Thyroid cyst. Thyroid cyst: causes, symptoms and dangerous consequences Brushes on the thyroid gland how to treat

Thyroid cyst is a cavity formation in one of the most important glands of the human body - the thyroid - is a benign, very small tumor that has colloidal contents inside.

Many endocrinologists combine nodular formations, cysts and adenomas into one category; there is still no clear boundary between these forms, although they are different in structure. In clinical practice, cysts are called formations of 15 millimeters or more; anything smaller than this limit is considered an enlarged follicle (1.5 mm and above). An adenoma is a benign mature tumor consisting of the epithelium of the thyroid gland, and a node is a lesion-shaped formation that has a dense, fibrous capsule inside.

According to statistics, a cyst is diagnosed in 3-5% of cases of all diseases of the glandula thyroidea - the thyroid gland. A thyroid cyst most often develops in women; in the initial stage it grows asymptomatically as a complication of the underlying endocrine disease, and very rarely becomes malignant (takes on a malignant form). It may vary according to morphological form, but, as a rule, has a favorable prognosis with timely diagnosis and treatment.

Code according to the international classification of diseases - ICD-10:

D34 – Benign neoplasm of the thyroid gland

It is believed that 90% of diagnosed thyroid cysts do not pose a danger in terms of transformation into cancer. The danger comes from the root causes of the appearance of cysts; as a rule, these are gland hyperplasia, thyroiditis, dystrophic changes in the follicles, and infectious processes. Besides, Is a thyroid cyst dangerous?, can be determined by an endocrinologist after a thorough examination, which can show the ability of neoplasms to cause suppuration and inflammation. Symptoms of possible complications of a cyst in a clinical sense appear as follows:

Hyperthermia is a high body temperature, sometimes up to 39-40 degrees.
Enlarged cervical lymph node.
General intoxication of the body.
Localized painful symptom at the site of cyst formation.

Large cysts can form nodes, which in turn are dangerous in terms of malignancy (growing into malignancy).

ICD-10 code

D34 Benign neoplasm of the thyroid gland

Causes of thyroid cysts

The reasons for the formation of cysts are due to the very structure of the gland tissue - it consists of more than 30 million follicles filled with colloid (acini and vesicles). A colloid is a special protein gel-like liquid containing protohormones - special substances that function inside the cells that reproduce them. If the outflow of hormones and colloidal substances is disrupted, the follicles enlarge and small, often multiple cysts are formed. In addition, the causes of thyroid cysts lie in overexertion and excessive consumption of energy-supplying hormones - T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). This is due to psycho-emotional stress, the rehabilitation period after a serious illness, after thermal exposure (extreme cold or heat), which increase the production of hormones and the activity of the gland itself. The density of the thyroid tissue gradually loses its elasticity, transforming into altered areas in the form of a cavity filled with colloidal fluid and destroyed cells.

Also, the causes of thyroid cysts are explained by the following factors:

Iodine deficiency.
The inflammatory process in an unchanged gland is thyroiditis.
Hormonal disorders, imbalance.
Unfavorable environmental conditions in an ecological sense.
Intoxication, poisoning.
Trauma to the gland.
Congenital pathologies of the thyroid gland.
Hereditary factor.

Symptoms of a thyroid cyst

A thyroid cyst most often develops slowly and asymptomatically, which is explained by its small size and lack of pressure on the vascular system. As a rule, primary neoplasms are detected during routine examinations for other endocrine and hormonal diseases.

Symptoms begin to appear when the formation becomes quite large, sometimes up to 3 centimeters, often visually noticeable. However, as the tumor grows, it can provoke unnoticeable discomfort, which is worth paying attention to, since in the initial stage it is treatable conservatively and do not require other methods of therapy. There are also cases when it forms and grows quite quickly, and can even resolve on its own. Signs and symptoms of a developing benign formation in the gland may be as follows:

Feeling of sore throat.
Feeling of slight compaction.
Atypical voice timbre, hoarseness.
Pain as a sign of cyst suppuration.
Low-grade body temperature, temperature may rise to 39-40 degrees.
Frequent feeling of chills.
Headache that has no other objective causes.
Visual change in the appearance of the neck and its contours.
Enlarged lymph nodes.

Symptoms of a thyroid cyst may appear periodically, but even one episode of alarming signs should be a reason to consult a doctor.

Colloid cyst- This is, in fact, a colloidal node that is formed as a result of a non-toxic goiter. Nodules are dilated follicles with flattened thyrocytes that line their walls. If the gland tissue remains virtually unchanged structurally, then a nodular goiter develops; if the thyroid parenchyma changes, a diffuse nodular goiter is formed. About 95% of diagnosed colloid neoplasms are considered completely benign, requiring only clinical observation, but there is the remaining 5% that can pose a danger in terms of transformation into an oncological process. The main reason that provokes the development of colloid cysts is iodine deficiency in the body; to a lesser extent, this endocrine pathology is influenced by heredity. In addition, excessive radiation doses, as in the case of atomic explosion in 1945 in the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or with the Chernobyl accident, are also a provoking factor for many thyroid diseases.

In the initial stage, colloidal nodes do not manifest clinical signs; formations up to 10 millimeters in size are not felt by a person and, in principle, are not dangerous to health. However, enlarging nodes can complicate the process of swallowing food, compressing the esophagus, trachea, and recurrent nerve endings of the larynx. Another typical sign of a growing node is increased sweating, hot flashes, tachycardia, periodic outbreaks of unreasonable irritability, which is explained by the excessive release of hormones into the bloodstream (thyrotoxicosis).

Almost all endocrinologists are unanimous that a colloid cyst of the thyroid gland does not need surgical treatment, to supervise it, you only need regular observation and monitoring of the condition of the gland using ultrasound examination.

Follicular cyst of the thyroid gland in clinical practice it is defined as follicular adenoma, this is much more competent and accurate, since such a formation consists of large quantity tissue cells - follicles, that is, a rather dense structure that does not have a cavity like in a cyst. Follicular adenoma also rarely manifests itself clinically in the initial stage, and is visually noticeable only upon magnification, when it deforms the neck. This type of tumor is more dangerous in terms of malignancy and much more often degenerates into adenocarcinoma than a colloid cyst.

Follicular neoplasm is diagnosed in patients of any age - from children to adults, but most often in women.

Symptoms:

A dense formation in the neck area, which is easily palpable and sometimes visually noticeable.
No pain on palpation.
Clear boundaries of the formation (on palpation).
Labored breathing.
Discomfort in the neck area.
Feeling of a lump in the throat, squeezing.
Frequent coughing.
Sore throat.
If a cyst develops, there is a decrease in body weight.
Irritability.
Increased fatigue.
Sensitivity to temperature changes.
Sweating.
Tachycardia.
Increased blood pressure, pressure instability.
Subfebrile body temperature is possible.

Diagnostics:

Palpation.
Ultrasound examination glands.
If necessary, puncture and histological tests.
Scintigraphic (radionuclide) study using a radiotracer.
Unlike colloid formations, follicular adenomas are difficult to conservative treatment, most often they are operated on.

Cyst of the right lobe of the thyroid gland

As you know, the structure of the thyroid gland resembles a “butterfly, consisting of two lobes. The right side is slightly larger in size than the left, this is due to the fact that during intrauterine development the right lobe of the thyroid gland forms earlier, its follicles are formed more intensively, and the left one completes its formation 10-14 days later. This may explain the high prevalence of cysts in the right lobe of the thyroid gland. Just like typical neoplasms associated with the expansion of follicles, a right-sided cyst, as a rule, is benign in nature and rarely increases to pathological sizes. If timely detection does not occur, and this is also a common phenomenon due to the asymptomatic process, the tumor can reach sizes of up to 4-6 centimeters. Such cysts already signal themselves with the following signs:

Uncomfortable compression in the neck area.
Sensation of a constant lump in the larynx.
Difficulty swallowing, breathing.

Hyperthyroidism – feeling of heat, exophthalmos (excessively bulging eyes), hair loss, dyspepsia, tachycardia, aggression, irritability

The cyst of the right lobe of the thyroid gland is clearly palpable when it increases by more than 3 millimeters as a solitary (single) cyst. To diagnose such a formation, as well as for multiple diffuse nodes, both an ultrasound and a biopsy are performed to remove the contents of the cyst for histological (cytological) analysis if it is 1 centimeter or more in size.

Right-sided cysts up to 6 millimeters are subject to conservative treatment and regular monitoring; the prognosis depends on the result of histology. Usually, even medications are not required, just a certain diet with the inclusion of seafood and iodine-containing dishes in the menu is enough. You also need to monitor your TSH levels over time, every six months. In 80-90% of cases, with timely detection of such formations, cysts are well treated with diet or drug therapy and are not operated on.

Cyst of the left lobe of the thyroid gland

The left lobe of the thyroid gland - lobus sinister - may normally be slightly smaller in size compared to the right, this is due to anatomical structure glands. Cysts can develop on both lobes or be one-sided, for example, on the left side. A cyst of the left lobe of the thyroid gland less than 1 centimeter, as a rule, is subject to dynamic observation and does not require either conservative or, let alone, surgical treatment. If it increases, a puncture is possible, during which the cavity is emptied and a special drug is administered - sclerosant. This remedy helps the walls of the cyst “stick together” and prevents the recurrence of accumulation of colloidal contents in it. In addition, in case of an inflammatory, purulent process in the cyst, puncture helps to identify the true causative agent of the infection and specify antibacterial therapy. In cases where, after sclerotherapy, a cyst of the left lobe of the thyroid gland forms again, surgery is indicated - its resection.

Endocrinologists believe that with unilateral pathology of the gland, a compensatory mechanism is activated, that is, if the left lobe is overly active, then the right one will be either normal or hypoactive. Thus, a left lobe cyst is not a complex, life-threatening disease and represents a solvable problem in terms of the functioning of the gland itself ( TSH level) and possible increase in size.

A left-sided cyst is diagnosed as standard:

Palpation.
Possibly a puncture.
Analysis for TSH (T3 and T4).
Ultrasound of the thyroid gland.

Iodine-containing drugs are usually prescribed as treatment, special diet, as well as monitoring the condition of the gland and tumor size every six months. Various physiotherapeutic procedures, heating, and irradiation are unacceptable. With constant monitoring and compliance with all medical recommendations, a cyst of the left lobe of the thyroid gland has a very favorable prognosis.

Thyroid isthmus cyst

Isthmus glandulae thyroideae - the isthmus is well defined by palpation, in contrast to the thyroid gland itself, which normally should not be visible or palpable. The isthmus is a transverse, smooth, dense “ridge” that performs the task of connecting the right and left lobes of the gland at the level of the tracheal cartilage. Any atypical thickening, enlargement or compaction of the isthmus should be a reason for examination by an endocrinologist to identify possible pathology, since it is this zone that is most dangerous in terms of malignancy (oncological process).

A thyroid isthmus cyst is diagnosed as follows:

Collection of anamnesis and subjective complaints.
Palpation of the isthmus and the entire gland.
Fine-needle biopsy to differentiate the nature of the tumor (benign/malignant).

It should be noted that cyst puncture is recommended for all formations larger than one centimeter in size, as well as for those patients who have a hereditary predisposition to endocrine diseases or those who live in an area of increased radiation activity.

If the isthmus cyst does not exceed 0.5-1 centimeters, it does not require special treatment. As a rule, regular ultrasound examinations are prescribed and dispensary registration is indicated. If a biopsy reveals the benign nature of the tumor, that is, it is diagnosed as colloid, the endocrinologist determines the treatment tactics, but today there are no drugs that could reduce or stop the growth of tumors. In cases where the thyroid isthmus cyst does not disrupt basic functions, does not affect hormonal levels and does not manifest painful symptoms, it is only subject to constant observation and monitoring.

The previously popular thyroxine is now recognized as insufficiently effective, in addition, its side effects often exceed its dubious effectiveness. We do not practice radioiodine therapy courses; they are mainly used in foreign clinics, therefore, if a malignant nature is suspected or its size is large, surgery is possible.

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Small thyroid cysts

Small formations that are diagnosed as small thyroid cysts are usually not subject to either conservative or surgical treatment. Essentially, these are pathologically enlarged follicles identified histologically. It should be noted that ultrasound examination is not able to determine the nature of small formations, especially if they do not exceed 1.5 millimeters in size. It is believed that all atypical neoplasms in the gland exceeding 1.5-2 millimeters are called cysts, that is, anechoic formations containing colloid. If ultrasound shows a hypoechoic formation, it is diagnosed as a node, however, clarifying differentiation with such a small size is possible only with the help of histology and Dopplerography.

Small thyroid cysts often disappear on their own when following an iodine-containing diet, eliminating exposure to heat and psycho-emotional stress. The prognosis for such colloidal formations is almost 100% favorable.

Multiple thyroid cysts

Endocrinologists consider the expression “multiple thyroid cysts” as a diagnosis incorrect; rather, this is not a clinical definition of the disease, but a conclusion instrumental studies, which include ultrasound. The term polycystic disease is, in principle, excluded from the diagnostic dictionary and transferred to the category of definitions (definitions) of tissue changes in any organ - ovaries, thyroid gland, kidneys. Multiple thyroid cysts are detected by ultrasound scanning as initial pathological hyperplasia of the tissue structure in response to iodine salt deficiency. Most often this is the first signal developing pathology thyroid gland, for example, struma - goiter. The main cause of this deformation is iodine deficiency; accordingly, treatment should be aimed at neutralizing provoking factors - the effects of environmental, psycho-emotional, food strumogens and iodine replenishment. The so-called polycystic thyroid gland requires regular monitoring of its size and assessment of functioning, that is, the patient is simply under the supervision of a doctor and undergoes an ultrasound of the thyroid gland once every six months. In addition, it is advisable to develop a special diet and diet together with a nutritionist, and possibly attend psychotherapy sessions to restore emotional balance.

Thyroid cyst in children

Unfortunately, unfavorable environmental conditions, environmental pollution, unhealthy diet, solar activity and many other factors provoke the development of thyroid pathologies in both children and adults.

Diseases or changes in the structure of the child's gland most often develop during the prenatal stage, especially if the pregnant woman already has a history of one or another form of endocrine disorder.

Thyroid cysts in children are quite rare; according to statistics, they are diagnosed in only 1% of the total number of functional or pathological changes in the organ. However, it is childhood endocrine diseases that are considered the most dangerous in terms of malignancy, that is, possible degeneration into cancer.

Anatomically, the thyroid gland in children differs from the structure of an adult organ; its weight is less and its size is somewhat larger. In addition, the child’s lymphatic system and thyroid gland work more actively, since they are responsible for the production of growth hormones, protein synthesis, the functioning of the cardiovascular system and many other functions.

Reasons why a thyroid cyst may develop in children:

CHAT – chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.
Acute - diffuse, purulent or non-purulent thyroiditis.
Traumatic damage to the gland as a result of a fall or blow.
Iodine deficiency.
Malnutrition.
Poor environmental conditions.
Hereditary factor.
Puberty with hormonal disorders.
The clinical picture of the tumor in adults is almost identical.

Symptoms that may occur benign education, are:

The initial stage is asymptomatic.
There may be a painful sensation in the throat if the cyst is large.
Sore throat.
Dry, frequent cough without objective reasons.
Difficulty swallowing food (dysphagia).
Rapid breathing, often shortness of breath.
A visual change in the shape of the neck is possible.
Moodiness, irritability.

Additionally, thyroid cysts in children can develop very quickly and put pressure on the vocal cords to the point that the child loses their voice.

The greatest danger is posed by a purulent cyst, which provokes hyperthermia and general intoxication of the body. Also, sad statistics say that more than 25% of all detected neoplasms in children are malignant. Therefore, parents need to be very attentive to the slightest manifestations of signs of thyroid disease, especially if the family lives in an area with a high radioactive background.

Diagnosis is similar to the examination plan for an adult:

Collection of anamnestic information, including hereditary information.
Inspection and palpation of the gland.
Ultrasound of the thyroid gland.
Tumor puncture.
If a malignant form is suspected, a biopsy is performed.

Treatment for a thyroid cyst in a child depends on diagnostic results, it can be both conservative and operative. The prognosis for timely detection of benign formations of small size is usually favorable.

Thyroid cyst in adolescents

An urgent problem - diseases of the thyroid gland, concerns both the adult population and children, especially adolescents, whose age implies rapid growth and active functioning of the hormonal system. In addition, pathologies of the thyroid gland are becoming more and more common due to iodine deficiency and unfavorable environmental conditions, which also affects the decrease in function and activity of the gland. Decreased production of thyroid hormones disrupts normal development of the body during puberty, changes metabolic processes, slows down the growth and development of the central nervous system. Against the background of all the factors that provoke endocrine pathologies, thyroid cysts in adolescents are not uncommon today. Most often, such neoplasms are detected randomly or during routine medical examinations. About 80% of all pathologies are colloid cysts and nodes. Despite the fact that this form of formation is considered quite favorable in terms of prognosis and benign, thyroid cancer in children and adolescents has become 25% more common than 15 years ago.

With timely detection of thyroid cysts, nodes, adenomas, adequate complex treatment or surgery, the mortality rate is very low - no more than 5%.

The diagnosis suggested by a thyroid cyst in adolescents is similar to the standards for examining the thyroid gland in adults:

Inspection, palpation of lymph nodes, thyroid gland.
Ultrasound of the gland.
FNAB – fine needle aspiration biopsy.
Blood test for TSH.
Radioisotope examination is possible.

The choice of method and treatment method for a cyst depends on its nature, size, location - left, right lobe, isthmus.

General recommendations for adolescents living in areas with low level iodine salts are also standard and are associated with the prevention of hypothyroidism, as the most frequently detected disease. The recommended iodine intake for children over 12 years of age is 100 mcg per day.

Thyroid cyst and pregnancy

Expecting a baby is an extremely joyful and at the same time difficult period for every pregnant woman. Especially if, during registration, the consultation reveals certain abnormalities in the functioning of the thyroid gland. You should not attribute the detected problems to hormonal changes due to pregnancy; it is better to play it safe and undergo a full examination so as not to harm either yourself or the fetus, which so needs a healthy mother’s body. Any disturbance in the functioning of the thyroid gland, including a thyroid cyst, and pregnancy do not go well together. First of all, in the sense of the normal intrauterine development of the baby, as well as in relation to the course of pregnancy and possible complications during childbirth. Of course, excessive anxiety, especially panic, will not be useful for expectant mother, so it's wise to learn as much as you can about what a thyroid cyst is.

Etiology, factors that can provoke the development of cysts, nodes, adenomas of the thyroid gland:

Actually, the fact of pregnancy is a physiological change in the body as a whole, in the hormonal systems and in the structure of the gland in particular.
Deficiency of iodine salts.
Inflammatory processes in the gland, thyroiditis.
Labile, unstable psyche, stress.
Heredity.
Rarely – injuries of the thyroid gland.

A thyroid cyst and pregnancy can “coexist” quite peacefully if the formation is small in size (up to 1 centimeter) and benign in nature; as a rule, these are colloid cysts, which are characterized by self-resorption.

The clinic can be very diverse, in contrast to the symptoms of neoplasms in women who are not expecting a child. Expectant mothers are more sensitive, so they may notice some discomfort in the neck area at the earliest early stages. Also among the signs developing cyst there may be an atypical timbre of the voice - hoarseness, tickling, difficulty swallowing even small pieces of food. All these manifestations do not necessarily indicate that the cyst is large; rather, it is an indicator of the heightened sensations of the pregnant woman.

More dangerous are purulent cysts and abscesses, which can develop against the background of reduced immunity and concomitant inflammatory diseases.

Thyroid cysts are diagnosed in pregnant women as standard, but the percentage early detection much higher, this is due to mandatory clinical examinations and observation. Often, expectant mothers are completely in vain to be afraid of punctures; this is not only a way to accurately determine and confirm the benignity of neoplasms, but also to sclerosis the cyst in time so that it cannot grow further. Also positive information is the fact that a thyroid cyst and pregnancy are completely compatible and the diagnosed formation cannot be the basis for termination of pregnancy. Cysts are subject to observation, and the woman is also prescribed iodine-containing medications and rest that are adequate to the condition. Large formations, which can significantly interfere with the functioning of the thyroid gland, are operated on only after childbirth and in case of urgent need.

Consequences of a thyroid cyst

The prognosis and consequences of thyroid cysts are directly related to diagnostic indicators and results. If the tumor is determined to be benign, the prognosis is favorable in almost 100% of cases, however, it should be taken into account that the tumor may recur and require re-examination and treatment.

In addition, the consequences of a breast cyst can be very unfavorable if the formation is diagnosed as malignant; in this sense, the presence or absence of metastases, their number and location play an important role. If metastasis has not occurred, the thyroid cyst has a high percentage of curability and a favorable outcome of treatment. It is necessary to clarify that a true gland cyst is extremely rare in clinical practice, most often as a secondary formation against the background of already developing oncopathology. The most unfavorable consequences are with total removal - strumectomy, which is indicated for extensive metastases. In such cases, the entire thyroid gland is completely removed, including surrounding fatty tissues and lymph nodes to stop the process and neutralize further tumor development. Actually, the consequences of a malignant thyroid cyst are complications that are typical for a major operation. During a strumectomy, it is usually impossible to avoid damage to the vocal cords, so patients often lose the ability to speak either partially or completely. In addition, after such interventions, the postoperative rehabilitation period involves taking certain medications, including thyroid hormones.

Fortunately, malignant cysts are diagnosed extremely rarely, and benign ones are treated with iodine-containing products and constant monitoring by an endocrinologist.

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Diagnosis of thyroid cyst

Diagnostic measures to identify pathologies of the thyroid gland should ideally be preventive, that is, dispensary and regular. However, most often cysts are incidental findings during examination for other diseases.

Diagnosis of thyroid cysts is carried out using the following methods and methods:

Anamnesis collection.
Visual examination of the patient.
Palpation of the gland, lymph nodes.
Ultrasound examination of the gland for the primary differentiation of cysts, adenomas, nodes.
Puncture (fine needle aspiration) to clarify the nature of the neoplasm, the type of tumor - a simple one with yellowish-brown contents, a congenital cyst with transparent contents, or a purulent cyst.
Simultaneous sclerosis (during puncture) is possible.
Blood test for TSH, T3 and T4.

Scanning of the body, lobes, isthmus of the gland - radioactive scintigraphy, determining:

A cold node as an indicator of possible oncology (iodine does not penetrate the gland tissue).
Warm node - the injected iodine spreads evenly into the tissue and cyst.
A hot node is the active absorption of iodine salts as an indicator of a cyst or node.

Computed tomography of the gland.
Pneumography for suspected metastasis.
Angiography.
Laryngoscopy may be used to evaluate laryngeal involvement.
Bronchoscopy to evaluate tracheal lesions.

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland with a cyst– this is the second stage of diagnosis after the initial examination and palpation. Ultrasound scanning is considered one of the most effective non-invasive methods for assessing the condition of the thyroid gland, which helps to identify small nodes, cysts, adenomas or tumors with almost 100% accuracy.

Indications for ultrasound:

The shape of the neck and its deformation are atypical.
Enlarged lymph nodes.
Blood test results for TSH.
Registration for pregnancy.
Preparing for surgery.
Menstrual irregularities, hormonal imbalance.
Monitoring the condition of the thyroid gland.
Persistent infertility.
Dysphagia.
Excessive anxiety.
Taking hormonal drugs.
Hereditary endocrine diseases.
Occupational risks associated with working in high radiation areas.
Age-related changes - menopause.
Preventative examination.

It is necessary to pay attention that almost all of the listed reasons for examination can also be provoking factors for the development of thyroid cysts.

What capabilities does ultrasound of the thyroid gland with a cyst determine and what indicators does it determine?

Contours of the gland.
Sizes of gland lobes.
Echogenicity of tissue (thyroid).
Location of the thyroid gland.
Puncturing control.
Assessment of the structure of neoplasms.
Determination of the shape and number of cysts.
Assessment of the state of lymphatic drainage.
Identification of possible metastases.

How does the examination process work?

Scanning the gland and identifying cysts and other formations is carried out in a lying position, the neck is lubricated with a special gel that creates slip and ensures ultrasound conductivity. The procedure is absolutely painless and safe; its duration is short and depends on the condition of the gland and the practical experience of the specialist conducting the examination. There is no preparation required from the patient, but it is better to perform the ultrasound on an empty stomach to avoid vomiting during possible light pressure on the gland with the transducer.

A cyst measuring no more than 1 centimeter thyroid cyst 4 mm- This is a small formation that is detected both by ultrasound and scintigraphy. It is almost impossible to palpate such a cyst, it is so small. Small cysts can be either single or multiple, they do not give clinical symptoms and do not feel uncomfortable. The only exception, which, however, is extremely rare, is a purulent cyst, which can hurt when accidentally pressing on the neck. A 4 mm thyroid cyst cannot be treated; it is detected during a routine examination and subsequently monitored for possible enlargement. With timely detection and replenishment of iodine salts, such a neoplasm does not grow in size; moreover, small colloidal cysts tend to self-resorb. Some endocrinologists, in principle, do not consider cysts of 4 millimeters as a formation, considering it a functionally altered follicle. However, if a small cyst is diagnosed, it should be monitored with regular ultrasound scans.

The main method for determining the nature of the cyst is puncture. Thyroid puncture allows you to clarify the type of cyst, assess the degree of its benignity or verify potential danger. In addition, puncture is a therapeutic method that involves aspiration of the contents of the cyst. The procedure is carried out using a very thin needle, which is inserted into the wall of the larynx, previously lubricated with an anesthetic. The process is absolutely painless, moreover, after it the patient, as a rule, feels noticeable relief, since the cyst is emptied and ceases to compress the surrounding tissues and blood vessels. It should be noted that there are cases of cyst recurrence after aspiration, then another puncture is indicated.

A puncture of the thyroid gland is prescribed for almost all types of cysts larger than 3 millimeters in order to avoid the risk of malignancy of the cyst, which rarely happens, because a true cyst, that is, capable of transforming into a tumor, is considered a clinical “myth.” Recovery period after puncturing no, the procedure is performed on an outpatient basis.

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Treatment of thyroid cyst

Treatment of thyroid cysts depends on the identified pathology and can be conservative, surgical, or involve regular monitoring without the use of any drugs. As a rule, a thyroid cyst is subject to dynamic observation in order not to miss the moment of its enlargement. The main effective method of treatment is puncture with aspiration and sclerosis of the cyst walls. Doctors use alcohol as sclerosants. During aspiration, the contents are not simply removed, but also sent for histological examination. If the cyst grows again after puncture or recurs several times, surgery is indicated.

Small cysts that do not interfere with the functioning of the thyroid gland can be managed with thyroid hormone medications. However, many doctors today try to avoid such prescriptions and try to control the cyst with an iodine-containing diet and iodine medications. Almost all cysts are benign and have a favorable prognosis, but require periodic ultrasound scanning.

Operations are necessary to remove large cysts and can be carried out in the following types:

Resection of most of the thyroid gland for bilateral large cysts.
Hemistrumectomy - removal of one lobe of the gland.
Total removal of the gland, surrounding tissues and lymph nodes for malignant tumors.
Surgery for thyroid cyst.

Surgical intervention is indicated in the following cases:

A large cyst that puts pressure on the neck and larynx, causing suffocation.
Cyst:
- which causes dysphagia.
- which deforms the neck - a cosmetic defect.
- which disrupts hormonal balance.
- which is festering.
- which is diagnosed as malignant.

Surgery for thyroid cysts is indicated for solitary tumors that are diagnosed as nodular; hemithyroidectomy is usually performed.

Cysts smaller than 10 millimeters are resected. The gland is completely removed in extreme cases, with malignancy of the tumor or metastasis, which is extremely rare in cystic forms.

Currently, endocrinologists are trying to treat cysts using low-traumatic methods, for example, sclerotherapy, since major surgery is always accompanied by additional risks and complications.

Removal of a thyroid cyst

Only an endocrinologist can determine whether removal of a thyroid cyst is necessary. Today, progressive doctors have begun to abandon the previously popular total operations for cysts, adenomas or thyroid nodules.

Just 10 years ago, almost 70% of operations were carried out without really real, life-threatening justifications. Like any surgical intervention, removal of a cyst or thyroid node is a test for the patient, in addition, accompanied by possible complications and consequences.

Currently, removal of a thyroid cyst is possible only according to strict indications that do not require the choice of another method. The following methods are used to remove cysts:

FNA – fine needle aspiration biopsy.
Puncture.
Sclerosis.
Laser coagulation.
Complete surgery.

What tests need to be done before cyst removal?

CBC - complete blood count.
Blood for the presence or absence of hepatitis, HIV, sexually transmitted diseases.
Blood for TSH.
Ultrasound of the gland.
Puncture.
Biopsy.

Surgery on the thyroid gland can be partial or complete; if the cyst is associated with an autoimmune process, complete removal of the gland cannot be avoided. There are modern technologies that allow you to leave part of the structures - the laryngeal nerve, the parathyroid glands. Removal of a large cyst takes place under general anesthesia, lasts no more than 1 hour, and the recovery process does not exceed 3 weeks. Colloid cysts are not operated on; they are subject to dynamic observation.

Sclerotherapy for thyroid cysts

This is one of the ways to remove a small cyst in a timely manner. Sclerotization is carried out by introducing into the cavity of the cyst a substance - a sclerosant that can “glue” the walls of the formation cavity. As a rule, alcohol is used for these purposes. Alcohol “cooks” the blood vessels, causing a kind of burn; the walls of the cyst collapse, stick together and scar. The entire procedure is carried out under ultrasound control; a needle is inserted into the cavity of the tumor to aspirate the contents of the cyst.

Sclerotherapy of a thyroid cyst is the suction of almost all colloid from the cavity, in place of which a sclerosant is injected in a volume of 30 to 55% of the removed fluid. The alcohol is in the hollow cyst for no more than 2 minutes, then it is removed with a needle. The procedure is virtually painless, but may cause a burning sensation.

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Treatment with folk remedies for thyroid cysts

Traditional recipes for the treatment of thyroid cysts are “a thing of the past,” according to endocrinologists, but there are forms and types of formations that respond well to treatment in this way.

Treatment with folk remedies involves the use of the following recipes:

Zamanikha tincture – 20 drops per 100 milliliters of boiled chilled water twice a day for a month. Zamanikha has an immunomodulatory effect, activates tone and energy.
Some herbalists recommend using oak bark, which is applied as a compress to the identified cyst.
green leaves walnut insist on alcohol - a glass of young leaves per 500 milliliters of alcohol. Leave for 2 weeks, take 5 drops with water three times a day – a month.
Infusion of walnut leaves. Pour half a liter of boiling water over 100 leaves, let stand for 30 minutes, drink the strained decoction throughout the day for a month. Walnuts are a storehouse of iodine, which the thyroid gland lacks.
It is good to make compresses on the neck with iodized salt (wrapped in a cloth).
Grated raw beets, which also contain iodine, are wrapped in cloth and applied to the neck.
A honey compress can help treat thyroid cysts. Honey is mixed with rye bread, the resulting mass is applied to the cyst site and left overnight.
It is necessary to take flax oil - a teaspoon twice a day before meals for a month.
There is an opinion that if you wear amber beads, the cyst or thyroid nodules will not enlarge, and may even resolve.

Nutrition for thyroid cysts

Since most of the causes of the formation of thyroid cysts are associated with iodine deficiency, a special diet is an important step in treatment.

Nutrition for thyroid cysts involves food, products that contain iodine salts:

All types of seafood - sea fish, shrimp, crabs, seaweed, squid, cod liver.
Persimmon.
Dates.
Chokeberry.
Prunes.
Feijoa.
Black currant.
Cherry.
Beets (raw, boiled, baked).
Eggplant.
Radish.
Tomatoes.
Spinach.
Walnuts.
Garlic.
It is necessary to regularly take vitamins that do not accumulate.
Every six months you should undergo an examination - examination, palpation, ultrasound.
It is necessary to learn to cope with mental stress and avoid stress.
In cases where psycho-emotional stress is unavoidable, plan relaxation exercises and attend psychotherapy sessions.
Avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight.

Of course, prevention of thyroid cysts depends on many factors, including socio-economic ones, but the prognosis and outcome of treatment of the identified disease depend on preventive measures.

A thyroid cyst is a type of tumor, usually small, that appears in the tissue of an organ of the endocrine system. Often women suffer from this disease. With age, the risk of the disease only increases. This is due to changes in metabolism and enlargement of follicles. In order to start treatment on time, it is necessary to detect the tumor as early as possible. And doing this at the very beginning is not so easy. There are a number of signs that will make it easier to detect the disease.

According to the internal classification, a thyroid cyst is considered a benign tumor and is divided into:

cyst;
enlarged follicle;
benign adenoma
formation in the form of fibroma.

Some endocrinologists do not make a difference between the listed tumors, but combine them into a single category. Externally, there is no noticeable difference between them, except for size. But in terms of structure and composition, the difference is significant. For example, an adenoma consists of epithelial cells, and a node is a cluster of follicles (sacs) filled with colloid.

Norms

An enlarged tumor will be visible only if the size exceeds 1 centimeter. During palpation, a seal of this size can also be felt. Thyroid cysts occur on average five times more often in women than in men. It has been scientifically proven that in case of iodine deficiency in children and women, formations in the form of cysts can form and disappear.

A direct relationship was found between hormonal changes depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. All organs of the endocrine system are subject to these changes, including the thyroid gland. In some cases, women may experience tightness in the throat area. There is no reason to worry if these sensations are short-lived and isolated in nature, but if they occur frequently and are painful, you should consult a doctor.

IN in good condition The thyroid gland is uniform and has neither bulges nor depressions. Its dimensions are 18 ml, calculations are carried out using an ultrasound machine. Next, using the formula, the endocrinologist calculates the final volume of the organ. In its normal state, the thyroid gland in women is up to 4 cm in length, 2 cm in width and up to 1.5 cm in thickness.

Causes of cysts

The basis for the growth of a cyst is a certain metabolic failure, which ultimately leads to pathological changes in the endocrine system. The thyroid gland is a collection of millions of follicles, similar to sacs, filled with colloid. Outside the follicles there are blood vessels that deliver nutrients to the cells, including iodine, the lack of which causes various thyroid diseases. Hormones are formed inside the follicle with the help of a colloid, which then enter the body. If there are disturbances in the activity of the thyroid gland, the breakdown of colloid slows down, it accumulates in the follicles, thereby increasing their size.

Several factors can affect changes in the thyroid gland:

lack of iodine in the body;
thyroid disease in close relatives;
severe stressful situations;
age over 40-45 years;
decreased immunity as a result of long-term illnesses or long-term use antibiotics;
autoimmune diseases;
chemotherapy for cancer;
hemorrhages as a result of injuries;
exposure to increased radiation in childhood.

Signs of a cyst

Symptoms of a thyroid cyst in women do not appear immediately. At first, until the size of the follicles has increased and they do not interfere with the functioning of the circulatory system, you may not be aware of its presence. As the cyst grows, it causes some discomfort to the patient, painful sensations:

feeling of soreness and irritation in the throat;
pain in the thyroid gland area;
sudden increase in body temperature;
change in voice, its timbre;
pain in the head and neck area;
small seals, nodes on the thyroid gland;
enlarged lymph nodes;
muscle chills;
slight change in the contours of the neck.

Cyst size is less than a centimeter Cyst size is from 1 to 3 centimeters Cyst size is from three centimeters
There is no unpleasant or painful sensation for the patient. Upon palpation it is determined independently. External changes, the cyst is noticeable and palpable.
No clinical symptoms are detected. The contours of the neck change slightly, and discomfort in the throat periodically occurs. Masses are visible on the neck, shortness of breath appears.

At the very beginning of the disease, it is possible to cure a cyst without surgery (conservatively). Therefore, it is very important to identify the disease in time to prevent its development. Women should regularly have their thyroid checked by an endocrinologist and monitor for changes in their health.

Diagnostics

For precise definition To diagnose, in most cases, the patient is prescribed an ultrasound. Ultrasound will help to accurately determine the size and structure of the tumor focus and its exact location. The same study will help to identify the exact category of the tumor and not confuse the cyst with a colloid goiter or adenoma.
A biopsy will help to accurately understand the contents of the tumor. This procedure is carried out under local anesthesia and completely painless. In this case, puncture is needed for early prevention of the formation of malignant tumors. To do this, a thin needle is inserted into the cyst under ultrasound guidance to take its contents for analysis. If pus is detected, then additional analysis is carried out for the presence of cancer cells..

In some cases, the contents are removed and sclerotherapy is performed. The puncture is performed under ultrasound guidance and in some cases this procedure replaces surgery. Isotope scintigraphy is sometimes used to determine the extent of toxicity. Additional measure is change analysis hormonal levels, checking the level of thyroid hormones. Which diagnostic event Prescription is determined by the attending physician based on the indications. All of them serve to determine the extent of the disease in order to accurately prescribe treatment.

Methods for treating cysts

The main condition for a quick recovery is timely consultation with a doctor. You cannot ignore the signs of the disease and make a diagnosis yourself. Treatment of a cyst can only be carried out in consultation with an endocrinologist or under his direct supervision. You cannot self-medicate, prescribe or buy hormonal drugs yourself.

Conservative treatment

If there is a lack of hormones (or hypothyroidism) produced by the thyroid gland, treatment is prescribed, which includes taking synthetic hormones. Thyroid hormones - triiodothyronine, thyroxine in some cases show good results. When treating hypothyroidism, medications are prescribed that increase the passiveness of the thyroid gland.

Such treatment is carried out in the first stages of the appearance of a cyst, when external signs are limited only to indirect manifestations, such as headache or muscle chills. The painful condition is explained by the enlargement of the follicles and their pressure on the blood vessels and nerve endings surrounding the walls of the follicle. It is very important to identify the disease at this stage so that the cyst can be removed without surgery.

Surgical intervention

If taking medications for six months does not bring positive dynamics, the cyst is removed through surgery. A colloid cyst must be removed when it reaches a size of more than three centimeters. A toxic cyst needs to be removed if there is a significant deviation from the norm, because they affect hormonal levels.

Euthyroid cysts are usually not removed if their size does not exceed 4 cm, because up to this size it does not disrupt the basic functions of the body. It has been studied that, having crossed this size threshold, the euthyroid cyst begins to compress not only the network blood vessels, but also the nearby esophagus and trachea. Large cysts of this type prevent the patient from breathing and eating normally.

The decision to undergo surgery must be agreed with the doctor. There are cases when the doctor prescribes surgery even when the cyst has not yet reached the maximum size for surgery. This verdict is made due to the increased influence of the cyst on some organ.

A more gentle way to remove a cyst is a minimally invasive method. This surgical procedures, which involve less intervention in the body than open operations. Minimally invasive procedures include:

Laser coagulation, which takes place under anesthesia. The operation lasts about ten minutes and is highly accurate. There are no scars left after such exposure.
Sclerotization is a method of cleansing the cyst cavity using a syringe with a very thin needle. Instead of colloidal contents, alcohol is introduced. After two minutes, which is enough for the alcohol to act on the walls of the cyst, it is removed.

Both procedures are performed using an endoscope to accurate implementation operations.
A more radical method is complete or partial removal of the thyroid gland using strumectomy. After the operation, a long course of hormonal drugs is prescribed.

In all of these cases, only an endocrinologist can predict recovery using scientific methods. Having the test results, only he can decide whether to use traditional methods thyroid treatment. In case of self-medication, the doctor will not be able to give a positive objective prognosis for recovery.

Possible complications of cysts and other formations:

The cyst can become inflamed, and suppuration is possible. A high temperature and sharp pain appear.
Nodules and cysts affect nearby organs, squeezing them.
These lesions can form malignant tumors.

The result of treatment using medical methods

With the necessary treatment prescribed by the treating endocrinologist, the cysts disappear without changes or disturbances in the body. It is important to carry out control tests on the dynamics, to be observed for a long time by an endocrinologist. Particular attention should be paid to the gland after surgery.
If the cyst degenerates into malignant tumor, then measures to eliminate it can only be taken by a doctor. According to statistics, in the early stages of the disease, the percentage of treatment effectiveness is close to 80.

A thyroid cyst is understood as pathological changes in the tissue of an organ, resulting in the formation of tumors with homogeneous colloidal contents (colloid cysts) or dense ones (complicated and complex cysts) inside. They may also be called thyroid nodules. If a cyst appears on the thyroid gland, what is the danger to a person? What are the symptoms of the disease? Can a child have a right or right? What treatment is required for a child and for adults?

Why do tumors appear on the thyroid gland?

More often, a cyst is a benign neoplasm. Among all pathologies of the endocrine system, it can be diagnosed only in 4-6% of all cases. The size of the cyst is measured in mm.

A large cyst is visible to the naked eye.

The hormones produced by the organ are contained inside a colloid, a substance that has a gel-like state. The colloid is located in follicles, which are voluminous round formations. When tumors form, the outflow of colloid from the follicles, which are human body about 30 million, becomes difficult, as a result of which fluid accumulates in the follicles and their size increases.

The following factors can provoke formation in the thyroid gland:

iodine deficiency;
inflammation in the organ;
negative effects of toxic substances;
organ damage;
hormonal imbalance;
hereditary factor.

Symptoms of the disease

The danger of the pathology lies in the fact that in the early stages, when it does not manifest itself in any way. However, when it increases in size (from 5 mm or more), the first signs of the disease begin to appear:

feeling that the throat is sore;
difficulty breathing and swallowing;
the voice becomes hoarse;
the appearance of the neck is deformed;
A soft tumor appears on the neck in the thyroid gland area.

The danger of a cyst in the right or left lobe of the organ is, first of all, that it can become inflamed and a purulent process can begin. In this case, the patient’s nearest lymph nodes become inflamed, pain appears in the area of the cyst, the temperature rises, the condition sharply worsens, headache, feeling tired, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting appear.

Cyst symptoms may manifest as problems in other organs.

When the tumor reaches a large size (several mm), it begins to put pressure on nearby organs and blood vessels. Now the patient may constantly feel tired, have attacks of dizziness, migraines, and the voice may completely disappear.

In rare cases, a neoplasm can degenerate into a malignant formation, but, nevertheless, such a danger exists.

When a thyroid cyst appears, a child will have the same symptoms as an adult. The only thing is that any neoplasm in a child is characterized by rapid growth.

A cyst can form on both the left and right lobes of the organ equally; the treatment is also the same.

The symptoms listed above may also indicate other diseases, so if at least one of them appears, you should immediately go to an endocrinologist so that an accurate diagnosis can be made and appropriate treatment prescribed.

How is pathology diagnosed?

If, during an examination by an endocrinologist and palpation of the thyroid gland area, a small formation was discovered, it is necessary to establish its nature, size (in mm), and exact location. For this purpose, the doctor refers the patient to additional examination, which may include the following diagnostic methods:

Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) makes it possible to evaluate changes in the shell of the cyst, determine its filling with fluid, as well as how the blood supply occurs and the size of the tumor;
MRI. This type of study allows you to determine the localization of the neoplasm, its nature, as well as how affected the gland is;
biopsy. Using a very thin needle, a tissue sample is taken for analysis to determine what type of cyst cells they are;
scintigraphy. Gives an assessment functional activity cyst tissue;
pneumography. It is carried out if there is a suspicion of an oncological process, which makes it possible to detect metastases, as well as the degree of ingrowth of the cyst into nearby tissues;
antiography. Gives an assessment of the vascular bed of the organ.

If necessary, the endocrinologist can also prescribe diagnostic methods, which makes it possible to assess how affected the larynx, trachea, and vocal cords are due to compression of the neck by the neoplasm.

A blood test can help make an accurate diagnosis.

Carrying out a complete diagnosis will allow timely detection of changes in the structure and size of the gland, deviations in the consistency of its tissues, and the amount of hormones, if their production is disrupted.

Treatment methods for thyroid cysts

Treatment of a cyst with conservative methods can be effective only in cases where the neoplasm is small in size, which does not in any way affect the patient’s condition. When the size of the cyst is up to 10 mm, a punctuation biopsy is prescribed, which is a low-traumatic method, as well as constant monitoring of the behavior of the cyst. In some cases, treatment may only involve emptying the organ by performing a fine-needle biopsy. If there has been a relapse of the disease, repeated removal of the fluid or sclerosing treatment is prescribed. The latter involves the introduction of alcohol into the neoplasm to burn it out. In this case, a scar subsequently forms in this place.

Treatment with medications involves taking iodine and thyroid hormones. To observe the behavior of the cyst, once every 3 months it is required ultrasound diagnostics glands, as well as monitoring hormone levels, which should be done every two months. If antibodies are detected in the blood above normal, the doctor discontinues iodine preparations to prevent the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis.

In case of inflammation in the cyst, antibiotics are prescribed. However, before prescribing any drug, it is necessary to establish the cause of the onset of the inflammatory process. It is also important to know what sensitivity the causative agent of the inflammatory process has been established to antibacterial drugs which are prescribed to the patient.

When the cysts are large (more than 10 mm), they begin to put pressure on the organs of the neck, and fluid after puncture accumulates quickly, requiring surgical intervention. In most cases, during the operation, only the affected part of the organ is removed, so that subsequently the gland will be able to fully perform its functions.

When diagnosing formations of the right and left lobes of the gland, a strumectomy is performed. If a malignant process is diagnosed during the operation itself, a transition to total resection occurs, which implies the removal of the thyroid gland itself, nearby tissues and lymph nodes. During rehabilitation, the patient is prescribed thyroid medication. hormonal drugs. The danger of removal is that the vocal cords are often damaged.

Preventive actions

Even if the treatment of the cyst was effective, it is necessary to undergo an examination every year, which will help to detect a relapse if it occurs. For small formations, dynamic monitoring by an endocrinologist is required.

In order to protect yourself from the formation of cysts in the left or right lobe, it is recommended to take iodine-containing medications daily. The dosage is prescribed by the doctor individually to each person, depending on his age and other factors.

It is very important that your diet is as healthy as possible. Proper nutrition provides sufficient intake of vitamins, as well as foods high in iodine. There is no special diet provided. Avoid sun exposure and radiation as much as possible.

IN short time and most importantly, “Monastery tea” will help effectively cure the thyroid gland. This product contains only natural ingredients, which have a comprehensive effect on the focus of the disease, perfectly relieve inflammation and normalize the production of vital essential hormones. As a result, all metabolic processes in the body will work correctly. Thanks to unique composition“Monastery tea” is completely safe for health and very pleasant to the taste.

Considering the above, we can say that a cyst of the right or left lobe of the thyroid gland is not so dangerous, unless, of course, we talk about the most advanced cases, especially in a child. Timely diagnosis and proper treatment will help to completely get rid of the disease. According to statistics, up to 80% of patients are completely cured of the pathology.

It is also important to know that the cyst tends to return, so you must strictly follow the doctor’s recommendations. Proper nutrition, healthy image life and periodic examinations will help with this.

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck area. This tiny organ produces a hormone that is vital for humans. Lumps or formations in its tissue are called thyroid cysts.

Thyroid diseases are very common. Experts associate their leading position among other diseases with poor environmental conditions and a lack of such an important component in the body as iodine.

What is the disease?

The thyroid gland is responsible for energy metabolism in the human body. Weakness, drowsiness, fatigue - all these are signs that the organ is not functioning properly. This can be caused by various formations on the organ. For example, nodes that appear due to iodine deficiency. In this case, the thyroid gland begins to work more actively to compensate for the lack of hormones, and grows in size - a so-called goiter or nodule is formed. Sometimes a cyst may appear in. This is a benign formation on the thyroid gland, filled with colloidal contents. It can be felt during a medical examination. There are two types:

(it is also called non-toxic goiter);
(due to changes in hormonal levels).

Depending on the location of the tumor, it varies:

cyst of the right lobe of the thyroid gland;
cyst of the left lobe of the thyroid gland;
isthmus cyst.

If there is a formation in the right lobe of the organ, the patient will have symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, sore throat right side. The lymph nodes there will also be enlarged. Hoarseness and voice changes are possible.

If the formation is located on the left side of the thyroid gland, there may be pain in the head and heart, difficulty swallowing, and a feeling of a lump in the throat. Upon palpation, the attending physician will detect an enlargement of the lymph nodes on the left.

Meet complex cases when neoplasms affect both lobes of the thyroid gland.

Types of disease

A colloid cyst is a nodular formation. In 95% of cases they are benign. Only 5% can become cancerous. The main reasons for their appearance may be iodine deficiency, poor ecology, and high doses of radiation.

Colloid nodes develop slowly and practically do not interfere with a person. Only if it grows to sizes greater than 1 cm can it cause discomfort. It is believed that this variety does not require surgical intervention. It is only necessary to be examined regularly to exclude cases of transformation of a benign neoplasm into a malignant tumor. The examination is carried out using.

A follicular cyst is a neoplasm with a dense structure. This type is diagnosed more often in women. Such a neoplasm is dangerous because there is a high risk of its transformation into a malignant tumor - adenocarcinoma.

Multiple cysts signal a pathology of the thyroid gland. They often appear due to severe iodine deficiency.

Malignant formations (cancer) are rare. To confirm them, the doctor orders a biopsy. These tumors grow slowly.

These are the main varieties. Although cysts are also distinguished depending on their location, as well as on the group of people in whom they occur (cysts in teenagers, pregnant women).

Causes of the disease

Thyroid tissue consists of numerous follicles with a protein substance called protohormones, which is also called colloid. If the functioning of hormones is disrupted, the follicle enlarges - and a new growth appears in the form of a cyst.

The following factors can affect hormones and disrupt their normal process:

Stress, chronic fatigue and overexertion.
Hormone imbalance (for example, due to age or due to medications).
Postponed surgery.
Inflammatory diseases of the thyroid gland.
Lack of iodine in the body.
Toxic, chemical poisoning, drug overdose.
Injuries to the front of the neck.
Pathology of the gland (congenital).
Bad ecology.
Heredity.

Knowing the causes of thyroid cysts, a person can engage in effective prevention of the disease and prevent its occurrence in himself.

How to recognize the disease?

Signs and symptoms of a cyst depend on its size, type, and level of development of the process. The main signs are:

Difficulty swallowing. The person seems to feel.
A person cannot breathe fully.
Hoarseness and hoarse voice appear.
Accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes.

You can recognize the type of cyst by the following signs:

colloid - accompanied by shortness of breath, increased heart rate and high temperature bodies;
A large follicular thyroid cyst can even lead to deformation of the patient’s neck.

Depending on the size of the tumor, the following symptoms may be felt:

Less than a centimeter: none clinical manifestations, no subjective sensations.
1-3 cm: a person can detect the cyst on their own while palpating the neck;
Possible deformation of the neck, sore throat.
3 cm or more: noticeable visually and upon palpation; shortness of breath, hoarseness, problems swallowing food appear, and enlargement of the veins in the neck and lymph nodes is also characteristic.

What danger does the disease pose?

Most doctors are inclined to believe that a cyst in the thyroid gland does not pose a danger (we are talking about the colloid variety). But there are certain risks. For example, hemorrhage may occur or begin. Also, the neoplasm can develop into an oncological tumor. Only an endocrinologist can determine whether a cyst is dangerous after an examination.

Symptoms that indicate the onset of pathogenesis:

Severe intoxication of the body or thyroid gland.
Enlarged lymph nodes.
Severe pain and high fever.

The appearance of neoplasms in children

A thyroid cyst in a child is very rare - in one case out of a hundred. But at the same time, the risk of a cyst degenerating into an oncological tumor in children is very high. This is due to the fact that both the structure of the children’s thyroid gland and the activity of its work are somewhat different from those of adults. The cyst develops quickly and can put a lot of pressure on the ligaments. And in 25 cases out of a hundred it can turn into cancer.

Symptoms that parents should pay attention to:

the child refuses to eat, complains that it is difficult to swallow;
he sweats more than usual;
lethargy and moodiness appear;
temperature rises (39 degrees and above);
noticeable cough, voice problems;
enlarged lymph nodes.

If these signs are present, the child should be shown to an endocrinologist. The doctor should conduct regular examinations to prevent the risk of a benign tumor turning into cancer.

Diagnosis of the disease

Recognizing a cyst is not difficult for an experienced endocrinologist. Large nodes can be visible even to a non-specialist during visual examination and palpation. Small cysts are visible on ultrasound, and they can also be indicated by the level of thyroid hormones during the test. general analysis blood.

To determine what type of cyst it is, the doctor performs a test. The point is examined in the laboratory. Based on the results obtained, the doctor determines further treatment.

Treatment of thyroid cyst

The answer to the question of how to treat a thyroid cyst depends on the following parameters:

its size;
varieties;
manifestations of clinical symptoms.

The earlier a cyst is detected, the easier its treatment. If the tumor does not increase in size, it is not treated in any way. The patient simply undergoes regular examinations and tests.

If there is a growth of the cyst, which may affect the functioning of the gland, the doctor decides on conservative or surgical treatment. At drug treatment The doctor may prescribe medications that regulate thyroid hormones, improve blood circulation and reduce the size of the cyst. If infection is present, antibiotic therapy may be prescribed. This type of treatment is effective in the early stages of the disease.

If the tumor grows rapidly and interferes with breathing and swallowing, the doctor will prescribe surgical treatment of the thyroid cyst. Surgery is also indicated if there is a risk of the tumor becoming malignant.

Is the disease dangerous and is it worth removing the cyst? In principle, these neoplasms are non-malignant. But there is a certain risk. If the cyst is large, noticeable and causes discomfort, then it is better to get rid of it.

Surgical removal of the tumor

Surgical treatment involves removing part of the thyroid gland (or resection of the organ on both sides). A small incision is made in the neck area, and the removed cyst is subjected to histological examination to determine whether it is a benign or oncological neoplasm. After the operation, the patient is under the supervision of doctors who record hormone levels. If there are any failures, a hormone therapy. A complication after surgery may be partial loss of voice. The patient returns to normal life on the second day.

Before removing a cyst, the patient must undergo a series of examinations:

blood test (general blood test, TSH, for the presence of hepatitis, HIV infection, STDs);
ultrasound examination of the organ;
puncture and biopsy.

Divided in several ways surgical removal cysts:

puncture;
sclerosis (a sclerosant is injected into the cyst cavity, which provokes a natural burn of its walls);
laser coagulation (the affected area is exposed to a laser that destroys cyst cells);
direct surgery on the organ.

Further forecasts

If the cyst was benign, it has a good prognosis. Consequences for the patient when proper treatment, there won't be any. If the tumor was malignant, then effective treatment is observed in its early stages in 80 out of 100 people. As the disease develops and metastases appear, this figure decreases significantly, and the tumor can spread to neighboring organs. The risk of tumor malignancy in children and adolescents increases significantly. This occurs in 14–40% of cases. Therefore, it is so important to be examined by a doctor if you have the slightest signs in order to notice the disease as early as possible.

Prevention measures

As you know, it is easier to prevent a disease than to cure it later. Therefore, it is recommended to periodically conduct self-diagnosis: palpate the thyroid gland area in the neck for the early detection of tumors. If detected, consult a doctor. You should also review your diet and include vegetables and fruits that will help replenish iodine deficiency. These include:

seafood;
spinach;
persimmon;
radish;
black currant;
prunes;
dates;
eggplant;
tomatoes;
garlic.

But canned food, fatty, smoked, lard, fried and sweet foods are best kept to a minimum.