Increased physical activity for the lungs, consequences. Laboratory work on the course "Man and his health Why does the intensity of breathing increase during physical activity
Human lungs provide essential function body - ventilation. Thereby paired organ blood and all tissues of the body are saturated with oxygen, and carbon dioxide stands out in external environment. During increased physical exertion in the respiratory organs occur various processes and changes. That is what we will be talking about today. Increased physical activity for the lungs, the consequences, that is, exactly how physical activity affects the respiratory system - this is what we will talk about in detail on this page "Popular about health".
Increase in respiratory activity during intensive physical work - phases
Everyone knows that when our body is actively moving, work is also intensified. respiratory system. talking plain language, while running, for example, we all feel short of breath. The breaths become more frequent and deeper. But if we consider this process in more detail, what exactly happens in the respiratory organs? There are three phases of increased respiratory activity during training or hard work:
1. Breathing becomes deeper and more frequent - such changes occur within the first twenty seconds after the start of active muscle work. When reducing muscle fibers there are nerve impulses that inform the brain about the need to increase the flow of air, the brain immediately reacts - gives the command to speed up breathing - as a result, hyperpnea occurs.
2. The second phase is not as fleeting as the first. At this stage, with increasing physical activity ventilation increases gradually and the part of the brain called the pons is responsible for this mechanism.
3. The third phase of respiratory activity is characterized by the fact that the increase in ventilation in the lungs slows down and remains approximately at the same level, but at the same time thermoregulatory and other functions enter the process. Thanks to them, the body is able to control the exchange of energy with the external environment.
How the lungs work during moderate and high intensity exercise?
Depending on the severity physical work ventilation in the body occurs in different ways. If a person is subjected to moderate loads, then his body consumes only about 50 percent of the oxygen from the amount that it is generally able to absorb. In this case, the body increases oxygen consumption by increasing the volume of ventilation of the lungs. People who exercise regularly in the gym have a higher lung ventilation volume than those who do not exercise. Accordingly, the oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight (VO2) in such people is greater.
Here are examples: being in a state of complete rest, on average, a person consumes about 5 liters of air per minute, from which cells and tissues absorb only a fifth of oxygen. With an increase motor activity there is an increase in breathing and an increase in the volume of pulmonary ventilation. As a result, the same person already consumes about 35-40 liters of air per minute, that is, 7-8 liters of oxygen. In people who exercise regularly, these figures are 3-5 times higher.
What are the consequences for the lungs if a person is constantly subjected to strong physical overload? Isn't it harmful for the respiratory system and for human health in general? For people who do not exercise regularly, intense exercise, such as running long distances or climbing a steep mountain, can be dangerous. When the second and third phases of respiratory activity begin, such people feel a lack of oxygen, despite the fact that its consumption by the body increases dramatically. Why is this happening?
The body is forced to produce great amount energy, this requires a large number of oxygen. Breathing becomes more frequent and deeper, but since an untrained person has a small volume of pulmonary ventilation, oxygen (O2) is still not enough. To generate energy, an additional mechanism is activated - sugars break down due to lactic acid, which is released during muscle work, without the participation of O2. The body feels a lack of glucose in such a situation, so it is forced to produce it by breaking down fats.
For this process, again, a supply of oxygen is needed, its consumption increases again. Then comes hypoxia. In this way, increased load on the lungs during physically hard work is dangerous and has consequences in the form of hypoxia, as a result, this can lead to loss of consciousness, convulsions and other health problems. However, people who exercise regularly are not at risk. Their volume of pulmonary ventilation and other indicators of the respiratory system are much higher, therefore, even with the most intense muscle work for a long time, they do not feel.
How to avoid hypoxia during heavy loads?
In order for the body to learn to adapt to hypoxia, it is necessary to constantly engage in physical exercises for at least 6 months. Over time, the indicators of the respiratory system will become higher - the volume of pulmonary ventilation, tidal volume, the indicator of maximum consumption of O2 and others will increase. Due to this, with the active activity of the muscles, the oxygen supply will be enough to generate energy, and the brain will not suffer from hypoxia.
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Continuation. See No 7, 9/2003
Laboratory works on the course "Man and his health"
Laboratory work No. 7. Counting the pulse before and after a dosed load
When contracting, the heart works like a pump and pushes blood through the vessels, providing oxygen and nutrients and freeing it from cell decay products. In the heart muscle in special cells, excitation periodically occurs, and the heart spontaneously rhythmically contracts. The central nervous system constantly controls the work of the heart through nerve impulses. There are two kinds nervous influences on the heart: some reduce the heart rate, others speed it up. The heart rate depends on many reasons - age, condition, load, etc.
With each contraction of the left ventricle, the pressure in the aorta rises, and the oscillation of its wall propagates in the form of a wave through the vessels. The fluctuation of the walls of blood vessels in the rhythm of contractions of the heart is called the pulse.
Goals: learn to count the pulse and determine the frequency of heart contractions; make a conclusion about the features of its work in different conditions.
Equipment: clock with second hand.
PROGRESS
1. Find the pulse by placing two fingers as shown in fig. 6 on inside wrist. Press lightly. You will feel a beating pulse.
2. Count the number of beats in 1 minute in calm state. Enter the data in the table. 5.
4. After 5 minutes of rest in a sitting position, calculate the pulse and enter the data in Table. 5.
Questions
1. In what other places, besides the wrist, can you feel the pulse? Why can the pulse be felt in these places of the human body?
2. What ensures a continuous flow of blood through the vessels?
3. What is the significance of changes in the strength and frequency of heart contractions for the body?
4. Compare the results in table. 5. What conclusion can be drawn about the work of one's own heart at rest and during exercise?
Problematic issues
1. How to prove that the pulse that is felt at some points of the body is a wave propagating along the walls of the arteries, and not a portion of the blood itself?
2. Why do you think the most different peoples there was a notion that man rejoices, loves, worries with the heart?
Laboratory work number 8. First aid for bleeding
The total volume of circulating blood in the body of an adult is on average 5 liters. Loss of more than 1/3 of blood volume (especially fast) is life threatening. The causes of bleeding are damage to blood vessels as a result of trauma, destruction of the walls of blood vessels in certain diseases, an increase in the permeability of the vessel wall and impaired blood clotting in a number of diseases.
The outflow of blood is accompanied by a decrease blood pressure, insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain, heart muscles, liver, kidneys. With untimely or illiterate assistance, death may occur.
Goals: learn how to apply a tourniquet; be able to apply knowledge about the structure and function of the circulatory system, explain the actions when applying a tourniquet for arterial and severe venous bleeding.
Equipment: rubber tube for tourniquet, twist stick, bandage, paper, pencil.
Safety precautions: be careful when twisting the tourniquet so as not to damage the skin.
PROGRESS
1. Apply a tourniquet on the forearm of a friend to stop conditional arterial bleeding.
2. Bandage the place of conditional damage to the artery. Write the time on a piece of paper tourniquet and put under the tourniquet.
3. Apply a pressure bandage on the forearm of a friend to stop conditional venous bleeding.
Questions
1. How did you determine the type of bleeding?
2. Where should the tourniquet be applied? Why?
3. Why is it necessary to put a note under the tourniquet indicating the time of its application?
4. What is the danger of arterial and strong venous bleeding?
5. What is the danger of applying a tourniquet incorrectly, why should it not be applied for more than 2 hours?
6. In fig. 7 find places where you need to press large arteries with heavy bleeding.
Problematic issues
1. Blockage of a blood vessel by a blood clot can cause gangrene and tissue necrosis. It is known that gangrene is "dry" (when the tissues shrivel) or "wet" (due to developing edema). Which type of gangrene will develop if: a) an artery is thrombosed; b) a vein? Which of these options happens more often and why?
2. In the limbs of mammals, the arterial vessels are always located deeper than the veins of the same branching order. What is the physiological meaning of this phenomenon?
Laboratory work No. 9. Measurement of vital capacity of the lungs
An adult, depending on age and height in a calm state, with each breath inhales 300-900 ml of air and exhales about the same amount. At the same time, the possibilities of the lungs are not fully used. After any calm breath, you can inhale an additional portion of air, and after a calm exhalation, exhale some more of it. Maximum amount exhaled air after deep breath called the vital capacity of the lungs. On average, it is 3-5 liters. As a result of training, the vital capacity of the lungs may increase. Large portions of air entering the lungs during inhalation allow you to supply the body enough oxygen without increasing the respiratory rate.
Target: learn how to measure lung capacity.
Equipment: balloon, ruler.
Safety precautions: do not participate in the experiment if you have respiratory problems.
PROGRESS
I. Tidal volume measurement
1. After a calm breath, exhale the air into the balloon.
Note: do not exhale forcefully.
2. Screw the hole in the balloon immediately to prevent air from escaping. Lay the ball on a flat surface, such as a table, and have your partner hold a ruler to it and measure the diameter of the ball, as shown in fig. 8. Enter the data in the table. 7.
II. Measurement of vital capacity.
1. After calm breathing, inhale as deeply as you can, and then exhale as deeply as possible into the balloon.
2. Screw the hole immediately hot air balloon. Measure the diameter of the ball, enter the data in the table. 6.
3. Deflate the balloon and repeat the same two more times. Take the average and enter the data in the table. 6.
4. Using Graph 1, convert the obtained balloon diameters (Table 6) to lung volume (cm3). Enter the data in the table. 7.
III. Calculation of vital capacity
1. Research shows that lung volume is proportional to the surface area of the human body. In order to find body surface area, you need to know your weight in kilograms and height in centimeters. Enter these data in the table. eight.
2. Using Graph 2, determine the surface area of your body. To do this, find your height in cm on the left scale, mark with a dot. Find your weight on the right scale and also mark with a dot. Draw a straight line between two points using a ruler. The intersection of the lines with the average scale will be the surface area of \u200b\u200byour body in m 2 .. Enter the data in table. eight.
3. To calculate your lung capacity, multiply your body surface area by your vital capacity factor, which is 2000 ml/m2 for women and 2500 cm3/m2 for men. Enter the data on the vital capacity of your lungs in the table. eight.
1. Why is it important to take the same measurements three times and average them?
2. Are your scores different from those of your classmates. If yes, why?
3. How to explain the differences in the results of measuring the vital capacity of the lungs and those obtained by calculation?
4. Why is it important to know the volume of exhaled air and vital capacity of the lungs?
Problematic issues
1. Even when you exhale deeply, some air remains in your lungs. What does it matter?
2. Can vital capacity matter to some musicians? Explain the answer.
3. Do you think smoking affects lung capacity? How?
Laboratory work No. 10. The effect of physical activity on respiratory rate
Respiratory and cardiovascular systems provide exchange of gases. With their help, oxygen molecules are delivered to all tissues of the body, and carbon dioxide is removed from there. Gases easily pass through cell membranes. As a result, the cells of the body receive the oxygen they need and are released from carbon dioxide. This is the essence of the respiratory function. The optimal ratio of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained in the body due to an increase or decrease in the respiratory rate. The presence of carbon dioxide can be detected in the presence of the indicator bromothymol blue. A change in the color of the solution is an indication of the presence of carbon dioxide.
Target: establish the dependence of the respiratory rate on physical activity.
Equipment: 200 ml bromthymol blue, 2 x 500 ml flasks, glass rods, 8 straws, 100 ml graduated cylinder, 65 ml 4% aqueous solution ammonia, pipette, clock with a second hand.
Safety precautions: experiment with a solution of bromthymol blue is carried out in a laboratory coat. Be careful with glassware. Chemical reagents must be handled very carefully to avoid contact with clothing, skin, eyes, mouth. If when executing exercise you feel bad, sit down and talk to the teacher.
PROGRESS
I. Breathing rate at rest
1. Sit down and relax for a few minutes.
2. Working in pairs, count the number of breaths in one minute. Enter the data in the table. 9.
3 Repeat the same thing 2 more times, count the average number of breaths and enter the data in the table. 9.
Note: after each count, you need to relax and rest.
II. Respiration rate after exercise
1. Run in place for 1 min.
Note. If you feel unwell during the exercise, sit down and ask your teacher.
2. Sit down and immediately count for 1 minute. number of breaths. Enter the data in the table. 9.
3. Repeat this exercise 2 more times, each time resting until breathing is restored. Enter the data in the table. 9.
III. The amount of carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) in the exhaled air at rest
1. Pour 100 ml of bromthymol blue solution into the flask.
2. One of the students calmly exhales air through a straw into a flask with a solution for 1 minute.
Note. Be careful not to get the solution on your lips.
After a minute, the solution should turn yellow.
3. Start dropping into the flask, counting them, add ammonia solution with a pipette, stirring the contents of the flask from time to time with a glass rod.
4. Add ammonia drop by drop, counting the drops until the solution turns blue again. Enter this number of drops of ammonia in the table. ten.
5. Repeat the experiment 2 more times using the same bromthymol blue solution. Calculate the average and enter the data in the table. ten.
IV. The amount of carbon dioxide in the exhaled air after exercise
1. Pour 100 ml of bromthymol blue solution into the second flask.
2. The same student as in the previous experiment, let him do the exercise "running in place."
3. Immediately, using a clean straw, exhale into the flask for 1 minute.
4. With a pipette, add ammonia drop by drop to the contents of the flask (counting the amount until the solution turns blue again).
5. In the table. 10 add the number of drops of ammonia used to restore color.
6. Repeat the experiment 2 more times. Calculate the average and enter the data in the table. ten.
Conclusion
1. Compare the number of breaths at rest and after exercise.
2. Why does the number of breaths increase after exercise?
3. Does everyone in the class have the same results? Why?
4. What is ammonia in the 3rd and 4th parts of the work?
5. Is the average number of drops of ammonia the same when performing the 3rd and 4th parts of the task. If not, why not?
Problematic issues
1. Why do some athletes inhale pure oxygen after strenuous exercise?
2. Name the advantages of a trained person.
3. Nicotine from cigarettes, getting into the bloodstream, constricts blood vessels. How does this affect the respiration rate?
To be continued
1. All leaves have veins. What structures are they formed from? What is their role in the transport of substances throughout the plant?
The veins are formed by vascular-fibrous bundles that permeate the entire plant, connecting its parts - shoots, roots, flowers and fruits. They are based on conductive tissues, which carry out the active movement of substances, and mechanical ones. Water and minerals dissolved in it move in the plant from the roots to the aerial parts through the vessels of the wood, and organic substances - through the sieve tubes of the bast from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
In addition to the conductive tissue, the vein includes mechanical tissue: fibers that give the sheet plate strength and elasticity.
2. What is the role of the circulatory system?
The blood carries nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, and removes carbon dioxide and other decay products. Thus, the blood performs the respiratory function. White blood cells perform protective function: they destroy pathogens that have entered the body.
3. What is blood made of?
Blood consists of a colorless liquid - plasma and blood cells. Distinguish between red and white blood cells. Red blood cells give the blood a red color, as they include a special substance - the pigment hemoglobin.
4. Suggest simple circuits closed and open circulatory systems. Point to them the heart, blood vessels and body cavity.
Diagram of an open circulatory system
5. Offer an experiment proving the movement of substances through the body.
We prove that substances move through the body using the example of a plant. Let's put in the water, tinted with red ink, a young shoot of a tree. After 2-4 days, we will pull the shoot out of the water, wash off the ink from it and cut off a piece of the lower part. Consider first a cross section of the shoot. On the cut, you can see that the wood is stained red.
Then cut along the rest of the shoot. Red stripes appeared in places of stained vessels, which are part of the wood.
6. Gardeners propagate some plants from cut branches. They plant twigs in the ground and cover with a jar until they are fully rooted. Explain the meaning of jars.
A high constant humidity is formed under the jar due to evaporation. Therefore, the plant evaporates less moisture and will not wither.
7. Why do cut flowers wither sooner or later? How can you prevent their rapid fading? Draw a diagram of the transport of substances in cut flowers.
Cut flowers are not a full-fledged plant, because they have removed the horse system, which provided adequate (conceived by nature) absorption of water and minerals, as well as part of the leaves that provided photosynthesis.
The flower fades mainly because in the cut plant, the flower, due to increased evaporation, there is not enough moisture. It starts from the moment of cutting, and especially when the flower and leaves are without water for a long time, have a large evaporation surface (cut lilac, cut hydrangea). Many greenhouse cut flowers find it difficult to tolerate the difference in temperature and humidity of the place where they were grown, with the dryness and warmth of living rooms.
But a flower can fade, or grow old, this process is natural and irreversible.
To avoid wilting and prolong the life of flowers, a bouquet of flowers must be in a special package that serves to protect against crushing, penetration sun rays, warm hands. On the street, it is advisable to carry the bouquet with flowers down (moisture will always flow directly to the buds during the transfer of flowers).
One of the main causes of wilting of flowers in a vase is a decrease in the sugar content in tissues and dehydration of the plant. This happens most often due to blockage of blood vessels by air bubbles. To avoid this, the end of the stem is lowered into the water and an oblique cut is made with a sharp knife or secateurs. After that, the flower is no longer taken out of the water. If such a need arises, then the operation is repeated again.
Before placing cut flowers in water, remove all lower leaves from the stems, and roses also have thorns. This will reduce the evaporation of moisture and prevent the rapid development of bacteria in the water.
8. What is the role of root hairs? What is root pressure?
Water enters the plant through the root hairs. Covered with mucus, in close contact with the soil, they absorb water with minerals dissolved in it.
Root pressure is the force that causes the one-way movement of water from roots to shoots.
9. What is the significance of the evaporation of water from leaves?
Once in the leaves, water evaporates from the surface of the cells and in the form of steam through the stomata exits into the atmosphere. This process ensures a continuous upward flow of water through the plant: having given up water, the cells of the leaf pulp, like a pump, begin to intensively absorb it from the vessels surrounding them, where water enters through the stem from the root.
10. In the spring, the gardener found two damaged trees. In one mouse, the bark was partially damaged, in another, the hares gnawed the trunk with a ring. What tree can die?
A tree may die, in which hares have gnawed the trunk with a ring. This will destroy the inner layer bark, which is called bast. Solutions move through it. organic matter. Without their influx, the cells below the damage will die.
The cambium lies between the bark and the wood. In spring and summer, the cambium divides vigorously, and as a result, new bast cells are deposited towards the bark, and new wood cells towards the wood. Therefore, the life of the tree will depend on whether the cambium is damaged.
ANSWER: Energy generation to provide muscle work can be carried out by anaerobic anoxic and aerobic oxidative pathways. Depending on the biochemical characteristics of the processes occurring in this case, it is customary to distinguish three generalized energy systems that provide physical performance person:
alactic anaerobic, or phosphagenic, associated with the processes of ATP resynthesis mainly due to the energy of another high-energy phosphate compound - creatine phosphate CRF
glycolytic lactacid anaerobic, providing the resynthesis of ATP and CrF due to the reactions of anaerobic breakdown of glycogen or glucose to lactic acid UA
aerobic oxidative, associated with the ability to perform work due to the oxidation of energy substrates, which can be used as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, while increasing the delivery and utilization of oxygen in working muscles.
Almost all the energy released in the body in the process of metabolism nutrients eventually turns into heat. First, the maximum ratio useful action converting nutrient energy into muscle work, even under the most best conditions, is only 20-25%; the rest of the nutrient energy is converted into heat during intracellular chemical reactions.
Secondly, almost all the energy that really goes into creating muscle work, however, becomes body heat, since this energy, except for a small part of it, is used to: 1 overcome the viscous resistance of muscle and joint movement; 2 overcoming the friction of blood flowing through blood vessels; 3 others similar effects, as a result of which the energy of muscle contractions is converted into heat. The mechanisms of thermoregulation are switched on, sweating, etc., a person is hot.
medicinal product ubinone (coenzyme Q) is used as an antioxidant that has an antihypoxic effect. The drug is used to treat diseases of cardio-vascular system, to improve performance during physical exertion. Using knowledge of the biochemistry of energy metabolism, explain the mechanism of action of this drug.
ANSWER: Ubiquinones are fat-soluble coenzymes found predominantly in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Ubiquinone is a component of the electron transport chain and is involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The maximum content of ubiquinone in the organs with the highest energy needs, such as the heart and liver.
Complex 1 of tissue respiration catalyzes the oxidation of NADH ubiquinone.
With NADH and Succinate in the 1st and 2nd complexes of the respiratory chain, e is transferred to ubinone.
And then from ubinone to cytochrome c.
Two experiments were carried out: in the first study, mitochondria were treated with oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthase, and in the second, with 2,4-dinitrophenol, an uncoupler of oxidation and phosphorylation. How will the synthesis of ATP, the value of the transmembrane potential, the rate of tissue respiration and the amount of released CO2 change? Explain why endogenous uncouplers fatty acids and thyroxine have a pyrogenic effect?
ANSWER: ATP synthesis will decrease; the value of the transmembrane potential will decrease; the rate of tissue respiration and the amount of CO2 released will decrease.
Some chemical substances can carry protons or other ions, bypassing the proton channels of the membrane's ATP synthase, they are called protonophores and ionophores. In this case, the electrochemical potential disappears and ATP synthesis stops. This phenomenon is called uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation. The amount of ATP decreases, ADP increases, and energy is released in the form heat, consequently, an increase in temperature is observed, pyrogenic properties are revealed.
56. Apoptosis - programmed cell death. For some pathological conditions(for example, viral infection) may result in premature cell death. The human body produces protective proteins that prevent premature apoptosis. One of them is the Bcl-2 protein, which increases the NADH/NAD+ ratio and inhibits Ca2+ release from the ER. It is now known that the AIDS virus contains a protease that degrades Bcl-2. The rate of what reactions of energy metabolism changes in this case and why? Why do you think these changes can be detrimental to cells?
ANSWER: Increases the ratio of NADH / NAD + hence the increase in the rate of OVR reactions of the Krebs cycle.
This will accelerate the reaction of oxidative decarboxylation, since Ca2 + is involved in the activation of inactive PDH. Since the ratio of NADH / NAD + will be reduced during AIDS, the rate of OVR reactions of the Krebs cycle will decrease.
Barbiturates (sodium amytal, etc.) are used in medical practice how sleeping pills. However, an overdose of these drugs, exceeding 10 times treatment dose, can lead to lethal outcome. What is it based on toxic effect barbiturates on the body?
Answer: Barbiturates, group medicinal substances, derivatives of barbituric acid, which have a hypnotic, anticonvulsant and narcotic effect due to a depressant effect on the central nervous system. Barbiturates taken orally are absorbed into small intestine. When released into the bloodstream, they bind to proteins and are metabolized in the liver. Approximately 25% of barbiturates are excreted in the urine unchanged.
The main mechanism of action of barbiturates is related to the fact that they penetrate into the inner lipid layers and liquefy the membranes. nerve cells, disrupting their function and neurotransmission. Barbiturates block the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine while stimulating synthesis and increasing the inhibitory effects of GABA. As addiction develops, cholinergic function increases while GABA synthesis and binding decrease. The metabolic component is to induce liver enzymes, which reduces hepatic blood flow. Tissues become less sensitive to barbiturates. Barbiturates can cause, over time, an increase in the resistance of nerve cell membranes. In general, barbiturates have an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system, which is clinically manifested by sleeping pills, sedative effect. depressive in toxic doses external respiration, the activity of the cardiovascular system (due to the inhibition of the corresponding center in medulla oblongata). sometimes disturbances of consciousness: stunning, stupor and coma. Causes of death: respiratory failure, acute liver failure, shock reaction with cardiac arrest.
At the same time, due to disturbances in breathing, there is an increase in the level of carbon dioxide and a decrease in the level of oxygen in the tissues and blood plasma. Acidosis is occurring acid-base balance in the body.
The action of barbiturates disrupts metabolism: it inhibits oxidative processes in the body, reduces the formation of heat. When poisoned, the vessels dilate, and heat is given off to a greater extent. Therefore, the patient's temperature decreases
58. In case of heart failure, injections of cocarboxylase containing thiamine diphosphate are prescribed. Given that heart failure is accompanied by a hypoenergetic state, and using knowledge of the effect of coenzymes on enzyme activity, explain the mechanism therapeutic action drug. Name the process that accelerates in myocardial cells when this drug is administered
Answer: Cocarboxylase is a vitamin-like drug, a coenzyme that improves metabolism and energy supply to tissues. She improves metabolic processes nervous tissue, normalizes the work of the cardiovascular system, helps to normalize the work of the heart muscle.
In the body, cocarboxylase is formed from vitamin B1 (thiamine) and plays the role of a coenzyme. Coenzymes are one of the parts of enzymes - substances that accelerate all biochemical processes many times over. Cocarboxylase is a coenzyme of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. In combination with protein and magnesium ions, it is part of the carboxylase enzyme, which has active influence on the carbohydrate metabolism, reduces the level of milk in the body and pyruvic acid improves glucose uptake. All this contributes to an increase in the amount of energy released, which means an improvement in all metabolic processes in the body, and since our patient has a hypoenergetic state. such medicinal product as cocarboxylases, the state of medial activity will improve.
Cocarboxylase improves the absorption of glucose, metabolic processes in the nervous tissue, and contributes to the normalization of the work of the heart muscle. Deficiency of cocarboxylase causes an increase in blood acidity (acidosis), which leads to severe disorders in all organs and systems of the body, can result in coma and death of the patient.
ABOUT WHAT PROCESS IS ACCELERATED IN THE MYOCARDIA WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF THIS DRUG, I DID NOT FIND ANYTHING SUCH.
59 It is known that Hg 2+ binds irreversibly to the SH-groups of lipoic acid. What changes in energy metabolism can lead to chronic poisoning mercury?
Answer: By modern ideas mercury and especially mercury-organic compounds are enzymatic poisons, which, getting into the blood and tissues, even in trace amounts, show their poisoning effect there. The toxicity of enzyme poisons is due to their interaction with thiol sulfhydryl groups (SH) of cellular proteins, in this case lipoic acid, which is involved in the redox processes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) as a coenzyme, optimizing the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, lipoic acid also plays important role in the utilization of carbohydrates and the implementation of normal energy metabolism, improving the "energy status" of the cell. As a result of this interaction, the activity of the main enzymes is disturbed, for the normal functioning of which the presence of free sulfhydryl groups is necessary. Mercury vapor, entering the blood, first circulates in the body in the form of atomic mercury, but then mercury undergoes enzymatic oxidation and enters into compounds with protein molecules, interacting primarily with the sulfhydryl groups of these molecules. Mercury ions first of all affect numerous enzymes, and, first of all, thiol enzymes, which play the main role in metabolism in a living organism, as a result of which many functions, especially the nervous system, are disturbed. Therefore, with mercury intoxication, disorders of the nervous system are the first signs indicating harmful effect mercury.
Shifts in such vital important organs, as the nervous system, are associated with disorders of tissue metabolism, which in turn leads to disruption of the functioning of many organs and systems, manifested in various clinical forms intoxication.
60. How will the deficiency of vitamins PP, B1, B2 affect the energy metabolism of the body? Explain the answer. Which enzymes need these vitamins to “work”?
Answer: The cause of the hypoenergetic state may be hypovitaminosis, since in the reactions of vit PP Is integral part coenzymes; Suffice it to say that a number of coenzyme groups that catalyze tissue respiration include nicotinic acid amide. The absence of nicotinic acid in food leads to a disruption in the synthesis of enzymes that catalyze redox reactions (oxidoreductases: alcohol dehydrogenase)), and leads to a disruption in the mechanism of oxidation of certain substrates of tissue respiration. Vitamin PP ( a nicotinic acid) is also part of the enzymes involved in cellular respiration. Digestion. Nicotinic acid is amidated in tissues, then combines with ribose, phosphoric and adenylic acids, forming coenzymes, and the latter with specific proteins form dehydrogenase enzymes involved in numerous oxidative reactions in the body. Vitamin B1 - essential vitamin in energy metabolism, is important for maintaining the activity of mitochondria. In general, it normalizes the activity of the central, peripheral nervous systems, cardiovascular and endocrine systems. Vitamin B1, being a coenzyme of decarboxylases, is involved in the oxidative decarboxylation of keto acids (pyruvic, α-ketoglutaric), is an inhibitor of the cholinesterase enzyme that cleaves the CNS mediator acetylcholine, and is involved in the control of Na + transport through the neuron membrane.
It has been proven that vitamin B1 in the form of thiamine pyrophosphate is an integral part of at least four enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism. These are two complex enzyme systems: pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric acids (enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase). vitamin B2 B combined with proteins and phosphoric acid in the presence of trace elements, such as magnesium, it creates enzymes necessary for the metabolism of saccharides or for transporting oxygen, and therefore for the respiration of every cell in our body. Vitamin B2 is necessary for the synthesis of serotonin, acetylcholine and norepinephrine, which are neurotransmitters, as well as histamine, which released from cells during inflammation. In addition, riboflavin is involved in the synthesis of three essential fatty acids: linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic. Riboflavin is necessary for the normal metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan, which is converted into niacin in the body.
Vitamin B2 deficiency can cause a decrease in the ability to produce antibodies that increase resistance to disease.