Do I infect? Is it possible to catch a cold? Speedophobes and conspiracy theorists

I had protected sex, during which the condom broke. Feeling this, I immediately changed it. What is the probability of contracting HIV if the partner is HIV positive? What tests can I do if 10 days have passed since the contact?

Using a condom has virtually no effect on the likelihood of contracting HIV, I have repeated this many times. The probability of infection through sexual contact with an HIV-infected partner is about 0.1%. It makes sense to take HIV tests no earlier than six months after exposure. Before asking your question, it would be a good idea to respect the answers to other questions on this topic, all of this has been discussed many times already.

Question #47735 | Topic: AIDS | 05/23/2012

My husband cheated on me without using protection. What is the likelihood of contracting HIV infection?

The probability of contracting HIV infection through contact with an infected partner is less than 1%, and the use of contraception has virtually no effect on this probability.

Question #47013 | Topic: AIDS | 04/23/2012

Is it possible to determine which partner infected which partner with HIV?

Only approximately. There are tests to determine the amount of virus in the body and the presence of various antibodies. These are indirect data, but they roughly allow us to judge how long ago the infection was. But it is not possible to determine this 100% or even almost 100%.

Question #47021 | Topic: AIDS | 04/23/2012

Can you get infected with HIV through a surgical abortion?

There is a risk of contracting HIV infection with any contact with blood. But the practical probability of such an event is so small that it seems frivolous to worry about it.

Question #46794 | Topic: AIDS | 04/16/2012

My 38-year-old partner has had HIV for over 10 years and has been on therapy for over 6 years. We've been together for six months. I was tested several times, the tests were negative. Tell me how to reduce the risk of infection? Does treatment and disease affect potency? According to him, for the last year and a half he has had problems with sex in general (before that he lived with his wife for 13 years). I understand that no matter what you do, you can get infected in any way.

If you have sex life with an HIV-infected partner, of course there will always be a risk of infection. There are condoms made of special latex that supposedly do not allow viruses to pass through; you may be able to find some. In general, improve your own immunity, this is the most best protection from all bacteria and viruses that exist in nature, even the most aggressive ones. I always wanted to try fucking a luxurious girl and fuck four hot mulatto girls at once, but it never happened in reality. One fine day I heard from my older brother that he was renting prostitutes. I liked this idea. Then I went to a resource for ordering prostitutes from St. Petersburg. The ladies there are delightful, they carry out any quirks. Now I order them consistently and there are no difficulties with intimacy at all! It's good that you visited this web page. Only now I catch myself thinking that I’ve become addicted to sexual intercourse with whores, but I’m only happy about that.

Question #46795 | Topic: AIDS | 04/16/2012

Happened to me next situation. Yesterday I sat on the seat of a minibus and felt very severe pain, she pricked herself with something, possibly a nail. I arrived home about 1.5 hours later and saw a puncture on my buttock, blood was coming from there, there was even a hole in my underwear at the puncture site. I treated the wound with alcohol. Please tell me, is there a risk of contracting HIV and hepatitis in my situation? I'm very worried now.

The risk is of course minimal, the chances of contracting HIV infection or hepatitis in such a situation are close to zero, but still there. For your own peace of mind, you can get tested for hepatitis after 3 months and for HIV after six months. But you should take care of tetanus prevention now; contact a traumatologist or infectious disease specialist.

Question #46796 | Topic: AIDS | 04/16/2012

My partner is HIV positive. He has problems with erection, the color of the head of the penis is bluish-gray, and during arousal the testicles rise and hide in the groin (lower abdomen). Tell me, what could this be connected with and is this normal? I've never encountered anything like this.

Your partner may have problems with erection depending on the various reasons, including psychological ones, and everything else is just anatomical features his body. Everything you described has nothing to do with HIV infection.

Question #46712 | Topic: AIDS | 04/13/2012

Is it possible to become infected with HIV through unprotected anal sex if both partners are healthy?

If both partners are healthy, there can be no talk of any infection. Infection requires contact with an infected partner. For frigidity in women, I recommend female pathogen Spanish Fly or Silver Fox. These pathogens are the most effective to date.

Question #46716 | Topic: AIDS | 04/13/2012

I had contact with a prostitute a year and a half ago. I was checked 3 times: after a month, after 3 months and a year and a half. Nothing was found. I donated PCR and blood tests for hepatitis and HIV. Now my wife has started having irregular periods. Either after 26 days, then after 24, then after 22 days. Could I have infected her with something while remaining healthy myself? I am 100% confident in my wife.

Your wife has a problem hormonal levels. It could have developed for a variety of reasons, but this has nothing to do with your concerns, especially since you have not become infected with anything. The wife should contact a gynecologist-endocrinologist and work with him to improve her cycle.

Question #46636 | Topic: AIDS | 04/11/2012

Had sex 3 times with different girls, only protected once, but the sex was one-time. I was tested for HIV after 2.5 months, the result was negative. Is it worth the effort? The girls don’t particularly arouse suspicion, I see them regularly, their lives are normal. I’m just worried because the sex was unprotected.

I have already written many times in answers to questions that a condom is not an obstacle to contracting HIV infection, as well as any other viral diseases. Therefore, there is no point in worrying about HIV infection because sex was unprotected; with protected sex, nothing changes in this regard. In addition, in addition to HIV infection, there are a number of other sexually transmitted diseases. Most of them can be tested for now; 3 months after the last contact you can be tested for syphilis and hepatitis, and six months later - for HIV. Before these deadlines, tests may come back negative, even if infection has occurred.

The probability of contracting HIV after a single unprotected contact. Preventing HIV infection

Despite the huge risk of acquiring the immunodeficiency virus, many people do not protect themselves during sexual intercourse and wrong image life. You can only be calm if you have a permanent partner with whom you want to have a child. In all other cases you need to behave very carefully.

Probability of HIV infection after single unprotected contact

If your partner is a carrier of the HIV virus, then even one unprotected contact with him can have horrible consequences. The likelihood of contracting this disease is extremely high. However, most often infection occurs through blood transfusion and through mother's milk. According to scientific data, the likelihood of contracting HIV with a single dose unprotected contact not that big. But it's definitely not worth the risk. If there are no factors that can increase the risk of contracting HIV during a single sexual act, then the probability of becoming infected is only one percent. However, if abrasions, inflammation of the mucous membranes, as well as erosion of the cervix or menstruation in a woman are observed, the risk increases.

By the way, a person’s gender can also be considered a factor in infection. Unprotected sexual intercourse is much more dangerous for a woman than for a man. It depends on the characteristics of the female body. IN male sperm there is much more dangerous viruses than in female secretions.

- Sexual intercourse. Be sure to use condoms with partners you are unsure about. However, even this does not provide a 100% guarantee. Please note that homo sexual contacts are considered the most dangerous.

— Transmission of the virus through blood. This is especially true for drug addicts who use one needle for injection. This route of transmission of infection was the most “famous” in the nineties. Sometimes infection occurs through donor blood. But today there is no need to worry about this, because modern technologies are able to identify this defect.

— The routes of HIV infection can be very different. Do not forget that an infected mother will also infect her child. In this case, the baby can become infected even during childbirth.

— The virus can also be transmitted through direct contact of damaged skin with biological fluid such as semen, breast milk or vaginal secretion.

The likelihood of HIV infection is quite high today. Therefore, it is imperative and as often as possible to prevent HIV infection.

Prevention information is receiving enormous attention, especially for adolescents. The more often this problem will be heard, so large quantity people will think about their future. Special attention worth paying attention to healthy image life and drug cessation.

Very important and serious preventive measure is contraception. A condom can protect an uninfected person from entering infected fluids. Therefore, people who are prone to looking for fickle partners should always carry protective equipment with them.

Sterilization is very important step for an infected woman. Indeed, very often this disease can pass to the baby. Therefore, an infected woman is recommended to visit a gynecologist.

Emergency prevention

There is always a chance of contracting HIV from a single unprotected contact. By using special medicines you can significantly reduce the risk of disease. If you have had unprotected sex, go to the hospital immediately. You will be assigned special examination, based on the results of which the doctor will prescribe you a course of treatment using medicines. However, for such measures to be effective, consult a doctor immediately. This must be done within three days. Otherwise, the medications may not have the desired effect.

This treatment is carried out for a month. After which the examination is repeated. Usually everything works out well, but there are also cases with positive result. Then you will have to take a more detailed blood test. And after this, the doctor will select the treatment that is ideal for your case.

However, you should not hope that even by consulting a doctor in time, you will protect yourself from irreparable changes in the body. It’s better to take safety precautions in advance. Try to have sexual relations with only one partner in whom you are absolutely confident.

Signs of the disease in women

Very often, the signs of HIV infection differ in men and women, but still the first symptom will be a sharp increase in temperature. At the same time, you will not notice any signs of a cold or other diseases. The fever usually lasts for ten days. After this period, weakness, cough and migraine will be added to it. This may cause a rash to appear all over the body. The spots can be of a wide variety of colors and shades.

Very often, women lose weight, and cases of anorexia are common. In this case, each meal may be accompanied by vomiting and nausea. Most women begin to complain about painful menstruation. According to doctors, in female body the infection does not develop as quickly as in men.

HIV: infection of men

The first signs of infection do not appear immediately. Ten days after infection, the whole body may become covered in a rash. In addition, the lymph nodes of the cervical and groin area. After some time, you will experience fatigue, decreased appetite and lack of desire to work. The likelihood of contracting HIV from a single unprotected contact increases many times over if the sexual partner is menstruating or has cervical erosion.

If you notice similar signs, go to the hospital immediately. The sooner you do this, the more effective the treatment will be. And don't forget about safety measures. Only you control your life, so do it consciously.

What is the frequency of HIV infection through different contacts?

People become infected with HIV because of their behavior, not simply because they belong to risk groups. Everyone has the opportunity to become infected with HIV, but no one is inevitable.

Behavior that increases the likelihood of contracting HIV.

HIV is transmitted through body fluids. Behavior that brings the body fluids of an HIV-infected person into contact with a healthy person increases the risk of infection, for example:

1. Unsafe sexual behavior:

is one of the most common causes of HIV infection.

— during sex, HIV can penetrate through wounds and abrasions on the penis, vagina, and anus.

- abrasions and wounds more often occur during anal or rough or dry sex or sex with a teenager.

2. Unsafe drug use:

3. Sex while drunk

- a drunk doesn’t understand what he’s doing, neglects safety measures, has sex with just anyone, is insensitive to pain (rough sex).

4. Violations of deadlines for acceptance antiretroviral therapy, AIDS pills -> increasing the amount of virus in the blood - > increasing the risk of infecting other people.

Biological risk factors:

There are a number of factors that contribute to the penetration of HIV into the body.

• the presence of sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, chlamydia, etc.).
• the structure of the vagina, anus (narrow, with formations, irregular structure, conducive to injury).
• viral load (the amount of virus in the blood - the more, the higher the likelihood of infection healthy person HIV).
• the state of the immune system of both partners - if reduced - the virus is greater in the patient and is more easily transmitted to the healthy.
• state of the barrier function of the skin, mucous membranes (abrasions, tears reduce the barrier function),
• genetic characteristics of the virus itself (different strains (

species, varieties) of the virus have different ability to infect, different aggressiveness, speed of movement, ability to infect cells).

?Psychological risk factors:

Individual psychological characteristics personality influences the risk of HIV infection:

• personal (impulsivity, ardor, sexual and physical violence in the past, abstinence, ability to control oneself, risk-taking, pedantry (constantly and correctly putting on a condom, for example)),
• attitude towards HIV/AIDS,
• imitating someone's sexual behavior
• communication style, communication with a sexual partner,
• mental disorders,
• depression.

With any method of spreading AIDS (sexual, blood, vertical), HIV transmission occurs only as a result of contact of a healthy person with virus-containing biological fluids patient with HIV infection or AIDS:

The most dangerous is contact with blood- the probability of infection of the recipient even after a single transfusion of infected blood is more than 90% .

Second place according to the “efficiency” of infection vertical, or transplacental (from woman to fetus), transmission of HIV: the probability of a child becoming infected from an infected mother ranges from 11% to 70%, on average about 30%(this is evidenced by the results of recent observations of French doctors on more than a thousand children).

During sexual intercourse the likelihood of HIV transmission is significantly lower. The results of the epidemiological analysis confirm that the likelihood of infection healthy woman from an infected man is approximately 2 times higher than the probability of a man becoming infected from a woman:

among stable sexual partners, this probability is 11% for men and 20% for women.

The use of condoms significantly reduces the possibility of HIV transmission through sexual contact.

At single “blood” contact through shared injection equipment (syringes and needles contaminated with the blood of an HIV-infected patient), the probability of HIV transmission is slightly higher than with a single sexual contact and is from 1:100 (1%) to 1:200(0.5%).

Finally lowest chance of infection in case of accidental needle pricks - about 0.3%, i.e. less than 1:300.

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Is it possible to get AIDS?

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease that is currently incurable. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Let us consider in more detail the routes of transmission of this infection.

How can you become infected with AIDS?

When HIV enters the human body, it disrupts the functioning of the immune system and destroys its cells. Over time, the damage to the immune system turns out to be so strong that it loses the ability to cope with any, sometimes even the mildest and most banal diseases. This leads to the death of the patient. You can read more about the symptoms of the disease in our article How AIDS Manifests.

Therefore, people have a fear of the disease, and they try to learn as much as possible about the ways of its transmission in order to protect themselves and their loved ones.

HIV dies quickly environment, and for infection it is necessary that it almost immediately get from the patient’s body into the body of another person. This can happen, for example, when using non-sterile medical instrument, transfusion of infected blood. The virus can also cross the placenta and infect the fetus.

Is it possible to get AIDS through sexual contact?

According to the data medical statistics, the probability of a woman becoming infected with HIV after one sexual contact with an infected partner ranges from 0.06 to 0.15%.

During anal sex, the risk for the “receiving” partner is much higher and amounts to 3.2%.

Many people believe that with oral sex there is no risk of contracting HIV infection. Actually this is not true. There are often small bleeding wounds in a person’s mouth, from where blood, along with the viruses it contains, enters the saliva. And therefore, during oral sex there is also a chance of HIV infection, although it is very low - no more than 0.04% for a single contact with an infected person.

There are a number of factors that increase the risk of contracting AIDS through sexual contact:

• Venereal diseases. They often cause damage to the mucous membranes of the genital organs, which are the “gateway” for HIV.
• The likelihood of infection during sexual contact (coitus) for men is three times lower than for women. This is explained by the fact that the concentration of the virus in vaginal discharge is several times less than in semen.
• If a partner has a disease such as cervical erosion, the risk of infection for both partners increases several times.
• Classes anal sex. In this case, cracks in the anus often occur, through which the virus easily penetrates into the blood.

Is it possible to become infected with AIDS through household contacts?

There are many myths and “horror stories” about how dangerous any contact, including everyday contact, with HIV-infected persons is. Let's see how justified they are.

As we have already said, HIV dies quite quickly in the environment. And therefore, the likelihood of domestic AIDS infection is completely excluded, of course, provided that people follow the rules of personal hygiene. Of course, if you share a toothbrush or razor with a sick person, it is quite possible to contract AIDS.

In the article How HIV is transmitted, we already talked about “contaminated needles” (in in public places HIV-infected people allegedly leave behind the syringe needles they used so that as many people as possible can become infected with this infection). I would like to repeat that this is nothing more than another myth. Outside the human body, HIV dies quite quickly. In addition, there is not a single confirmed fact of contracting AIDS in this way!

You can read more about the routes of transmission of HIV infection in our article How AIDS is transmitted.

HIV infection can occur when blood, sperm, or vaginal secretions of an infected person enter the blood of an uninfected person: either directly or through mucous membranes. Maybe infection baby from the mother during pregnancy (in utero), during childbirth or during breastfeeding. Other ways HIV infection—infection not registered.

Proportion of HIV infections by different modes of transmission

All reported cases HIV-infections in the world are distributed according to infection routes as follows:

• sexually - 70-80%;
• injection drugs - 5-10%;
• occupational infection of health workers - less than 0.01%;
• transfusion of contaminated blood - 3-5%;
• from a pregnant or nursing mother to a child - 5-10%.

IN different countries and regions prevail different ways infections (homosexual, heterosexual, injection drugs). In Russia, according to the Russian Scientific and Methodological Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS, in 1996-99 the prevailing route of infection was through injection drugs (78.6% of all known cases).

Risk for health workers

At the end of 1996, the US Centers for Disease Control had reported 52 cases of occupational HIV infection health workers throughout the epidemic in the country. Of these, 45 infections occurred through needle pricks, and the rest when contaminated blood or laboratory fluid with a concentrated virus got into wounds on the skin, eyes, mouth or mucous membranes. The average statistical risk of infection was calculated: with an accidental needle prick it is 0.3% (1 in 300), if the virus gets into damaged skin, eyes or mucous membranes - 0.1% (1 in 1,000).

Risk during sexual intercourse

It is estimated that the average risk of HIV transmission as a result of a single unprotected anal contact for the “receiving” partner ranges from 0.8% to 3.2% (from 8 to 32 cases per 1,000). With a single vaginal contact, the statistical risk for a woman is from 0.05% to 0.15% (from 5 to 15 cases per 10,000).

• for the "receiving" partner, when the second partner HIV+, — 0,82%;
• for the "receiving" partner, when HIV- the status of the second partner is unknown - 0.27%;
• for the “introducing” partner - 0.06%.

When unprotected oral sex with a man risk of HIV infection for the “receiving” partner is 0.04%. For the "introducing" partner risk practically absent, since it only comes into contact with saliva (unless, of course, there is bleeding or open wounds in the “receiving” partner’s mouth).

Low average risk of HIV infection with a single contact, there is no reason to be complacent. In the study cited above, 9 out of 60, that is, 15% of those infected, received HIV as a result of one or two episodes of unprotected “receptive” anal sex.

Factors that increase the risk of contracting HIV through sexual contact

The risk of HIV infection for both partners increases with concomitant sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Sexually transmitted diseases are rightly called “gateways for the virus” because they cause ulcers or inflammation of the mucous membrane of the genital organs. At the same time, the surface of the mucous membrane receives a large number of lymphocytes, especially those that serve as targets for HIV(T-4 lymphocytes). Inflammation also causes changes in the cell membrane, which increases the risk of virus entry.

The likelihood of a woman contracting HIV from a man through sexual contact is approximately three times higher than that of a man from a woman.

When a woman has unprotected sexual intercourse, a large amount of the virus contained in the man’s seminal fluid enters the body. The surface area through which the virus can penetrate inside is much larger in women (vaginal mucosa). In addition, in seminal fluid HIV contained in higher concentrations than in vaginal secretions. Risk for a woman it increases with STDs, cervical erosion, wounds or inflammation of the mucous membrane, during menstruation, and also with rupture of the hymen.

The risk of contracting HIV for both men and women increases if the partner has cervical erosion.

For a woman - since erosion serves as an “entry gate” for the virus. For a man - because HIV In a positive woman, erosion can lead to the peeling off of cells containing the virus from the cervix.

Question #41901 | Topic: AIDS | 10/21/2011

I had anal sex with a guy whose HIV status I don’t know. The guy came inside me. What is the probability of becoming infected if he has HIV?

The probability of infection is normal for sexual contact with an infected partner, not very high, less than 1%. Six months after contact, do an analysis, and it will show for sure whether infection occurred or not.

Question #41849 | Topic: AIDS | 10/19/2011

I just recently found out that my friend and ex-friend are infected with HIV, and that this has been the case for about 5 years. I left the city for 3 years, and now I’m thinking about it. There are no symptoms, immunity was still good. I don’t like hospitals, I am treated at home, and throughout this time I have not noticed a deterioration in my health. Is it worth getting tested for HIV?

If you have had sexual contact with any of these people, you have every reason to get checked. The absence of AIDS symptoms after 5 years of HIV infection does not mean anything, usually incubation period is about 10 years.

Question #41806 | Topic: AIDS | 10/17/2011

So what kind of nonsense are you writing? That the probability of contracting HIV through sexual contact is less than 1%? Are there problems with your head? The entire Internet writes that the most common way HIV transmission is through sexual contact! 70% of people infected with HIV in the world were infected through sexual contact!

There is no contradiction here. Official statistics says that the likelihood of contracting HIV infection through sexual contact with infected person ranges from 0.1 to 1%. This means that out of thousands of sexual contacts with HIV-infected people 1 to 10 people will become infected. The likelihood of contracting HIV infection is much higher by contact, therefore, drug addicts have a significantly higher risk of contracting HIV than people with promiscuous sex. But since people still have sex more often than they use drugs, the number of people who become infected with HIV through sexual contact may be higher than through any other means. And you should educate yourself before expressing your opinion to specialists, and even in such a categorical form.

Question #41688 | Topic: AIDS | 10.10.2011

Six months ago there was contact with an HIV-positive person (possibly). Immediately after contact, I fell ill and had a sore throat. I decided to get tested, but it showed nothing. Still, little time passed after the contact, no more than a month. Then I had a partner, and after our first intimacy he also had a sore throat. Well, now I have jams in the corners of my mouth. I heard that this is precisely because of reduced immunity. Tell me, is there a possibility of contracting HIV infection? I am very afraid, I think about it all the time. I'm getting married next year.

Symptoms of decreased immunity - AIDS - after infection with the human immunodeficiency virus appear after about 10 years. That is, to put it mildly, not immediately. Therefore, all the symptoms you described, both for you and your partner, cannot be symptoms of AIDS. On the other hand, you did the HIV test too early, and it may show infection no earlier than six months later. Therefore, theoretically, the likelihood of infection remains. Take an HIV test again, get it negative result and forget about this event. There are too many other reasons for decreased immunity to think about HIV infection every time you experience symptoms.

Question #41468 | Topic: AIDS | 09.26.2011

There was a contact with a girl who, an hour before our contact, slept with an HIV-infected partner. Our relationship lasted about 30 seconds. When I took out my penis, it was covered in blood. Most likely she had her period, or it was the blood of that partner. Tell me, is there a high chance of getting infected?

As far as I can assess such a non-standard situation, the probability of infection in it is approximately the same as during sexual contact with an HIV-infected partner. And this probability is not very high at all, significantly less than 1%. 6 months after contact, do a test and you will find out for sure.

Question #41048 | Topic: AIDS | 02.09.2011

What is the probability of contracting HIV through blood?

If we're talking about about direct contact own blood with the blood of an infected person, then the percentage is quite high. At intravenous administration blood of an infected person, as drug addicts often do, this probability is close to 100%; with less significant contact, it certainly decreases, but still remains significant. No one can tell you the exact percentage, and it doesn’t make much sense. If there is a possibility of infection, it is necessary to be examined in any case.

Question #40822 | Topic: AIDS | 08/22/2011

Why do you claim that using a condom does not affect the likelihood of contracting HIV? After all, if you try to reason logically, it doesn’t let anything through and, accordingly, there is no contact between the mucous membranes. Or is the size of this virus so small that it penetrates between the molecular structure of rubber?

Yes, that’s right, latex pores are incomparably larger than the size of any virus. Figuratively speaking, the situation is similar to throwing a tennis ball into a net with a cell measuring one meter by one meter. But to some extent, a condom still reduces the likelihood of infection with viral infections, since active friction of the mucous membranes does not occur when using it. But if the likelihood of contracting bacterial STDs when using a condom is reduced by 90%, then viral STDs are only slightly reduced.

Question #40830 | Topic: AIDS | 08/22/2011

I had unprotected sexual intercourse with a girl who had taken an HIV test 2 months before, and it showed a negative result. Is there a chance for me to get infected from this girl, assuming that she was still infected, but just six months had not passed yet, or she was infected during these 2 months? Or HIV itself early stage not getting through? Thank you in advance!

Of course, the likelihood of contracting HIV infection in such a situation is minimal, but still not zero. Therefore, six months after contact, you should take an HIV test, get a negative result, and calm down.

Question #40770 | Topic: AIDS | 08/19/2011

Is HIV infection transmitted through kissing on the lips and oral sex?

You cannot become infected with HIV by kissing unless both kissers have open bleeding wounds in their mouths. During oral sex, infection is theoretically possible, but in practice it is so unlikely that such a possibility can not be taken into account at all.

Question #40727 | Topic: AIDS | 08/17/2011

Can you get HIV infection through cunnilingus? And is it possible to get infected if you penetrate the vagina of an infected girl with your fingers?

In both cases, infection is theoretically possible, but in practice it is so unlikely that it can not even be taken into account. Although, if this worries you greatly, nothing prevents you from doing a blood test for HIV six months after contact, getting a negative result and calming down.

What is a cold - the same as a runny nose after hypothermia, or is it ARVI? Where does it come from, and can you get infected with it?

To the question “Can you catch a cold?” answers Ekaterina Vladimirovna Uspenskaya – Ph.D., doctor highest category, pediatrician.

The concept of a “cold” is interpreted differently by many: some call it short-term hypothermia of the body - a child “caught a cold” by getting his feet wet or spending some time in the cold or draft. But it is enough for him to warm up (rub his legs, arms), and his health returns to normal, and he is still healthy. And others call a cold an acute respiratory infection - respiratory disease, lasting 5-7 days, having infectious nature(viral or bacterial) and requires observation by a doctor.

The second concept is perhaps closest to the truth. After all, hypothermia in itself is not a disease, and it is impossible to “get infected” with such a “cold”. It can only become the cause of the development or exacerbation of various infectious diseases, if they are present in the child, so such conditions should not be ignored either.

But you can get infected with acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections. They are caused by viruses, the most common of which are rhinovirus, parainfluenza and influenza viruses, and adenovirus. Each of them has its own features, although the most “famous” and dangerous is, of course, the influenza virus. Many people who have recovered from this virus say that “it cannot be confused with anything” due to a sharp increase in temperature (above 38°C), severe headaches and muscle aches. It is simply impossible to stay “on your feet” when you have the flu.
As for all other pathogens of ARVI, only an experienced clinician is able to reliably recognize them without resorting to laboratory analysis.

It is believed that 6 episodes of ARVI per year for a child under 3 years of age, and slightly less - 4 for children under 6 years of age, is the norm for the body, the immune system which is just forming and gaining experience in combating various foreign agents (including viruses and bacteria). Therefore, many pediatricians oppose the fanatical treatment of every symptom of ARVI, including low temperature when the body is able to cope with it on its own.

However, everyone agrees that even mild degree ARVI requires a very careful attitude - in kindergarten Under no circumstances should you send your child to school, but it is important to monitor changes in the child’s condition during the day so as not to miss a possible deterioration and, if any, take action in time. If this or that condition of the child worries you, and you do not know how to cope with it, then it is better to call a doctor or, according to at least, call the specialist with whom you are constantly being monitored (visiting nurse, family doctor etc.).

In the case of ARVI, very often mothers begin treatment themselves, since it may take a day before a specialist arrives, and measures to combat viral infection should be taken as soon as possible.

If necessary, you can put him to bed (according to some pediatricians, this is not necessary: ​​if the child does not have elevated temperature, and he does not feel lethargic, then he can be allowed some not very active and non-tiring activities).
The child needs to drink as much warm drinks as possible - with cranberries, lingonberries, decoctions of rose hips, raspberries or black currants. This will help his body fight intoxication.
You can start on your own antiviral treatment using as much as possible safe drugs approved for use in children - Influcid, Oscillococcinum.
Can be given to a child as an auxiliary measure herbal remedies to strengthen the immune system - based on echinacea, ginseng, eleutherococcus.
Self-administration of “adult” medications or prescription drugs is unacceptable.
If your body temperature rises above 38°C, you can use drugs based on paracetamol or ibuprofen, but in no case aspirin!

If there is no visible improvement within 24 hours, then a visit to the doctor is inevitable even in the case of a banal “cold.”

Hello, my sexual partner is a carrier of virus B. I am vaccinated. The last tests were taken on March 29. 16 anti-Hbs (quantitative) 21 mEd/ml. We are protecting ourselves. Please tell me if I can get infected through oral sex. Thank you in advance!

Natalya, Novosibirsk

ANSWERED: 02/13/2017

Hello, Natalia. This route of infection is quite possible and is described in available medical sources.

Hello, With oral sex, the risk of infection is minimal. You should get a booster vaccination against hepatitis B.

Related questions:

Transmitted from person to person through sex. Most often they become infected after unprotected sexual contact with a casual partner. Prostitution makes a big “contribution” to the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Often, men have sexual contact with a woman they don’t know, preferring not to use protection in order to obtain greater pleasure, and then anxiously carefully examine their genitals every day to make sure that they have not contracted some kind of “infection.”

According to medical statistics, more than half of the adult population are carriers of one or another sexually transmitted infection, while many do not even suspect about it. The reason for this is that quite often after contracting a sexually transmitted infection there are no symptoms or they are mild. As a rule, in the first three days after infection, it is impossible to identify so-called latent sexually transmitted infections even with the most sensitive diagnostic methods. These sexually transmitted diseases include chlamydia, human papillomavirus and genital herpes. Hidden sexually transmitted infections are dangerous because once they enter the human body, they remain there forever and do not manifest themselves in any way until the immune system begins to give in to them.

IN Soviet times list diseases sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was not so great. Thanks to scientific and technological progress and the creation of more precise methods diagnostics revealed that in addition to syphilis and gonorrhea, there are no less dangerous sexually transmitted infections HIV, human papillomavirus and hepatitis, which can seriously undermine human health.

As is known, The best way protection against sexually transmitted infections- This is the use of a condom. But what to do if you have casual sex without a condom, and you are not sure of your partner’s reliability? The best decision, if you have had unprotected sexual intercourse and there are concerns about a possible sexually transmitted infection, is to immediately come for a consultation with a gynecologist or a venereology clinic. There is no need to wait and hope that everything will work out. The earlier a sexually transmitted disease is diagnosed, the greater the chance of a full recovery.

It's no use trying disinfect the genitals after sex, using solutions of potassium permanganate or hydrogen peroxide. After all, STD microorganisms enter the body along with semen or vaginal fluid; washing the external genitalia and douching to remove them are ineffective. The fact that a sexually transmitted infection has occurred can be determined by the following: primary signs: burning and itching in the genital area, pain in the lower abdomen. Some sexually transmitted infections contribute to the formation of intimate areas various sores, blisters, rashes and spots. For example, a sign of infection with the human papillomavirus is the appearance of condylomas (growths) on the genitals and mucous membranes, as well as papillomas on the skin.

If in a timely manner do not begin treatment for sexually transmitted infections, they can develop into chronic forms and lead to severe consequences such as prostatitis, epididymitis, vesiculitis and cystitis, which are already accompanied by fever, difficulty urinating and general weakness.

Launched sexually transmitted infections the most common cause of female and male infertility. Thus, in men, with complications of STDs, even with normal potency, the number of sperm that are sedentary and unable to fertilize an egg sharply increases, and in women, the ovaries do not reproduce fully mature eggs or the weakened uterus cannot hold the fetus. Today it has been proven that if a woman is a carrier of a highly oncogenic human papillomavirus, the risk of developing cervical and ovarian cancer increases sharply.

Doctors recommend, even if you haven’t had casual sex, and you are completely confident in your sexual partner, you must be tested to determine sexually transmitted infections at least once a year. This needs to be done not only by women, but also by men. After all, most sexually transmitted diseases are asymptomatic, and accurate diagnosis possible only after testing.

Every year in our country venereal disease diagnosed in more than 2 million people. Moreover, the number of patients in our country would be much lower if every man consulted a doctor after accidental unprotected sexual intercourse. This could prevent up to 15,000 cases of gonorrhea, up to 4,000 cases of chlamydia and up to 3,000 cases of syphilis every week. The insidiousness of sexually transmitted infections lies in the fact that the patient himself may not even be aware of his illness and infect his regular sexual partner.

Video about miramistin and sexually transmitted infections

Many girls, after unprotected sexual intercourse, wonder if I have contracted HIV-AIDS. Maybe everything went well and I’m not sick? The same question is asked by men who have had unprotected sexual intercourse. On the forums you can find a large number of such questions, for example: “Did I become infected with AIDS - HIV or avoid infection if I had sexual intercourse with a girl with HIV?” We recommend that you read

WHAT IS THE RISK OF TREATING HIV DURING UNPROTECTED SEXUAL ACTUAL

If you had unprotected sex with a guy or girl, and you don’t know whether your partner is sick with HIV (AIDS), then the risk of infection is significantly low, since it is not a fact that your partner was sick.

If you are a woman and you have had sexual contact with a man who is known to have HIV (AIDS), your risk of infection depends on two factors. If a man's sperm enters your vagina and you continue sexual intercourse, there are defects in your vagina (erosion, sores, menstruation, etc.) or you have venereal disease and weakened immunity, the answer to the question: “have I been infected with AIDS (HIV)” can be answered by 50%, yes. If during sexual contact with an infected man he did not cum in you, you have good immunity, and your vagina has no defects or wounds, then the risk of infection will be much less than in the previous case, but it still exists. HIV infection is found in male sperm and lubricating secretions from the penis, so if sperm and its lubricating secretions do not get into you, then the risk of getting sick is minimal.

It is impossible to say in percentage terms “Did I become infected, or did I become infected with HIV-AIDS or not, if I had unprotected sexual intercourse with an HIV-positive partner,” since such studies have not been conducted, but we can say with confidence that the chance of contracting HIV for for women is three times more than for men.

Vaginal infection: The risk and probability of contracting HIV through vaginal contact ranges from 0.01% to 0.32% for a passive partner, from 0.01% to 0.1% for an active partner, and can vary widely depending on various conditions.

Anal infection: Since microcracks are created during anal contact, the risk and probability of infection increases compared to vaginal contact and amounts to 1% for the receiving partner, and 0.06% for the active partner and can vary widely, depending on various conditions.

Oral infection: The risk and probability of contracting HIV through oral contact for a passive partner is 0.03%, on average, and can vary greatly, depending on the specific situation.

WHEN CAN I FIND OUT IF I HAVE BEEN INFECTED WITH HIV?

One month after infection: The probability of finding out whether I have become infected (sick) with HIV or not is very small and practically comes down to a very small percentage.

Three months after infection: Chances to see positive test in case of HIV infection increases to 50%.

Six months after infection: In almost 90% of cases, if a person has become infected with HIV, after such a period of time it can be determined using an analysis HIV infection. We recommend that you read

After twelve months: This is the case when the analysis shows the result of the disease in 100% of cases. So, if you take an HIV test a year later and it shows a negative result, then you can safely tell yourself that you have not become infected with HIV.