Handbook of spelling and literary editing. Russian language
The manual contains theoretical information on all main sections of the Russian language course and various exercises of the Russian language course and various exercises on spelling, punctuation, vocabulary and stylistics, grammatical analysis.
The book will help students systematize and deepen their knowledge school curriculum in preparation for written and oral exam In Russian.
The manual is intended for high school students and applicants, Russian language teachers and teachers of preparatory courses at universities.
Unverifiable unstressed vowels in the root.
There are many words whose root vowels cannot be checked by stress. These are the so-called unverified writings. Among them there are words that are originally Russian, but for the most part similar words come from other languages. Their spelling is determined by the dictionary.
The spelling of the most common words should be remembered: vinaigrette, object, dilemma, conductor, dependent, quotation marks, obsession, charm, smell, panorama, periphery, gudgeon, confusion, tunnel, tunnel, tunneler (currently this spelling is more common than the spelling tunnel, tunnel, tunneler), utilitarian, etc.
CONTENT
Preface 3
Introduction 4
PHONETICS. GRAPHIC ARTS. ORTHOEPY
§1. Sounds and letters 6
§2. Phonetic analysis and phonetic transcription 11
§3. Syllable 12
§4. Accent 13
§5. Pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, some grammatical forms 16
SPELLING
Principles of Russian spelling 19
Spelling vowels in root 20
§6. Tested unstressed vowels at root 20
§7. Unchecked unstressed vowels in root 21
§8. Alternating vowels in root 22
Root gar-/gor- 22
Root zar-/zor- 23
Root cas-/kos(n)- 23
Root clan-/clone-24
Root lag-/false-24
Roots poppy, mok-25
Roots equal-, rhoen- 25
Roots swim-, swim-, swim- 26
Root rast-/ros- 26
Root skak-/skoch- 27.
Root tvar-/tvor- 27
Roots ber-/bir-, der-/dir-, mer-/mir-, per-/pir-, ter-/tir- 28
Roots bleat-/blist-, zheg-/zhig-, even-/cheat-, stel-/stil- 29
Roots with alternating a(i)/im, a(i)/in 29
§9. Vowels after sibilants ir root 30
§10. Letter e 32
Spelling of consonants in the root 33
§eleven. Voiced and voiceless consonants in the root 33
§12. Double consonants in the root 34
§13. Unpronounceable consonants 36
Use of capital letters in proper names 37
Composition of the word. Word formation. Shaping 42
§14. Word composition 42
§15. Morphological method of word formation 45
§16. Non-morphological methods of word formation 48
§17. Ways to form word forms 49
Separating b and b 50
Spelling prefixes 51
§18. Prefixes on -з and prefix с- 51
§19. Prefixes pre- and pre- 54
§20. Vowels ы and и after prefixes 56
Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings 57
§21. Vowels o and v after sibilants 57
§22. Vowels after ts 60
Word wrapping 61
VOCABULARY AND PHRASEOLOGY
§23. Polysemy of the word 63
§24. Homonyms 66
§25. Synonyms 67
§26. Antonyms 71
§27. Use foreign words 73
§28. Phraseologisms 74
MORPHOLOGY
§29. Parts of speech 78
Noun 80
§thirty. Meaning, categories and categories of nouns 80
§31. Spelling noun endings 86
§32. Spelling noun suffixes 88
Adjective 92
§33. Meaning, categories and categories of adjectives 92
§34. Spelling adjective endings 94
§35. Spelling adjective suffixes 95
§36. Letters k and nn in adjective suffixes 99
Spelling difficult words 104
§37. Compound words with a connecting vowel 104
§38. Compound words without a connecting vowel 105
§39. Spelling compound nouns 106
§40. Spelling compound adjectives 108
Number 114
§41. Meaning and digits of numerals 114
§42. Spelling of numerals 116
Pronoun 120
§43. Meaning and categories of pronouns 120
§44. Spelling Pronouns 121
Verb 124
§45. Meaning, categories and forms of verbs 124
§46. Spelling personal endings of verbs 129
§47. The use of the letter ь in verb forms 131
§48. Spelling verb suffixes 134
§49. Stress in verb forms 139
Communion 141
§50. Meaning and forms of participles 141
§51. Spelling endings and suffixes of participles 142
§52. Spelling k and nn in participles and verbal adjectives 145
Participle 151
Adverb 153
§53. Meaning and categories of adverbs 153
§54. Spelling adverbs 156
§55. Continuous writing of adverbs 158
§56. Hyphenation adverbs 163
§57. Separate writing adverbial expressions 165
Preposition 171
§58. The meaning of prepositions 171
§59. Spelling prepositions 172
Soyuz 174
§60. The meaning and types of unions 174
§61. Spelling conjunctions 176
Particles 179
§62. The meaning and discharges of particles 179
§63. Spelling particles 180
§64. Use of particles neither and nor 182
Interjection 197
Repeated spelling exercises 199
SYNTAX AND PUNCTUATION
Collocation 203
Proposition 207
§65. Types of sentences 207
§66. Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech 210
Simple sentence 211
§67. Main members of proposition 211
Subject 211
Predicate 215
§68. Dash between the main members of sentence 223
§69. Minor members offers 227
Addendum 228
Definition 229
Appendix 233
Circumstances 235
§70. Syntactic and stylistic meaning word order 239
§71. One-part sentences 241
§72. Sentences with homogeneous members 245
§73. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 248
Homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by conjunctions 248
Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by conjunctions 249
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 253
Generalizing words for homogeneous members offers 255
§74. Offers with dissociated members. 260
§75. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 261
Separation of definitions 261
Segregation of applications 271
Isolation of circumstances 277
Separating additions 287
Isolation of clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of sentence 288
Words not grammatically related to sentence members 293
§76. Introductory words and sentences 293
§77. Appeal 306
§78. Punctuation marks for particles, interjections, affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words 309
Complex sentence 313
§79. Complex sentence 314
§80. Complex sentence 319
§81. Punctuation marks in complex sentences 321
§82. Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses 325
§83. Punctuation marks for comparative phrases with conjunctions like, what, than, etc. 333
§84. Non-union complex sentence 338
§85. Complex syntactic structures 348
Direct and indirect speech 351
§86. The concept of direct and indirect speech 351
§87. Punctuation marks in direct speech and dialogue 353
§88. Punctuation marks for quotations, for expressions taken from a dictionary foreign to the author or used in an ironic sense 363
Repeat exercises on spelling and punctuation 365
STYLISTICS
§89. Language styles 375
§90. Use of noun forms 378
§91. Using adjective forms 384
§92. Use of numeral forms 386
§93. Use of pronouns 388
§94. Using verb forms 390
§95. Build simple sentence 392
§96. Agreement of the predicate with the subject 395
§97. Harmonization of Definitions and Applications 401
§98. Some cases of 405 control
§99. Sentences with homogeneous members 413
§100. Use of participial phrases 415
§101. Use of participial phrases 418
§102. Complex sentence 420
Application. Don't be mistaken about the accents! 422
Conditional abbreviations 434.
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Ditmar Elyashevich Rosenthal is a famous Soviet linguist, interpreter of the rules of the Russian language. This is a man who has made a significant contribution to Russian research, because he has many philological works to his credit. On top of that, in 1952 he became a candidate of pedagogical sciences. And in 1962 he received the title of professor.
For every literate person, there is hardly a philologist more authoritative than Dietmar Rosenthal. More than one educated generation grew up on his textbooks. And while someone is wondering: Dietmar Elyashevich Rosenthal - who is this, we can safely say that this man was able to slightly change the world for the better. Thanks in part to his work, students in the USSR demonstrated such high level literacy.
Childhood and family
In December 1900, a Pole was born in Lodz. Jewish origin, who is given the name Dietmar Elyashevich Rosenthal. Rosenthal's photo can be seen in the article. He was born into the family of housewife Ida Osipovna and economist Zigmund Moiseevich. At first, the family lived in Berlin for some time. Except for my father, all my relatives spoke Polish. Sigmund Rosenthal spoke only German because, like many intelligent Jews of his time, he was a Germanophile. Dietmar and his brother went to the gymnasium, where at that time the study of the Russian language was compulsory.
Moving to Moscow
In 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, shortly after the start of the first hostilities, their hometown ends up on the front line, which is why the whole family has to move to relatives in Moscow. Having moved to Russia, Ditmar went to the 5th grade of the 15th Moscow gymnasium, and, interestingly, even then he had no the slightest problem with Russian language. But, as mentioned above, he was not even family to him. As he himself jokingly noted, he had innate literacy and an ability for languages.
Education
After school, he entered the university to major in Italian, where he studied from 1918 to 1923. Further, until 1924, Ditmar studied at the K. Marx Institute of Economy, where he received an education as an economist. Perhaps his parents pushed him to get a second education, because his father was an economist, and it is quite possible that the family considered Dietmar’s profession not reliable enough. Then he becomes a graduate student, and later a research fellow at RASION, where he worked for two years.
Pedagogical activity
My pedagogical activity Dietmar Elyashevich Rosenthal begins, while simultaneously studying at the Moscow Institute National economy. He teaches at high school. A year after the start of his practice, it will be awarded the status of a higher school.
Later, from 1927, he taught Polish studies at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. Polonistics is a science that studies the Polish language and its culture. It was then that the knowledge gained in childhood came in handy. During this period of time, in collaboration with another linguist, Rosenthal published a phrasebook Polish language, as well as the accompanying Polish-Russian and Russian-Polish dictionary.
Moved to MPI in 1940. There he remained for 12 years.
Next, Ditmar Elyashevich becomes a professor and head of the department of the Faculty of Journalism of the Moscow state university, he held this position for 24 years, from 1962. There he later remained a consulting professor until the end of his life. For a long time he was the head of the faculty group of television and radio announcers of the Soviet Union.
Work abroad
Ditmar Elyashevich Rosenthal was a professional in his field, and all thanks to his sincere love for languages and science. The professor lived by constantly improving his knowledge and trying to bring something new into his speech. Linguistics was my life's work.
Rosenthal's position in society is clearly very high. The government did not doubt him and, without fear, sent him on business trips abroad. Therefore, it was he who became the head of the “Russian Language Abroad” office. The linguist traveled throughout Europe and taught Russian, and also participated in conferences.
Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich became the author of a manual on the Italian language for higher education educational institutions. He was also involved in the creation of a Russian-Italian dictionary and an Italian-Russian one. In addition, Ditmar Elyashevich translated books from this language. Rosenthal received his PhD for creating a manual on " Italian language. Elementary course." In many ways, he increased his knowledge when, during his graduate studies, he went on an internship to Italy. There he gained considerable experience and, among other things, the opportunity to study various dialects.
Practical style
He and Bylinsky co-authored the book “Literary Editing.” Thanks to this, they became the founders of practical stylistics. On this topic in the same year, only in co-authorship with another linguist, Mamontov, Ditmar Elyashevich Rosenthal published another book, “Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language.” These works made a great contribution to education and served to improve the harmony and beauty of speech.
Proceedings
He wrote many works, articles, books, dictionaries, and reference books. In total there are about four hundred works. And also, among other things, works that touch on many aspects of the grammar of the Russian language. His publications are addressed to a wide audience, ranging from first-year students to professional linguists and journalists. To this day, many of Dietmar Rosenthal’s works and books are being republished.
The professor died in Moscow on July 29, 1994. Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich is buried. The biography of this man is very interesting and even a little paradoxical. Despite such a huge list of works and social life he was very withdrawn and lonely. The greatest linguist gave only one interview in his entire life, and then at the end of his career. He spoke very little about personal matters, talking more about his work, which remained his inspiration until the end of his days.
> Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichDITMAR ELYASHEVICH ROSENTHAL
(1900-1994)
In 1923 he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow State University, and in 1924 from the Faculty of Economics of the Moscow Commercial Institute (now the G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics).
After graduating from universities, he entered graduate school at the Russian Association of Research Institutes social sciences Institute of Language and Literature, specialized in Italian language and literature. During his studies, he completed an internship in Italy, where he studied local dialects. As a result of the internship, he wrote an Italian language textbook for universities and compiled Italian-Russian and Russian-Italian dictionaries.
Since 1922 taught at a second level school, from 1923 - in higher school at the workers' faculty named after Artyom.
In 1927, he was invited to Moscow State University as a teacher of Polish studies in the ethnological department.
In 1940-1962. taught at the Moscow Printing Institute, the All-Union Planning Academy, and the Moscow Correspondence Pedagogical Institute.
He was a member of the Orthographic Commission of the Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, carried out scientific editing of textbooks and dictionaries, scientific and methodological collections, and was deputy editor-in-chief of the magazine “Russian Language at School” (1938-1962).
In 1949 for the university textbook “Italian language. Elementary course" D.E. Rosenthal was awarded academic degree candidate of pedagogical sciences. In 1961 he received the academic title of professor.
From 1962 to 1987, he headed the Department of Stylistics of the Russian Language, Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, then became a professor in this department. He remained at this department as a consulting professor until the end of his life.
In May 1962, he headed the office “Russian language abroad” at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. He taught Russian and spoke at conferences in Italy, Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia.
D.E. Rosenthal was a member of many Councils, including the Educational and Methodological Council of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, the Scientific and Technical Council of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary special education THE USSR.
Main works: “Difficult questions of grammar and spelling”, “Practical stylistics of the Russian language”, “A manual on the Russian language for those entering universities”, “Literary editing” (co-authored with K.I. Bylinsky), “Difficult cases of punctuation”, “Questions Russian spelling. Practical guide", "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing", "Spelling and Punctuation. Rules and exercises. Tutorial", "Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms"(co-authored with M.A. Telenkova), "Management in the Russian language. Dictionary-reference book”, “Modern Russian language” (co-authored with M.A. Telenkova and I.B. Golub).
Spelling Guide and literary editing. Rosenthal D.E.
16th ed. - M.: 2012 - 368 p. 5th ed., rev. M.: 1989. - 320 p.
The first two sections of the handbook cover basic rules of spelling and punctuation, with an emphasis on difficult cases. The third section provides regulatory information and recommendations related to literary editing. The directory is intended for publishing workers, primarily editors, as well as for everyone who seeks to improve their literacy and speech culture.
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Preface ............................................. 3
Spelling 5
I. Spelling vowels in the root 5
§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels.................................................. 5
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels...................................... 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels.................................................... ............. 6
§ 4. Vowels after sibilants.................................................. ................... 7
§ 5. Vowels after ts ............................................................................ ............ 8
§ 6. Letters 9 - e .................................................................................. ............ 8
§ 7. Letter th ......................................................................................... ............ 9
II. Spelling of consonants in the root 9
§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants.................................................. ............ ............ 9
§ 9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 10
§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants...................................................... 11
III. Use of capital letters 12
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text.................................................... . 12
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation.................................... 12
§ 13. Proper names persons........................................................ ............. .......... 13
§ 14. Animal names, names of plant species, wine varieties .................. 15
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays...............
16
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 16
§ 17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names................... 17
§ 18. Astronomical names.................................................... .......... 19
§ 19. Names historical eras and events, geological periods...................... 20
§ 20. Names of revolutionary holidays, popular movements, significant dates. 20
§ 21. Names associated with religion.................................................... ..... 21
§ 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms..... 21
§ 23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art.......... ....... 24
§ 24. Names of positions and titles.................................................. .......... 24
§ 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia.................................... .......... 25
§ 26. Names of literary works and press organs 26
§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations.................................... ......... 26
§ 28. Conventional proper names.................................................. ........ ......... 27
IV. Separating ъ And b 28
§ 29. Use ъ........................................................................... 28
§ 30. Use of b.................................................... ............................ ......... 28
V. Spelling of prefixes 28
§ 31. Prefixes on z-.................................................... ........................................ 28
§ 32. Prefix c-............................................ ........................................... 29
§ 33. Prefixes pre- And at- ............................................................... ........ 29
§ 34. Vowels s And And after the attachments........................................................ . 29
VI. Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings 30
§ 35. Vowels owe after the hissing ones ..................................................... 30
§ 36. Vowels after ts ......................................................................... 31
VII. Spelling nouns 31
§ 37. Endings of nouns.................................................... 31
1. The endings of the dative and prepositional cases of nouns with a stem on And (31). 2. The ending of the prepositional case of neuter nouns on ye- (31). 3. Genitive endings plural nouns on ye- and bya- (31). 4. The ending of the genitive plural of nouns ends with -“я (31). 5. Endings -th And -ohm in the instrumental case of proper names (32). 6. Noun endings with suffixes -looking, -ushk, -yushk, -ishk (32). 7. Endings of nouns with the suffix -l- (32)
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns.................................................... 32
1. Suffixes -ik And -ek (32). 2. Suffixes -ets- And -its-(33). 3. Suffixes -ichk- And -echk- (33). 4. Combinations -inc- And -enk- (33). 5. Suffixes -onk- And -enk- (33). 6. Suffixes -chick And -schik (33). 7. Suffixes -nie And -nye (34). 8. Words with rare suffixes (34)
VIII. Spelling adjectives 34
§ 39. Endings of adjectives.................................................... . ........ 34
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives.................................................. 34
1. Suffixes -iv, -liv-, -chiv- (34). 2. Suffixes -oe-, -ovat-, -ovit-, -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (34). 3. Adjectives on -chiy- (35). 4. Suffixes -at-, -chat- (35). 5. Final ts bases before suffix -chat- (35). 6. Adjectives on -d-sky, -t-sky, ch-sky, -its-ky (35). 7. Adjectives with suffixsom -sk-(35). 8. Adjectives from stems starting with -“6 and -ry (36). 9. Adjectives and nouns with combinations chn And shn at the junction of root and suffix (36). 10. Suffixes -“-, -enn-, -onn-, -in-, -an-, (-yang-)(36) 11. Adjectives on -Insky And -ensky (37)
IX. Spelling difficult words 37
§ 41. Connecting vowels O And e .................................................. 37
§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel.................................... ........ 38
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns.................................... 39
1. Words with elements -auto-, aero-, bicycle-, fierce-, agro-, bio-, zoo-, cinema-, radio-, television-, photo-, macro-, micro-, neo-, meteo-, stereo-, hydro-, electro- and others (39). 2. Words like wryneck (39). 3. Compound words (39). 4. Words like vacuum apparatus, dynamo, chair-bed(40). 5. Words like gram-atom(40). 6. Words like anarcho-syndicalism(40). 7. Names of intermediate
countries of the world (40). 8. Words with elements vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex- (40). 9. Words like love-not-love (40). 10. Words like boy-woman(40). 11. Words like alpha particle(40). 12. Words like Almaty residents(40). 13. Words like part- And trade union organizations(41)
§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives.................................... 41
1. Complex adjectives expressing subordinating relationships (41). 2. Continuous writing of complex adjectives used as terms (42). 3. Complex adjectives, one of the parts of which is not used independently (43). 4. Adjectives formed from compound nouns with hyphens (43). 5. Adjectives formed from a combination of first name and last name, first name and patronymic, or two last names (43). 6. Southern adjectives expressing coordinating relationships (44). 7. Complex adjectives, parts of which indicate heterogeneous characteristics (44). 8. Compound adjectives denoting quality with an additional connotation (45). 9. Compound adjectives denoting shades of colors (45). 10. Hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives used as terms (45). 11. Compound adjectives in geographical or administrative names (46). 12. Compound adjectives like literary and artistic(47). 13. Phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective or participle (47)
X. Spelling of numerals 48
§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals... 48
§ 46. Numeral floor- ...................................................................... ......... 49
XI. Spelling pronouns 50
§ 47. Negative pronouns................................................... 50
XII. Spelling verbs 51
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs.................................................. .......... 51
§ 49. Use of the letter b in verb forms.................................. 52
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs................................................................ 52
XIII. Spelling participles 53
§ 51. Vowels in suffixes of participles.................................................... .... 53
§ 52. Spelling ““ and “ in participles and verbal adjectives
exponents........................................................ ....................................... 53
XIV. Spelling adverbs 56
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs.................................................... ............... ........ 56
§ 54. Adverbs of hissing. . .................................................. ........ 56
§ 55. Negative adverbs.................................................. .............. ......... 56
§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs.................................................... 57
1. Adverbs of type completely, forever(57). 2. Adverbs of type twice, two by two(57). 3. Adverbs of type for a long time, a lot(57). 4. Adverbs of type close(57). 5. Adverbs of type in trouble, on alert(57). 6. Adverbs of type on time, on time, on time, in installments(58). 7. Adverbs of type up, finally, forever (59)
§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs.................................................. ......... 59
1. Adverbs of type apparently, in a friendly, wolfish way(59).
2.
Adverbs of type Firstly(59). 3. Adverbs of type after all
(60). 4. Adverbs of type barely, little by little, not today-
tomorrow, out of the blue(60). 5. Technical term on the-
mountain(60)
§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations.................................. 60
1. Type combinations side by side(60). 2. Type combinations honor honor (60). 3. Type combinations without knowledge, in the old days, before refusal, on the fly, to match, on the run, the other day (60). 4. Type combinations abroad, as a keepsake, under your arm, in your hearts(61). 5. Combinations of a preposition with its noun starting with a vowel (61)
XV. Spelling prepositions 61
§ 59. Complex prepositions.................................................. ........................ 61
§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations 61
XVI. Spelling conjunctions 62
§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions.................................................. .......... 62
1. Union to (62). 2. Unions Same And Also(62). 3. Unions and And besides(62). 4. Union but, adverbs why, then, why, because, why, because, therefore, therefore, how much(63). 5. Union So(64)
§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions.................................................. ...... 64
XVII. Spelling particles 64
§ 63. Separate writing of particles................................................. ........ ......... 64
§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles.................................................. ......... 64
Spelling no and no 65
§ 65. Spelling Not with nouns...................... 65
1. Words like ignoramus(65). 2. Words like enemy(65). 3. Words like layman(65). 4. Particle Not when contrasted (66). 5. Particle Not with a noun in an interrogative sentence (66)
§ 66. Spelling Not with adjectives........................ 66
1. Words like careless(66). 2. Words like small(66). 3. Particle Not when contrasted (66). 4. Particle Not with relative adjectives (66). 5. Writing a particle Not in opposition expressed by a conjunction A or But(67). 6. Writing Not with adjectives that have explanatory words (67). 7. Writing Not with short adjectives (68). 8. Writing Not with words ready, must, glad and so on. (68). 9. Denial Not at comparative degree adjectives (69). 10. Adjectives like incomparable(69). I. Particle Not with an adjective in an interrogative sentence (70)
§ 67. Spelling Not with numerals........................ 70
§ 68. Spelling Not with pronouns........................................................ ......... 70
§ 69. Spelling Not with verbs........................................................ .... ......... 70
§ 70. Spelling Not with participles........................................................ 72
§ 71. Spelling not with adverbs............................................... ........ 73
§ 72. Spelling neither ...................................................................... 75
XVIII. Spelling interjections and onomatopoeic words 77
§ 73. Hyphenated writing of interjections and onomatopoeias. . 77
XIX. Spelling foreign words 77
§ 74. Transcription of foreign words.................................................... ........ 77
XX. Punctuation marks at the end of sentences and during breaks in speech
§ 75. Point................................................... .......................................
§ 76. Question mark.................................................... ......................
§ 77. Exclamation mark.................................................... ....................
§ 78. Ellipsis.................................................... ...................................
XXI. Dash between clauses
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate....................................................
1. Subject and predicate - noun in the nominative case (81). 2. Subject and predicate indefinite form of the verb (or noun and indefinite form of the verb) (82). 3. Dash before words this is what it means and others (82). 4. Predicate - numeral name (82). 5. Predicate - predicative adverb O(83). 6. Predicate - idiomatic phrase (83). 7. Subject-word This(83). 8. Subject - personal pronoun (83). 9. Predicate - interrogative pronoun (83). 10. Predicate - adjective, pronominal adjective, prepositional-reliable combination (83). 11. Dash in footnotes (83)
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence.................................................... ........ 84
1-2. Dash in elliptical sentences (84). 3. Dash in incomplete sentence, forming part of a complex sentence (84). 4. Dash in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence (84)
§ 81. Intonation dash.................................................... ....................... 85
§ 82. Connecting dash.................................................... ...................... 85
1. Dash to indicate spatial, temporal, quantitative limits (85) 2. Dash between proper names forming the names of teachings, scientific institutions etc. (85)
XXII. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members
85
§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions....................................
1. Comma between homogeneous terms (85). 2. Point c after the heel between homogeneous terms (86). 3. Dash between homogeneous members (86)
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.................................. ........ 87
§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications.................................. .........
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions.................................................... ............................................
1-3. Homogeneous members connected by single connecting and dividing unions (90). 4. Homogeneous members connected by adversarial unions (90) § 87. Homogeneous members,
United by repeating conjunctions § 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired conjunctions. . .
§ 89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms....................................
1. Homogeneous terms with a preceding generalizing word (93). 2. Homogeneous terms followed by generalization with the word (94). 3. Homogeneous members after a generalizing word that do not complete the sentence (95). 4. Generalizing word and homogeneous members in the middle of the sentence (95). 5. Semicolon between homogeneous terms in the presence of a generalizing word (95)
XXIII. Punctuation marks for repeated words
§ 90. Comma for repeated words.................................................... .
§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words....................................
XXIV. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members
§ 92. Separate definitions.................................................. ............
1. A common definition that comes after the noun being defined (98). 2. Definition combined with an indefinite pronoun (99). 3. Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns in combination with participial phrases (99). 4. Two single definitions (99). 5. Single definition (100). 6. Definition with an adverbial connotation of meaning (100). 7. Definition in isolation from the noun being defined (100). 8. Definition with personal pronoun (101). 9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (101). 10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives (102). 11. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive form of the verb (102).
§ 93. Separate applications.................................................... ............
1. Common application with a common noun (103). 2. Single (undistributed) application (103). 3. Application with your own name (105). 4. Proper names of persons or the name of an animal as an application (105). 5. Applications joined by unions (106). 6. Application for personal pronoun (106). 7. Application relating to the missing defined word (106). 8. Use of a dash in a separate application (106)
§ 94. Special circumstances.................................................... .......
1. Participial phrase (108). 2. Two single gerunds (PO). 3. Single participle (111). 4. Circumstances expressed by nouns (111). 5. Circumstances expressed by adverbs (112)
§ 95. Separate additions.................................................... ............
XXV. Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence
§ 96. Clarifying members of a sentence.................................................... ....
1. Clarifying circumstances (114). 2. Clarifying definitions (114). 3. Definitions specifying the meaning of pronouns this, that, such(114). 4. Words more precisely, more precisely, rather as introductory words (115)
§ 97. Explanatory parts of the sentence.................................................
1. Constructions with words namely, that is(115). 2. Constructions with explanatory conjunction or (116)
§ 98. Connecting members of a sentence....................................................
1. Constructions with words even, especially, for example, in particular, including, yes and, and moreover and others (116). 2. Non-union connecting structures (117). 3. Signs for the connecting structure (117)
XXVI. Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases.................................................... ......
1. Classification of introductory words by meaning (117). 2. Distinguishing between introductory words and sentence parts (119). 3. Punctuation with words finally, in the end, however, of course, means, in general, mainly, in any case(121). 4. Comma when two introductory words meet (123). 5. Introductory words as part of isolated phrases (123). 6. Introductorywords after the coordinating conjunction (124). 7. Introductory words after the connecting conjunction (124)
§ 100. Introductory and plug-in sentences.................................................... 124
§ 101. Appeal.................................................... ................................... 126
§ 102. Interjection.................................................... ................................ 127
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words. 129
XXVII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 130
§ 104. Comma in a compound sentence.................................... 130
§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence ... 132
§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence.................................... 132
XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 133
§ 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses 133
§ 108. Comma in complex subordinating conjunctions.................................. ...... 134
§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses..135
§ 110. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions.................................................... ....... ...... 136
§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence.................................... ...... 137
§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence.................................... 138
§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence and in
period ................................................................................ 138
XXIX. Punctuation for phrases that are not subordinate clauses 139
§ 114. Expressions that are integral in meaning.................................................. .. 139
1. Make revolutions properly, spend the night where you have to, go wherever your eyes take you etc. (139). 2. Combinations not really, not reallyn etc. (139). 3. Combinations (not) more than, (not) earlier thanAnd etc. (140). 4. Combinations unknown who, nepo it’s clear where, it doesn’t matter which one and so on. (140). 5. Combinations anyone, anywhere etc. (140). 6. Speed type I have something to do, I’ll find somewhere to turn etc. (140). 7. Combination that's all... that (141)
§ 115. Comparative turnover.................................................... ............. 141
1. Turnovers with unions as if, exactly, as if and others (141).
2.Revolutions with the union How(142). 3. Absence of a comma when using conjunctions How(143)
XXX. Punctuation marks in the non-union complex sentence 145
§ 116. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence 145
§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence.... 146
§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence.................................... ...... 148
XXXI. Punctuation marks for direct speech 151
§ 119. Direct speech after the author’s words................................................. ...... 151
§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue.................................................... ..... ...... 155
XXXII. Punctuation marks for quotations 156
§ 124. Quotation marks................................................................. ................... 156
§ 125. Ellipsis when quoting.................................................... .............. 157
§ 126. Capital and lower case in quotations................................... 157
XXXIII. Using quotation marks 158
§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conventional, ironic meaning... 158
§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.. 159
§ 130. Names of orders and medals.................................................... ......... 160
§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, industrial products, etc... 160
§ 132. Names of plant varieties.................................................. .......... 161
XXXIV. Punctuation combinations 161
§ 133. Busy and dash.................................................... ............................... 161
§ 134. Question and exclamation marks.................................... ...... 162
§ 135. Quotation marks and other signs.................................................... ............... ...... 162
§ 136. Parentheses and other signs.................................................... ............... 163
§ 137. Ellipsis and other signs.................................................... .......... 164
§ 138. Sequence of characters for footnotes.................................... ...... 164
Literary editing
XXXV. Word choice 165
§ 139. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means 165
§ 140. Elimination of bureaucracy and cliches.................................... 170
§ 141. Pleonasm and tautology.................................................. ................ ...... 173
§ 142. Euphony of speech.................................................... ........................ 174
§ 143. Use of phraseological means.................................... ..... 175
XXXVI. Forms of nouns 178
§ 144. Fluctuations in the gender of nouns.................................... 178
1. Words that have parallel masculine and feminine forms (178). 2. Words used in the masculine form (180). 3. Words used in the feminine form (181). 4. Words used in the neuter form (181). 5. Words formed using suffixes (182)
§ 145. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings.................................. 182
§ 146. Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.................................... 183
1. Words without pair formations (183). 2. Paired formations adopted in neutral styles of speech (184). 3. Paired formations used in colloquial speech (184)
§ 147. Gender of indeclinable nouns..................................... 185
1.Words denoting inanimate objects (185).
2.Substantivized words (186). 3. Words denoting persons (186). 4. Words denoting animals, birds, etc. (186). 5. Geographical names (187). 6. Names of press organs (187). 7. Abbreviations (187)
§ 148. Features of the declension of some words and phrases 188 1. Words like little house(188). 2. Words like home(188).
3. Difficult words mud half an hour(188). 4. Compound words like raincoat, dining car(188). 5. Combination Moscow River(188). 6. Difficult geographical
type names Orekhovo-Zuevo, Gus-Khrustalny(189). 7. Type combinations fifth of March(189)
§ 149. Declension of some names and surnames.................................... 189
1. Type names Levko, Gavrilo(189). 2. Type combinations
Jules Verne (189). 3. Names and surnames of type Karel Capek.(189). 4. Surnames ending with a consonant (189). 5. Indeclinable surnames on -ago, -s and others (190). 6. Non-Russian surnames ending in a vowel sound (190). 7. Ukrainian surnames -ko (191). 8. Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese surnames (191). 9. Double surnames (191). 10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two persons (191). 11. Type combinations two Petrovs(192). 12. Female patronymics (192)
§ 150. Singular genitive endings -and I)----- y(s) ..192
§ 151. Forms of the accusative case of animate and inanimate nouns................................................... ........ 193
§ 152. Endings of the prepositional singular case of masculine nouns -e----- at............. 195
§ 153. Endings of the nominative pluralmasculine nouns -s(-s)----- and I).... 196
§ J 54. Genitive plural endings 199
§ 155. Instrumental plural endings-yami ----- (b)mi ....................................................... 200
§ 156. Use of the singular in the meaning of the plural.................................................... ........................... 201
§ 157. The use of abstract, real and proper nouns in the plural........ 201
§ 158. Variants of suffixes of nouns.................................. 202
1. Words like little sparrows- sparrow(202). 2. Words like birch forest- bereznik(202). 3. Words like meaninglessness- nonsense(202)
XXXVII. Forms of adjectives 203
§ 159. Full and short form of qualitative adjectives 203
§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives.................................... 205
1. Shape type related, peculiar(205). 2. Shape type determined, frank(205). 3. Shape type light, dark(206)
§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives.... 206
§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives.... 207
1. Adjectives like fathers, uncles(207). 2. Adjectives like paternal, maternal(208). 3. Adjectives like elephant, snake(208). 4. Adjectives like fox(208).
§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns.................................... 208
XXXVIII. Forms of numerals 210
§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns.................................... 210
1. Forms eight- eight, fifty- fifty ten, with three hundred rubles - with three hundred rubles, thousand - thousand(210). 2. Forms of compound numerals (211). 3. Type combinations 22 days(211). 4. Shapes of wallpaper: - both(212). 5. Counting word pair(212). 6. Type combinations two or more(212). 7. Combinations of the preposition po with numerals (212). 8. Type combinations 33.5 percent(213). 9. Numerals one and a half n one and a half hundred(213)
§ 165. Use of collective numerals.................................... 213
§ 166. Numerals in compound words.................................... 214
1. Words with element two- And two-(214). 2. Numeral floor-(215). 3. Difficult words mud 2500th anniversary(215)
XXXIX. Use of pronouns 216
§ 167. Personal pronouns.................................................... ........................... 216
1. Pronoun and context (216). 2. Omission of a subject pronoun with a predicate verb (216). 3. Pleonastic repetition of the personal pronoun as the subject (217). 4. Shapes she has - she has(217). 5. Initial “ for 3rd person pronouns (217)
§ 168. Reflexive and possessive pronouns.................................... 218
1. Pronoun myself(218). 2. Pronoun mine(218)
§ 169. Determinative pronouns.................................................... .. 219
1. Any- every- any(219). 2. Myself- most(220)
§ 170. Indefinite pronouns.................................................... .220
XL. Use of verb forms 221
§ 171. Formation of some personal forms.................................... 221
1. Insufficient verbs like win(221). 2. Personal forms of verbs like get well(222). 3. Verbs to rest, to sway, to lay, to honor(222) ^. Abundant verbs like rinse, move(222). 5. Some forms imperative mood (223)
§ 172. Variants of species forms................................................. .......... 224
1. Verbs like manage- manage(224). 2. Verbs type condition- condition(224). 3. Verbs like popularize- popularize(225). 4. Verbs disdain, see, smoke, climb, measure, torment, lift, read, whistle, hear, grow old(225). 5. Verbs of motion (226). 6. Combination of verbs of movement with names of modes of transport (227). 7. Shape type mock- got wet (227)
§ 173. Refunds and non-returnable forms....................................... 227
1. Verbs like turn white- turn white(227). 2. Verbs likethreaten - threaten(227). 3. Verbs circle- cool live, splash - splash n al. (227). 4. Ambiguity of constructions with verbs in -xia (228)
§ 174. Forms of participles.................................................. ........................ 228
§ 175. Forms of participles.................................................... ............... 229
XLI. Construction of a simple sentence 229
§ 176. Types of sentences.................................................. .................... 229
1. Type I constructions I suggest- I suggest(229). 2. Type designs ask not to smoke- no smoking(229). 3. Type I constructions Want- I would like to(230). 4. The phrases are active, passive and impersonal (230). 5. Sentences with “offset” construction (230)
§ 177. Forms of the predicate.................................................... .................... 230
1. Conversational forms of the predicate (230). 2. “Splitting” the predicate (231). 3. Nominative and instrumental case in compound predicate (231)
XLII. Order of words in a sentence 232
§ 178. Place of subject and predicate.................................................... 233
§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence.................................................... 234
1. Agreed definition (234). 2. Several agreed upon definitions (235). 3. Inconsistent definition (236)
§ 180. Place of addition in a sentence.................................................. 236
1. Direct and reverse order words (236). 2. Location of several additions (237). 3. Type designMother loves daughter(237)
§ 181. Place of circumstance in a sentence.................................... 237
§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions.................................................... ................... 239
XLIII. Agreement of the predicate with the subject 240
§ 183. Predicate with a subject containing a collective noun........... 240
1. Type designs the majority voted(240). 2. Type designs the majority of the population voted(241). 3. Conditions for placing the predicate in the plural (241)
§ 184. Predicate with subject - quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover) .................................. 242
1. The meaning of joint and separate action (242).
2. The meaning of an undivided and dismembered whole (242).
3. Designation of a measure of weight, space, etc. (243). 4. Combination with words years, months etc. (243). 5. Combinations with numerals two three four(243). 6. Compound numbers ending in one(243). 7. Predicates in words thousand, million, billion(244). 8. Word combinations all, these, only and others (244). 9. The subject is a numeral without a noun (244). 10. Approximate quantity value (244). 11. Word combinations some(245). 12. Combinations with words a lot, a little etc. (245). 13. Combinations with words like troika(246). 14. Combinations with words like mass, a lot(246). 15. Words like half an hour(246).
§ 185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application.................................................... ................ 246
1. Grammatical agreement and agreement in meaning (246). 2. Combination of generic and specific concepts (246).
3. Combination of a common noun and a proper name (246).
4. Agreement with the subject in the presence of qualifying words, connecting constructions, etc. (247). 5. Predicate for words like cafe-dining room (247).
§ 186. Predicate with subject type brother and sister.... 248 § 187. The predicate with the subject is an interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative pronoun. . 249 In the subject: 1. Interrogative pronoun (249) ^. Relative pronoun Who(250); 3. Relative pronoun What(250); 4. Indefinite pronoun (250) § 188. Predicate with a subject - an indeclinable noun, a compound word, an indivisible group of words........................... ........................................................ ............... 251
In the subject: 1. Substantivized word (251); 2. Borrowed indeclinable word (251); 3. Russian abbreviation (251); 4. Foreign abbreviation (252); 5. Conventional name (252); 6. Indivisible group of words (252); 7. Nickname of a person (253) § 189. Coordination of the connective with the nominal part of the predicate. . . 253 § 190. Agreement of the predicate with homogeneous subjects 254 1. The influence of the order of the main members of the sentence (254). 2. The role of unions (254). 3. Semantic proximity of homogeneous subjects (256). 4. Arrangement of subjects in gradation order (256). 5. Influence lexical meaning predicate (256). 6. Personal pronouns as part of subjects (257)
XLIV. Harmonization of definitions and applications 257
§ 191. Definition of a noun general kind.... 257
§ 192. Definition for a noun that has an appendix.................................................... ... 258
§ 193. Definition for a noun depending on numerals two three four ............................ 259
§ 194. Two definitions with one noun.................................... 261
§ 195. Definition for nouns - homogeneous members 263 1. Definition in singular form (263). 2. Plural definition (264). 3. Definition of nouns with a repeating preposition (264). 4. Definition of nouns in plural form (264). 5. Definition when combining type brother and sister(264)
§ 196. Approval of applications.................................................. .......... 265
1. Nicknames and conventional names (265). 2. Type combinationslaunch vehicle (265). 3. Type combinations by name, known ny as, be it, insert words (265). 4. Type combinations showcase stand (265)
§ 197. Applications - geographical names.................................... 265
XLV. Control 268
§ 198. Non-prepositional and prepositional control.................................... 268
1. Variants of non-prepositional and prepositional constructions (268). 2. Designs with weak control (269). 3. Turns of phrases except, instead of and others (269).
§ 199. Choice of preposition...................................:................. ........................... 270
1. Combinations in address- at the address, using- with help cabbage soup, for the purpose- in order to etc. (270). 2. Prepositions with explanatorymeaning (oh, about, about etc.) (272). 3. Prepositions with spatial meaning (at, at, about, etc.) (272). 4. Prepositions with temporary meaning (274). 5. Prepositions with causal meaning (thanks to, due to, as a result of etc.) (275). 6. Prepositions By- o with verbs denoting emotional experience (276). 7. Denominal prepositions in a relationship- in relation to and others (276). 8. New prepositions in business, in the region, in part, at the expense of, along the line(276). 9. Type combinations in the introduction- in the introduction(277)
§ 200. Choice of case form.................................................... ............. 277
1. Stylistic options case forms(277). 2. Combinations in absence, in the 20s and others (278). 3. Prepositionsexcluding, between, according to (278). 4. Double Dependency Designs (279)
§ 201. Case of addition when transitive verbs with negation 279 1. Genitive(279).2. Accusative case (280). 3. Optional use of both cases (282). 4. Complement of a verb with a prefix under- (282). 5. Denial Not not with a predicate verb (282). 6. Case of the complement in sentences with a displaced construction (282)
§ 202. Management with synonymous words.................................... 282
§ 203. Various prepositional-case forms with one control word................................................... ................................... 283
1. Complements of verbs give up, sacrifice, merit live, watchand others (283). 2. Type designs drink water - drink water(288). 3. Design type look for a place- look for places(288). 4. Genitive tenseuse (288). 5. Tina designs owes something to someone(288). b. Tina designs traitor to the motherland- traitor homeland (288). 7. Type designs close to what-close to what(289)
§ 204. Stringing identical shapes.................................................... 290
I. Stringing genitive cases (290). 2. Stringing other hopes (290). 3. Confluence of case forms with the same prepositions (290). 4. Confluence of infinitives (290). 5. Genitive subject and genitive object (290)
§ 205. Control with homogeneous members of a sentence. . . 291
XLV1. Offers With homogeneous members 291
§ 206. Unions with homogeneous members.................................................... ... 291
§ 207. Prepositions with homogeneous members.................................................... 292
§ 208. Errors in combinations of homogeneous terms.................................... 293
1. Incomparability of concepts (293). 2. Lexical incompatibility (294). 3. Incompatibility of species and generic concepts (294). 4. Crossing concepts (294).
5. Ambiguity with different series of homogeneous terms (294).
6. Incorrect pairwise connection of homogeneous members (294). 7. Morphological incompatibility (294). 8. Errors when using comparative conjunctions (295). 9. Violation of the connection between homogeneous members and the generalizing word (295). 10. Heterogeneous syntactic structures (296)
XLVII. Difficult sentence 296
§ 209. Unions and allied words.................................................... ............... 296
1. Stylistic coloring of unions (296). 2. Unions Bye Andnot yet(297). 3. Conjunctive words which And Which(297)
§ 210. Errors in complex sentences.................................................. 298
1. Variation in the parts of a complex sentence (298). 2. Structure displacement (298). 3. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words (299). 4. Incorrect word order (300). 5. Mixing direct speech and indirect speech (300)
XLV1II. Parallel syntactic structures 301
§ 211. Participial phrases.................................................. ................. 301
1. The absence of future tense and subjunctive forms in participles (301). 2. Separate and non-separate participial phrase (301). 3. The meaning of tense, aspect and voice of participles (301). 4. Agreement of participles (302). 5. Word order in the participial phrase (303). 6. Explanatory words for communion (303). 7. Replacing the subordinate clause with a participial phrase (303)
§ 212. Participial phrases.................................................. ............. 304
1. Standard use of participial phrases (304). 2nd place participial phrase in sentence (305). 3. Synonymy of participial phrases and other constructions (305)
§ 213. Constructions with verbal nouns. . . 306 1. Scope of use of verbal nouns (306). 2. Disadvantages of constructions with verbal nouns (306). 3. Editing techniques (307)
About how to read books in pdf formats, djvu - see section " Programs; archivers; formats pdf, djvu and etc. "
The purpose of this manual is to help students strengthen their writing skills, prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it with the highest score. The book contains the basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation in accordance with the requirements of the Russian language study program at school. Special attention the book focuses on difficult cases spelling. The list of difficult words to write in the book will help you cope with writing the most complex texts, and exercises and dictations will help you test and consolidate your knowledge of the language. The benefit will be an indispensable assistant students, teachers, tutors, as well as all those who want to improve their knowledge of the Russian language.
Tested unstressed vowels.
The general rule for spelling the tested unstressed vowels does not cause any difficulties. It says: in unstressed syllables the same vowels are written that are pronounced in this part of the word when it is stressed. For example: rinse (rinse) the mouth - caress (caress) the dog; thin out (rare) seedlings - unload (discharge) a gun.
Wed. different spellings of the vowels of the root in words similar in sound composition: climb (up a tree) - lick (a wound), wrap around (cold) - wrap around (braids around the head), run around (square) - offend (children), land (on the ground) - winter (winter crops), boil (mushrooms) - open (gate), shine (a lantern) - dedicate (into a secret), try on (dress) - reconcile (warring), fasten (collar) - fasten (horse), chew (piece meat) - live (in the city center), flutters (flag) - develops (child), brought (by the hand up the stairs) - svila (nest), sing (songs) - drink (tea), turn gray (become gray) - sit (to be in sitting position), belittle (reduce) - beg (beg), pinch (a torch) - pinch (a hand), etc.
CONTENT
SPELLING
Spelling vowels in root 4
§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels 4
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels 6
§ 4. Vowels after sibilants 8
§ 5. Vowels after Ts 9
Spelling of consonants in the root 11
§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants 11
§ 9. Double consonants 12
§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants 14
Use of capital letters 15
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text 15
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 15
§ 13. Proper names of persons 16
§ 14. Animal names 20
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays 20
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 21
§ 17. Geographical names 22
§ 18. Astronomical names 25
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events 25
§ 20. Names of state and professional holidays, significant dates 26
§ 21. Names of institutions, organizations and enterprises 27
§ 22. Names of documents, ancient monuments, objects of art 30
§ 23. Names of positions and titles 31
§ 24. Names of orders, medals, insignia 32
§ 25. Names in quotation marks 32
§ 26. Compound words and abbreviations 33
§ 27. Conventional proper names 35
Spelling foreign words 35
§ 28. Issues of transcription and transliteration 35
Separating b and b 39
§ 29. Use of b 39
§ 30. Use of b 40
Spelling prefixes 40
§ 31. Vowels И and И after prefixes 40
§ 32. Prefixes on -З 41
§ 33. Prefix C-42
§ 34. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-42
Vowels after sibilants and in suffixes and endings 43
§ 35. Vowels O and E after sibilants 43
§ 36. Vowels after Ts 44
Spelling nouns 45
§ 37. Endings of nouns 45
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns 47
Spelling adjectives 49
§ 39. Endings of adjectives 49
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives 50
Spelling difficult words 54
§ 41. Connecting vowels O and E 54
§ 42. Compound words without connecting vowels 55
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns 56
§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives 59
Spelling of numerals 72
§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals 72
§ 46. Numeral Gender - 73
Spelling pronouns 74
§ 47. Negative pronouns 74
Spelling verbs 75
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs 75
§ 49. Use of the letter b in verb forms 77
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 77
Spelling participles 78
§ 51. Vowels in suffixes of participles 78
§ 52. Spelling НН and Н in participles and verbal adjectives 79
Spelling adverbs 83
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs 83
§ 54. Adverbs of hissing 83
§ 55. Negative adverbs 84
§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs 84
§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs 91
§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations 92
Spelling prepositions 95
§ 59. Complex prepositions 95
§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations 95
Spelling conjunctions 96
§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions 96
§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions 100
Spelling particles 100
§ 63. Separate writing of particles 100
§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles 100
Spelling NOT and NOR 102
§ 65. Spelling NOT with nouns 102
§ 66. Spelling NOT with adjectives 104
§ 67. Spelling NOT with numerals 110
§ 68. Spelling NOT with pronouns 110
§ 69. Spelling NOT with verbs 110
§ 70. Spelling NOT with participles 111
§ 71. Spelling NOT with adverbs 113
§ 72. Spelling NOT with function words 117
§ 73. Spelling NI 117
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 120
§ 74. Hyphenated writing of interjections and onomatopoeias 120
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech 121
§ 76. Question mark 123
§ 77. Exclamation mark 124
§ 78. Ellipsis 124
Dash between members of sentence 125
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate 125
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence 130
§ 81. Intonation dash 131
§ 82. Connecting dash 131
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 132
§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions 132
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 134
§ 85. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 136
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions 138
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 141
§ 88. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 142
§ 89. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 143
Punctuation marks for repeated words 144
§ 90. Comma for repeated words 144
§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words 145
Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 146
§ 92. Separate definitions 146
§ 93. Separate applications 150
§ 94. Special circumstances 156
§ 95. Separate additions 162
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence 163
§ 96. Clarifying members of sentence 163
§ 97. Explanatory parts of sentence 164
§ 98. Accessory members of sentence 165
Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence 166
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases 166
§ 100. Introductory and inserted sentences 171
§ 101. Appeal 173
§ 102. Interjection 174
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words 176
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
§ 104. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 176
§ 105. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 179
§ 106. Comparative turnover 186
§ 107. Expressions that are integral in meaning 193
§ 108. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 195
DIRECT SPEECH
§ 109. Punctuation marks for direct speech 200
§ 110. Punctuation marks in dialogue 203
§ 111. Punctuation marks for quotations 203
§ 112. Use of quotation marks 205
§ 113. Combinations of punctuation marks 208
APPLICATIONS 214
Exercises 214
Dictations 251
A short list of difficult words to spell 259
Conditional abbreviations 281.