin, Yarina), homeopathic remedies(climadinone, mastodinone), preparations containing sex hormones (duphaston, metipred). Vitamin and mineral complexes are used.