Particularly dangerous diseases of animals and plants. Human diseases transmitted through animals

Infection - state of infection, complex biological process interactions between the organism of an animal and a pathogenic microbe - the causative agent of an infection.

The natural source of the infectious agent is the infected organism of the animal. Transmission factors of pathogenic microbes are objects of inanimate nature. The reproduction of pathogenic microbes that have invaded the body causes a complex of pathological and protective-adaptive reactions, which are the body's response to the specific pathogenic action of the microbe.

^ Infectious process - dynamics of interaction reactions of two biological systems- a susceptible organism of animals and a pathogenic microorganism, which under certain conditions constitutes the basis for the development of an overt or latent pathological process.

^ Infectious animal diseases - group of diseases that common features, as the presence of a specific pathogen, the cyclical nature of development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and to accept epizootic spread. Caused by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses, rickettsiae. An infectious disease is a form of expression of a complex of protective and adaptive reactions of the body to an infection. Many infectious animal diseases, such as brucellosis, anthrax, rabies, and others, are transmitted to humans (anthropozoonoses).

^ Epizootic focus - the location of the source of the infectious agent in a certain area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe area where transmission of the pathogen to susceptible animals is possible. An epizootic focus can be premises and territories with animals located there, in which this infection is detected.

^ Epizootic focus - the primary element (link) of the epizootic process, creating a potential danger of further spread of the disease.

Epizootic process - a continuous (chain) process of the emergence and spread of infectious diseases among animals under certain natural and economic conditions. Continuity is specific to the epizootic process and is associated with the contagiousness (contagiousness) of infectious diseases.

In epizootology, according to the intensity (tension) of manifestation and the breadth of distribution, the epizootic process is characterized by three forms:

1. 
   sporadic incidence (sporadia),
2. 
   epizootic,
3. 
   panzootic.

Epizootic- widespread infectious diseases in the economy, district, region, republic. Epizootics are characterized by mass character, common source of the infectious agent, simultaneity of the lesion, periodicity and seasonality. This is the average degree of intensity (tension) of the epizootic process. Infectious diseases that manifest as epizootics include foot-and-mouth disease, swine fever, Newcastle disease, etc.

Panzootic - an unusually wide spread of an infectious disease, covering the whole country, several countries, the mainland. This is the highest degree of epizootic development. Infectious animal diseases that tend to panzootic include foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, cattle, pigs, birds.

The main especially dangerous infectious diseases of animals

The most dangerous animal diseases in terms of the severity of diseases, the danger of the emergence and development of epizootics, as well as the complexity of organizing and conducting quarantine measures are foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, and Newcastle bird disease.

foot and mouth disease- a highly contagious acute viral disease of domestic and wild animals, characterized by fever and autotic lesions of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, skin, udder and limbs.

The most susceptible to FMD are cattle and pigs. Goats and sheep are less sensitive. The source of the FMD pathogen is sick animals, including those in the incubation period of the disease, as well as virus carriers. Such animals excrete the virus into the external environment with milk, saliva, urine and feces. As a result, infection of premises, pastures, water sources, feed, Vehicle etc.

The spread of foot and mouth disease largely depends on economic ties, methods of animal husbandry, animal population density, the degree of population migration, etc.

Of great importance in the spread of foot and mouth disease is a person, since he, in contact with animals, can move long distances. Foot-and-mouth disease, as a rule, manifests itself in the form of an epizootic, sometimes panzootic.

In the Republic of Belarus there is a system of measures to combat foot and mouth disease. Particular attention is paid to preventing the introduction of FMD from abroad.

If foot-and-mouth disease is found, a farm or settlement that is unfavorable in this respect is quarantined, restrictions are imposed on economic activity.

^ Classic swine fever - infectious, highly contagious viral disease. AT vivo plague affects domestic and wild pigs of all breeds and ages. High-bred pigs are more susceptible to the virus. The source of infection are sick and recovered domestic and wild pigs - virus carriers. Plague infection occurs when sick animals and virus carriers are kept together with healthy ones, as well as when infected feed is fed.

Classical swine fever usually appears in farms with a low veterinary and sanitary culture, which do not have reliable protection against the introduction of the pathogen from the outside, and where disinfection of incoming food and slaughterhouse waste has not been established.

Classical swine fever can occur at any time of the year. However, more often it is recorded in the fall, when mass movements, sale, and slaughter of pigs are carried out. In fresh foci, in the presence of non-immune livestock, the epizootic process proceeds intensively in the form of an epizootic. Plague incidence reaches 95-100%, lethality - 60-100%.

Long-term persistence of the plague virus in the external environment, as well as unidentified virus carriers, contribute to the transformation of fresh epizootic foci into stationary ones. Specific treatment of patients with swine fever has not been developed. Sick animals are killed immediately. Pigs that have been ill with plague acquire stable lifelong immunity.

When a diagnosis of swine fever is confirmed, commercial farms are quarantined and the boundaries of the threatened zone are determined. When carrying out anti-plague recreational activities in fattening farms, it is recommended to kill all the unfavorable herd. The bodies are burned. In breeding farms, only sick and suspected animals are killed.

^ Newcastle disease of birds (pseudoplague) - a highly contagious viral disease of birds from the order of chickens, characterized by damage to the respiratory, digestive and central nervous systems.

The source of the infectious agent is sick and recovered birds, which excrete the virus with all secrets, excreta, eggs and exhaled air. The virus begins to be shed during the incubation period 24 hours after infection.

Infection of poultry occurs by alimentary and aerogenic methods through food, air, with the joint maintenance of a healthy and sick individual. The reservoir of the virus can be wild bird species, as well as domestic ducks and geese.

Newcastle disease often manifests itself as an epizootic. It has a certain periodicity and relative summer-autumn seasonality associated with an increase in livestock during this period and with an increase in economic activity. The incidence is high - up to 100%, mortality -60-90%.

Specific treatment has not been developed. Symptomatic treatment patients is impractical due to the danger of spreading the infectious agent. Recovered and vaccinated birds acquire immunity. Most large farms use the aerosol method of vaccination.

If there is a suspicion of Newcastle disease, laboratory tests are carried out. In the case of a positive result, the farm is declared unfavorable and quarantine is imposed on it. A sick bird from a dysfunctional poultry house is killed and burned.

^ especially dangerous diseases and plant pests

plant disease - violation of the normal metabolism of organ cells and the plant as a whole under the influence of a phytopathogen or adverse environmental conditions, leading to a decrease in plant productivity or to their complete death.

Phytopathogen - plant pathogen, biologically isolated active substances, detrimental to the metabolism of plants, affecting the root system, disrupting the supply of nutrients.

To assess the extent of plant diseases, concepts such as epiphytoty and panphytoty are used.

Epiphytoty - the spread of infectious plant diseases over large areas over a certain period of time.

Panphytotia - mass diseases of plants covering several countries or continents.

Depending on the origin of the infection, plant epiphytoties are divided into enphytoties and exophytoties.

Enphytotia - a plant disease that has arisen from a local infectious agent that is constantly present in a certain area. An example of enphytoty is the infection of rye and wheat with stem rust spores from barberry.

Exophytoties - disease outbreaks caused by infection of non-native origin (wind blown from outside).

The main characteristics of especially dangerous plant diseases

The most dangerous diseases are stem (linear) rust of wheat, rye, yellow rust of wheat and potato late blight.

^ Stem rust of wheat and rye - one of the most common and harmful diseases these plants.

Stem rust mainly affects the stems and leaf sheaths of cereals. The ability of rust diseases to spread rapidly is due to the high fertility of pathogens. The full development cycle of the pathogen consists of a successive series of sporulations. The fungus (pathogen) winters in the telito stage only on the stubble of cereals. In the spring, the telitospores germinate and form basidospore basidospores, which, under appropriate conditions, first infect the young leaves of the intermediate barberry host. On the barberry, the aecidial spring stage of the fungus passes and aecidiospores are formed, which infect the cereals of plants. Wheat yellow rust is a common and harmful fungal disease. In addition to wheat, the fungus infects barley, rye and other types of phyto-growing cereals. Infection of winter wheat with yellow rust can occur throughout the entire growing season, but mainly only in the presence of drip-liquid moisture and at an air temperature of +10-20 °C. With early spring infection, sporulation begins before the onset of cold weather. If infection occurs in late autumn or winter, spores are formed the following spring.

In the spring, from the moment the vegetation of plants resumes, the overwintered fungus begins to form uredospores. At favorable conditions Weather conditions, 100% degree of plant damage is observed already in the heading phase, and after the death of the leaves, the disease passes into the ear. The appearance of new yellow rust uredopustules occurs both due to secondary infections and due to the intercellular spread of the fungus in the tissues of the affected leaf. The most harmful epiphytoties of yellow rust occur in years with mild winters, warm springs, and wet cool summers. When wheat crops are affected by yellow rust, the grain yield is often reduced to 50%, and in years with favorable conditions for the fungus weather conditions crop shortfall can reach 90-100%. Potato late blight - widespread and harmful disease.

The harmfulness of late blight lies in the shortage of crops due to the premature death of the affected tops during the period of tuber formation and mass rotting of tubers in the ground during storage. The causative agent of the disease - a fungus - remains in the tubers during the winter. Phytophthora affects all terrestrial organs of plants. The disease is usually observed in the second half of summer. With potato late blight, losses reach 15-20% or more.

^ 3. Conditions for the occurrence of epidemics, epizootics, epiphytoties.

The emergence and maintenance of the epidemic process is possible in the presence of three components - source of infection, mechanism of transmission and susceptible person.

^ Sources of infection are infected people and animals - the natural hosts of pathogens of infectious diseases, from which pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted to healthy people.

In cases where the biological host and source of the pathogen is an infected person, they speak of anthroponotic infectious diseases or anthroponoses.

In cases where various animals and birds serve as the source of infection, they speak of zoonotic infections or zoonoses.

^ Under the transmission mechanism pathogenic microbes is understood as a set of evolutionarily established methods that ensure the movement of a living pathogen from an infected organism to a healthy one. The mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent consists of three phases, following one after the other:

• 
  removal of the pathogen from the infected organism;

• 
  his stay for a certain period in the external environment;

• 
  the introduction of the pathogen into the body of the next host.

Main routes of transmission:

• 
  airborne,
• 
  food,
• 
  water,
• 
  transmission,
• 
  contact.

The activity of the epidemic process changes under the influence of natural and social conditions. The influence of social conditions on the course of the epidemic process is more significant than the influence of natural conditions.

^ Under social conditions in epidemiology, it is customary to understand a diverse set of people's living conditions: population density, housing conditions, sanitary and communal improvement of settlements, material well-being, working conditions, cultural level of people, migration processes, health status, etc.

^ To natural conditions include climate, landscape, flora and fauna, the presence of natural foci of infectious diseases, natural disasters

Conditions for an epizootic

The emergence of an epizootic is possible only with a certain set of interrelated factors, which are the so-called epizootic chain. One of its links is the source of the infectious agent - a sick animal or microcarrier. Another link is the transmission factors of the infectious agent (objects of inanimate nature or live carriers). The third is susceptible animals.

The nature of the epizootic, the duration of its course depend on the mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent, the duration of the incubation period, the ratio of the number of patients and the effectiveness of anti-epizootic measures.

Dynamics of manifestations infectious process can be varied: it will end in recovery, death of the animal or lead to long-term microcarriage.

The emergence and development of epizootics occurs under the influence of various environmental conditions - natural (geographical, climatic, soil) and socio-economic (economic).

Natural and socio-economic factors are secondary or mediocre driving forces epizootic process, however, the nature of the manifestation and the scale of the epizootic process largely depend on them. These conditions have the greatest impact on the mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent. They also affect the source of the infectious agent, susceptible animals, and the pathogen itself.

Epizootics are characterized by periodicity, which is expressed in an increase in the intensity of the manifestation of epizootics in certain periods with an interval of one or several years, as well as in a certain season of the year (seasonality). The frequency of epizootics is associated, as a rule, with fluctuations in the degree of specific immunity. The seasonality of the epizootic is due to the influence of natural conditions (for example, the presence of vectors in a certain period of the year) and economic conditions(keeping animals in pastures in summer, indoors in winter, the nature of feeding). The periodicity of the epizootic is characteristic of foot and mouth disease, rabies, viral gastroenteritis of pigs.

It should be noted that periodic and seasonal manifestations of epizootics are possible with their spontaneous course. Active human intervention, especially during purposeful anti-epizootic work, weakens this pattern.

Conditions for the occurrence of epiphytosis

The emergence and course of epiphytoties is possible only under a combination of certain conditions:

• 
  the presence of an infectious onset;
• 
  plant susceptibility to this disease;
• 
  timing of primary infection;
• 
  weather conditions during the growing season.

Depending on the type of disease, the characteristics of the pathogen, and external factors, epiphytoty develops quickly or slowly with periodic outbreaks under favorable conditions.

The susceptibility of plants to a phytopathogen is the ability of plants to resist infection and the spread of a phytopathogen in tissues. The susceptibility of plants depends on the resistance of released varieties, the time of infection and the weather. Depending on the resistance of varieties, the ability of the pathogen to cause infection, the fertility of the fungus, the rate of development of the pathogen and, accordingly, the harmfulness of the disease, change.

The earlier the infection of crops occurs, the higher the degree of damage to plants, the more significant the loss of yield.

Weather factors that determine the development of the disease are humidity and air temperature.

The occurrence and development of epiphytoties is facilitated by the presence of natural foci of infection in certain areas. Thus, the causative agent of yellow rust of winter wheat persists on certain wild cereals or wheat residues. The intermediate plant-host of the pathogen of stem rust of wheat and rye is some species of barberry. In the areas of growth of such a barberry, the infection exists constantly and the development of the disease is potentially possible annually. Such types of barberry grow in many regions of the republic.

Crops adjacent to barberry bushes infected with stem rust become infected early, uredospores of the fungus accumulate on them, which are then spread by air currents from the primary source of infection over long distances.

In areas where climatic conditions the best way meet the requirements of the fungus, epiphytotics of the disease occur after 1-3 years.

^ Biological weapons
Biological weapons are considered more dangerous than chemical or nuclear weapons. If the area affected by the use of nuclear weapons delivered by one bomber is up to 30,000 km 2 , and that of a chemical one is twice as large, then when using biological weapons, it is up to 100,000 km 2 . The idea of ​​using pathogenic microorganisms as a means of defeating people arose in antiquity, when infectious diseases constantly claimed many human lives, and epidemics that accompanied wars caused heavy losses in the troops. From 1733 to 1865, about 8 million people died in wars in Europe, and combat losses amounted to only 1.5 million, and 6.5 million people died from infectious diseases.

In our time, infectious diseases can have a noticeable impact on the course of hostilities. For example, among the American interventionists during the war against Vietnam, three times more soldiers and officers failed from infectious diseases than were killed and wounded.

In 1972, at the initiative of the USSR and the progressive forces of the world, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction was adopted.

biological weapons called ammunition and devices equipped with biological agents (pathogenic microbes and their toxins) intended to destroy people, animals, crops and food stocks.

Biological means (BS) various types aviation bombs, rockets, projectiles, aviation spraying installations (devices), special aviation containers for infected insects, ticks and ground portable spraying devices can be equipped.

The most promising means of delivering biological munitions are missiles and aircraft. The missile warhead may be in the form of a cassette loaded with biological bombs. At the moment of landing, it acts as a mechanical atomizer.

The US press reports indicated that in the army of this state, as the delivery of biological munitions (combat devices), it was planned to use radio or remotely controlled balloons and balloons capable of landing or dropping cargo on radio or television commands, which may contain means of combat use of BS .

The enemy can use BS in a sabotage way, infecting premises, food, fodder, water supply sources, as well as spreading infected insects, ticks and rodents.

In the combat use of BS, preference is given to the aerosol method, since it allows you to suddenly and covertly infect the air, terrain and people on it over large spaces.

The penetration depth of the bacterial cloud depends on biological properties the pathogen used, its concentration in the air, as well as the meteorological conditions and the nature of the terrain. Under average meteorological conditions, the depth of penetration of a bacterial cloud formed by spraying from one aircraft can reach several tens of kilometers. When the cloud moves downwind, the settling particles of the bacterial formulation (mixture) will infect the area, water sources, equipment, people, and animals. The particles of some dry formulations that have settled on the terrain combine with dust particles of the soil and, with strong winds, the movement of people and equipment over the contaminated area, rise again into the air, forming a secondary biological aerosol.

^ Damaging properties biological means are defined:

• 
  ability to have a damaging effect on large areas at low cost of funds;
• 
  contagiousness, or the ability of many infectious diseases to be transmitted from a sick person to a healthy one; rapidly spreading, these diseases cause epidemics;
• 
  delayed action, which is associated with the presence of an incubation (latent) period of action, i.e. the time elapsed from the moment of infection to the appearance of the first
  signs of the disease;
• 
  the ability of some types of BS to maintain their damaging effect long time after application;
• 
  the difficulty of detecting and recognizing the applied pathogen;
• 
  the ability of an aerosol cloud to penetrate into various unsealed rooms, shelters and infect people in them.

^ External signs of the use of BS by the enemy are:

• 
  weak sound of explosions of bombs, shells, cluster elements, which is not characteristic of conventional ammunition, and the absence of poisonous substances (when checked by a chemical reconnaissance device);
• 
  the presence of drops of liquid or powder substances on the soil, vegetation, objects, as well as large fragments and individual parts of ammunition in the places of ruptures of ammunition;
• 
  the presence of cluster elements of ammunition, which may not explode upon impact with the ground, but make a hissing sound, ejecting the recipe contained in them with
  using compressed air (gas);
• 
  cassette elements (bombs) during the opening of the cassette (rocket head) in the air do not fall vertically, but gliding at some angle to the earth's surface;
• 
  the appearance of stripes behind the enemy aircraft, which gradually dissipate and settle to the ground in the form of small drops;

• 
  accumulation of insects, ticks and rodents unusual for the area;

• 
  disease and death of animals.

In places of possible BS contamination, samples of air, soil and vegetation, smears from the surface of infected objects, samples of ammunition fragments (or the ammunition itself, if they have not exploded), insects, mites, rodents are taken. In order to detect the fact of the use of BS by covert sabotage methods, samples of air and water are periodically taken. Samples and samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis.

Summarizing the data obtained from observation posts, reconnaissance links and groups, as well as from meteorological and sanitary-epidemiological stations, the anti-epidemic institutions of the medical service and the animal and plant protection service of the Civil Defense establish the boundaries of the source of biological contamination.

^ A source of biological contamination called the territory that has been directly affected by BS, creating a source of the spread of infectious diseases and poisoning, causing damage to people.

If foci of biological infection occur in this territory, quarantine is introduced (in case pathogens of highly contagious diseases are detected) or observation (if pathogens do not belong to the group of especially dangerous ones).

Quarantine - a system of measures aimed at isolating the lesion and eliminating infectious diseases in it. Armed guards are established around the hearth, a commandant service is organized, the exit and entry of people, as well as the export of property, are prohibited, and accommodation of people in small groups is provided. The supply of the population in the quarantine zone is carried out through special points under the strict control of the medical service of the civil defense. At these points, food and property delivered to the outbreak are reloaded.

Observation - a system of restrictive anti-epidemic measures aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases. These measures include: restriction of communication and movement of people, prohibition of the export of property without prior disinfection and the departure of people from the source of infection before emergency prevention and complete sanitization, medical supervision, timely isolation and hospitalization of identified patients, conducting preventive vaccinations against the identified type of pathogen, strengthening medical control over food, water supply, etc.

The duration of quarantine and observation depends on the duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease, which is calculated from the moment of hospitalization of the last patient and the end of disinfection. Quarantine and observation are established and removed by order of the head of the civil defense of the republic (region).

To increase the immunity of people to infectious diseases, they are given special vaccinations. Timely implementation of anti-epidemic, sanitary-hygienic and special preventive measures is of great importance for protecting the population from the disease.

anthrax - extremely dangerous infectious disease animals and humans. The disease in animals is hyperacute, acute and subacute, and in pigs it is asymptomatic, mainly in a local anginal form. The disease in humans most often manifests itself as an infection of the external integument and is only occasionally complicated by anthrax sepsis: at the same time, a primary generalized infection may develop, manifesting itself in a pulmonary or intestinal form.
The causative agent of the disease you. anthracis, an aerobe, exists in two main forms - bacillary and spore.
The source of the infectious agent is a sick animal. Excrements of diseased animals (feces, urine, bloody discharge from natural orifices) contain bacilli that turn into spores when exposed to air. Soil areas and other environmental objects contaminated with anthrax spores have been reservoirs and transmission factors for the infectious agent for a long time. The main route of infection of animals - alimentary - through feed and water. Transmissive and aspiration path infections. Human infection occurs when caring for sick animals, during their slaughter, skinning, cutting carcasses, cooking meat, cleaning and destroying corpses, during storage, transportation, primary processing and sale of contaminated animal raw materials. It is possible to infect a person through contact with contaminated soil, as well as through aspiration and transmission routes. When organizing anti-anthrax measures, one should distinguish between an epizootic focus, a permanently unfavorable point, a soil focus and a territory threatened by this disease.
The epizootic focus of anthrax is the location of the source or transmission factors of the infectious agent to the extent that the pathogen can be transmitted to susceptible animals or people (pasture, watering place, livestock building, animal products processing facility, etc.).
Stationary disadvantaged point - a settlement, a livestock farm, a pasture, a tract, on the territory of which an epizootic focus was found, regardless of the statute of limitations for its occurrence. Soil foci are animal burial grounds, biothermal pits and other places of burial of the corpses of animals that have died from anthrax. Epidemic focus Anthrax is an epizootic focus in which humans have become ill with this infection. Threatened areas are farms settlements, administrative areas where there is a threat of animal or human cases. The boundaries of the threatened territory are determined by veterinary authorities, taking into account the epizootic situation, soil and geographical, natural and climatic conditions and economic and economic relations of farms, settlements, procurement and processing organizations and enterprises (transportation of animals to seasonal pastures, the availability of markets, leather and raw materials enterprises, procurement bases, etc.).

Rabies- an acute viral disease of animals and humans, characterized by signs of polioencephalomyelitis and absolute mortality. The causative agent belongs to the rhabdovirus family. The reservoir and the main sources of the causative agent of rabies are wild predators, dogs and cats. Taking into account the nature of the pathogen reservoir, epizootics of urban and natural types are distinguished. In urban-type epizootics, the main spreaders of the disease are stray and neglected dogs, and in natural-type epizootics, wild predators (fox, raccoon dog, arctic fox, wolf, corsac, jackal). In territories with increased density of their populations, persistent natural foci of the disease are formed. Infection of humans and animals occurs through direct contact with sources of the rabies pathogen as a result of a bite or salivation of damaged skin or external mucous membranes. When organizing measures for the prevention and control of rabies, one should distinguish between an epizootic focus, an unfavorable point and a threatened zone. Epizootic foci of rabies - apartments, residential buildings, personal farmsteads of citizens, livestock buildings, cattle depots, summer camps, pastures, forests and other objects where animals with rabies are found. Unfavorable area - a settlement or part of a large settlement, a separate livestock farm, farm, pasture, forest, on the territory of which an epizootic focus of rabies has been identified. The threatened zone includes settlements, livestock farms, pastures, hunting grounds and other territories where there is a threat of rabies introduction or activation of natural foci of the disease. An epidemic focus is an epizootic focus in which human diseases have arisen.

tuberculosis in animals. Pathogen: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. The causative agent of human tuberculosis is M. Tuberculosis; cattle - M. bovis; birds - M. Avium, these are thin, straight, often slightly curved sticks, located singly or in groups, aerobic, immobile, do not form spores and capsules. For the cultivation of the causative agent of tuberculosis, glycerin MPA, MPB, potatoes, egg and synthetic media are used. Mycobacteria remain viable in manure for 7 months, in feces - 1 year, in water - 2 months, in oil - 45 days, in cheese - 45-100, in milk - up to 10 days. Heating to 70°C kills in 10 minutes, and boiling inactivates after 3-5 minutes. Susceptible: all kinds of animals.
Source of pathogen: sick animals and virus carriers. Ways of transmission: aerogenic; through damaged oral mucosa, less often through udder teats and vagina, transmission factors - feed, manure, water, bedding, care items. Incubation period: from 2-6 weeks before the onset of allergic reactions. Tuberculosis is mostly chronic and asymptomatic. In cattle, the lungs or intestines are more commonly affected. Pulmonary tuberculosis is accompanied by cough and other signs of damage to the lungs and pleura. With intestinal tuberculosis, diarrhea is observed, followed by constipation, excretion of mucus mixed with blood with faeces. With the defeat of the udder in cattle, the lymph nodes are enlarged, the udder becomes bumpy. Tuberculosis of the genital organs in cows is manifested by increased estrus, in bulls - by orchitis. With generalized tuberculosis, an increase in superficial lymph nodes is observed, animals lose a lot of weight, quickly get tired. They lose their appetite, mucous membranes are anemic. In sheep and goats, tuberculosis occurs, as in cattle. In pigs - an increase in the submandibular, pharyngeal and cervical lymph nodes. Tuberculosis is rare in horses and mostly latent. Tuberculosis of birds occurs with unclear clinical signs. They observe emaciation, inactivity, blanching and wrinkling of the crest, atrophy pectoral muscles. The generalization of the process is accompanied by intestinal damage. A characteristic feature of tuberculosis is the presence in various organs and tissues of the animal of specific nodules (tubercles) ranging in size from millet grain to chicken eggs and more. Tuberculous foci are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, their contents resemble a dry, crumbly mass (caseous necrosis). With prolonged illness, tuberculous nodules can calcify. Pathological material is sent both during the life of the animal (outflow from the nose, bronchial mucus, milk, especially with an increase in the supra-suppressive lymph nodes, feces, urine), and posthumously (the affected parts of the organs and lymph nodes are bronchial, pharyngeal, mediastinal, prescapular, supra-extended. Bird corpse ( or a carcass) are sent as a whole - they examine the affected liver, spleen, lungs, ovaries. serological studies(RSK). Pasteurellosis, paratuberculosis, actinomycosis, dictyocaulosis, in pigs - lymphadenitis caused by atypical mycobacteria, in birds - leukemia.

Listeriosis- an infectious disease of humans and animals. The causative agent of listeriosis - Listeria monocytogenes - is a mobile, polymorphic, gram-positive small rod (0.5-2.0 nm long; 0.3-0.5 nm wide) with rounded ends. Listeria have a relatively high resistance, are widely distributed in the external environment, at low temperatures (+4 - +6 degrees C) for a long time (up to several years) they remain in soil, water, straw, grain. They reproduce in soil, water, milk, meat, silage. as well as in the organs of corpses. The main reservoir of the pathogen in nature are many species of wild and synanthropic rodents. Listeria are found in foxes, minks, raccoons, arctic foxes, wild ungulates, and birds. Listeriosis affects domestic and farm animals (pigs, small and large cattle, horses, rabbits, less often cats and dogs), as well as domestic and ornamental birds (geese, chickens, ducks, turkeys, pigeons, parrots and canaries). Listeria are also found in fish and seafood (shrimp). With listeriosis, there is a variety of mechanisms for the transmission of the infectious agent (fecal-oral, contact, aspiration, transplacental). The main one is fecal-oral.

Leptospirosis- zoonotic natural focal infectious disease of wild, domestic animals and humans, widespread in various landscapes - geographical areas peace. Sources of causative agents of leptospirosis infection are divided into two groups. The first includes rodents and insectivores, which are the main hosts (reservoir) of pathogens in nature; to the second - domestic animals (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs), as well as fur animals cellular content (foxes, arctic foxes, nutrias), forming anthropurgic (agricultural) foci. The causative agents of leptospirosis are microorganisms of the genus Leptospira. Pathogenic leptospira are represented by 202 serovars, which are combined into 23 serological groups according to the degree of antigenic relationship. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the causative agents of leptospirosis in farm animals and dogs are leptospira serogroups Pomona, Tarassovi, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola; in natural foci, the circulation of leptospira serogroups Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Sejroe, Javanica, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bataviae, Australis, Autumnalis was established. Leptospira serogroups Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Sejroe predominate in the etiological structure of human leptospirosis diseases. The main route of transmission of infection is water, contact and food (feed) are of lesser importance. Leptospira enters the human and animal body through minor skin lesions and intact mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, eyes, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts.

ornithosis is an infectious disease of humans and birds caused by the intracellular microbe Chlamydia psittaci, the genus Chlamydia.
Ornithosis is a zoonotic infection characterized by the presence of natural foci and secondary anthropurgic foci.
The main keepers of the causative agent of ornithosis in nature are wild and domestic birds, in which it causes acute, chronic or latent forms of the disease.
Infection of people with ornithosis occurs when communicating with sick birds, carriers of ornithosis infection or environmental objects infected with ornithosis pathogens. Infection of a person mainly occurs by airborne droplets or airborne dust. Infection may occur by contact through damaged skin and mucous membranes (injury, pecking), as well as by the alimentary route (ingress of the pathogen into the body with contaminated food).

salmonellosis- infectious disease of animals and humans. Among farm animals, salmonellosis affects mainly young animals (calves, piglets, lambs, foals, puppies of fur-bearing animals, chickens, ducklings, goslings, turkey poults, etc.).
The disease is manifested by damage to the gastrointestinal intestinal tract and septicemia, and in subacute and chronic course- pneumonia and arthritis. In sheep, mares, less often cows, salmonellosis causes abortions.
People become infected with salmonellosis when eating food contaminated with salmonella during their production, processing, transportation and sale, which have undergone insufficient cooking or were stored in violation of established regimes. Infection is possible through household and industrial furnishings, as well as through water.
Salmonella also cause in humans typhoid fever(Salmonella typhi) and paratyphoid (Salmonella paratyphi A, B, C), to which animals are not susceptible. Salmonella belongs to the family of enterobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae), the genus Salmonella (Salmonella), subdivided into two species, enterica (enterica) and bongori (bongori), and unite 2324 serovars, divided by a set of somatic (“O”) antigens into 46 serogroups. The main causative agents of salmonellosis in animals belong to serogroups B, C and D.

The source of the infectious agent is sick and recovered animals - salmonella carriers, including rodents and wild birds. The factors of transmission of the infectious agent are infected feed, water, bedding, animal care items, equipment, clothing and footwear. Transovarial transmission of Salmonella is possible in birds. The diagnosis of salmonellosis is established on the basis of a complex of clinical, pathological, epizootological data and the results of bacteriological studies conducted in accordance with the current guidelines: "Laboratory diagnostics of human and animal salmonellosis, detection of salmonella in feed, food and environmental objects".

Trichinosis. Diseases that are transmitted to humans from animals are called zooanthroponoses. Scientists have established more than 100 different types of zoonatroponoses, one of these dangerous diseases is called trichinosis. Trichinella are biohelminths. Infection of people occurs when eating raw or insufficiently thermally processed meat of domestic pigs and wild animals (bear, nutria, arctic fox, wild boar, badger, etc.). Animals themselves, such as domestic pigs, become infected with trichinella when they eat non-neutralized meat waste from sick animals and rodents, and wild ones - during predation and through carrion. Every year cases of infection of dogs, cats, horses and other animals are recorded. This year, trichinosis was recorded in the Krasnodar Territory, Yakutia, Sakhalin region, Krasnoyarsk Territory and other regions of Russia. Cases of infection with this disease have also been noted abroad - in Germany, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, etc. At the same time, outbreaks of trichinosis are often associated with the beginning of the hunting season - trichinella enters the human body when eating the meat of a wild animal killed by him, so not only the hunter himself, but his whole family is sick. Trichinosis is not transmitted from one person to another.
The study of meat for trichinosis can be done at the OGU "Lipetsk Regional Veterinary Laboratory" at Lipetsk, st. Gagarin, 60 or in any subordinate institution of the Veterinary Department in the region. Addresses and phone numbers can be found on the Internet at: www..
For reference:
A person becomes infected with trichinosis by eating infected meat, which, by color, smell, taste and appearance nothing different from the usual. Neither salting, nor smoking, nor processing in microwave oven, nor even freezing does not kill all Trichinella, it happens that they remain alive even in fried or boiled meat. First of all, gourmets are at risk - lovers of stroganina, dry-cured homemade sausages and hams. Cases of human infection have been recorded when eating shish kebabs, smoked and salted lard with streaks of meat, dumplings, and boiled sausage. Trichinosis is detected only in laboratory tests.
Often a person does not suspect that he has become infected, because the symptoms of the disease may not immediately appear, or the clinical manifestations of trichinosis are mistaken for some other disease. The severity of the clinical manifestations of the disease depends on the number of larvae that have entered the body, the duration of the incubation period (from the moment meat enters the body to the first signs of the disease) is from 3 to 40 days. A sudden rise in temperature, rashes on the skin, swelling of the face, pain in the muscles or joints, in the abdomen - these are the first signs of the disease, which may not be associated with long-term meat consumption. In the body, the parasite is most often localized in the muscles of the diaphragm, intercostal and chewing muscles, tongue, muscles eyeball and limbs. Settling in the muscles, the larvae of trichinosis pathogens increase in size by about 10 times, capsules form around the larvae, the wall of which is covered with lime a year later. In this form, the larva remains viable for up to 25 years.
The basis for the prevention of trichinosis is carrying out laboratory research and veterinary and sanitary examination of meat during the slaughter of pigs, wild animals. When buying meat, you must require the seller to provide such documents. In order to avoid infection, all hunters are advised to send the meat of the hunted animal for veterinary control. If contaminated meat is detected, it is subject to incineration or industrial disposal.
Owners of private farms engaged in raising pigs should not feed non-thermally processed meat waste from hunting to their pets. In addition, in personal subsidiary farms follows in without fail carry out disinfection and deratization of premises, as well as comply with the rules for the disposal of dead animals.

Infectious and parasitic diseases common to humans and animals are called anthroposornoses. A person becomes infected with them through contact with sick animals, their corpses, during skinning, cutting carcasses, etc. Infection can also occur as a result of eating the meat of sick animals, contaminated water, and through blood-sucking insects and ticks.

anthrax- acute febrile illness of domestic, wild animals and people. Animals become infected from infected feed and at a watering place. Man - when skinning and processing the skin of infected animals, they get sick more often skin form. Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene is a reliable protection against the disease. In case of illness, seek immediate medical attention. Rabies- an acute infectious disease. When bitten by sick animals, it is necessary to visit a doctor for special measures for vaccination against rabies. In case of untimely treatment, a lethal outcome occurs in a hundred cases out of a hundred. dogs, long time living in summer cottages, and dogs of hunting breeds should be vaccinated against rabies without fail. Vaccination is done at stations and veterinary clinics free of charge.

Brucellosis- disease of domestic and wild animals: wolf, fox, hares; birds: sparrows, pigeons, pheasants, etc. A person most often becomes infected by eating the meat of an infected hare. Hygiene rules must be followed. In case of illness, consult a doctor. Symptoms: fever up to 40 degrees, fever, which in some cases returns many times.

Tularemia- infection. Most often, rodents and fur-bearing animals get sick. Carriers are ticks, mosquitoes, horseflies, flies-zhigalki. When the disease affects the lymph nodes, spleen, lungs. Complaints of headaches, dizziness, nausea, insomnia, agitation, delirium, lethargy, etc. Infection occurs through the digestive organs and respiratory tract. Prevention is hygiene. Seek medical attention in case of infection is mandatory.

Ornithosis or psittacosis- an infectious disease of domestic, wild birds and humans. Chickens, pheasants, ducks, pigeons, gulls, parrots, etc. are sick from birds. The disease virus dies after 15 minutes at a temperature of 65-70 degrees, it remains on ice for up to 2 months, resistant to drying. Dies in a 3% solution of chloramine after 3 hours. Human disease is possible when plucking feathers and cutting the carcass of an infected bird. The disease begins with chills and weakness, accompanied by headache and joint pain. In case of illness - hospitalization in the infectious diseases hospital.

Toxoplasmosis- a disease of wild and domestic animals, is transmitted to humans. The disease causes mass death of animals. Detected and eliminated with the help of medical and veterinary services.

Ringworm- fungal infection of the skin. Human infection occurs, as a rule, from dogs and cats, often domestic. Mandatory visits to a veterinary clinic for pets and a visit to a doctor for a person.

Echinococcosis- helminthic disease. Human infection occurs through contact with sick animals. The disease is very dangerous, as a rule, the liver is affected. Treatment under medical supervision.

Diphyllobothriasis carnivore It is caused by a wide tapeworm helminth, reaching a length of 8-12 meters and a width of 2 cm. Dogs, foxes, wolves and other carnivores are ill. A person becomes infected as a result of contact with sick animals or from poorly fried meat of infected fish: pike, perch, burbot, ruff, trout, etc.

The second known parasitic disease transmitted by sick fish is diphyllobothriasis. Its carriers are pike, perch, burbot, ruff, trout, salmon, grayling, whitefish. Larvae of helminths (worms) are found in the meat and eggs of fish. Finding them is very difficult because they are too small. Symptoms of the disease are typical: general malaise, headache, fever, disruption gastrointestinal tract, nausea, constipation, diarrhea, fatigue. The disease manifests itself within 2-3 weeks after infection. Successfully treated with timely handling to the doctor.

Safety precautions when eating fish:

1. Any fish must be well-fried, until a dark brown crust, or boiled until the lens of the eyes turns white.
2. Make sure that when cutting the fish, small raw pieces do not get into your mouth.
3. Rinse hands with water frequently while cutting fish.
4. At a temperature of minus 15 degrees, the fish is disinfected within a day.
5. When salted in brine, the fish is disinfected for 14-15 days, followed by soaking; under oppression, the exposure period is reduced to 3-4 days.

There are infectious and parasitic diseases common to humans and animals, a person becomes infected with them through contact with sick animals, and as a result of eating the meat of sick animals, contaminated water, and through blood-sucking insects and ticks.

Anthrax is an acute febrile disease of domestic, wild animals and humans. It is caused by an aerobic bacillus, which forms capsules in the body of an animal, and spores outside it. The causative agent of the disease can spread with water contaminated with contaminated wastewater from tanneries, wool washes and other enterprises that process animal raw materials, as well as with animal feed. Infection of people occurs during the removal and processing of the skin, through bloodsuckers, etc. A person most often gets sick with a cutaneous form. In this case, it becomes infected through cracks, abrasions and other wounds of the skin of the hands, face and other exposed parts of the body. In this form, a bluish-red nodule forms at the site of introduction of the bacillus, which then turns into a dark red vesicle containing a reddish liquid. After a while, the vesicle bursts, the tissues where it was located become dead, and the same nodules and vesicles appear nearby. This whole process is accompanied high temperature.

Careful implementation of general veterinary and sanitary measures in the lands, as well as compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, is a reliable protection against anthrax.

Rabies is an acute infectious disease. When bitten by animals, it is imperative to visit a doctor for special measures for vaccination against rabies. In case of untimely treatment, a lethal outcome occurs in a hundred cases out of a hundred. Dogs that have been living in summer cottages for a long time and dogs of hunting breeds should be vaccinated against rabies without fail. Acute infectious disease. It is caused by a filterable neurotropic virus invisible under a conventional microscope, transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy one with saliva when bitten. People, pets, including birds, get sick. The latent period of the disease is from 10 days to 1 year. Its duration depends on the remoteness of the bite site from the central nervous system and the nature of the wound.

A characteristic sign of rabies in animals is shyness or pronounced irritability of the animal, reaching the point of violence. Sick dogs, cats and other animals, without sufficient reason, rush to people and animals, bite, eat inedible objects, tear their skin, try to run away. Dogs develop hoarse barking, convulsions, difficulty swallowing, followed by complete paralysis of the swallowing and chewing muscles, unsteady gait, paralysis of the hind limbs, and rabies. Death occurs in 4-6 days. With a silent form of rabies, animals cannot swallow food. General paralysis develops, leading to death.

Rabies control measures:

Sick and suspected animals should be isolated or destroyed;

Keep the corpses in a place inaccessible to animals (especially for rodents) until the arrival of wind workers, but not more than 2 days, after which they bury them in a cattle burial ground to a depth of at least 2 m;

Disinfect infected areas with a 2% solution of formalin or caustic soda or boiling water; clothes stained with the saliva of a sick animal, wash, boil and iron with a hot iron;

Send all bitten people to the nearest sanitary and epidemiological station or medical institution for vaccination against rabies.

Brucellosis is a disease of domestic and wild animals: wolves, foxes, hares; birds: sparrows, pigeons, pheasants, etc. A person most often becomes infected by eating the meat of an infected animal. Hygiene rules must be followed. In case of illness, consult a doctor. Brucellosis is a chronic disease, the causative agent of brucellosis is a small, motionless, stick visible under a microscope. It remains viable for a long time. Symptoms: fever up to 40 degrees, fever, which in some cases returns many times.

Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene when opening and cutting animal carcasses prevents infection.

Tularemia is an infectious disease. Most often, rodents and fur-bearing animals get sick. Causes disease aerobic, visible under a light microscope, immobile bacterium. Infection occurs by contact, through the digestive or respiratory tract, and in the warm season - through blood-sucking insects. Hunters become infected when visiting dysfunctional water bodies, swamps and meadows; when spending the night in infected haystacks, straw; when cutting carcasses of extracted sick animals. The causative agent of the disease can enter the human body while swimming in a pond, even through intact skin and mucous membranes of the eyes. The latent period of the disease is short.

Seek medical attention in case of infection is mandatory.

Ornithosis or psittacosis is an infectious disease of domestic, wild birds and humans Chickens, pheasants, ducks, pigeons, gulls, parrots, etc. are sick from birds. It is caused by a filter virus. The disease virus dies after 15 minutes at a temperature of 65-70 degrees, it remains on ice for up to 2 months, it is resistant to drying. Dies in a 3% solution of chloramine after 3 hours. The disease often has a latent course, and therefore healthy-looking birds can be a source of dispersion of the causative agent of this disease in nature. Birds become infected when healthy people come into contact with sick people, through contaminated food and air, which contains small particles of infected feces, urine, feathers, nasal discharge, etc. The disease of people is possible during post-slaughter processing of birds - plucking feathers and cutting carcasses, it begins with chills and weakness, accompanied by headache and joint pain. In case of illness - hospitalization in an infectious diseases hospital.

In naturally infected animals, mainly the central nervous system and peripheral nerves are affected. The disease usually proceeds as a mass disease of animals with significant mortality, mainly in young animals. In dogs, depression of the general condition, emaciation, weakness, discharge from the eyes and nose, pallor of visible mucous membranes, cough, vomiting, shortness of breath, fever and disorder of the central nervous system are observed. Carriage of toxoplasma among people is widespread. From clinically healthy carriers, children with toxoplasmosis can be born. In some cases, Toxoplasma causes severe illness in adults.

The transmission of the pathogen from one organism to another occurs in various ways: in utero, through contact with patients or the environment, through the digestive and respiratory tracts, sexually. Sputum, saliva, vomit, urine, feces, milk, meat are infectious. Arthropods carry Toxoplasma mechanically. Flies, for example, after 2 hours can regurgitate the invasive material they have captured, which does not lose its infectivity, and in the body of the bug the infectivity is not lost up to 5 hours. Some ticks are carriers of the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. The clinical manifestations of toxoplasmosis in humans are extremely diverse.

Toxoplasmosis - it is necessary to promptly identify and eliminate with the help of medical and veterinary authorities. Do not feed raw to dogs, cats internal organs harvested animals, head and other offal, as they can be a source of infection.

Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin. Human infection occurs, as a rule, from dogs and cats, often domestic. Mandatory visits to a veterinary clinic for pets and a visit to a doctor for a person.

Ringworm in dogs is caused by two types of fungus: trichophyton and microsporon. The skin of the head, neck, limbs is affected. Usually on the skin of the head and cheeks are formed limited, dense, painful when pressed, dark-colored and almost hairless elevations. When pressed, pus is released from the mouths of the hair follicles. Untimely treatment leads to the formation of bald areas. With trichophytosis, the foci of skin lesions are much smaller and more numerous, often merge.

Treatment is required.

Dicroceliosis

Leptospirosis is a disease that is very common in animals, and quite dangerous for humans. Reproducing in the blood, the viruses of this disease affect many internal organs, especially like to "nest" in the kidneys and liver. Leptospira enter the human body through the affected areas of the body: cuts and wounds, as well as through the mucous membranes. Usually they become infected not from the animal itself, but from its feces and urine, but the virus can also be caught by swimming in a dirty pond, for example, where ducks live.

Salting and smoking meat do not lead to the death of trichinella, and they can be stored in it for a very long time. In practice, trichinosis meat is subjected to technical disposal or incineration.

All pig carcasses wild boar and bears should be subjected to inspection by wind workers in order to detect Trichinella and prevent the consumption of infected meat.

Human infection occurs through contact with sick animals. The disease is very dangerous, as a rule, the liver is affected. Treatment under medical supervision.

Echinococcosis is common where there is no control stray dogs, where there is no cleaning of the corpses of dead animals and dogs are fed with internal organs affected by the vesicular stage of echinococcus. Infected dogs, being in constant contact with humans and domestic mammals, easily spread the pathogens of this disease among people and animals.

Diphyllobothriasis - caused by a wide tapeworm helminth, reaching a length of 8-12 meters and a width of 2 cm. Dogs, foxes, wolves and other carnivores are ill. A person becomes infected as a result of contact with sick animals or from poorly fried meat of infected fish: pike, perch, burbot, ruff, trout, etc.

Make sure that when cutting the fish, small raw pieces do not get into your mouth.

Rinse hands with water frequently while cutting fish.

At a temperature of minus 15 degrees, the fish is disinfected within a day.

When salted, the fish is disinfected for 14-15 days, followed by soaking; under oppression, the exposure period is reduced to 3-4 days.

Tuberculosis is a chronic contagious disease of domestic, wild animals and humans. Caused by three types of acid-resistant bacillus visible under a microscope: human, bovine, and avian. Each on them is most dangerous for its owner, but can cause disease in others.

The source of human infection is sick animals, products of animal origin and infected with sick animals. external environment, as well as sick people and the air contaminated by them, surrounding objects, etc. They get sick with various forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculosis of the bones and joints, peripheral glands, skin, serous membranes of the larynx, intestines, genitourinary and other organs, tuberculous meningitis.

In order to prevent tuberculosis, products obtained from animals with signs of exhaustion, weakening of the body, should be eaten only after they have been checked by a veterinarian.

Foot and mouth disease is a viral disease of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, elks, deer, bison, roe deer, wild boars and other artiodactyl ruminants, sometimes cats, dogs, poultry, horses. People get sick less often.

The disease in humans usually begins acutely, with chills and high fever. There is pain in the mucous membrane of the mouth, lips, profuse salivation.

Don't drink to prevent illness raw milk. It is necessary to follow the rules of personal hygiene.

Felinosis is a cat scratch disease. Infection occurs through the saliva of a sick kitten (adult cats in most cases have strong immunity to the pathogen. The disease manifests itself in reddening of the lesion and in a very unpleasant and painful enlargement of the lymph nodes. Usually, patients do without treatment, enduring discomfort for a month. Prevention of felinosis, unfortunately does not exist.

Salmonellosis is a dangerous lesion for humans digestive system. Frequent inhabitants of the human dwelling are a variety of rodents: mice, decorative rats, Guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, chinchillas may be its carriers. Signs of it in animals: loss of appetite, weight loss, conjunctivitis, unexpected death. Prevention is hand washing antibacterial soap and periodic disinfection of cells.

Separately about pets.

People who have pets know how much joy they bring to the whole family, especially children, by normalizing our mental condition. But do not forget that your favorite fluffy can become a source of dangerous and even fatal diseases, and since we are responsible for those we have tamed, we must know how to protect our pets and ourselves.

Most frequent illnesses petsand their prevention.

Rabies, leptosperosis - the most reliable and effective method to combat these diseases is vaccination. In Russia, today the vaccine market is very large, a veterinarian will help you choose the right one.

Toxoplasmosis is more common in cats. Other animals are immune to this virus. According to the statistics of veterinarians, every fifth domestic cat in Russia is infected with this virus. She usually gets it by feeding raw meat obtained from infected pigs and calves. Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through the urine, feces and mucous secretions of a cat. Highly dangerous disease for pregnant women.

A domestic cat should be regularly examined for toxoplasmosis and sarcoma in cats in a veterinary clinic: at present, there are both diagnostic methods and methods of treating pets that significantly reduce the risk of developing toxoplasmosis in them.

Except for the cat, it is obligatory for pregnant women, and the rest, if possible, should not eat suspicious-looking belyashi or kebabs in street tents, taste chopped meat and eat unwashed vegetables or fruits, otherwise not the cat for you, but you for the cat will be a serious danger.

Ringworm for a healthy person with good immunity is practically not dangerous. Asking for qualified help cured within a week. However, for young children it can have serious consequences.

Fleas that, through a bite, carry helminths and various dangerous viral diseases into the human body. Flea larvae can be stored in an apartment for several months, so regularly treat not only animals, but the entire apartment, the range of such drugs is also quite extensive.

Since it is difficult to identify birds infected with psittacosis when buying, it is necessary to make this purchase in places controlled by the veterinary services.

Pisces are gentle creatures and often suffer from various kinds of infections. For humans, the threat is not the fish themselves, but the water from the aquarium - it may contain pathogens skin infections, and any wound on the skin can become a gateway for the penetration of pathogens. In addition, allergies to food, in particular to daphnia, often occur.

Maintain hygiene: frequent wet cleaning with occasional use disinfectants, use of rubber gloves when handling the cat and dog litter box, use of a separate scoop to remove feces, frequent hand washing. All of this will help reduce the chance of infection.

Do not forget that the prevention of dangerous zooanthroponoses is completely in your hands.

Diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans are called zooanthroponoses.

Zooanthroponoses, anthropozoonoses- a group of infectious and parasitic diseases common in animals and humans. About 100 diseases of various etiologies belong to zooanthroponoses.

The source of pathogens of zooanthroponoses for humans are, first of all, those animals with which a person often comes into contact in the course of economic activity and at home: agricultural and domestic animals, rodents, as well as wild animals, objects of hunting.

Diseases transmitted to humans from animals

AIDS. Man received this virus from great apes living in Central Africa, most likely from chimpanzees.
atypical pneumonia. The person, presumably, became infected from a viverra (a predatory animal that lives in Southeast Asia). The epidemic struck several thousand people, several hundred of them died.

Dengue fever. The pathogen is carried by mosquitoes. The first epidemics were noted in the 1950s. in Thailand and the Philippines. To date, cases of Dengue fever have been reported in 100 countries around the world.

Ebola. Presumably, humans acquired this virus from great apes. The pathogen is transmitted through direct contact with the blood and secretions of patients. In the 1970s In Sudan, the beginning of an Ebola epidemic was recorded, which killed 90% of those infected.

Yellow fever. Man received this virus from great apes living in Central Africa, most likely from chimpanzees. The carriers of the disease are mosquitoes. The first cases were noted about 400 years ago. The vaccine was developed 60 years ago.

West Nile fever. Man got this virus from birds through mosquitoes. One of the most dangerous fevers, characterized by a high mortality rate. Cases of the disease have been noted not only in Africa, but also in Europe, Asia, North America.
Malaria. The causative agent of malaria is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. About 300 million people fall ill with malaria each year, and 1 million of them die.

Lyme disease. Man received a bacterium - the pathogen from deer and mice. Symptoms of the disease are similar to flu, but the disease is much more severe and leads to arthritis. The name of the disease in the 1970s. received from the American town of Lyme, where such cases were first noted.

Smallpox. A man got infected from a camel. The disease became known about 3 thousand years ago and for a long time was considered main reason death of children. Many prominent people suffered from smallpox historical figures, For example, Russian emperor Peter the Great and King Louis XV of France. According to historians, in late XIX Approximately 50 million people fell ill with smallpox each year. The death rate from smallpox was over 30% of total number infected. The last case of smallpox was recorded in 1977.

Monkeypox. A person became infected from some species of rodents. The disease proceeds in the same way as ordinary smallpox, but in a more mild form and has not yet caused any deaths.

Plague. The man became infected from rats and other rodents. The pathogen is transmitted through a bite. The first epidemic, known as the Justinian Plague, arose in the 6th century in Byzantium: about 100 million people died in 50 years. In the XIV century, the world was struck by the Black Death epidemic - bubonic plague, which destroyed about a third of the population of Asia and half of the population of Europe. At the end of the 19th century, the third worldwide plague epidemic arose - outbreaks were noted in more than 100 ports of the world.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome(better known as mad cow syndrome). A man got infected from a cow. In the world, several dozen cases of death of people who have eaten beef infected with the causative agent of this disease have been recorded. affecting the brain. Periodically, cases of "mad cow disease" are noted in various countries of the world.

Encephalitis. The causative agents of encephalitis got to man from rodents and birds. The carriers of the virus are mosquitoes and ticks. Every year, 100-200 thousand people in the world are infected with various forms of encephalitis, 10-15 thousand of them die.

Salmonellosis. A person became infected from cows, pigs, goats and poultry (ducks and geese). Salmonella infection occurs when eating meat or eggs that have preserved live salmonella. There have been cases of salmonellosis that have led to the death of a person.

On the territory of Russia, about three dozen diseases of domestic animals are common, dangerous, including for humans. These are various helminthiases, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, rabies and many others.

The most dangerous and common diseases

Leptospirosis- an acute disease of mammals, as well as humans. The disease can be transmitted through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or through contaminated objects. environment, especially in high humidity or in places where there is standing water. Leptospira are able to penetrate mucous membranes and damaged skin. They multiply in the blood, the epithelium of the tubules of the kidneys and the liver - leading to damage to many organs, especially the kidneys and liver.

Rabies- a disease that is common throughout the world. The source of infection can be domestic and wild animals. When bitten, the virus enters the tissues, from where it migrates to the central nervous system along the peripheral nerves. The incubation period of the disease ranges from 12 days to one year, but is usually 4-6 weeks. It contracts with a high concentration of the virus and with a bite to the neck or head. There is no cure for rabies; if clinical symptoms appear, it is always fatal.

Lichen- a group of skin diseases caused by a pathogenic fungus. The causative agents of the disease are two types of fungi: trichophytosis and microsporum. It is important to note that people and animals with immunodeficiency are susceptible to the manifestation of clinical symptoms, so it is necessary to limit the contact of children and the elderly with sick animals as much as possible. To date, microsporia is easily treated with antifungal drugs.

Experts from the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases ( National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) The United States believes that in the near future, new diseases may occur more frequently and cause even more damage. Due to the development of globalization processes, deterioration environmental situation close contact between humans and various animal species is much more frequent than before. In particular, many animals that have never lived near humans before are being domesticated. Exotic animals, for example, from Asia, become part of the menu of a person living, for example, in Europe. The modern structure of food production leads to the fact that an epidemic that has arisen among domestic animals can threaten the life and health of hundreds of thousands of people. Climate change leads to the fact that the habitats of migratory birds and insects (in particular, mosquitoes) are changing - they carry pathogens over considerable distances. Changing the habitat of humans and animals also changes the mechanisms of action of pathogens of various diseases.