Table on the history of the activities of growing political parties. Political parties in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century

IN late XIX century Russian empire was considered a powerful state in the world with a strong economy and a stable political system. However, in the new century, the country faced a revolution and a long struggle to establish a specific model of statehood.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the country experienced a dominance of various parties with completely different programs And political leaders. Who led the future revolutionary movement, and which parties waged the most intense and lengthy struggle for power?

The main political parties of the country at the beginning of the 20th century

Name of the political party and date of its founding	Party leaders	Main political positions
RSDLP (B) or “Bolsheviks” (date of formation - 1898, date of split - 1903).	V.U. Lenin, I.V. Stalin.	The Bolsheviks especially advocated the overthrow of the autocracy and the abolition of any class status. According to party leader Lenin, the existing monarchical power is hindering the potential development of the country, and the class division demonstrates all the flaws of the tsarist political views. The Bolsheviks insisted on a revolutionary solution to all problems in the country, and also insisted on the need for the dictatorship of the proletariat. Subsequently, the need to introduce universal, accessible education and carry out a revolution throughout the world was added to Lenin’s beliefs.
RSDLP (M) or “Mensheviks” (founding date of the party - 1893, date of split - 1903)	Yu.O. Martov, A.S. Martynov, P.B. Axelrod	Despite the fact that the RSDLP party itself split in 1903, its two directions predominantly retained general views. The Mensheviks also advocated for universal suffrage, the abolition of estates and the overthrow of the autocracy. But the Mensheviks offered a slightly softer model for solving existing political problems. They believed that part of the land should be left to the state, and part should be distributed to the people, and that the monarchy should be fought through consistent reforms. The Bolsheviks adhered to more revolutionary and drastic measures of struggle.
"Union of the Russian People" (date of formation - 1900)	A.I. Dubrovin, V.M. Purishkovich	This party adhered to much more liberal views than the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. The "Union of the Russian People" insisted on preserving the existing political system and strengthening the autocracy. They also insisted that the existing estates must be preserved and government reforms should be addressed through consistent and careful reforms.
Social Revolutionaries (date of formation - 1902)	A.R. Gots, V.M. Chernov, G.A. Gershuni	The Social Revolutionaries insisted on the relevance of a democratic republic, as the best model to govern the country. They also insisted on a federal structure of the state and the complete overthrow of the autocracy. According to the Socialist Revolutionaries, all classes and estates should be gotten rid of, and the land should be transferred to the ownership of the people.
Party of Russian Constitutional Democrats or “Cadets” (founded in 1905)	P.N. Miliukov, S.A. Muromtsev, P.D. Dolgorukov	The Cadets insisted on the need for consistent reformation of the existing political system. In particular, they insisted on maintaining the monarchy, but transforming it into a constitutional one. The division of power into three levels, the reduction of the existing role of the monarch and the destruction of the class division. Despite the fact that the position of the cadets was quite conservative, it found a wide response among the population.
	D.N. Shilov, A.I. Guchkov.	The Octobrists adhered to conservative views and advocated the creation of a constitutional monarchical system. In order to increase the efficiency of the government, they insisted on the creation of a state council and a state duma. They also supported the idea of preserving the estates, but with some revision of universal rights and opportunities.
Progressive Party (founded 1912)	A.I. Konovalov, S.N. Tretyakov	This party separated from the “Union of October 17th” and insisted on a more revolutionary solution to the existing state problems. They believed that it was necessary to abolish the existing classes and think about a democratic system of society. This party had few followers, but still left its mark on history.
Russian monarchist party (founded in 1905)	V.A. Greenmouth	As the name of the party implies, its proteges adhered to conservative views and insisted on maintaining the existing political system, making only minor amendments. Party members believed that Nicholas II should retain all his rights, but at the same time consider ways to solve the economic crisis in the state.

The presence of various state parties, both with sharply revolutionary and liberal views on the future of the country, directly testified to the crisis of power. At the beginning of the 20th century, Nicholas II could still change the course of history by ensuring that all the named parties ceased to exist. However, the inaction of the monarch only further spurred political activists.

As a result, the country experienced two revolutions and literally being torn apart by the Mensheviks, Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries. The Bolsheviks eventually managed to win, but only at the cost of thousands of losses. sharp deterioration economic condition and a decline in the country's international authority.

By the beginning of the 20th century, political activity in Russia reached its maximum. All social party organizations that existed at that time were divided into three main branches: socialist movements, liberal and monarchical. Each of the movements reflected the mood of the main segments of the population.

Basic software settings political parties in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

NAME OF PARTS

Basic software

installations

National

question

Agrarian

question

Worker

question

SOCIALIST

1903 RSDLP

1907 RSDLP

(Mensheviks)

Yu.O. Cederbaum

(L. Martov)

The party must be open to all segments of the population. Different points of view and views were allowed. The hegemon of the revolution is the bourgeoisie, the proletariat is the ally, and the peasantry is the reactionary force. For the bourgeois-democratic revolution: the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, universal suffrage and democratic freedoms, broad local self-government. After the revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat must be established for the socialist reconstruction of society.

1906: municipalization of land, i.e. transfer of confiscated landowners' land into the ownership of local authorities while maintaining small peasant ownership of land.

1903 RSDLP

1907 RSDLP

(Bolsheviks)

IN AND. Ulyanov (Lenin)

The party must be closed, conspiratorial, with strict discipline and the basic principle of “the minority submits to the majority.” The hegemon is the proletariat, the peasantry is the ally, and the bourgeoisie is the counter-revolutionary force. For the bourgeois-democratic revolution: the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, universal suffrage and democratic freedoms, broad local self-government. After the revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat must be established for the socialist reconstruction of society.

The right of nations to self-determination and their equality.

Return to peasants of lands cut off from their allotments in 1861, abolition of redemption and quitrent payments for land and return of previously paid amounts.

1906: confiscation of all types land ownership and transfer to state ownership (nationalization).

8-hour working day, abolition of fines and overtime work.

AKP (Socialist Revolutionaries)

Socialist Revolutionary Party

V.M. Chernov

The main task is to prepare the people for the revolution. Driving force considered the “working class” (everyone who lives by their own labor - the peasantry, workers, intelligentsia). After the overthrow of the autocracy, “democracy” must be established through the work of the Constituent Assembly.

Individual terror was actively used as a method of struggle.

Federative relations between individual nationalities, the unconditional right of nations to self-determination.

Socialization of the land, i.e. its withdrawal from commodity circulation and its transformation into public property. The right to dispose of land was given to peasant communities, which had to divide the land among everyone who cultivates it according to consumer or labor standards (by eaters or workers in the family)

They didn't pay attention.

LIBERAL

(Octobrists)

A.I. Guchkov

the main objective- providing “assistance to the government following the path of saving reforms.”

They demanded the preservation of unity and inseparability Russian state, its unitary character.

Equalization of rights of peasants with other classes, facilitating their exit from the community, resettlement policy, sale of state and landowners' lands to peasants. Alienation of landowner's land only as a last resort on the terms of “fair compensation established by legal authority”

They did not put forward demands for an 8-hour working day. The right of workers to hold strikes in industries of national importance was limited.

Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)

P.N. Miliukov

Establishment of a constitutional system (form of government - constitutional monarchy or republic). Abolition of class privileges, equality of all before the law, establishment of freedom of personality, speech, assembly and other democratic freedoms.

The main method of struggle is the tactic of putting pressure on the government through legal means and, above all, through the Duma.

The right to cultural self-determination of all nations and nationalities.

Increasing the land area of allotments due to the partial alienation of privately owned lands.

8-hour working day, right to strike.

MONARCHICAL

"Union of the Russian People"

"Russian Assembly"

"Monarchist Party"

"Russian People's Union named after Michael the Archangel"

Restoration and strengthening of the “original Russian principles”, preservation and strengthening of the autocracy.

Nationalist program. "Russia is for russians! For the faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland! Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality! Down with the revolution!

Pogroms were used as a method of struggle even among the civilian population as a method of intimidation and restoration of order. They organized fighting squads, which were often called the “Black Hundred”.

Name of political party Date of creation, party leader Social base, numbers Form of government, political transformations Agrarian question National politics Work question
Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
October 1905
Miliukov Scientists, creative intelligentsia, doctors, lawyers, middle and low-level employees, liberal bourgeoisie, landowners.
50-100 thousand people. Establishment of a constitutional system in the form of a parliamentary monarchy, abolition of class privileges, equality of all before the law, democratic freedoms Increase in peasant plots, partial alienation of landowners' lands Preservation of state unity, the right of nations to cultural self-determination 8-hour working day, reduction of overtime work, the right to strike
"Union October 17"
(Octobrists)
October 1905
Guchkov Big bourgeoisie, landowners.
50-60 thousand people. Constitutional-monarchical system Equalize the rights of peasants with other classes, strengthen resettlement policy, sale of state and appanage lands to peasants.
As a last resort - the possibility of alienation of landowners' lands. Unity and indivisibility of the Russian state. They denied the possibility of granting autonomy. They did not put forward demands for an 8-hour working day (Russian workers have a lot of days off during the year)
Socialist Revolutionary Party
(Socialist Revolutionaries)
1902
(program - at the First Congress in December 1905-January 1906),
Chernov Teachers, engineers, agronomists, veterinarians, doctors.
50-65 thousand people. Overthrow of the autocracy, establishment of a regime of “democracy”-democratic republic Socialization of the land, i.e. abolition of private ownership of land without redemption and transfer of its public ownership Federal structure
(wide autonomy and self-determination) Socialization of enterprises
Russian Social Democratic workers' party
(RSDLP).
Radical movement - Bolsheviks
(RSDLP (b). Reform movement - Mensheviks
(RSDLP (m). 1898
(Charter and program - at the II Congress in 1903)
Bolsheviks - Lenin (creation of a new type of party - a secret organization with strict discipline, strict subordination. Main strength revolution - the working class, ally - the peasants.
The bourgeoisie is a counter-revolutionary force.) Mensheviks - Martov (access to the party should be open to all segments of the population.
The main force of the revolution is the liberal bourgeoisie, its ally is the proletariat. The peasants are a reactionary force.) The proletarian-intellectual party,
150 thousand people Minimum program:
revolutionary overthrow of the autocracy,
establishment of a democratic republic, universal suffrage and democratic freedoms.
Maximum program:
Victory of the proletarian revolution, establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, transition to socialism Return of land plots to peasants, abolition of redemption and quitrent payments The right of nations to self-determination and their equality 8-hour working day, abolition of fines and overtime work
Right-wing, conservative parties
(Black Hundred)
1905-1907
Russian Assembly, Union of the Russian People (Dubrovin), Russian People's Union named after Michael the Archangel (Purishkevich).
Nobles, peasants, workers, small traders, etc.
Total number – 410 thousand people. Autocratic Monarchy Strengthening peasant farms, preservation of the community One and indivisible Russia without the right to self-determination of non-Russian nations, the dominant role of Russians. Without changes.

Attached files

Political structure modern Russia is the subject of detailed study by political scientists. We will not take away their bread by telling how the vertical of power is structured and what technologies those who want to climb to the top use. In our article we will only touch upon political parties Russia, describing their functions and differences from Western ones.

What is a party?

Political parties in modern Russia are communities of people united by one ideology, whose goal is to achieve power. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, a multi-party system has been established in the country, i.e. the simultaneous existence of several parties is allowed. As of 2015, their number reached 78. Agree, quite a lot even for such huge country like Russia.

It is possible to register a party in Russia only by fulfilling a number of conditions stipulated by law:

it is necessary to have regional offices in at least half of the constituent entities of the Federation, i.e., at least 43 branches. Moreover, in each region you need to register;

governing bodies and at least 500 people must be within Russian Federation.

The law gives Russian political parties the right to nominate their candidates for elective positions in all local government bodies and the legislative assembly. However, only parties represented in the State Duma, as well as in at least 1/3 of the constituent entities of the Federation, can participate in the presidential elections. The rest will have to collect voter signatures in favor of their candidate.

From the history of the Russian political movement

The history of political parties in Russia is represented by periods of single-party and multi-party systems. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were 14 political organizations in Russia, 10 of which were part of State Duma, established in 1905.

After the revolution of 1917, the country maintained a multi-party system for some time, but it ran counter to the dictatorship of the proletariat proclaimed by the Bolsheviks. Therefore, in 1923, a transition to a one-party system was made; the only political formation left in the country was the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks, which was transformed in 1925 into the All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks, since 1952 renamed Communist Party Soviet Union.

The one-party system was enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR, moreover, in Art. 6 of the Basic Law it was written: the party plays a leading and directing role in a socialist state.

The collapse of the one-party system falls during the years of the leadership of the country by M. S. Gorbachev, who initiated political reform and declared pluralism of political opinions. In 1988, the article of the Constitution on a single party was repealed, and at the same time, along with the CPSU, a second party appeared in the country - the Liberal Democratic Party.

In the 90s of the last century, about 200 operated on the territory of the USSR political formations and public organizations. After the collapse of the Soviet Union on the territory of the Russian Federation, their number decreased.

The 1st convocation of the State Duma included the LDPR, which received 22% of the votes, the Democratic Choice of Russia with 15%, and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which had 12.4% of voter sympathy in its arsenal.

Modern political parties in Russia

The activities of political parties in Russia today are strictly regulated. However, according to political scientists, the current state of affairs in the country politic system was created for pro-government parties. Therefore, it is they who have the most impressive representation in the State Duma.

List of Russian political parties represented in the State Duma

As of November 2015, the list of Russian political parties represented in the State Duma looks like this:

For acceptance federal law It is enough to get more than half the votes, and to vote for changes to the Constitution, 2/3 of the votes of parliamentarians is required.

What does it look like today list of main parties in the country? The first place in it is occupied by the United Russia party, which today has a tacitly dominant role. The basis of it political program formed the ideology of “Russian conservatism”, traditionalism and economic liberalism. Headed by Dmitry Medvedev, United Russia is a pro-government structure acting in the interests of the head of state.

The main political parties in Russia - table

Features of the party system in Russia

If we compare political parties and movements in Russia with their Western counterparts, we can distinguish 2 main differences:

1. The division between left and right that exists in the West does not coincide with Russian ideas.
Western political scientists classify parties of reformers and radicals as “left,” and conservatives who defend traditional values and existing economic orders as “right.”

In Russia, if you remember, Yegor Gaidar and his supporters, who carried out economic reform, at first they were classified as left-wing forces, and then, deciding that capitalism is a traditional system and considering Gaidar and his comrades as its defenders, they began to call his party right-wing.

Traditionally considered a left-wing Communist Party of Russia, it is difficult to classify it as a reformer, since the steps it proposes do not bear the imprint of progress, rather, on the contrary.

2. The presence in Russia of a “party in power”, i.e. an organization specially created to support the leadership of the state. IN Western countries there is no such phenomenon. For them, creating a party specifically for elections or in support of a presidential candidate is not practiced.

Political parties in Russia in the 20th century were born thanks to the efforts of enthusiasts who believed in democracy and openness. In the 21st century this activity has become profitable business. For example, the famous political strategist Andrei Bogdanov is credited by the media with being the author of about 10 games. What are they needed for?

Let's look at an example. You are going to the polls with your party, whose program focuses on the interests of the middle class. A poll shows that with such a program you can count on 10% of the vote, while your competitor, who focuses on the problems of the working class, can get 15%.

The program cannot be redrawn: the emphasis should be on one social layer, otherwise you risk losing your electorate without gaining a new one in return. And here you are offered a way out: create a party focused on workers, which can potentially “take away” about 5% of the votes from your competitor.

This party puts forward a technical candidate who does not make it to the second round (the party is new, there are few chances), but “transfers” the votes received to you (asks his voters to vote for you). All 5% will not come to you, but you can get about 3%. What if there are two such parties? And what if their rating is higher and there are more votes? Then the chances of winning will become more real.

Political parties in Russia 2015, for the most part, have an already formed and established electorate, which allows them to predict the election results with a high degree of confidence. But political struggle no one has canceled it: every day the situation changes, in the end, the winner is the one who is well versed in the methods of political science, has solid financial support and has the foresight of a politician.

Does Russia need new political parties? What Russians think about this, watch the video:

Take it for yourself and tell your friends!