Rosenthal Russian language online. Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing

In the third edition of the reference book, typos and stylistic errors have been corrected, some wording and examples have been changed

The directory is intended for media workers, editors, authors, translators, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in issues of Russian language culture. Can be used as a guide for applicants.
In preparation electronic version books partially used materials posted Here
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
SPELLING

§1. Tested unstressed vowels

§2. Unchecked unstressed vowels

§3. Alternating vowels

§4. Vowels after sibilants

§5. Vowels after ts

§6. Letters uh – e

§7. Letter th

II. SPELLING OF CONSONANTS IN THE ROOT

§8. Voiced and voiceless consonants

§9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root

§10. Unpronounceable consonants

III. USING CAPITAL LETTERS

§eleven. Capital letters at the beginning of text

§12. Capital letters after punctuation marks

§13. Proper names of persons

§14. Animal names, names of plant species, wine varieties

§15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays

§16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names

§17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names

§18. Astronomical names

§19. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods

§20. Names of holidays popular movements, significant dates

§21. Names associated with religion

§22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms

§23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art

§24. Names of positions and titles

§25. Names of orders, medals, insignia

§26. Titles literary works and media

§27. Compound words and abbreviations

§28. Conventional proper names

IV. SEPARATION Kommersant AND b

§29. Use ъ

§thirty. Use b

V. SPELLING OF PREFACES

§31. Consoles on h-

§32. Consoles pre- And at-

§33. Vowels s And And after consoles

VI. VOWELS AFTER SISSINGS AND C IN SUFFIXES AND ENDINGS

§34. Vowels O And e after the hissing ones

§35. Vowels after ts

VII. SPELLING OF NOUNS

§36. Noun endings

§37. Noun suffixes

§38. Adjective endings

§39. Adjective name suffixes

IX. SPELLING DIFFICULT WORDS

§40. Connecting vowels O And e

§41. Compound words without a connecting vowel

§42. Spelling compound nouns

§43. Spelling compound adjectives

X. SPELLING OF NUMERAL NAMES

§44. Numerals quantitative, ordinal, fractional

§45. Numeral floor-

§46. Ways to formulate numerals in writing

XI. SPELLING OF PRONOUNS

§47. Negative pronouns

XII. SPELLING OF VERBS

§48. Personal verb endings

§49. Use of letters b in verb forms

§50. Verb suffixes

XIII. SPELLING OF PARTICIPLES

§51. Vowels in participle suffixes

§52. Spelling nn And n in participles and verbal adjectives and their derivatives

XIV. SPELLING OF ADVERBS

§53. Vowels at the end of adverbs

§54. Adverbs of hissing

§55. Negative adverbs

§56. Continuous writing adverbs

§57. Hyphenation adverbs

§58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations

XV. SPELLING OF PREPOSITIONS

§59. Hyphenated prepositions

§60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations

XVI. SPELLING CONJUNCTIONS

§61. Continuous writing of conjunctions

§62. Separate writing of conjunctions

XVII. SPELLING OF PARTICLES

§63. Separate writing of particles

§64. Hyphenated spelling of particles

Spelling Not And neither

§65. Spelling Not with nouns

§66. Spelling Not with adjectives

§67. Spelling Not with numerals

§68. Spelling Not with pronouns

§69. Spelling Not with verbs

§70. Spelling Not with participles

§71. Spelling Not with adverbs

§72. Spelling neither

XVIII. SPELLING OF INTERJOMETS AND SOUNDS IMITATIVE WORDS

§73. Hyphenated spelling of interjections and onomatopoeias

XIX. SPELLING OF FOREIGN WORDS

§74. Transcription of foreign words

Application. Transfer rules

PUNCTUATION

XX. PUNCTION MARKS AT THE END OF SENTENCES AND WHEN SPEECH BREAKS

§75. Dot

§76. Question mark

§77. Exclamation mark

§78. Ellipsis

XXI. DASH BETWEEN SENTENCES

§79. Dash between subject and predicate

§81. Intonation dash

§82. Connecting dash

XXII. PUNCTION MARKS IN SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

§83. Homogeneous members not united by unions

§84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

§85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

§86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions

§87. Homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions

§88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions

§89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms

XXIII. PUNCTION MARKS FOR REPEATING WORDS

§90. Comma for repeated words

§91. Hyphenation of repeated words

XXIV. PUNCTION MARKS IN SENTENCES WITH SEPARATE MEMBERS

§92. Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions

§93. Dedicated Applications

§94. Separate, circumstances

§95. Standalone Add-ons

XXV. PUNCTION MARKS IN SENTENCES WITH Clarifying EXPLANATORY AND CONNECTING SENTENCE MEMBERS

§96. Clarifying members of the sentence

§97. Explanatory members of the sentence

§98. Connecting members of the proposal

XXVI. PUNCTION MARKS FOR WORDS NOT GRAMMATICALLY RELATED TO SENTENCE MEMBERS

§99. Introductory words and phrases

§100. Introductory and plug-in sentences

§101. Appeal

§102. Interjection

§103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative words

XXVII. PUNCTION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES

§104. Comma in a compound sentence

§105. Semicolon in a compound sentence

§106. Dash in a compound sentence

XXVIII. PUNCTUATION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES

§107. Comma between main and subordinate clauses

§108. Comma for complex subordinating conjunctions

§109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

§110. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions

§111. Dash in a complex sentence

§112. Colon in a complex sentence

§113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence and in a period

XXIX. PUNCTUATION FOR PURPOSES THAT ARE NOT SUBJECT CLAUSES

§114. Expressions that are integral in meaning

§115. Comparative turnover

§116. Comma and semicolon in non-union complex sentence

§117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence

§118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence

XXXI. PUNCTION MARKS FOR DIRECT SPEECH

§123. Punctuation marks in dialogue

XXXII. PUNCTUAL MARKS FOR QUOTES

§124. Quotation marks

§125. Ellipsis when quoting

§126. Uppercase and lower case in quotes

XXXIII. USING QUOTATION QUOTES

§128. Words used in an unusual, conventional, ironic meaning

§129. Names of literary, musical works, media, enterprises, firms, educational institutions etc.

§130. Names of orders and medals

§131. Names of factory brands of machines, industrial products, etc.

§132. Names of plant varieties

XXXIV. COMBINATIONS OF PUNCTION MARKS

§133. Comma and dash

§134. Question and exclamation marks

§135. Quotation marks and other symbols

§136. Parentheses and other symbols

§137. Ellipsis and other marks

§138. Sequence of characters for footnotes

LITERARY EDITING OF TEXT

XXXV. CHOICE OF WORD, STABLE COMBINATION

§139. General principles for word choice

§140. Semantic errors

§141. Stylistic errors

§142. Use of borrowed words

§143. Internationalisms and “false friends of the translator”

§144. Choosing a stable phrase

§145. Stylistic and semantic devices in vocabulary and phraseology

XXXVI. NOUN FORMS

§146. Fluctuations in gender of nouns

§147. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings §148. Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.

§149. Gender of indeclinable nouns

§150. Features of the declension of some words and phrases

§152. Genitive singular endings for masculine nouns -and I) –-у(-у)

§153. Accusative forms of animate and inanimate nouns

§154. Prepositional singular endings for masculine nouns -e –-y

§155. Nominative case endings plural masculine nouns -s(-s) –-and I)

§156. Genitive plural endings

§157. Instrumental singular and plural endings

§158. Using the singular to mean plural and plural to mean singular

§159. The use of abstract, real and proper nouns in the plural

§160. Variants of noun suffixes

XXXVII. FORMS OF ADJECTIVES

§161. Complete and short forms qualitative adjectives

§162. Variant forms of full and short adjectives

§163. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

§164. Using possessive adjectives

§165. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns

XXXVIII. FORMS OF NUMERAL NAMES

§166. Combinations of numerals with nouns

§167. Use of collective numerals

§168. Numerals in compound words

XXXIX. USING PRONOUNS

§169. Personal pronouns

§170. Reflexive and possessive pronouns

§171. Determinative pronouns

§172. Indefinite pronouns

XL. USING VERB FORMS

§173. Formation of some personal forms

§174. Variants of species forms

§175. Returnable and non-returnable forms

§176. Participle forms

§177. Forms of participles

XLI . BUILDING A SIMPLE SENTENCE

§178. Types of offers

§179. Predicate forms

XLII. ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE

§180. Grammatical word order

§181. Semantic word order

XLIII. COORDINATION OF THE PREDICATE WITH THE SUBJECT

§183. Predicate with a subject containing a collective noun

§184. Predicate with subject - quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover)

§185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application

§186. Predicate with subject type brother and sister

§187. Predicate with subject-pronoun interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative

§188. Predicate with a subject - an indeclinable noun, a compound word, an indivisible group of words

§189. Coordination of the copula with the nominal part of the predicate

§190. Coordination of the predicate with homogeneous subjects

XLIV. ALIGNMENT OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS

§191. Definition with a noun general kind

§192. Definition for a noun that has an attachment

§193. Definition for a noun depending on the numerals two, three, four

§194. Two definitions for one noun

§195. Definition for nouns - homogeneous members

§196. Application matching

§197. Applications– geographical names

XLV. CONTROL

§198. Non-prepositional and prepositional control

§199. Choice of preposition

§200. Choice of case form

§201. Case object when transitive verbs with denial

§202. Management of synonymous words

§203. Different prepositional-case forms with one control word

§204. Stringing identical shapes

§205. Control with homogeneous members of a sentence

XLVI. SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

§206. Unions with homogeneous members

§207. Prepositions with homogeneous members

§208. Errors in combinations of homogeneous members

XLVII. COMPLEX SENTENCES

§209. Conjunctions and allied words

§210. Errors in complex sentences

XLVIII. PARALLEL SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS

§211. Participial phrases

§212. Participial phrases

§213. Constructions with verbal nouns

XLIX. COMPLEX SYNTACTIC WHOLE (PROSE STROPHE)

§214. Functional and semantic types of text in a complex syntactic whole

§215. Methods of connection between sentences in a complex syntactic whole

§217. Stylistic techniques for using a complex syntactic whole

§218. Errors in constructing complex syntactic integers

L. FIGURES

§219. Figures based on repetition

§220. Figures based on changes in the arrangement of parts of syntactic constructions

§221. Figures associated with changes in the volume of utterances

§222. Rhetorical figures

LI. TEXT EDITING TECHNIQUE

Concept of text

§224. Forms of someone else's speech

§225. Relationship between subject and addressee of speech

Logical-semantic analysis of text

§227. Linguistic means of conveying logical-semantic relations

§228. Techniques for identifying and checking logical-semantic connections

§229. Basic logical errors and ways to eliminate them

Working on language and style

§230. Editing units and their processing order

§231. Ways to identify grammatical stylistic errors

§232. The most common lexical and stylistic errors and omissions

§233. Types of editing

§234. Conventional signs of proofreading

RUSSIAN LITERARY PRONUNCIATION

L II . BASIC RULES OF RUSSIAN LITERARY PRONUNCIATION

§235. Pronunciation of vowel sounds

§236. Pronunciation of some consonants

§237. Pronunciation of individual grammatical forms

§238. Features of pronunciation of names and patronymics

§239. Pronunciation of borrowed words

LIII. FEATURES OF RUSSIAN ACCESS

§240. Russian word stress

§241. Stress in individual grammatical forms

Preparing text for voiceover

§242. Pausing

§243. Intonation of text

APPLICATION. Basic encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books

In memory. Tatiana Grigorievna Vinokur -

philologist-enthusiast, colleague, person...
PREFACE
This edition is based on the materials of the “Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing” by D.E. Rosenthal, which went through 5 editions. This reference book not only revised and updated the “Spelling” and “Punctuation” sections, but also included a completely new section “Russian Literary Pronunciation.” The “Literary text editing” section has also been replenished with new chapters: “Complex syntactic whole”, “Shapes”, “Text editing techniques”, and the chapter “Choosing a word, a stable combination” has been completely reworked.

The directory is intended for media workers, publishing houses, authors, translators, for those involved in reference, advertising, information, social activities, requiring universal skills in preparing various genres of messages and public speaking in front of an audience. The reference book is also of interest to a wide range of readers interested in issues of the culture of Russian written and oral speech.

The sections “Spelling” and “Punctuation”, covering the entire system of spelling and punctuation, are based on the normative and still in force “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation (1956)”. The main attention is paid to the so-called “difficult cases”, which traditionally raise questions among writers. This is, first of all, the use of uppercase and lowercase letters, which is largely associated with socio-historical changes that influence the choice of one form or another (in particular, the writing of names associated with religion, which is becoming increasingly important in the life of society); this is the spelling of complex words, adverbs, combined or separate spelling of particles Not , one or two n , etc. In the field of punctuation - placing punctuation marks for isolated, clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence, introductory words, between parts of a non-union complex sentence. The conditions for use and the appropriateness of variable punctuation marks are examined in detail.

The section “Literary text editing” is devoted to such important issues stylistics, such as an adequate choice of words and phraseological units, normative use of grammatical forms, synonymy of parts of speech and syntactic structures. Special attention focuses on the forms and means of expressing the author’s position in the text using various speech and text means, as well as the methodology of working with the text, its construction, design, and editing.

In the new section devoted to the basics of Russian literary pronunciation, along with the basic rules necessary for mastering the culture of oral speech, guidelines for speaking in front of an audience, pausing sound text, intonation, logical stress. It is assumed that the skills of competent literary pronunciation will contribute to improving the culture of speech, the level of which is in Lately causes concern.

The Directory includes as an appendix a list of basic dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books that can be recommended to the reader for a more in-depth acquaintance with issues of interest to him, for checking difficult cases use of linguistic units.

The illustrative material is presented with examples from Russian classical and modern literature, as well as from the most recent works, from newspaper and magazine publications of the 80–90s, translations from foreign languages ​​into Russian.

These days when literary language is strongly influenced by colloquial (and even slang) vocabulary, often invading the language proposed under the slogan of emancipation and “democratization.” The reference book will help the speaker and writer to select correctly language means, it is advisable to construct the statement and the text as a whole, and most accurately and completely convey its content to the listener and reader.

The authors thank the research staff of the Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the teachers of the Russian Language Department of the Moscow Linguistic University, and the staff of the Moscow Synodal Library of the St. Daniel's Monastery, who made a number of valuable comments that were taken into account in the preparation of this publication.

SPELLING
The spelling of words in Russian is subject to the rules set out in this section. In those cases when writing is not based on rules, you should refer to standard dictionaries (see the appendix at the end of the book).
I. SPELLING OF VOWELS IN THE ROOT

I have long wanted to post here an interview with the beloved and deeply respected Dietmar Elyashevich Rosenthal, which I found in the surviving old issue of Moskovsky Komsomolets. Yesterday I came across it again and finally finished printing it. There is also a photo of him, but here it is just text (for now).

(I have a question, does Volodya Kirillov mean Igor Kirillov? But this remains “behind the scenes”).

THE MOST IMPORTANT LITERATURE
Professor Rosenthal: “Russian is not my native language”

I don’t know who is the smartest in our country. The skinniest. The most arrogant. Let Guinness and other pathology lovers find out. But I know for sure who is the most literate. I know for certain the name of a person who, even in delirium, will write the quintessence with an “and” and will not miss a comma before the conjunction “so that.”
In a matter of seconds, he will analyze the composition of a word of 29 letters and explain its etymology.
He knows what parcellation and lexico-phraseological analysis are.
He is 94 years old, but the pencil in his hand does not waver when, reading the morning newspapers, he once again marks errors in the margins - one, two, three.
This man’s name, of course, does not need my modest advertisement. It has already been circulated in millions of copies on title pages dictionaries, spelling reference books and all kinds of manuals. Ditmar Elyashevich Rosenthal. The combination of letters alone is awe-inspiring. His works are a matter of admiration and amazement.

I remember back in the tenth grade, the teacher recommended that we prepare for the exam dictation using Rosenthal’s manual. Then there was a prestigious university, seminars on the modern Russian language and again: Rosenthal, Rosenthal, Rosenthal... You ask the teacher a logical question: “Why is it written this way and not that way?” and you get a logical answer: “And according to Rosenthal’s rule.” Did people before you write as God bestowed on their souls, without any rules?
- Of course not. The rules have always existed, since the time of Lomonosov. I got the most menial work: finding sources, selecting, adding, systematizing, selecting examples.
- Do you think Russian is a difficult language?
- The most difficult.
- But what about Hungarian and Finnish, in which there are either 14 or 22 cases (no matter how many, it’s still a lot)?
- They are more structured and therefore easier to learn. In addition, Russian words are much more difficult to pronounce than, say, Finnish ones.
- What is the most difficult thing?
- Stress system and gender category. So tell me, what kind of word is “veil”?
- Female, that is... no... masculine... that is...
- Female. We say "veil", not "veil". But you are absolutely right. Both in life and in language, the masculine gender is stronger than the feminine. It is from this that forms are formed female, and not the other way around: first there was a strict teacher, and only then his wife appeared, a beautiful teacher. A Russian person feels this, he doesn’t know in what place, but how can one explain the clan system to foreigners? Only with the average there are no problems: once you memorize it and you are free. The neuter gender is an established category.
- You mentioned the accent system. For several years now I have been tormented by the question of what is the right way: to start or to begin?
- START is illiterate, no matter who pronounces it that way.
- On Wednesdays or on Wednesdays?
- Speak as you want, but it’s better - on Wednesdays.
- How do you know that this is better?
- Pushkin tells me.
- This means that Alexander Sergeevich is still the most alive of all the living. But I wonder if it happens that you have disputes with modern literature professors, or is Rosenthal’s authority unquestionable?
- Yes you. It still happens. We fight all the time. As with the compilers of textbooks, it comes to the “Punctuation” section, and so it begins... The Russian language system is very flexible: you can put a comma, you don’t have to put it, there are cases when a punctuation mark is placed at the choice of the writer. But we are scientists to the core, we want to put everything into a system so that a writer, for example, a journalist, is not tormented by doubts about what to choose: a colon? dash? comma? Sometimes disputes go so far that respectable, honored people shout at each other, like deputies in the Duma, and then, all red, they run to calm down in the corridor.
-Have you ever argued until you are hoarse?
- Certainly. Professor Shansky and I still do not agree on the sound “th”. I write everywhere that he is ordinary voiced, and Nikolai Maksimovich - that he is sonorous.
- Is this very important?
- For me this is important.

Ditmar Elyashevich is generally a man of principle. At the journalism department of Moscow State University, where he headed the department of stylistics of the Russian language for twenty-five years, everyone was aware of his remarkable principles. Even the idiot students were not afraid to take the exam, because they knew well: if admissions committee Professor Rosenthal, then they will not get less than four points.
In life, Ditmar Elyashevich is small and frail. If you put all his works in one pile (about 400 articles and books), then their creator will not be visible behind them - the works have outgrown the master. But the master, even today, is head and shoulders above those who studied using his textbooks, received well-deserved A's, and then started teaching himself.

Ditmar Elyashevich, help the eternal dream of a poor student come true. Surely you can compose an ultra-complicated dictation so that even teachers make a bunch of mistakes in it?
- (Laughs). Now I’ll tell you the recipe - do it yourself at your leisure. You need to take Leo Tolstoy’s original text as a basis and cram in as many cases of writing “not” with adjectives and participles as possible. For some reason, we have recently decided that they obey the same rules, and they are sculpting things in the media that make the hair on your head stand on end.
- So the modern press is illiterate?
- I would say this: newspapers do not bring the light of literacy to the world. There are many stylistic and punctuation errors, but what is most striking is that there are also spelling errors. I don’t understand how you can write “little”, but they do. True, one would always like to hope that such egregious cases are a defect in the production process or ordinary typos.
Here's a more serious example. Remember all the fuss about Yeltsin's supposed illness? Our journalists write: "... we hope that he will recover." And I hope too. Just not that he “WILL RECOVER” - that’s ignorant, but that he “WILL RECOVER.”
- It turns out that the democratic press is losing to the newspapers of previous years?
- Don't worry. Under Stalin and Brezhnev, newspaper men also did not shine. The only thing that saved them then was the strict normalization and ideology of the language. True, even in conditions of censorship they managed to pamper me with examples of how not to write: “Wonderful is the scene of the meeting of loaded cars from one collective farm, in which girls are riding, with young Cossacks from another collective farm.” By the way, I took the example from Pravda. What you really should look up to is the printed publications of the past - the beginning of this century.
- How do you feel about words of foreign origin? There is an opinion that we should try to replace them with Russian equivalents: call the broth clear soup, etc.
- I am for the purity of the Russian language, but this does not mean getting rid of the borrowed words that are familiar to us. Listen to what I’m going to say now: I am a student at the Faculty of Philology at St. Petersburg University. Of the entire phrase, only one word is Russian - “ya”. All the rest are borrowed, but nevertheless we understand the meaning perfectly. Now mentally try to replace all words of foreign origin with Russian equivalents. You yourself will get confused, and the number of words in a sentence will approximately triple.
- Are there many borrowings in the Russian language?
- A lot, about 30%. Get ready, in 5-6 years there will be twice as many of them: “dealers” and “distributors” are becoming firmly established in everyday life.
- What then to do with the immortal “Russian language is rich and powerful”?
- Yes, it’s not that rich compared to other languages. Its complete dictionary, for example, contains only 200 thousand words, while in German, including, however, dialects, there are all 600 thousand.
- 200 thousand is still a lot.
- Well, we don’t use them all. Now there is a clear tendency towards a decrease in the vocabulary of the Russian-speaking population. Ushakov’s four-volume academic dictionary, the most popular today, already contains only 88 thousand words, but we still have a lot of that. IN best case scenario we actually use 50-55 thousand.
- Well, has the Russian language given at least something to other languages?
- Bolshevik, for example.

Ditmar Elyashevich lives in an apartment with a deteriorated layout. It seems to be a large room, a wide corridor, high ceilings, but somehow everything is arranged in a stupid way. Or maybe the house is uncomfortable because an old man lives alone? The son has his own family; granddaughter - married in Sweden. The most literate person in the country spends all his days in a chair (his legs almost gave out, and he can hardly move, pushing a chair in front of him). On the left is a TV, on the right are newspapers, on the table are dictionaries, and behind the glass of the bookcase are familiar names: Pushkin, Blok, Yesenin. Work continues. Professor Rosenthal has already taught Russian to several generations. And he will teach you more. Every evening, looking out the window, he sees his future students launching boats in a multi-colored gasoline puddle.

Ditmar Elyashevich, were you born in Moscow?
- You won’t believe it, but I first came to Russia when I was 16 years old. Russian is not my native language.
- ???
- I was born in Poland. I went to a regular Polish gymnasium in Warsaw. Poland then (beginning of the century - Auto.) was part of the Russian Empire, and therefore at school we are in mandatory studied Russian. I won’t say that as a child I really loved foreign languages, especially since my father always spoke German to us at home.
- Was he German?
- No, but I loved Germany and worked there as an economist for many years. When he had children, he gave us German names. So I became Dietmar, and my brother became Oscar.
- How did you end up in Moscow?
- They fled to relatives when Poland turned into a military training ground. This was during the First World War.
- And went to a Russian school?
- Yes.
- Were there any difficulties at first? Still a foreign language, although related to Polish.
- I have always been pathologically literate.
- And your relatives: is literacy in your blood?
- Well, my mother didn’t have to write much. She was a housewife, although she spoke three languages ​​fluently: with my father in German, with me and Oscar in Polish and on the street in Russian. But my brother (he was an economist) made mistakes, and I corrected them when I read his works.
- What did you do after finishing school?
- I entered Moscow University, the Faculty of History and Philology: over time, I became very interested in foreign languages.
- How many languages ​​do you know?
- About 12. When I graduated from the university, I knew six. Don't make such an astonished face - I was a completely average student. Some graduates were fluent in Arabic, Thai and Hindi. My set was standard: Latin, Greek, of course, English and French. Well, I learned Swedish.
- And you still remember?
- Swedish? Of course not. I do not use it. In reality, I now remember three languages ​​that divided spheres of influence in my head: I speak Russian, count in Polish, and mentally express my emotions in Italian.
- In Italian?
- Everyone knows me as a professor of Russian and often forgets that I wrote the very first university textbook on Italian. Classics of Italian literature were also published in my translations.
- Could you write 400 books on the grammar and spelling of the Polish language?
- Could. But I had to thank Russia. Enlightenment is the best gratitude.
- You have lived all (almost all) of your life in Moscow. Do we Muscovites have our own special pronunciation?
- Compared to St. Petersburg, Moscow pronunciation has always been considered reduced: Moscow is merchant, St. Petersburg is noble. True, now Muscovites are increasingly labeling themselves as “nobles”. It is no longer acceptable to say the old Moscow word “Korishnevyi”. It should be pronounced "brown". But “buloshnaya” and “of course” with “sh” remain a legal Moscow privilege.
- Do people in Moscow speak the same?
- Traditionally, the residents of Arbat spoke more correctly. From time immemorial, representatives of the Russian intelligentsia lived here, and therefore no unstandardized vocabulary was heard here, and no one confused “dress” with “put on.” Not like now.

It seems that, having written a mountain of books on how to speak and write correctly, Professor Rosenthal should forget normal human words and begin all his phrases with “would you be so kind…” However, Ditmar Elyashevich’s colleagues revealed a secret to me. It turns out that the famous professor did not disdain rude words. Once, while holding a department meeting, he noticed that the teachers were sneakily eating apples, and reacted “in our way”: “Not only do they not listen, they also eat them!” Rosenthal also respected student jargon.
"How are you?" - his colleagues asked.
“Normal,” answered the professor.

Let's return to your service at Moscow University. There are rumors that there was a time when the appointment to the position of head of the department was signed by the KGB...
- Personally, the KGB did not offer to cooperate with me. Probably my origin and nationality aroused suspicion. But I knew for sure that in our team, under the guise of a nice stylist teacher, there was a representative of the authorities who was knocking upstairs about every step - mine and my colleagues.
- This is probably why I always had the feeling that you take examples for your rules from the final materials of party congresses.
- I had to use ideological examples. Approximately 30% of the vocabulary had to be of a certain direction, and the censor strictly monitored this. There was also a list of writers headed by Gorky and Sholokhov, whose works I was obliged to quote. Well, of course, it was impossible to do without Marx and Engels. I can imagine how many heads would roll if I decided to use examples from Solzhenitsyn or Mandelstam!
- Let's sum it up: you have 3 higher education, you wrote 400 textbooks and articles, edited dictionaries, taught at Moscow State University, headed the department of Russian language stylistics at the Faculty of Journalism...
- I taught not only at Moscow State University, but also on TV. Valya Leontyeva, Volodya Kirillov - these are all my students. Before the broadcast, we gathered in the studio, did pronunciation exercises, wrote test papers. And after the broadcast, I sorted out their mistakes with them.
- And who was the best student?
- I don't want to offend anyone. Everyone was talented, but Volodya especially. It is no coincidence that it was he who later defended himself and became a professor of the Russian language.
In general, tell all my students, especially my fellow journalists, that I remember them all, read them and silently scold them for their mistakes.

Dietmar Elyashevich Rosenthal (December 19, 1900, Lodz, Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire - July 29, 1994, Moscow, Russian Federation) - Soviet and Russian linguist, author of numerous works on the Russian language.

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (1952), Professor (1962).

Dietmar Rosenthal was born in Lodz (Poland) into a Jewish family. In his early youth he lived in Berlin, where his father worked. In Moscow - since 1914. Until 1918 he studied at the 15th Moscow (Warsaw) gymnasium. Since 1918 - at Moscow University (graduated in 1923 with a degree in Italian), the Institute National economy named after K. Marx (graduated in 1924); then - at RASION (1924-1926; graduate student, researcher).

From 1922 to 1923 he taught in secondary school, from 1923 - in higher school(Workers' Faculty named after Artyom, 1923-1936). Further places of work - philological faculty of the 1st Moscow State University, since 1927; Moscow Printing Institute, 1940-1962; Faculty of Journalism. Professor, head of the Department of Stylistics of the Russian Language, Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University in 1962-1986. For a long time led the faculty group of television and radio announcers of the USSR.

Rosenthal created a textbook of the Italian language for universities, Russian-Italian and Italian-Russian dictionaries; translated works of Italian writers into Russian.

Rosenthal was not an academic specialist in the linguistics of the Russian language; the degree of Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences was awarded to him honoris causa for a textbook of the Italian language. Nevertheless, he is considered the founder (together with Professor K.I. Bylinsky) of practical stylistics, one of the main developers and interpreters of the rules of modern Russian spelling.

Author of more than 150 textbooks (published since 1925), manuals, reference books, dictionaries, popular books, as well as research work in the Russian language, speech culture, stylistics, spelling, linguodidactics.

Books signed with the name of D.E. Rosenthal, continue to be published in revised editions.

Russian language was not for D.E. Rosenthal's family: he spoke German with his father, and Polish with his mother and brother. In total, he knew about twelve languages, including Italian, Latin, Greek, English, French, and Swedish.

Books (12)

The book tells schoolchildren in an accessible and entertaining way about expressive means of the Russian language, revealing the secrets of using words, their compatibility, rules and subtleties of using grammatical forms. For high school students.

When there is a breakdown of social structures, legal consciousness, culture, intellectual and spiritual life of society, language finds itself at the epicenter of all these upheavals. And therefore, when reviving the spirituality of our society, it is necessary to think about good speech, preserve the richness of the Russian language and learn to use it.

The book talks about the features of correct Russian speech and helps to avoid common speech mistakes. Using interesting examples of the high artistic skill of Russian writers, poets, and publicists, various stylistic techniques are shown to enhance the expressiveness and emotionality of speech.

The book is addressed to everyone who strives to improve the culture of speech and master the art of public speaking, develop a sense of style.

Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language

The “Dictionary...” contains about 20,000 words representing difficulties of various kinds.

The reader will receive information about the spelling, pronunciation, formation of the word, learn the grammatical and stylistic characteristics of the word, possible compatibility, and controls of the word.

Modern Russian language

The manual contains all sections of the modern Russian language course: vocabulary and phraseology, phonetics and graphics, spelling and spelling, word formation, morphology and syntax. All theoretical information is illustrated with examples from works of fiction, journalism, and popular science literature.

A variety of training and creative exercises are given to reinforce the material.

Handbook of spelling and literary editing. Rosenthal D.E.

16th ed. - M.: 2012 - 368 p. 5th ed., rev. M.: 1989. - 320 p.

The first two sections of the handbook cover basic rules of spelling and punctuation, with an emphasis on difficult cases. The third section provides regulatory information and recommendations related to literary editing. The directory is intended for publishing workers, primarily editors, as well as for everyone who seeks to improve their literacy and speech culture.

Format: djvu(2012 , 16th ed., 368 pp.)

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Preface ............................................. 3

Spelling 5

I. Spelling vowels in the root 5

§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels.................................................. 5

§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels...................................... 5

§ 3. Alternating vowels.................................................... ............. 6

§ 4. Vowels after sibilants.................................................. ................... 7

§ 5. Vowels after ts ............................................................................ ............ 8

§ 6. Letters 9 - e .................................................................................. ............ 8

§ 7. Letter th ......................................................................................... ............ 9

II. Spelling of consonants in the root 9

§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants.................................................. ............ ............ 9

§ 9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 10

§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants...................................................... 11

III. Use of capital letters 12

§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text.................................................... . 12

§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation.................................... 12

§ 13. Proper names of persons.................................................... ............... .......... 13

§ 14. Animal names, names of plant species, wine varieties .................. 15

§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays............... 16
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 16

§ 17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names................... 17

§ 18. Astronomical names.................................................... .......... 19

§ 19. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods.................................... 20

§ 20. Names of revolutionary holidays, popular movements,significant dates. 20

§ 21. Names associated with religion.................................................... ..... 21

§ 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms..... 21

§ 23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art.......... ....... 24

§ 24. Names of positions and titles.................................................. .......... 24

§ 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia.................................... .......... 25

§ 26. Names of literary works and press organs 26

§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations.................................... ......... 26

§ 28. Conventional proper names.................................................. ........ ......... 27

IV. Separating ъ And b 28

§ 29. Use ъ........................................................................... 28

§ 30. Use of b.................................................... ............................ ......... 28

V. Spelling of prefixes 28

§ 31. Prefixes on z-.................................................... ........................................ 28

§ 32. Prefix c-............................................ ........................................... 29

§ 33. Prefixes pre- And at- ............................................................... ........ 29

§ 34. Vowels s And And after the attachments........................................................ . 29

VI. Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings 30

§ 35. Vowels owe after the hissing ones ..................................................... 30

§ 36. Vowels after ts ......................................................................... 31

VII. Spelling nouns 31

§ 37. Endings of nouns.................................................... 31

1. The endings of the dative and prepositional cases of nouns with a stem on And (31). 2. The ending of the prepositional case of neuter nouns on ye- (31). 3. The endings of the genitive plural of nouns in ye- and bya- (31). 4. The ending of the genitive plural of nouns ends with -“я (31). 5. Endings -th And -ohm in the instrumental case of proper names (32). 6. Noun endings with suffixes -looking, -ushk, -yushk, -ishk (32). 7. Endings of nouns with the suffix -l- (32)

§ 38. Suffixes of nouns.................................................... 32

1. Suffixes -ik And -ek (32). 2. Suffixes -ets- And -its-(33). 3. Suffixes -ichk- And -echk- (33). 4. Combinations -inc- And -enk- (33). 5. Suffixes -onk- And -enk- (33). 6. Suffixes -chick And -schik (33). 7. Suffixes -nie And -nye (34). 8. Words with rare suffixes (34)

VIII. Spelling adjectives 34

§ 39. Endings of adjectives.................................................... . ........ 34

§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives.................................................. 34

1. Suffixes -iv, -liv-, -chiv- (34). 2. Suffixes -oe-, -ovat-, -ovit-, -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (34). 3. Adjectives on -chiy- (35). 4. Suffixes -at-, -chat- (35). 5. Final ts bases before suffix -chat- (35). 6. Adjectives on -d-sky, -t-sky, ch-sky, -its-ky (35). 7. Adjectives with suffixsom -sk-(35). 8. Adjectives from stems starting with -“6 and -ry (36). 9. Adjectives and nouns with combinations chn And shn at the junction of root and suffix (36). 10. Suffixes -“-, -enn-, -onn-, -in-, -an-, (-yang-)(36) 11. Adjectives on -Insky And -ensky (37)

IX. Spelling difficult words 37

§ 41. Connecting vowels O And e .................................................. 37

§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel.................................... ........ 38

§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns.................................... 39

1. Words with elements -auto-, aero-, bicycle-, fierce-, agro-, bio-, zoo-, cinema-, radio-, television-, photo-, macro-, micro-, neo-, meteo-, stereo-, hydro-, electro- and others (39). 2. Words like wryneck (39). 3. Compound words (39). 4. Words like vacuum apparatus, dynamo, chair-bed(40). 5. Words like gram-atom(40). 6. Words like anarcho-syndicalism(40). 7. Names of intermediate

countries of the world (40). 8. Words with elements vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex- (40). 9. Words like love-not-love (40). 10. Words like boy-woman(40). 11. Words like alpha particle(40). 12. Words like Almaty residents(40). 13. Words like part- And trade union organizations(41)

§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives.................................... 41

1. Complex adjectives expressing subordinating relationships (41). 2. Continuous writing of complex adjectives used as terms (42). 3. Complex adjectives, one of the parts of which is not used independently (43). 4. Adjectives formed from compound nouns with hyphens (43). 5. Adjectives formed from a combination of first name and last name, first name and patronymic, or two last names (43). 6. Southern adjectives expressing coordinating relationships (44). 7. Complex adjectives, parts of which indicate heterogeneous characteristics (44). 8. Compound adjectives denoting quality with an additional connotation (45). 9. Compound adjectives denoting shades of colors (45). 10. Hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives used as terms (45). 11. Compound adjectives in geographical or administrative names (46). 12. Compound adjectives like literary and artistic(47). 13. Phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective or participle (47)

X. Spelling of numerals 48

§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals... 48

§ 46. Numeral floor- ...................................................................... ......... 49

XI. Spelling pronouns 50

§ 47. Negative pronouns................................................... 50

XII. Spelling verbs 51

§ 48. Personal endings of verbs.................................................. .......... 51

§ 49. Use of the letter b in verb forms.................................. 52

§ 50. Suffixes of verbs................................................................ 52

XIII. Spelling participles 53

§ 51. Vowels in suffixes of participles.................................................... .... 53

§ 52. Spelling ““ and “ in participles and verbal adjectives
exponents........................................................ ....................................... 53

XIV. Spelling adverbs 56

§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs.................................................... ............... ........ 56

§ 54. Adverbs of hissing. . .................................................. ........ 56

§ 55. Negative adverbs.................................................. .............. ......... 56

§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs.................................................... 57

1. Adverbs of type completely, forever(57). 2. Adverbs of type twice, two by two(57). 3. Adverbs of type for a long time, a lot(57). 4. Adverbs of type close(57). 5. Adverbs of type in trouble, on alert(57). 6. Adverbs of type on time, on time, on time, in installments(58). 7. Adverbs of type up, finally, forever (59)

§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs.................................................. ......... 59

1. Adverbs of type apparently, in a friendly, wolfish way(59).

2. Adverbs of type Firstly(59). 3. Adverbs of type after all
(60). 4. Adverbs of type barely, little by little, not today-
tomorrow, out of the blue(60). 5. Technical term on the-
mountain(60)

§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations.................................. 60

1. Type combinations side by side(60). 2. Type combinations honor honor (60). 3. Type combinations without knowledge, in the old days, before refusal, on the fly, to match, on the run, the other day (60). 4. Type combinations abroad, as a keepsake, under your arm, in your hearts(61). 5. Combinations of a preposition with its noun starting with a vowel (61)

XV. Spelling prepositions 61

§ 59. Complex prepositions.................................................. ........................ 61

§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations 61

XVI. Spelling conjunctions 62

§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions.................................................. .......... 62

1. Union to (62). 2. Unions Same And Also(62). 3. Unions and And besides(62). 4. Union but, adverbs why, then, why, because, why, because, therefore, therefore, how much(63). 5. Union So(64)

§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions.................................................. ...... 64

XVII. Spelling particles 64

§ 63. Separate writing of particles................................................. ........ ......... 64

§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles.................................................. ......... 64

Spelling no and no 65

§ 65. Spelling Not with nouns...................... 65

1. Words like ignoramus(65). 2. Words like enemy(65). 3. Words like layman(65). 4. Particle Not when contrasted (66). 5. Particle Not with a noun in an interrogative sentence (66)

§ 66. Spelling Not with adjectives........................ 66

1. Words like careless(66). 2. Words like small(66). 3. Particle Not when contrasted (66). 4. Particle Not with relative adjectives (66). 5. Writing a particle Not in opposition expressed by a conjunction A or But(67). 6. Writing Not with adjectives that have explanatory words (67). 7. Writing Not with short adjectives (68). 8. Writing Not with words ready, must, glad and so on. (68). 9. Denial Not at comparative degree adjectives (69). 10. Adjectives like incomparable(69). I. Particle Not with an adjective in an interrogative sentence (70)

§ 67. Spelling Not with numerals........................ 70

§ 68. Spelling Not with pronouns........................................................ ......... 70

§ 69. Spelling Not with verbs........................................................ .... ......... 70

§ 70. Spelling Not with participles........................................................ 72

§ 71. Spelling not with adverbs............................................... ........ 73

§ 72. Spelling neither ...................................................................... 75

XVIII. Spelling interjections and onomatopoeic words 77

§ 73. Hyphenated writing of interjections and onomatopoeias. . 77

XIX. Spelling foreign words 77

§ 74. Transcription of foreign words.................................................... ........ 77

XX. Punctuation marks at the end of sentences and during breaks in speech

§ 75. Point................................................... .......................................

§ 76. Question mark.................................................... ......................

§ 77. Exclamation mark.................................................... ....................

§ 78. Ellipsis.................................................... ...................................

XXI. Dash between clauses

§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate....................................................

1. Subject and predicate - noun in the nominative case (81). 2. Subject and predicate indefinite form of the verb (or noun and indefinite form of the verb) (82). 3. Dash before words this is what it means and others (82). 4. Predicate - numeral name (82). 5. Predicate - predicative adverb O(83). 6. Predicate - idiomatic phrase (83). 7. Subject-word This(83). 8. Subject - personal pronoun (83). 9. Predicate - interrogative pronoun (83). 10. Predicate - adjective, pronominal adjective, prepositional-reliable combination (83). 11. Dash in footnotes (83)

§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence.................................................... ........ 84

1-2. Dash in elliptical sentences (84). 3. Dash in incomplete sentence, forming part of a complex sentence (84). 4. Dash in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence (84)

§ 81. Intonation dash.................................................... ....................... 85

§ 82. Connecting dash.................................................... ...................... 85

1. Dash to indicate spatial, temporal, quantitative limits (85) 2. Dash between proper names forming the names of teachings, scientific institutions etc. (85)
XXII. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 85

§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions....................................

1. Comma between homogeneous terms (85). 2. Point c after the heel between homogeneous terms (86). 3. Dash between homogeneous members (86)

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.................................. ........ 87

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications.................................. .........

§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions.................................................... ............................................

1-3. Homogeneous members connected by single connecting and dividing unions (90). 4. Homogeneous members connected by adversarial unions (90) § 87. Homogeneous members,

United by repeating conjunctions § 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired conjunctions. . .

§ 89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms....................................

1. Homogeneous terms with a preceding generalizing word (93). 2. Homogeneous terms followed by generalization with the word (94). 3. Homogeneous members after a generalizing word that do not complete the sentence (95). 4. Generalizing word and homogeneous members in the middle of the sentence (95). 5. Semicolon between homogeneous terms in the presence of a generalizing word (95)

XXIII. Punctuation marks for repeated words

§ 90. Comma for repeated words.................................................... .

§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words....................................

XXIV. Punctuation marks in sentences with dissociated members

§ 92. Separate definitions.................................................. ............

1. A common definition that comes after the noun being defined (98). 2. Definition combined with an indefinite pronoun (99). 3. Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns in combination with participial phrases (99). 4. Two single definitions (99). 5. Single definition (100). 6. Definition with an adverbial connotation of meaning (100). 7. Definition in isolation from the noun being defined (100). 8. Definition with personal pronoun (101). 9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (101). 10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives (102). 11. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive form of the verb (102).

§ 93. Separate applications.................................................... ............

1. Common application with a common noun (103). 2. Single (undistributed) application (103). 3. Application with your own name (105). 4. Proper names of persons or the name of an animal as an application (105). 5. Applications joined by unions (106). 6. Application for personal pronoun (106). 7. Application relating to the missing defined word (106). 8. Use of a dash in a separate application (106)

§ 94. Special circumstances.................................................... .......

1. Participial phrase (108). 2. Two single gerunds (PO). 3. Single participle (111). 4. Circumstances expressed by nouns (111). 5. Circumstances expressed by adverbs (112)

§ 95. Separate additions.................................................... ............

XXV. Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence

§ 96. Clarifying members of a sentence.................................................... ....

1. Clarifying circumstances (114). 2. Clarifying definitions (114). 3. Definitions specifying the meaning of pronouns this, that, such(114). 4. Words more precisely, more precisely, rather as introductory words (115)

§ 97. Explanatory parts of the sentence.................................................

1. Constructions with words namely, that is(115). 2. Constructions with explanatory conjunction or (116)

§ 98. Connecting members of a sentence....................................................

1. Constructions with words even, especially, for example, in particular, including, yes and, and moreover and others (116). 2. Non-union connecting structures (117). 3. Signs for the connecting structure (117)

XXVI. Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence

§ 99. Introductory words and phrases.................................................... ......

1. Classification of introductory words by meaning (117). 2. Distinguishing between introductory words and sentence parts (119). 3. Punctuation with words finally, in the end, however, of course, means, in general, mainly, in any case(121). 4. Comma when two introductory words meet (123). 5. Introductory words as part of isolated phrases (123). 6. Introductorywords after the coordinating conjunction (124). 7. Introductory words after the connecting conjunction (124)

§ 100. Introductory and plug-in sentences.................................................... 124

§ 101. Appeal.................................................... ................................... 126

§ 102. Interjection.................................................... ................................ 127

§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words. 129

XXVII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 130

§ 104. Comma in a compound sentence.................................... 130

§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence ... 132

§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence.................................... 132

XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 133

§ 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses 133

§ 108. Comma in complex subordinating conjunctions.................................. ...... 134

§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses..135

§ 110. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions.................................................... ....... ...... 136

§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence.................................... ...... 137

§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence.................................... 138

§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence and in

period ................................................................................ 138

XXIX. Punctuation for phrases that are not subordinate clauses 139

§ 114. Expressions that are integral in meaning.................................................. .. 139

1. Make revolutions properly, spend the night where you have to, go wherever your eyes take you etc. (139). 2. Combinations not really, not reallyn etc. (139). 3. Combinations (not) more than, (not) earlier thanAnd etc. (140). 4. Combinations unknown who, nepo it’s clear where, it doesn’t matter which one and so on. (140). 5. Combinations anyone, anywhere etc. (140). 6. Speed ​​type I have something to do, I’ll find somewhere to turn etc. (140). 7. Combination that's all... that (141)

§ 115. Comparative turnover.................................................... ............. 141

1. Turnovers with unions as if, exactly, as if and others (141).

2.Revolutions with the union How(142). 3. Absence of a comma when using conjunctions How(143)

XXX. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 145

§ 116. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence 145

§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence.... 146

§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence.................................... ...... 148

XXXI. Punctuation marks for direct speech 151

§ 119. Direct speech after the author’s words................................................. ...... 151

§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue.................................................... ..... ...... 155

XXXII. Punctuation marks for quotations 156

§ 124. Quotation marks................................................................. ................... 156

§ 125. Ellipsis when quoting.................................................... .............. 157

§ 126. Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotations.................................... 157

XXXIII. Using quotation marks 158

§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conventional, ironic meaning... 158

§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.. 159

§ 130. Names of orders and medals.................................................... ......... 160

§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, industrial products, etc... 160

§ 132. Names of plant varieties.................................................. .......... 161

XXXIV. Punctuation combinations 161

§ 133. Busy and dash.................................................... ............................... 161

§ 134. Question and exclamation marks.................................... ...... 162

§ 135. Quotation marks and other signs.................................................... ............... ...... 162

§ 136. Parentheses and other signs.................................................... ............... 163

§ 137. Ellipsis and other signs.................................................... .......... 164

§ 138. Sequence of characters for footnotes.................................... ...... 164

Literary editing

XXXV. Word choice 165

§ 139. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means 165

§ 140. Elimination of bureaucracy and cliches.................................... 170

§ 141. Pleonasm and tautology.................................................. ................ ...... 173

§ 142. Euphony of speech.................................................... ........................ 174

§ 143. Use of phraseological means.................................... ..... 175

XXXVI. Forms of nouns 178

§ 144. Fluctuations in the gender of nouns.................................... 178

1. Words that have parallel masculine and feminine forms (178). 2. Words used in the masculine form (180). 3. Words used in the feminine form (181). 4. Words used in the neuter form (181). 5. Words formed using suffixes (182)

§ 145. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings.................................. 182

§ 146. Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.................................... 183

1. Words without pair formations (183). 2. Paired formations adopted in neutral styles of speech (184). 3. Paired formations used in colloquial speech (184)

§ 147. Gender of indeclinable nouns..................................... 185

1.Words denoting inanimate objects (185).

2.Substantivized words (186). 3. Words denoting persons (186). 4. Words denoting animals, birds, etc. (186). 5. Geographical names (187). 6. Names of press organs (187). 7. Abbreviations (187)

§ 148. Features of the declension of some words and phrases 188 1. Words like little house(188). 2. Words like home(188).

3. Difficult words mud half an hour(188). 4. Compound words like raincoat, dining car(188). 5. Combination Moscow River(188). 6. Difficult geographical
type names Orekhovo-Zuevo, Gus-Khrustalny(189). 7. Type combinations fifth of March(189)

§ 149. Declension of some names and surnames.................................... 189

1. Type names Levko, Gavrilo(189). 2. Type combinations

Jules Verne (189). 3. Names and surnames of type Karel Capek.(189). 4. Surnames ending with a consonant (189). 5. Indeclinable surnames on -ago, -s and others (190). 6. Non-Russian surnames ending in a vowel sound (190). 7. Ukrainian surnames -ko (191). 8. Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese surnames (191). 9. Double surnames (191). 10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two persons (191). 11. Type combinations two Petrovs(192). 12. Female patronymics (192)

§ 150. Singular genitive endings -and I)----- y(s) ..192

§ 151. Forms of the accusative case of animate and inanimate nouns................................................... ........ 193

§ 152. Endings of the prepositional singular case of masculine nouns -e----- at............. 195

§ 153. Endings of the nominative pluralmasculine nouns -s(-s)----- and I).... 196

§ J 54. Genitive plural endings 199

§ 155. Instrumental plural endings-yami ----- (b)mi ....................................................... 200

§ 156. Use of the singular in the meaning of the plural.................................................... ........................... 201

§ 157. The use of abstract, real and proper nouns in the plural........ 201

§ 158. Variants of suffixes of nouns.................................. 202

1. Words like little sparrows- sparrow(202). 2. Words like birch forest- bereznik(202). 3. Words like meaninglessness- nonsense(202)

XXXVII. Forms of adjectives 203

§ 159. Full and short form of qualitative adjectives 203

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives.................................... 205

1. Shape type related, peculiar(205). 2. Shape type determined, frank(205). 3. Shape type light, dark(206)
§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives.... 206
§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives.... 207
1. Adjectives like fathers, uncles(207). 2. Adjectives like paternal, maternal(208). 3. Adjectives like elephant, snake(208). 4. Adjectives like fox(208).
§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns.................................... 208

XXXVIII. Forms of numerals 210

§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns.................................... 210

1. Forms eight- eight, fifty- fifty ten, with three hundred rubles - with three hundred rubles, thousand - thousand(210). 2. Forms of compound numerals (211). 3. Type combinations 22 days(211). 4. Shapes of wallpaper: - both(212). 5. Counting word pair(212). 6. Type combinations two or more(212). 7. Combinations of the preposition po with numerals (212). 8. Type combinations 33.5 percent(213). 9. Numerals one and a half n one and a half hundred(213)

§ 165. Use of collective numerals.................................... 213

§ 166. Numerals in compound words.................................... 214

1. Words with element two- And two-(214). 2. Numeral floor-(215). 3. Difficult words mud 2500th anniversary(215)

XXXIX. Use of pronouns 216

§ 167. Personal pronouns.................................................... ........................... 216

1. Pronoun and context (216). 2. Omission of a subject pronoun with a predicate verb (216). 3. Pleonastic repetition of the personal pronoun as the subject (217). 4. Shapes she has - she has(217). 5. Initial “ for 3rd person pronouns (217)

§ 168. Reflexive and possessive pronouns.................................... 218

1. Pronoun myself(218). 2. Pronoun mine(218)

§ 169. Determinative pronouns.................................................... .. 219

1. Any- every- any(219). 2. Myself- most(220)

§ 170. Indefinite pronouns.................................................... .220

XL. Use of verb forms 221

§ 171. Formation of some personal forms.................................... 221

1. Insufficient verbs like win(221). 2. Personal forms of verbs like get well(222). 3. Verbs to rest, to sway, to lay, to honor(222) ^. Abundant verbs like rinse, move(222). 5. Some forms imperative mood (223)

§ 172. Variants of species forms................................................. .......... 224

1. Verbs like manage- manage(224). 2. Verbs type condition- condition(224). 3. Verbs like popularize- popularize(225). 4. Verbs disdain, see, smoke, climb, measure, torment, lift, read, whistle, hear, grow old(225). 5. Verbs of motion (226). 6. Combination of verbs of movement with names of modes of transport (227). 7. Shape type mock- got wet (227)

§ 173. Returnable and non-returnable forms.................................................... 227

1. Verbs like turn white- turn white(227). 2. Verbs likethreaten - threaten(227). 3. Verbs circle- cool live, splash - splash n al. (227). 4. Ambiguity of constructions with verbs in -xia (228)

§ 174. Forms of participles.................................................. ........................ 228

§ 175. Forms of participles.................................................... ............... 229

XLI. Construction of a simple sentence 229

§ 176. Types of sentences.................................................. .................... 229

1. Type I constructions I suggest- I suggest(229). 2. Type designs ask not to smoke- no smoking(229). 3. Type I constructions Want- I would like to(230). 4. The phrases are active, passive and impersonal (230). 5. Sentences with “offset” construction (230)

§ 177. Forms of the predicate.................................................... .................... 230

1. Conversational forms of the predicate (230). 2. “Splitting” the predicate (231). 3. Nominative and instrumental case in compound predicate (231)

XLII. Order of words in a sentence 232

§ 178. Place of subject and predicate.................................................... 233

§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence.................................................... 234

1. Agreed definition (234). 2. Several agreed upon definitions (235). 3. Inconsistent definition (236)

§ 180. Place of addition in a sentence.................................................. 236

1. Direct and reverse order words (236). 2. Location of several additions (237). 3. Type designMother loves daughter(237)

§ 181. Place of circumstance in a sentence.................................... 237

§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions.................................................... ................... 239

XLIII. Agreement of the predicate with the subject 240

§ 183. Predicate with a subject containing a collective noun........... 240

1. Type designs the majority voted(240). 2. Type designs the majority of the population voted(241). 3. Conditions for placing the predicate in the plural (241)

§ 184. Predicate with subject - quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover) .................................. 242

1. The meaning of joint and separate action (242).

2. The meaning of an undivided and dismembered whole (242).

3. Designation of a measure of weight, space, etc. (243). 4. Combination with words years, months etc. (243). 5. Combinations with numerals two three four(243). 6. Compound numbers ending in one(243). 7. Predicates in words thousand, million, billion(244). 8. Word combinations all, these, only and others (244). 9. The subject is a numeral without a noun (244). 10. Approximate quantity value (244). 11. Word combinations some(245). 12. Combinations with words a lot, a little etc. (245). 13. Combinations with words like troika(246). 14. Combinations with words like mass, a lot(246). 15. Words like half an hour(246).

§ 185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application.................................................... ................ 246

1. Grammatical agreement and agreement in meaning (246). 2. Combination of generic and specific concepts (246).

3.Combination of a common noun and own name (246).

4. Agreement with the subject in the presence of qualifying words, connecting constructions, etc. (247). 5. Predicate for words like cafe-dining room (247).

§ 186. Predicate with subject type brother and sister.... 248 § 187. The predicate with the subject is an interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative pronoun. . 249 In the subject: 1. Interrogative pronoun (249) ^. Relative pronoun Who(250); 3. Relative pronoun What(250); 4. Indefinite pronoun (250) § 188. Predicate with a subject - an indeclinable noun, a compound word, an indivisible group of words........................... ........................................................ ............... 251

In the subject: 1. Substantivized word (251); 2. Borrowed indeclinable word (251); 3. Russian abbreviation (251); 4. Foreign abbreviation (252); 5. Conventional name (252); 6. Indivisible group of words (252); 7. Nickname of a person (253) § 189. Coordination of the connective with the nominal part of the predicate. . . 253 § 190. Agreement of the predicate with homogeneous subjects 254 1. The influence of the order of the main members of the sentence (254). 2. The role of unions (254). 3. Semantic proximity of homogeneous subjects (256). 4. Arrangement of subjects in gradation order (256). 5. Influence lexical meaning predicate (256). 6. Personal pronouns as part of subjects (257)

XLIV. Harmonization of definitions and applications 257

§ 191. Definition of a common noun.... 257

§ 192. Definition for a noun that has an appendix.................................................... ... 258

§ 193. Definition for a noun depending on numerals two three four ............................ 259

§ 194. Two definitions with one noun.................................... 261

§ 195. Definition for nouns - homogeneous members 263 1. Definition in singular form (263). 2. Plural definition (264). 3. Definition of nouns with a repeating preposition (264). 4. Definition of nouns in plural form (264). 5. Definition when combining type brother and sister(264)

§ 196. Approval of applications.................................................. .......... 265

1. Nicknames and conventional names (265). 2. Type combinationslaunch vehicle (265). 3. Type combinations by name, known ny as, be it, insert words (265). 4. Type combinations showcase stand (265)

§ 197. Applications - geographical names.................................... 265

XLV. Control 268

§ 198. Non-prepositional and prepositional control.................................... 268

1. Variants of non-prepositional and prepositional constructions (268). 2. Designs with weak control (269). 3. Turns of phrases except, instead of and others (269).

§ 199. Choice of preposition...................................:................. ........................... 270

1. Combinations in address- at the address, using- with help cabbage soup, for the purpose- in order to etc. (270). 2. Prepositions with explanatorymeaning (oh, about, about etc.) (272). 3. Prepositions with spatial meaning (at, at, about, etc.) (272). 4. Prepositions with temporary meaning (274). 5. Prepositions with causal meaning (thanks to, due to, as a result of etc.) (275). 6. Prepositions By- o with verbs denoting emotional experience (276). 7. Denominal prepositions in a relationship- in relation to and others (276). 8. New prepositions in business, in the region, in part, at the expense of, along the line(276). 9. Type combinations in the introduction- in the introduction(277)

§ 200. Choice of case form.................................................... ............. 277

1. Stylistic options case forms(277). 2. Combinations in absence, in the 20s and others (278). 3. Prepositionsexcluding, between, according to (278). 4. Double Dependency Designs (279)

§ 201. Case of complement for transitive verbs with negation 279 1. Genitive(279).2. Accusative case (280). 3. Optional use of both cases (282). 4. Complement of a verb with a prefix under- (282). 5. Denial Not not with a predicate verb (282). 6. Case of the complement in sentences with a displaced construction (282)

§ 202. Management with synonymous words.................................... 282

§ 203. Various prepositional-case forms with one control word................................................... ................................... 283

1. Complements of verbs give up, sacrifice, merit live, watchand others (283). 2. Type designs drink water - drink water(288). 3. Design type look for a place- look for places(288). 4. Genitive tenseuse (288). 5. Tina designs owes something to someone(288). b. Tina designs traitor to the motherland- traitor homeland (288). 7. Type designs close to what-close to what(289)

§ 204. Stringing identical shapes.................................................... 290

I. Stringing genitive cases (290). 2. Stringing other hopes (290). 3. Confluence of case forms with the same prepositions (290). 4. Confluence of infinitives (290). 5. Genitive subject and genitive object (290)

§ 205. Control with homogeneous members of a sentence. . . 291

XLV1. Offers With homogeneous members 291

§ 206. Unions with homogeneous members.................................................... ... 291

§ 207. Prepositions with homogeneous members.................................................... 292

§ 208. Errors in combinations of homogeneous terms.................................... 293

1. Incomparability of concepts (293). 2. Lexical incompatibility (294). 3. Incompatibility of species and generic concepts (294). 4. Crossing concepts (294).

5. Ambiguity with different series of homogeneous terms (294).

6. Incorrect pairwise connection of homogeneous members (294). 7. Morphological incompatibility (294). 8. Errors when using comparative conjunctions (295). 9. Violation of the connection between homogeneous members and the generalizing word (295). 10. Heterogeneous syntactic structures (296)

XLVII. Difficult sentence 296

§ 209. Unions and allied words.................................................... ............... 296

1. Stylistic coloring of unions (296). 2. Unions Bye Andnot yet(297). 3. Conjunctive words which And Which(297)

§ 210. Errors in complex sentences.................................................. 298

1. Variation in the parts of a complex sentence (298). 2. Structure displacement (298). 3. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words (299). 4. Incorrect word order (300). 5. Mixing direct speech and indirect speech (300)

XLV1II. Parallel syntactic structures 301

§ 211. Participial phrases.................................................. ................. 301

1. The absence of future tense and subjunctive forms in participles (301). 2. Separate and non-separate participial phrase (301). 3. The meaning of tense, aspect and voice of participles (301). 4. Agreement of participles (302). 5. Word order in the participial phrase (303). 6. Explanatory words for communion (303). 7. Replacing the subordinate clause with a participial phrase (303)

§ 212. Participial phrases.................................................. ............. 304

1. Standard use of participial phrases (304). 2nd place participial phrase in sentence (305). 3. Synonymy of participial phrases and other constructions (305)

§ 213. Constructions with verbal nouns. . . 306 1. Scope of use of verbal nouns (306). 2. Disadvantages of constructions with verbal nouns (306). 3. Editing techniques (307)

About how to read books in pdf formats, djvu - see section " Programs; archivers; formats pdf, djvu and etc. "

Unstressed vowels of the root are checked by stress, i.e. in the unstressed syllable the same vowel is written as in the corresponding stressed syllable of the same root word, for example: try on(measure) suit - reconcile(world) neighbors; flutters(nine) flag – developing(development) industry.

Wed. different spellings of unstressed vowels of the root in words that sound similar: climb(in pocket) - lick(wounds), boil(potato) - open(door), caress(cat) - rinse(mouth), fastener(collar) – attached(about a horse) thin out(sprouts) – discharge(gun), belittle(meaning) - beg(about mercy), etc.

Note 1. Vowels O – A in unstressed roots of perfective verbs cannot be checked by imperfective forms for -yat (-ive ), For example: be late (late, Although be late), cut (cut, Although color).

Note 2. In some words of foreign origin with a suffix that is distinguished only etymologically, the spelling of an unstressed vowel cannot be checked with a word of the same root if the vowel being checked and the check vowel are included in suffixes of different origins, for example: subscription (-ment goes back to the French suffix), although subscribe (-edit goes back to the German suffix); accompaniment, Although accompany; engagement, Although engage. Wed. There is also a similar phenomenon in the composition of a foreign language root: apperceive, Although apperception; disinfect, Although disinfection. The vowel of the root is preserved in words injection – to inject, projection – to project and some others.

The spelling of unstressed vowels, which cannot be verified by stress, is determined by a spelling dictionary, for example: badminton, concrete, string, can, bodyaga, grease, validol, cheesecake, ventilation, lobby, ham, vinaigrette, dysentery, masturbation, intelligentsia, kalamyanka, kalach, closet, loaf, cuttlefish, holster, layout, burner, head of cabbage, koschei, ladanka, magarych, madapolam, obsession, front garden, pantopon, ferry, periphery, gudgeon, pigalitsa, plasticine, privilege, rump steak, rotaprint, bullfinch, smelt, scholarship, brake, lumpy, elixir, overpass and many others.

1. Fundamentally gar- – gor- under stress it is written A , without accent – O : zag á r – zag O mature, ug O growl.

Exceptions:vyg A rki, uzg A ry, prúg A ry(special and dialect words).

2. Fundamentally zar- – zor- A :h á roar, s ó rka - z A rnutsa, oz A swear.

Exceptions:h O duckweed, s O roar.

3. Fundamentally kas- – kos- is written O n , in other cases - A : To A sit down, to A satative – to O wake up, come to sleep O dream.

4. Fundamentally clan- – clone- under stress the vowel is written in accordance with the pronunciation, without stress - O :cl á bow, bow ó n – pokl O thank you, thank you O opinion.

5. In an unstressed root lag- – false- before G is written A , before and – O :proposal A gát, adj A adjective - preposition O horror, region O marriage.

Exception:gender O G lag- – false- ).

6. Root poppy- contained in verbs meaning “to immerse in liquid”: m A roll cracker into tea, exchange A stick the pen into the ink. Root mok- contained in verbs meaning “to pass liquid”: you m O whip in the rain, prom O whip what's written. The rule applies to derivative words: m A singing, prom O rolling paper, non-industrial O stone cloak.

7. Fundamentally floating a vowel sound can be stressed or unstressed: pl á wat, pl A count, popl A wok. Root pilaf- contained in words pl O vec And pl O sneeze; root swim- - in a word pl s Woons.

8. Root equal- found in words meaning “equal, identical, on a par”: ur A opinion, wed A understand, it's time A take heed(become equal). Root exactly – in words meaning “even, straight, smooth”: zar O listen, p O Vesnik, Wed O take heed, ur O ven. Wed: other A heed(make equal) – other O heed(make it even); vyr A external(made equal) – vyr O external(made smooth).

9. Fundamentally race- – grew- is written A , if followed by a consonant T (also before sch ); in other cases it is written O : R A sti, nar A creation - growth O sshiy, zar O sly, por O with.

Exceptions:negative A sl, p O drain, output O drain, r O stockman, R O stov and etc.

10. In an unstressed root skak- – skoch- before To is written A , before h – O : prompt A kát – hint O a little.

Exceptions:sk A chok, sk A chý.

11. Fundamentally creature- – creative- under stress the vowel is written in accordance with the pronunciation, without stress - O :TV á Ry, TV ó rchestvo - TV O rit, tv O retz.

Exception:ýtv A ry(no longer semantically associated with the root creature- – creative- ).

12. In the roots ber- – bir-, der- – dir-, mer- – mir-, per- – pir-, ter- – tyr-, shine- – blist-, zheg- – zhig-, stel- – stil-, even- – cheat- is written And -A- : personal And army, ass And army, deputy And army, zap And army, art And army, bl And become, szh And go, calculate And go away, part And bark; in other cases it is written e : b e ru, d e ru, mind e howl, zap e talk, st e howl, bl e stet, vyzh e gshiy, vych e t, dist e pour.

Exceptions:op. e thief, op. e tanning.

13. In the roots with alternation a(i) – im, a(i) – in are written them And in , if followed by the suffix -A- : szh A t - szh And mother, prizh A t - prizh And mother, diff. I t - different And mother, under I t - sub And mother, podm I t - subm And please A t - om And mother, mon I t - mon And mother, beginning A th – beginning And nat. Wed: vn And matelny, close And let's remind you And come on, approx. And nat etc. Retained in derivative forms them , even if the suffix does not follow -A- , For example: sn And mu, sn And mi, sub And mu, sub And mi etc.