ODS diseases and injuries. Presentation for a biology lesson (grade 8) on the topic: Hygiene of the musculoskeletal system

Approximately every twentieth person has osteoarthritis, every tenth person experiences it regularly, and more than 70% of the population experiences it from time to time or sporadically. Problems with the musculoskeletal system are so common mainly due to an irresponsible attitude towards this aspect, while preventive measures require almost no special effort.

What is this

The human musculoskeletal system is systemic interconnected set, bones (forming the skeleton) and their joints, allowing a person to control (through impulses transmitted through nervous system brain) body, its statics and dynamics.

The importance of the human musculoskeletal system is difficult to overestimate. A person whose ODS does not fulfill its functions, in best case scenario- disabled or paralytic lying flat.

Did you know? One of the founders of anatomy in its modern form, scientific form was Leonardo da Vinci. He, along with other Renaissance scientists and researchers, performed autopsies to understand the structure of the human body.

In a healthy person, the functions of the musculoskeletal system are divided into mechanical and biological.

Basic Mechanical Functions

Mechanical functions associated with the preservation of the structure and movement of the body in space.

Support

It consists of forming the basis for the rest of the body - muscles, tissues and organs are attached to the skeleton. Due to the skeleton and the muscles attached to it, a person can stand upright, his organs maintain a relatively static position relative to the axis of symmetry and each other.

Protective

Bones protect the most important internal organs from mechanical damage: the head is protected by the skull, the back is protected by the spine, the internal organs of the chest (, lungs and others) are hidden behind the ribs, the genitals are covered by the pelvic bones.
It is this kind of protection that provides us with resistance to external influences, and well-trained muscles can enhance this effect.

Did you know? At the moment of our birth, we have the most bones - 300. Subsequently, some fuse (and all become stronger) and their total number decreases to 206.

Motor

The most prominent function of the human musculoskeletal system. The building muscles are attached to the skeleton. Due to their contractions, various movements are performed: flexion/extension of limbs, walking and much more.

Actually, this is one of the main differences between representatives of the biological kingdom “Animals” - conscious and controlled movements in space.

Spring

Softening (cushioning) of movements due to the structure and position of bones and cartilage.
It is provided both by the shape of the bones (for example, the bend of the foot, strong shin bones - an evolutionary mechanism that is most suitable for walking upright and supporting body weight with an emphasis on only one pair of limbs), and by auxiliary tissues - cartilage and joint capsules ensure a decrease in friction of the bones in their places joints.

Biological functions of the system

The musculoskeletal system also has other functions that are important for life.

Hematopoietic

The process of blood formation occurs in the so-called red bone marrow, but due to its location (in the tubular bones), this function is also classified as ODA.

In the red bone marrow, hematopoiesis (blood formation) occurs - the creation of new blood cells, and partially immunopoiesis - the maturation of cells that take part in the functioning of the immune system.

Storage

Accumulates and stores in bones a large number of necessary for the body substances such as, and. From there they flow to other organs, where they are included in the metabolic process.
These substances ensure the strength of bones and their resistance to external influences, as well as the speed of healing after fractures.

Main problems and injuries of the musculoskeletal system

Although the formation of the musculoskeletal system occurs in, its development is a process that continues throughout.

1. Incorrect load (insufficient or excessive).
2. Inflammatory processes affecting bone tissue, muscle or cartilage. Depending on the etiology and location, the diagnosis varies.
3. Disorders associated with metabolism, deficiency or excess of any elements.
4. Mechanical injuries (bruises, fractures) and the consequences of improper treatment.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Diseases affecting our musculoskeletal system are depressing in their diversity:

1. Arthritis affects the joints and can develop into arthrosis.
2. Infections can settle in the periarticular bursa (bursitis), muscles (myotitis), bone marrow (osteomyelitis), large joints(periarthritis).
3. The spine may bend, the ankle may lose tone.

Sports injuries

Of course, with the right amount of “luck”, you can fall out of the blue and at the same time break something unexpected.

However, according to statistics, the most common injuries during sports are: muscle strains, various injuries to the lower leg, fractures (mainly the legs) and ruptures (of ligaments, cartilage or tendons).

Staying healthy: how to prevent troubles

To keep the body in good shape, and the musculoskeletal system in working order and healthy condition, it is important to know what measures to take to maintain normal functions of the musculoskeletal system.

Nothing fancy is required:

1. Healthy lifestyle.
2. Balanced diet, rich in calcium and other minerals and trace elements.
3. Regular physical activity appropriate for age and health.
4. Walks in the sun (vitamin D) and fresh air.
5. Maintaining optimal body weight (obesity, like dystrophy, are the enemies of the musculoskeletal system).
6. Convenient workplace.
7. Regular medical examinations.

As you can see, if you support the body as a whole, its systems will also be fine. You don't have to play sports professionally to do this.
It will be enough not to neglect motor activity(in any form convenient for you, be it yoga, swimming or regular walks in the park), follow a daily routine and maintain a healthy diet. It is not so difficult. Do not be ill!

Our well-being, the state of the body as a whole, health and, of course, longevity directly depend on the health of our musculoskeletal system (MS). Today, the number of diseases of the spine, muscles and joints is growing rapidly. According to statistical studies, approximately 80-90 percent of the population suffers from them. These diseases rank second in prevalence after heart and vascular diseases. This is due to a sedentary lifestyle and sedentary work.

Due to a catastrophic lack of time, we do not do enough physical exercise, our body does not always receive the necessary chemical compounds and elements in the required quantities with food, and often unnecessary substances that harm our body, such as salt, are supplied in excessive quantities. Therefore, it is very important to promptly treat identified diseases of the ODS and pay due attention to recovery and rehabilitation after treatment or surgery. Special orthopedic rehabilitation aids, for example, those shown in the pictures, significantly help speed up the body’s recovery process.

What are the dangers of ODS diseases?

The insidiousness of ODS diseases lies in the fact that in addition to discomfort in everyday life, the patient may become disabled over time. To prevent this, you should immediately consult a doctor when the first signs of illness or mechanical damage to the spine, muscles or joints appear.

Among all ODS diseases, spinal diseases are the most dangerous. Injuries to the spinal column are quite difficult and lengthy to treat and require proper rehabilitation. Thanks to modern diagnostic methods, it is possible to prevent many diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Unpleasant sensations in the joints, aching or acute pain, creaking, which is constant or appears occasionally, is a reason to consult a doctor. Do not hope that everything will go away on its own, that your body will be able to cope with the disturbances that have arisen.

Often, over the years, problems with joints, muscles or spine only get worse. Various swellings, increased temperature, redness in the joint area indicate the onset of the disease, and try not to delay a visit to the doctor for too long, because this is fraught with dire consequences.

How to recover after illness or surgery?

Each of us may find ourselves in a situation where, after undergoing surgery or treatment of the musculoskeletal system or spine, he or his loved ones need high-quality rehabilitation. The timeliness and correctness of the chosen rehabilitation methods determine whether the patient will be able to return to his former active life and how soon this will happen. Often, physical exercise, massage and medications alone are not enough, and in order to make life easier for yourself or your family, special devices are needed (see Fig. 1-2).

Rehabilitation is the path to the former full life. The use of various orthopedic products can significantly reduce painful sensations in the area of ​​joints and spine. They allow you to compensate for disorders of the patient’s musculoskeletal system. And special corsages, bandages, various products for the spine and joints not only support and help restore lost functions, but also promote rapid recovery.

Congenital diseases of the musculoskeletal system are of practical interest for both pediatricians and general practitioners who are involved in identifying and treating the consequences of congenital diseases in adolescence, adolescence and adulthood.

Among childhood diseases, various pathological conditions associated with congenital malformations of individual organs or entire body systems are attracting more and more attention. Numerous data from examinations of newborn children show that congenital anomalies (malformations) occur with a frequency of 0.3% to 12%-13%, on average in 3-4% of children.

According to M.V. Volkov there are more than 1500 only hereditary diseases, and half of them are congenital diseases of the musculoskeletal and neuromuscular systems.

Among the etiological factors of congenital diseases, it is customary to distinguish three main groups: exogenous, endogenous and genetic.

At the same time, you should also be reminded that genetic factors can be a consequence of external influences or be hereditary in nature (recessive and dominant inheritance).

Congenital diseases of ODS in children account for about 50% of all pathologies of ODS in childhood. According to the Republic of Belarus, congenital diseases of the ODS accounted for 25.3% of all orthopedic diseases.

Among the congenital diseases of the ODS, the dominant ones are: hip dysplasia and congenital dislocation of the hip (from 30 to 70-80% of all children with the pathology of the ODS). This is followed by torticollis (10-30%), clubfoot (1.3-34.4%), syndactyly, polydactyly and other anomalies of the hand and foot, ectromelia, etc. (10-15%).

Hip dysplasia, congenital dislocation (subluxation) of the hip

Congenital hip dislocation occurs in 5 out of 1000 newborns. It is more difficult to determine the frequency of hip dysplasia, because this is related to the level of organization of the primary detection of hip joint pathology.

Based on available research, this pathology should be considered as one of the manifestations of abnormal formation of the hip joint, which occurs in the early stages intrauterine development fetus

Anatomical and functional changes in the joint in all forms of anomaly progress with age. Therefore, treatment started in the first days or weeks of a child’s life is effective. However, early treatment is possible only under conditions of early diagnosis, which is feasible with the training of all doctors in this section, and with the proper organization of examination of newborns in maternity hospitals. It should be remembered that children born in a breech presentation should receive special attention from the doctor. In this group, hip dysplasia occurs in approximately 20%.

Of all the numerous symptoms, priority should be given to the following, in our opinion the most reliable:

• asymmetry of skin (adductor, gluteal) folds,
• limitation of leg abduction,
• external rotation lower limb,
• slipping symptom (Ortolani), “clicking” symptom, “piston” symptom.

The listed symptoms only allow, most often, to suspect pathology. Unfortunately, X-ray diagnostic methods at this age are not very reliable and radiography is used only from 3 years of age. one month old. The latest advances in intrascopic technology allow us to hope for new methods of laboratory diagnostics (NMR tomography, ultrasound diagnostics, etc.).

Early X-ray signs of hip dysplasia and congenital dislocation hips are: Putti's triad - underdevelopment or aplasia of the ossification nucleus of the femoral head, obliquity of the roof of the acetabulum, high standing and lateroposition of the proximal end of the femur.

Moreover, assessing a radiograph of a three-month-old child is complex and requires considerable skill. In this regard some help is provided by special constructions on the radiograph (Hilgenreiner scheme

Treatment of dysplasia and congenital hip dislocation is largely determined by the age of the patient. Patients can be conditionally divided by age into a number of groups:

• newborns and children up to 3 months of age,
• children from 3 months up to 9 months - 1 year,
• children from 1 to 3 years old,
• children from 3 to 5 years old,
• children from 5 to 14 years old,
• teenagers over 14 years old,
• adults.

In the first group, the diagnosis is not yet completely reliable and is mostly speculative.

Prescribed: exercise therapy, wide swaddling, special envelopes for a newborn with a wedge, Pavlik stirrups, Freik pad, Vilensky sliding splints.

In the second group, the diagnosis becomes obvious after analyzing the radiographs. However, functional treatment is still quite effective. It is similar to that described, but requires closer attention from an orthopedist, from which

At an older age (group from 1 to 3 years), as a rule, we are already dealing with contractures, muscle rigidity, and it is hardly possible to count on the centering of the head in the acetabulum by simply abducting the stem. At this age, preliminary traction is used using special techniques, followed by reduction of the hip and fixation in an abducted position with internal rotation in a plaster cast. At one time, the Lorenz method was widely known, requiring the child to remain in a fixing bandage long time(9 months) in three positions. However, in this case, such a number of complications were obtained (aseptic necrosis of the head was abandoned everywhere, but its individual elements underlie the plaster bandages that fix the first three months.

During these periods, instead of plaster casts, some clinics use special splints (for example, a plastic splint by M.V. Volkov).

The duration of treatment at this age is different, but ranges from 4 to 6-7 months. Control - according to radiography and clinical data. Complications 8.9%, failures - 1.2% of cases.

Over three years of age (but sometimes from 9 months), open reduction of congenital hip dislocation is used. At ages 5 years and older, simple reduction is often unsuccessful. Therefore, it is combined with derotational osteotomies, osteotomies with shortening of the femur in the trochanteric region (osteotomy according to Zahradnichek, Bogdanov), with deepening of the acetabulum and wrapping the femoral head with a capsule of the hip joint (Column operation).

At the age of 14 years and older, extra-articular operations are often resorted to (Soltera, Hiari, Koenig canopy, petal and other reconstruction of the roof of the acetabulum, etc.).

Subsequently, problems of dysplastic coxarthrosis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and contractures may arise, which were partially discussed by us in other lectures, and partially cannot be fit into a short curriculum Your preparation.

Congenital clubfoot (pes equin-excavat-adduct-varum)

Congenital clubfoot is observed more often in boys (68%), and it is bilateral in 38-40% of patients. Conservative methods treatments for congenital clubfoot were developed by V.O. Orlov (1874) and N.F. Gagman (1878).

Early diagnosis is generally not difficult. Focus on the following main symptoms:

• flexion contracture (equinus) of the foot,
• adduction of the forefoot,
• hollow foot,
• heel varus.

Treatment includes the following elements:

• the first two weeks of exercise therapy and foot bandaging according to Fink-Oettingen,
• staged plaster casts with sequential elimination of the above deformities with changing plaster casts every two weeks.

If ineffective in children, they resort to operations on the capsular-ligamentous apparatus (operations of capsulofascio-ligamentotomy according to Zatsepin, Sturm).

They operate on the skeleton after 14 years - crescent resection of the foot according to Kuslik, three-joint arthrodesis according to Lyambrinudi, etc.

In recent years, G.A. Ilizarov’s methods have been widely used. One of the supporters and authors of the metrodics is Gafarov, a graduate of the Belarusian State Medical Institute, director of the Kazan Orthopedic Center.

Congenital muscular torticollis (trciclli)

Congenital muscular torticollis is one of the most common anomalies of ODS. For example, according to orthopedic offices in St. Petersburg, the rate was up to 31% for congenital orthopedic diseases and 3% for all orthopedic diseases.

Theories: traumatic, inflammatory, dysplastic, etc.

With this deformation, shortening of one of the m.sternkleidmastideus leads to a tilt of the head towards the changed muscle, and a turn in the opposite direction. In addition to asymmetry of the face and skull, secondary deformation of the torso occurs, asymmetry of the shoulder girdle and scoliotic posture, which can become the onset of scoliotic disease.

The breast nipple on the side corresponding to the shortening of the sternocleidomastial muscle is located higher and is sometimes shifted towards the anterior axillary line. The collarbone is elevated and displaced. The shoulder girdle and scapula on the affected side stand higher and the inner edge of the scapula is further away from the chest, etc.

Diagnosis is not difficult at 3 weeks of age or more. More early diagnosis difficult.

Treatment: at the first stage - exercise therapy, fixing bandages.

At the age of 3 years and older - surgery on the neck muscles. The most popular operations are T.S. Zatsepin’s operation with resection of the sternal and clavicular legs of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and dissection of the neck facies.

Grisel's disease, Klippel-Feil, cervical ribs.

Congenital diseases of the upper limb.

Ankylosis is a complete or partial loss of joint mobility resulting from injury, arthritis or arthrosis. The deviation can be bone with the growth of bone tissue and fibrous with the spread of connective fibrous tissue. The most important manifestation is considered to be limited mobility of the joint.

Anococcygeus pain syndrome (coccydynia)

Anococcygeal pain syndrome (coccydynia) is pain in the coccyx and in the perineal area. The pain syndrome is more pronounced at rest and at night, and is not associated with the act of defecation. The malaise is debilitating, causes insomnia, depression, sexual dysfunction, and often leads to disability. Some patients develop carcinophobia (fear of cancer).

Anomalies of the knee joint (ARKS)

Anomalies of development of the knee joint (ADK) are congenital and acquired pathologies of the knee joint (KJ), caused by disorders of embryogenesis and the influence of pathogenic factors, manifested by deviations from its normal anatomical and functional parameters.

Arthrosis

Arthrosis – dystrophic processes in cartilage tissue joints, as a result of which the ends of the bones are rebuilt, the tissue around the joints begins to degenerate and become inflamed.

Arthrosis of the ankle joint (AHS)

Arthrosis ankle joint(AGS) is a degenerative-dystrophic disease of the ankle joint (AH), accompanied by degeneration of the articular cartilage and articular surfaces, causing its deformation.

Arthropathy

Arthropathy is a pathological change in the joints that occurs secondary to non-rheumatic diseases. It occurs as arthralgia, but most often as reactive arthritis.

Assimilation of Atlanta

Atlas assimilation is a disease that is characterized by partial or complete fusion of the occipital cranial bone and the first cervical vertebra.

Amyotrophy

Muscle atrophy- This pathological process, in which muscles become thinner, weaker and smaller in size due to poor innervation. This is facilitated by the natural aging of the body, the lack of physical activity, injuries, as well as a number of infectious, genetic and other diseases.

Achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is congenital disease, in which the growth of the bones of the limbs and the base of the skull is impaired. Occurs due to a gene mutation in FGFR3.

Ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis (ankylosing spondylitis) is chronic inflammation, which appears in the joints in the spine. This disease is systemic, affecting mainly men from 15 to 30 years old. Women get sick much less often. Is pretty rare disease for citizens of Russia.

Blount's disease

Blount's disease or deforming osteoarthritis is a pathology in which curvature of the upper part occurs tibia. At untimely treatment the disease can lead to deformation and rapid wear of the knee joint.

De Quervain's disease

De Quervain's disease is an inflammatory process in the wall of the fibrous canal thumb, resulting in its stenosis and aseptic (lack of pathogenic microorganisms) inflammation of the extensor tendons.

Calvet disease

Calvet disease is an aseptic necrosis in which the body of one or two vertebrae is affected, the articular arches are displaced, and the pathological process can spread to the transverse processes of the vertebrae. Most often localized in the thoracic region.

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Osgood-Schlatter disease is a lump-shaped tumor on the front of the leg in the popliteal region. The disease affects adolescents during puberty. The formation is located subcutaneously, is well palpated, does not lead to changes skin.

Perthes disease

Perthes disease or osteochondropathy of the femoral head is a non-infectious necrosis of the hip joint. If the pathology is ignored for a long time, deformation may occur, which will lead to arthrosis.

Forestier's disease or fixating hyperostosis

Forestier's disease or fixating hyperostosis is a hardening of the tendons and ligaments that make up the spine. Connective tissue is replaced by bone, because of this the spinal ligaments ossify, which over time leads to their immobility.

Schinz's disease

Schinz's disease - osteochondropathy of the tuberosity calcaneus. Occurs due to insufficient blood supply to cancellous bone, which entails the formation of aseptic necrosis and disruption of ossification processes.

Schlatter's disease

Schlatter's disease is a benign growth below the knee on the front side of the leg. Most often it appears in children and adolescents aged 11-12 years in girls and 13-14 in boys. The lump is located under the skin, is easily palpated and visually visible.

Bursitis

Bursitis is an inflammatory disease of the synovial bursae, which is accompanied by the accumulation of fluid with blood elements (exudate) in the slit-like cavities.

Achilles tendon bursitis

Achilles tendon bursitis is a disease that occurs when inflammation develops in the synovial bursa or bursa at the junction of the Achilles tendon and the bones of the foot.

Valgus deformity

Hallux valgus or hallux valgus first toe - these are pathological changes in the metatarsophalangeal joint, as a result of which the toe deviates outward, and a so-called bump appears at its base.

Hallux valgus in children

Funnel chest

Funnel chest is a developmental defect in the form of retraction of the sternum and ribs, which is accompanied by functional disorders of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Pectus excavatum (FCT)

Pectus excavatum (FCP) is a developmental anomaly manifested by retraction of the sternum and displacement of its manubrium towards the spine. Accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Congenital club hand

Congenital clubhand is a set of defects caused by the abnormal development of the radial or ulnar bones of the forearm and their tendons.

Congenital anomalies

Congenital anomalies are changes in the body that occur during intrauterine development. They arise as a result of genetic or chromosomal mutations, as well as due to the influence of the external anthropogenic environment on the embryo.

Congenital anomalies of the lower extremities

Ankle dislocation

Ankle dislocation is a traumatic displacement of the articular surfaces, in which they assume an incorrect position, usually accompanied by rupture of the ligaments and capsule of the ankle.

Gas gangrene

Gas gangrene is an anaerobic infection that actively develops with significant tissue damage. The causative agent is anaerobic microorganisms that feed on dead cells.

Gangrene

Gangrene is a fairly serious disease in which tissues and cells of the body die. Most often, necrosis of the intestines, gall bladder, some areas of the skin, and muscles occurs.

Hemarthrosis

Hemarthrosis is a hemorrhage into the cavity of one of the joints that occurs after a meniscus injury, dislocation, fracture, capsule rupture, or as a consequence of certain diseases.

Hematogenous osteomyelitis

Hematogenous osteomyelitis– this is a purulent-necrotic inflammation of the bone marrow (mainly tubular or facial), spreading to the bone and periosteum and soft tissues.

Hematoma

Hematoma is an accumulation of blood resulting from various injuries or bruises of soft tissues and organs. It is characterized by the formation of a cavity filled with fluid or clotted blood.

Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is a disease that occurs due to the accumulation of excess heat in the body when body temperature rises caused by external stimuli. Most often found in children.

Suppurative arthritis

Purulent arthritis is an inflammation of the joint, accompanied by purulent discharge, that develops when an infection enters the joint in any way.

Gonarthrosis

Gonarthrosis is a pathology of the knee joint of a degenerative-dystrophic nature, which is based on the destruction of cartilage tissue with subsequent changes in the articular surfaces and articular capsule, and the development of marginal osteophytes.

Thoracic hernia

A thoracic hernia is a disease in which an intervertebral disc is pressed into the body of the spine. Three areas are most affected: cervical, lumbar and thoracic.

Foot deformities

Foot deformities are a pathology that is expressed in the curvature of the joints of the foot and leads to impaired support and lameness. They can be congenital or acquired. The most common injury is hallux valgus.

Chest deformity

Chest deformity is a complex of pathological conditions that are accompanied by deformation of the musculoskeletal frame located in the upper area torso.

Finger deformity

Toe deformity is one of the most common problems in orthopedics; pathology occurs as a consequence of injuries or changes in muscle structures.

Joint dysplasia

Joint dysplasia is common name many pathological processes that lead to abnormal development joints. Most often, dysplasia is congenital, but sometimes it can develop after birth or even in adulthood.

Hip dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is congenital pathology joint, which entails a risk of dislocation or the presence of an already obvious dislocation of the femoral head. Dysplasia is usually congenital and is diagnosed after birth, but can sometimes appear in adulthood.

Dorsopathy

Dorsopathy is a group of degenerative diseases, which are based on a violation of the nutritional function and metabolic processes in the paravertebral tissues.

Closed fracture

Closed fracture- this is partial or complete damage to the integrity of the bone. Its main difference from an open fracture is the fact that when injured, the skin over the affected area is not damaged. The causes can be either external influences or various disorders (osteomyelitis, tissue tumors, etc.).

Intermittent hydrarthrosis

Intermittent hydroarthrosis is a chronic joint disease characterized by the periodic formation of excessive amounts of synovial fluid. At the same time, the mobility of the joint decreases, it increases in volume, which causes discomfort to the patient.

Baker's cyst

Baker's cyst (knee joint cyst) is a dense, soft and elastic tumor-like formation located on the surface of the knee joint at the back (in the popliteal fossa). In place of this formation, the skin has a normal color and is not fused with neighboring tissues.

Meniscus cyst

A meniscus cyst is a pathological cavity in the cartilage of the crescent-shaped knee joint, which has walls and contains fluid. The risk of getting this disease is higher in young and middle-aged people.

Spinal cyst

A spinal cyst is cavity formation with fluid, which can be located on any part of the spine: from the cervical to sacral region. Of all the pathologies of the spine, cysts are the rarest disease.

Joint cyst

A joint cyst is benign education, which is enclosed in an impermeable shell and has liquid contents. If this appears benign tumor in articular tissue, the most mobile joints, for example in the knee or elbow, are most often affected.

Kyphosis

Kyphosis is a disease of the spine, which is accompanied by its curvature, or more precisely, a convexity on the side of the back in the thoracic region (in the area of ​​the shoulder blades). In most cases, kyphosis is an acquired disease that begins to progress in childhood or adolescence.

Coxarthrosis

Coxarthrosis (osteoarthrosis of the hip joint) is a disease in which degenerative-dystrophic processes occur in the musculoskeletal system, leading to deforming arthrosis of the hip joint. This disease is one of the most common pathological processes in the musculoskeletal system.

Puncture wound (CR)

Puncture wound(CR) - tissue damage caused by mechanical stress and manifested by a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes. The depth of its wound channel exceeds the size of the inlet.

Compression fracture of the spine

Compression fracture spine - an injury that is characterized by the splitting of a separate part of the vertebra due to excessive flexion or compression.

Dupuytren's contracture

Dupuytren's contracture is an acute pathological disease in which thickening and shortening of the soft tissues in the palm occur, leading to stable contracture of the fingers. This disease most often occurs in middle-aged men, less often in young men.

Contracture of the knee joint

Knee contracture is a violation of knee mobility caused by scarring, loss of elasticity, or complete destruction of the joint due to injury or illness.

Contracture of the elbow joint

Contracture of the elbow joint – sharp violation Elbow mobility caused by fibrosis, thickening of bone and cartilage tissue, loss of elasticity, or complete destruction of the joint due to injury or disease.

Joint contracture

Joint contracture is a restriction of joint mobility, which is caused by scar contraction or disease of the soft tissues surrounding the joint (muscles, skin, subcutaneous tissue). Characterized by the inability to flex and extend one or more joints.

Contusion

Contusion – pathological condition organism, which arises as a result of mechanical influences of various natures. May be accompanied by mechanical damage to tissues and organs.

Clubfoot

Clubfoot – acquired or congenital deformity foot, which is accompanied by its deviation from the longitudinal axis of the leg and thigh inward. With clubfoot, the foot takes on a non-physiological position when walking.

Bone cyst

A bone cyst is a type of disease characterized by the appearance of a cavity in the bone tissue. The cause of the occurrence is a violation of blood circulation inside the bone cavity, which activates individual lysosomal enzymes that destroy the bone structure.

Torticollis

Torticollis is a disease caused by neck deformation, which is characterized by changes in the skeleton, neck nerves and soft tissues. As a result, the head takes a forced position and is usually tilted to the side, and the chin is turned in the opposite direction.

Bleeding into the abdominal cavity

Bleeding in abdominal cavity– entry of different volumes of blood into the abdominal cavity or retroperitoneal region as a result of damage to the integrity of blood vessels or organs.

Lateral epicondylitis

Lymphedema

Lymphedema is a disease lymphatic system, in which the process of outflow of lymphatic fluid from the lymphatic vessels is disrupted, which causes increasing swelling of the surrounding tissues. In most cases, edema affects the lower extremities.

False joint

Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) – inflammation of the area where the muscles attach to the condyle humerus. Dysfunction is typical for athletes and manual workers.

Intervertebral hernia

Intervertebral hernia is a pathological protrusion or prolapse of the nucleus of the intervertebral disc. This condition develops as a result of degenerative diseases of the spine or as a result of injury.

Myositis

Myositis is muscle damage of an inflammatory, toxic or traumatic nature. The pathological process may involve one or more skeletal muscles of the back, chest or neck.

Mucopolysaccharidosis

Mucopolysaccharidosis is the general name for a fairly rare gene disorder. They are directly related to the pathology of acid glycosaminoglycan metabolism, which, in turn, was caused by a deficient amount of lysosomal enzymes of glycosaminoglycan metabolism.

Muscular dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy is a pathological disease that is typical for people leading a sedentary lifestyle. Also, this disease can appear in people with acute chronic diseases of muscles and bones.

Poor posture

Poor posture is the general name for a group of diseases that manifest themselves in the curvature of the spine. Poor posture can lead to deformations of the spinal column such as scoliosis (bending the spine to the side), kyphosis (bending backwards) and lordosis (bending forward).

Postural disorders in children

Burn disease

Burn disease is the body's response to extensive thermal injury. It manifests itself as a disruption in the functioning of internal organs and their systems. Occurs when 15–25% of the skin surface is damaged, or with 10% of deep burns.

Comminuted fracture

A comminuted fracture is a type of bone injury in which two or more fragments are formed with displacement of their fragments. This type of injury can occur in any part of the human skeleton.

Comminuted fracture (CF)

A comminuted fracture (FP) is a violation of the integrity of the bone (CS) under the influence of external influences, causing different fracture planes and the presence of an additional fragment.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a bone disease that develops slowly, with mild symptoms, does not cause serious disability, and affects the hands, knees and bones of the spine.

Osteodystrophy

Osteodystrophy is a group of diseases that arise as a result of metabolic disorders, accompanied by increased resorption of bone tissue.

Osteodystrophy

Osteodystrophy is a disease characterized by changes in the structure of bone tissue and metabolic disorders at the local level. Regardless of the reasons, structural bone particles are replaced with fibrous fibers. The result is pathologies of the skeletal structure, pathological fractures.

Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia is a systemic pathological process of impaired bone mineralization. As a result, bone strength decreases, which leads to deformities and pathological fractures.

Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is an acute infection, which affects the bone marrow with purulent formations, as a result of which it spreads to tissues, bones and periosteum. Most often, osteomyelitis is observed in children, middle-aged and elderly men.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a constantly progressive disease of bone tissue, which is accompanied by a violation of its structure, which leads to its fragility and the risk of fractures. Throughout life, bone tissue is renewed: when some cells are destroyed, new ones are formed. Under the influence of age-related changes in the body, this process can be disrupted, leading to a decrease in bone mass and its fragility.

Osteosclerosis

Osteosclerosis is a pathological condition that manifests itself in bone compaction, enlargement and thickening of the compact substance and bone trabeculae.

Osteosclerosis (OS)

Osteosclerosis (OS) is a pathological condition caused by the proliferation of a compact substance, thickening of bone trabeculae, and manifested by bone compaction (BC).

Sacral osteochondrosis

Sacral osteochondrosis is a disease of the spinal motion segment, which affects intervertebral discs sacral segment.

Lumbar osteochondrosis

Lumbar osteochondrosis (LOS) is a disease of the spinal motion segment (SMS), which affects the intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine.

Osteochondroma

Osteochondroma is a benign neoplasm, which is an outgrowth of bone tissue measuring from 2 to 14 cm. A layer of cartilaginous rock covers the protrusion of the bone from above, bone marrow fills it from the inside. Most often occurs in patients aged ten to twenty-five years.

Osteochondropathies

Osteochondropathy is a joint disease that is most common among male children and people who abuse all kinds of diets. This disease may be hereditary.

Acute blood loss (OK)

Acute blood loss(OC) is a pathological condition accompanied by irreversible loss of blood from the body due to traumatic injury, certain diseases or surgical interventions.

Felon

Panaritium is an acute infectious disease of the skin of the fingers and toes, resulting from microbes entering wounds through abrasions and small wounds. With this disease, tissue atrophy, necrosis and degeneration of the fingers can occur.

Tibia fracture

A tibial bone fracture (TBF) is a pathological condition manifested by a violation of the integrity of the tibia bone (TTB) of the lower extremities of a person.

Fracture of the thoracic spine

A fracture of the thoracic spine is a disorder that occurs as a result of damage to the unity of the structure of one or a number of thoracic vertebrae.

Clavicle fracture

A clavicle fracture is a disruption of the integrity of the tubular S-shaped bone that connects the upper limb and torso. Occurs as a result of a force impact that exceeds the capabilities of its resistance.

Pelvic fracture

Fracture pelvic bones- This is the destruction of the entire structure of bone tissue in the pelvic area. The trauma is quite severe due to the strong pain syndrome, significant blood loss and traumatic shock.

Ankle fracture

An ankle fracture is damage to the integral structure of one of the parts of the ankle joint. The pathology is one of the most common injuries to the lower leg and accounts for approximately one fifth of musculoskeletal disorders.

Fracture of the olecranon

An olecranon fracture is damage to one of the sections of the ulna bone due to traumatic influence. Occupies almost a third of cases from total number intra-articular fractures of the elbow.

Fracture of the ulna

An ulna fracture is a formal structural damage to the integrity of the elbow bone due to forceful traumatic influence. It is often isolated or combined with dislocation of the radius.

Scapula fracture

A scapula fracture is a violation of the integral structure of a flat paired bone, which is located on back wall chest and connects the humerus to the collarbone.

Radius fracture

A radius fracture is a disruption of the radius bone caused by force. This type of injury accounts for one third of injuries to the upper limb.

Tibial condyle fracture

A fracture of the tibial condyles is a violation of the integrity of one or more condyles involved in the formation of the knee joint. The injury is quite common among all injuries to the tibial bone tissue.

Finger fracture

A finger fracture is an injury characterized by a violation of the integrity of the bone material of the corresponding area. It occurs as a result of traumatic exposure to an external force that exceeds the strength of the patient’s bones.

Humerus fracture

A humerus fracture is a damage to the integral structure of a long tubular bone, which at one end is attached to the humerus and the other to the elbow joint.

Spinal fracture

Spinal fractures are the destruction of the entire structure of the bone tissue that forms the spine. Frequency – about 2.5% of other musculoskeletal injuries. Pathology refers to serious injuries.

Lumbar spine fracture

A lumbar spine fracture is damage to the entire structure of one or several lumbar vertebrae due to trauma. In most cases, the first to third vertebrae (explained by their lack of mobility).

Metacarpal fracture

A metacarpal bone fracture is an injury characterized by a violation of the integrity of the metacarpal bone structure due to injury. This pathology accounts for 2.5% of all skeletal injuries.

Calcaneal fracture

A calcaneal fracture is a destruction of the entire structure of the bone tissue of the heel, which occurred due to traumatic force. The incidence of this injury reaches 4% of the total number of fractures.

Fractured ribs

A rib fracture is a violation of the integral structure of the spongy bones covering the chest. In terms of frequency, it has a high coefficient (16%) of the total number of skeletal injuries.

Broken arm

A fracture of the arm is the destruction of the entire structure of one and more bones that form the upper limb. The clinical picture depends on which part of the arm is affected.

Displaced fracture

Femoral neck fracture

A femoral neck fracture (or femoral neck fracture) is a disorder that occurs as a result of pathology of the anatomical integrity of the femur in the area of ​​the femoral neck.

Hip fracture in the elderly

A femoral neck fracture is a violation of the anatomical integrity of the femur, which is accompanied by rupture of blood vessels in the neck area. In victims of the older age group, the damage is caused by changes in the body and osteoporosis, which most often affects women after menopause.

Humeral neck fracture

A humeral neck fracture is a destruction of the entire structure of the humerus in its upper part, which is located slightly lower shoulder joint. In terms of frequency, it is a fairly common injury.

Cervical spine fracture

Fracture cervical region spine is the destruction of the entire structure of one or more cervical vertebrae, occurring due to excessive force. Often accompanied by various neurological symptoms.

Bone fractures

Bone fractures are injuries that are characterized by a violation of the integrity and functionality of the limbs. Most often found in athletes, children and the elderly.

Fractures of the bones of the hand

A hand fracture is a destruction of the entire structure of one or more bones that form the hand. This is one of the most common injuries, accounting for a third of all skeletal fractures.

Fractures of the forearm bones

Forearm fractures are the destruction of the entire structure of one or more bones that form the forearm. Trauma accounts for a third of all skeletal injuries.

Fractures of the foot bones

A fracture of the foot bones is the destruction of the entire structure of one or more bones that form the human foot. In terms of frequency, it occupies about a tenth of all skeletal injuries.

Plexopathies (PP)

Plexopathies (PP) – damage to the lumbosacral, cervical and shoulder nerve plexuses(NS). It manifests itself as a disorder of sensory and autonomic functions in the area of ​​innervation of their branches.

Humeroscapular periarthritis

Humeral periarthritis is a disease of the musculoskeletal system, during which a reactive inflammatory process develops in soft tissues located near the shoulder joint.

Flat feet

Flat feet is the most common disease that affects most women, due to improperly selected shoes and walking. As a result, they feel unpleasant pain in the pelvis, knee, foot, hips and lower back.

Achilles tendon injury

Damage to the Achilles tendon – closed injury soft tissues of the lower leg. The Achilles tendon (or heel tendon) is the strongest tendon in the body. It can withstand tensile strength of up to three hundred and fifty kilograms.

Nerve damage

Nerve damage is a violation of the integrity of the nerve trunk due to external or internal influences. By trunk we mean a bunch nerve fibers, enclosed in a protective shell.

Ligament damage

Ligament damage is a common type of injury caused by stretching or tearing of tendons. Arises as a result sudden movements in the joints.

Upper limb ligament damage

Ligament damage upper limbs refers to frequently received injuries, in which a sprain or rupture in the elbow, wrist, and small wrist joints is possible. The appearance is associated with large overloads, an awkward fall, a sharply impetuous swing or gesture.

Tendon damage

Tendon damage is a violation of the anatomical integrity of the connective tissues of the muscles as a result of direct and indirect exposure to traumatic force.

Chest injuries

Damage to the chest - loss of integrity and functional state bones, corset muscles and internal organs (lungs, bronchi, blood vessels, heart, diaphragm).

Knee ligament injuries

Damage to the knee ligaments occurs as a result of sudden movements or a very strong and precise blow to the knee, in which the connective fibers are partially or completely torn. As a rule, such an injury is observed in athletes, as well as in people involved in sports activities. active image life.

Damage to the tendons of the hand

Damage to the tendons of the hand is a common problem that occurs as a result of an incised wound when the hand or fingers penetrate into a movable structure with loss of their functionality.

Vertebral subluxation

Vertebral subluxation is one of the most common problems of the spine, which consists of partial displacement of the articular surfaces while maintaining the points of contact.

Subluxation of the cervical vertebra

Subluxation of the cervical vertebra is the lack of full contact between the articular surfaces without rupturing the ligaments and maintaining the integrity of the bones.

Spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury is an injury that has led to disruption of the integrity and functional activity of such elements of the human skeleton and organs as the spinal column, spinal cord and its vessels.

Hollow foot

Hollow foot is a pathology that involves deformation of the lower limb in such a way that the tips of the fingers are lowered down and the heel is raised up, as a result of which the size of the arch increases. The disease can be hereditary and also often occurs in people over 35 years of age. It is the complete opposite of flat feet.

Polytrauma

Polytrauma is two or more traumatic injuries occurring simultaneously. Moreover, each affected organ or system requires separate treatment.

Transverse flatfoot

Transverse flatfoot is a foot deformity that is characterized by flattening of the transverse arch, as a result of which the forefoot expands and the foot itself shortens somewhat.

Electric Shock (PET)

Electric shock (PET) is a pathological condition in the body caused by traumatic exposure. electric current(ET), accompanied by a local and systemic reaction, disruption of the functionality of tissues and organs.

Post-traumatic arthrosis

Post-traumatic osteomyelitis

Habitual dislocation

Habitual dislocation is a repeated displacement of adjacent articular surfaces after the victim has suffered a primary traumatic dislocation. It can form from even minimal damage during the most normal everyday movements. It most often manifests itself in young people.

Habitual shoulder dislocation

Habitual shoulder dislocation is a repeated displacement of the adjacent glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the shoulder joint. It appears in every fifth patient who has previously suffered such an injury.

Longitudinal flatfoot

Longitudinal flatfoot is a decrease in the inner arch of the foot due to weakness of the lower leg, muscles and ligamentous apparatus bones. The foot is turned inward and lengthened. A person with such a pathology can be seen by his gait - his steps are uncertain, his toes are pointed to the sides.

Bedsores

Bedsores are necrosis of soft tissues caused by regular pressure with poor circulation. Bedsores occur as a result of prolonged exposure to certain parts of the body. If the external influence for a long time is higher than the pressure inside the capillaries, then the occurrence of a bedsore is virtually guaranteed. The disease most often occurs in bedridden patients who lack adequate care. Most often, the disease affects areas of the body such as shoulder blades, heels, knees and elbow joints, ischium, feet and toes, ribs and others.

Heel spur

"Heel spur" or plantar fasciitis- this is an inflammation of the powerful fascia of the sole from the heel tubercle to the heads of the metatarsal bones. Externally, a “heel spur” resembles a wedge or spike formed on the sole of the patient’s foot in the area of ​​the heel bone.

Rhabdomyolysis

Rhabdomyolysis is an extreme degree of myopathy, characterized by destruction of muscle cells, increased concentrations of creatine kinase and myoglobin, myoglobinuria, and the development of sudden renal failure.

Radiculitis

Radiculitis is a lesion of the root that comes out of spinal cord and forms the spinal nerve. The root is affected by the processes of the vertebrae, which causes inflammation and swelling around it, and is accompanied by pain.

Achilles tendon rupture

An Achilles tendon rupture is traumatic injury soft tissues. Right tendon rupture is more common than left tendon rupture. With this injury, the functionality of the lower limb completely disappears; the rupture occurs at the site of the ligaments that connect the lower leg and foot.

Meniscus tear and damage

Rupture and damage to the meniscus - pathological disorders inner cartilaginous layer in knee joint, which performs stabilizing and shock-absorbing functions.

Bone cancer

Bone cancers are malignant tumors that arise in bone tissue. There are two types of bone cancer: primary - occurs directly in bone tissue and secondary - occurs in other organs or systems, but spreads to the bones through metastasis. The disease is quite rare and accounts for 1% of other cancer diseases.

Crick

A muscle strain is a traumatic injury to muscles, ligaments or tendons, which results in tearing of fibers and subcutaneous hemorrhage at the site of injury. After receiving this injury, it is important to avoid sports activities and sudden movements, you must apply ice as soon as possible for at least 20 minutes, then consult a traumatologist, and he will determine the type of violation and provide assistance.

Sprain

A sprain is a damage to the ligaments of the joint (tear of the fibers) resulting from their excessive tension and accompanied by the preservation of the anatomical continuity of the tissues.

Laceration

A laceration is a destruction of soft tissue and skin due to the impact of a hard blunt factor. main feature This type of wound consists of tissue detachment, the presence of flaps or areas of skin scalping.

Rheumatism

Rheumatism is an inflammatory disease that affects the joints and tissues of the heart. This pathology can occur in both sexes, but according to statistics, rheumatism is diagnosed in women several times more often than in men. The development of the disease is associated with acute or chronic streptococcal infections of the nasopharynx. Damage to the heart valves and myocardium occurs due to the reaction of streptococcal antibodies and heart tissue. Genetic factors are also important, causing the frequent incidence of the disease in children whose parents suffer from rheumatism.

Incised wound

Incised wound- this is one of the types of wounds received when the skin is exposed (pressure and sliding) to a cutting object (for example, a knife blade or razor blade). It is distinguished by smooth edges and sharp corners, as well as abundant blood loss. It can be superficial or include injury to nerves, muscles, veins, arteries, and internal organs.

Ewing's sarcoma

Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant bone tumor. It mainly affects the scapula, collarbone, pelvis, ribs, spine, and the lower part of the long tubular bones.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a pathological condition caused by compression on the median nerve (MN) in the carpal tunnel (CT).

Causalgia syndrome (CS)

Causalgia syndrome (CS) is a sensory, motor and vegetative-trophic disorder that occurs in the body against the background of a complex regional pain syndrome.

Synovitis

Synovitis is an inflammatory process of the synovial membrane, which is accompanied by a limitation of the limits of the membrane and the concentration of effusion in the synovial sheath of the tendon and articular cavity. Also in the process, a synovial bursa can form - a compacted cavity of a small shape, limited from neighboring tissues by a capsule and filled synovial fluid. Often the disease occurs as a result of physical injury, arthritis, or wound infection. The joints most often affected are the knees, elbows, and ankles. The inflammatory process affects one specific joint, or in rare cases, several at once.

Synovitis of the shoulder joint

Synovitis of the shoulder joint is an inflammatory process that develops in the synovium and is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the joint cavity.

Synovitis of the hip joint

Synovitis of the hip joint is a disease that is accompanied by inflammatory process synovial membrane and accumulation of fluid in the joint cavity.

Scoliosis

Scoliosis is a pathological condition of the human spine, in which there is a curvature of the ridge in the lateral direction. Develops at the stage of intensive growth and development of the body, mainly during puberty.

Sunstroke

Sunstroke- a disorder of the natural functioning of the human brain, which occurs due to too strong, prolonged and intense exposure to sunlight. This condition is a form of heat stroke.

Concussion

A concussion is the most common form of traumatic brain injury, which leads to temporary memory loss and disruption of brain function.

Traumatology and orthopedics– closely related branches of medicine. Traumatology studies injuries to the musculoskeletal system (bones, ligaments, joints, muscles and tendons), and deals with the diagnosis and treatment of these injuries. Orthopedics specializes in prevention, diagnosis and treatment functional disorders and deformations of the musculoskeletal system resulting from disease, injury or birth defect development.

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The role of traumatology in modern world is constantly increasing. Every year, car accidents and accidents lead to the deaths of millions of people on Earth. Injuries often result in long-term disability and a deterioration in people’s quality of life.

Most often, damage to the musculoskeletal system occurs due to road, household, industrial and sports injuries. The level and severity of damage depend on the mechanism of injury (the characteristics of the traumatic effect on the human body).

Behind last decades Traumatology has undergone significant changes. Previously, the main treatments for fractures were plaster casts and skeletal traction. Today, various surgical techniques are widely used in traumatology.

Osteosynthesis techniques (fixation of fractures with intraosseous, extraosseous and transosseous structures) are constantly being improved. Carrying out osteosynthesis can reduce the treatment time for fractures and avoid dangerous complications as a result of prolonged immobility (bedsores, pneumonia, thromboembolism) and prevent the development of contractures (restricted joint mobility).

Modern technologies are actively used. The severed fingers are reattached using microsurgical methods. Joint surgeries are performed using endoscopic equipment. Joint replacement is being developed (replacement of a destroyed or damaged joint with a biocompatible prosthesis).

The capabilities of traumatology are constantly expanding. However, recovery from injury remains impossible without the active participation of the patient. During this period, it is very important to follow the doctor’s recommendations, develop joints, do therapeutic exercises etc. Remember: the more time has passed since the injury, the more difficult it is to restore the lost function of muscles, bones and joints.

Traumatology is a branch of medicine that most people encounter only for a short period of time. In contrast, orthopedics typically deals with chronic diseases that require long-term treatment.

Along with modern surgical techniques, orthopedics widely uses traditional conservative techniques: massage, manual therapy, physical therapy and physiotherapy.

When treating orthopedic diseases, as well as during the recovery period after injuries, the patient’s attitude, his willingness to follow the doctor’s recommendations and make an active contribution to the process of his own recovery is of great importance.

We hope that the section “Traumatology and Orthopedics” of the Medical Directory of Diseases of the site “Beauty and Medicine” will help you get all the necessary information about injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system and methods of treating them.