Correct spelling in Russian. Russian language is not about rules

1. How long can you doubt “come” or “come”? Remember once and for all, the correct word is “to come.”

2. Did you order espresso? To cook it faster? The coffee is called "espresso"!

3. Which is correct: “go” or “drive” or “drive”? No way! The imperative form of the verbs “to go” and “to go” will only be “go” or “call in”, “come”, etc. The use of the word “go” without a prefix is ​​considered acceptable, but undesirable in colloquial speech.

4. Which is correct: “I will win” or “I will win”? No way! The verb "to win" does not have a 1st person singular form. numbers in the future tense. “I will win”, “I will be able to win” completely replace this form.

5. Repeat! There are no words “in general” and “in general”! There are words “in general” and “in general”. And period.

6. In the documents there is a “signature”, but in the Sistine Chapel on the altar wall there is a “painting”. Don't confuse, friends, don't confuse!

7. From the point of view of lexical compatibility, the expression “the best” sounds as ridiculous as “more beautiful”. A big hello to the directors of “The Best Movie.”

8. “Borrow” means borrowing! “Lend me money” is wrong. You cannot borrow from someone, you can only borrow from someone. “Lend me some money”, “Can I borrow from you?” - Right.

9. “During” (for some time, in continuation), but “within the flow” (for example, rivers, flow as a direction in art). Please note, always separately!

10. Hadron Collider! Not "Andronny", who is this "Andron"? Hadrons are elementary particles, and the collider was named after them. "Collider", by the way, with two "l".

11. Win! Don't win! We sincerely don’t understand what motivates people who put “Y” there. The test word is game.

12. Everyone who still says “theirs” will burn in hell!

13. It’s time to introduce monetary fines for writing “sorry” instead of “sorry”.

Learn your native language!

(c) not found

Read and see also:

Studying the history of the rules

Students will better understand, and therefore remember, the rule if they delve into its history, find out who first formulated it and how, how words were written before the advent of the spelling rule, and why the rule was needed in the spelling system in the first place. For such work, you will need old editions of books on Russian grammar, starting with the works of Lomonosov. Such publications are easy to find on the Internet. Can also be used for analysis laboratory work copies of books from the 18th century. In the reference book of the site "I can write" there is a history of some spelling rules. For example, spelling rules for prefixes.

Selection of words for one rule

Sometimes people remember a rule in the Russian language all their lives and do not suspect that there are only a few words for this rule in the language. Or several dozen. For example, there are only 12 adverbs with a sibilant at the end: 9 with a soft sign and 3 without a soft sign at the end. 3 adverbs are considered exceptions (more about the spelling rule b after sibilants). And remembering the spelling of these specific words is sometimes easier than remembering the rule. But this is not interesting, but the fact that after compiling full list words per spelling rule, the student remembers this rule forever. When compiling such lists, reverse dictionaries and searching for letter combinations in electronic dictionaries. You can also methodically write down words from exercises in different textbooks. Students can be offered ready-made lists words on various rules. In a group of 10 - 15 people, it is easy to play games for memorizing lists. For example, in the auction game, the winner is the one who names the last word. Such methods work great in literacy training. For a class in a regular school you can give homework make a story out of words. The stories can be printed and made into a bright wall newspaper. After much creative torment, everyone will read what others have written and thus repeat the words many times.

Well, of course, no one canceled traditional dictations with commentary and polls. They must run in the background constantly.

Learn the rules of the Russian language in a fun way!

There are a lot of articles about errors that piss everyone off. That's why I wrote not about mistakes, but about rules - sometimes they infuriate even more.

1. “Upon arrival” and “on arrival”, not “on arrival” and “on arrival”

In the meaning “after something,” the preposition “by” is used with the prepositional case: upon arrival, upon arrival, upon return.

The preposition "by" is used with dative case, if indicates:

• on a surface or space (crawls on a table, travels around Europe);
• on the object to which the action is directed (hit in the face);
• on a person or object they think about or miss (miss you);
• for a reason (due to one’s stupidity);
• on the subject to which the action applies (something needs to be decided on amendments).

It is also used with the accusative case, when it indicates an object to which the action is limited (to the very tonsils). But if we say that something will happen only after a certain event, then we need to use the prepositional case.

2. “Coffee to go,” not “coffee to go.”

We use adverbs when we need to describe an object. When it comes to takeaway coffee, the question is “what?” rather than “where?” or “for what?”

In this situation, you need to use an adverb. And according to the dictionary, the adverb “takeaway” is written together.

3. “5.5 rubles”, not “5.5 rubles”

The proof here is easy to find, for example, in Rosenthal or Milchin: with a mixed number, the noun is controlled by a fraction. Therefore: 8.5 meters (eight point five meters), 9½ weeks (nine point one week).

There are many objections: but when we see “9.5 weeks,” we read “nine and a half” and not “nine point five.” If you follow the rules, it turns out like this: if you want it to be read as “nine and a half,” write “nine and a half.”

4. “Until how long”, not “until how long”

The word “how much” does not have the form “how many”:

5. “Economy class”, not “economy class”

The word “economy class,” unlike “business class,” is a compound abbreviation, not a compound one: the first stem is abbreviated (“economy” from “economical”).

A compound words written together: dance class (dance class), drama club (drama club), economy class (economic class).

6. Illogical hyphen in anglicisms

According to the dictionary, there is no hyphen in “deadline”, but in “food court” and “check list” there is.

There are many such examples - it seems that there is no specific system and words end up in the dictionary at random. One gets the feeling that borrowed words must go this route: ordeal without being included in the dictionary; entry with a difficult to explain hyphen; changing the norm to a more logical spelling without a hyphen.

7. The Relentless Barista

Unlike the previously borrowed from Italian giornalista (“journalist”) and even fascista (“fascist”), “barista” has not yet been assimilated: it has retained the Italian ending and does not decline. But I think that everything will change: language lives and changes.

Where are the proofs, Lebowski?

What to do with this information

Here are some options:

1. Constantly correcting your interlocutors and therefore pissing everyone off.
2. Be mad that these norms are stupid, include in the editorial policy options that seem correct, and live in peace.
3. To freak out and prove in the comments that real people don’t talk like that, so it’s time to change the norms.
4. Speak as usual.

I did not write this post to accuse anyone of ignorance or to encourage everyone to write as the rules require. Some of this seems very strange to me. We can only hope that over time the norms will become more logical.

1. Unstressed vowel in the root.

To check an unstressed vowel in the root, you need to change the form of the word or select a word with the same root so that the stress falls on it.

G O ra – g O ry

B O rummaged - b O rushes

Not accepted And rimy – m And R

2. Alternation of vowels in the root.

1. In the roots gor - gar under the accent the letter A is written, without the accent - O (zag A r – zag O mature)

   Fundamentally zar - zar, under stress, the vowel that is heard is written, without stress - A (z A roar, s A rnitsa, oz A yay, s O ryka)

   Fundamentally clone - clan under stress, the vowel that is heard is written, without stress - O (skl O thread, cl A bow, bow O n, knuckle O thread)

   In the roots kos - kas the letter A is written if there is a suffix A after the root, if there is no this suffix, then the letter O is written. (to A sanie, prikk O fell asleep)

   In the roots lag - lie A is written before G, O is written before G (sentence A go, offer O live)

   In the roots growing up - growing up before ST, Ш the letter A is written. If there is no ST, Ш the letter O is written (р A stet, por O c) Exceptions: Rostok, industry, Rostov, Rostislav.

   In the roots Ber - bir, der - dir, mer - world, per - pir, ter- ter, shine - blist, zheg - zhig, stel - stil the letter A is written if after the root there is a suffix A. (collect - collect, lay - spread)

3.Vowels O - E (Ё) after sibilants and C in different parts of the word.

1.Fundamentally words after hissing words are written under stress with the letter E (Ё). (in related words and forms of this word the letter E is written without stress. (vecherka - evening, cheap - cheaper) Exceptions: seam, rustle, saddler, hood, gooseberry, glutton, thicket, major

It is necessary to distinguish:

A) noun – burn, arson, verbs – burn, set fire

B) in words of foreign language origin:

jockey, juggler, shock, highway, driver.

C) in proper names: Pechora, Pechorin, Shostakovich

2. After C, the letter o is written in the root under the stress. unstressed

The vowel after T must be checked with stress. (base, whole -

whole)

3.In endings, suffixes nouns and

adjectives after hissing and C, the letter O is written under stress, without stress - E (chest, hut, big, red, little jackdaw, fighter, crimson)

4 .At the end of adverbs, the letter O is written under stress, without

accent – ​​E (hotly, ebulliently)

5 .The letter E is written under the accent

a) at the endings of verbs (we take care, bakes),

b) in the verbal suffix –yovyva (shade)

c) in the suffix –er of nouns (conductor, trainee)

d) in the suffixes -yonn, -yon of passive participles,

from verbal adjectives, if they are formed from

verb with -it (completed - complete, stewed - stew)

d) in pronouns (about anything, nothing)

4. Vowels ы, and after ц in different parts of the word.

1. At the root of the word after C the letter I is written (number, circus) Exceptions:

gypsy, chicks, chick, chick, chick)

2.In words ending na – tion the letter I is written

(acacia, lecture, delegation)

3.In suffixes and endings the letter Y is written (birds, pages,

Sinitsyn)

5. Voiced and voiceless consonants.

To check the spelling of paired consonants b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, zh-sh, you need to change the word so that after this consonant there is a vowel. (tooth - teeth, light - light)

6. Unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word. (combinations vstv, ndsk, stl, stn, etc.)

The word needs to be changed or a word with the same root must be chosen so that this consonant is heard clearly. (joyful - joy, whistle - whistle)

But: sn– wonderful – miracles.

7. Separating b and b

Kommersant

b

1. Before letters E, E, Yu, Ya

after consoles

to a consonant

(to go around, to separate)

1. Before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I

in roots, suffixes, endings.

(barrier, blizzard, fox, nightingale)

In difficult words

(three-tier, inter-tier)

IN foreign words:

adjutant, object, subject, etc. broth, battalion, signor, etc.

8. Soft sign after sizzling ones.

b is written

b is not written

1. Feminine in nouns

kind (night, rye)

1. In masculine nouns (knife, rook)

2. In all verb forms

(write, kindle, smile)

2. Plural in nouns. numbers

(lots of clouds, near puddles)

3. In adverbs ending in Zh, Sh, Ch (jump,

entirely) Exceptions: already married,

unbearable

3. In short adjectives (hot,

good, powerful)

4. In particles (only, huh, huh)

9. Vowels И –И after prefixes.

After consonant prefixes letter is written Y, if the word from which it is derived begins with the letter I (unprincipled - idea, summarize - result, play - game)

After consoles super-, sub-, trans-, inter- a letter is written AND ( inter-institutional, super-interesting, sub-inspector).

10. Merged and hyphenated spelling compound adjectives.

Together:

1. Formed from a subordinating phrase (ancient Greek - Ancient Greece, car repair - car repair)

2. Used as terms or expressions in bookish language (the above, the undersigned)

With a hyphen:

1.Denote the shade of color (light pink, red-brown)

2.Derived from a hyphenated noun (southwest - southwest)

3. Between the parts of the adjective you can insert the conjunction “and” (Russian-German - Russian and German, convex-concave - convex and concave).

4. Formed from a combination of a noun and an adjective, but with a rearrangement of these elements (literary-artistic - fiction)

5. Having the combination -ico (chemical-pharmaceutical) at the end of the first base.

Apart:

Phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective are written separately. An adverb acts as a member of a sentence, indicating the degree of the attribute expressed by the adjective (genuinely friendly, sharply hostile) or in what respect the attribute is considered (socially dangerous, i.e. dangerous to society). Adverbs in –ski in the meaning of “likening” (damn cunning).

11. Not with in different parts speech.

Together

Apart

Without NOT not used ( all parts of speech)

can't, hate, unseen

There is a contrast with the conjunction “A” or it is implied (noun, adjective, adverb of O, E)

not the truth, but a lie

Can be replaced with a synonym or an expression similar in meaning ( noun, adjective, adverb of o, e)

untrue - lie, unknown - stranger)

There are words “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”, etc.

(adjective, adverb in O, E)

Not at all interesting, not at all beautiful

There are no dependent words and no opposition with the conjunction “A”

(participle)

unstuck, untold

Eat dependent words or opposition with the conjunction “A” (participle)

not said in time

With verbs, gerunds

(didn't find it without searching)

With adverbs not in –O, E (not in a comradely way)

With negative and indefinite adverbs and pronouns (no one, several, nowhere)

With negative pronouns, if there is a preposition (not with anyone, not with anyone)

12. One and two letters N in suffixes.

Parts of speech

NN

Nouns

Living room, toiler, herbalist

At the junction of morphemes

Fifty dollars, window sill

Adjectives

In the suffixes -in, -an, -yan

Gus in oh, leather en th

Excl.: tin, wood, glass

1) in adjectives formed using the suffix -n- from nouns with a stem in N (fog n y)

2) in adjectives formed from nouns using the suffixes -onn, -enn (arts enne oh, aviation he N y)

Except: windy

Participles and verbal adjectives

1) in short passive participles (error corrected en A)

2) in full participles and verbal adjectives formed from verbs imperfect form(crush enй – there is no prefix and dependent word)

Excl.: slow, desired, sacred, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard, unexpected)

1) if the word has a prefix other than non- (dried)

2) if they include dependent words (sown through a sieve)

3) if the word has the suffix –ova, -eva (otsink ovann y)

4) if the word is formed from a perfective verb (lich yonn y - deprive)

Adverb

There are as many Ns written in adverbs as in the adjectives from which they are derived

(tuma nn o – tuma nn oh, excited nn o – vzvolnova nn y)

23. Letters E, I in case endings of nouns.

1. nouns have 1st declension in the dative and prepositional cases (in the grass - 1 cl., pp., on the road - 1 cl., d.p.)

1. nouns have 1st declension in genitive case(near the river – 1 cl., R.p.)

2. nouns have 2 declensions in the prepositional case (in the house - 2 cl., pp.)

2. nouns have 3 declensions (in mother, in the night)

3. for nouns with –i, -ie, -iya, -mya in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases

(attach to the stirrup (on -ya)), pick from the acacia (on - iya))

24. Conjugation of verbs, spelling of personal endings of verbs.

Put the verb in the indefinite form (what to do? what to do?)

II conjugation I conjugation

na –it na –et, -at, -ut, -yt, -ti, -ch

except: shave, lay (1 reference) except:

drive, hold, hear, breathe

endure, twist, offend, depend,

hate, see, look (2 questions)

the letter is written at the end And the letter E is written at the end

beautiful it– beautiful it count et – count ot, rut it– Mr. at(excl.)

when finding an indefinite form, take a verb of the same type (decorate - decorate)

Spelling of prefixes.

1. The letters Z-S at the end of the consoles.

In the prefixes voz-vos, bez-bes, from -is, niz -nis, once - races, through - thre before sonorous a letter is written with consonants Z, before deaf consonants - letter WITH.

(Ra h give - ra With bite, babe h sonorous - be With cordial)

There is no prefix Z: knock down, cut down, run away

There is no prefix in the words here, building, health.

In the prefix once (ras) - roz (ros) the letter A is written without emphasis, under the accent - the letter O. (to fall apart - sledges, scatter - scattering)

2. Prefixes pre-, pr-

Pre-

at-

1. It is possible to replace the prefix very, very much.

(Very big – very big)

1.Spatial proximity

(about) – school, seaside

2.Approaching, joining,

addition (to arrive, to screw,

join)

2.Close to the value of “re”

(transform, block)

3.Incomplete action (open slightly)

4. Bringing the action to completion

(come up with)

Spelling suffixes

1. Suffixes –EK, -IK of nouns

To write the suffix correctly, you need to decline the word (put it in the genitive case form). If a vowel is dropped, then the suffix -EK is written, if it is not dropped, then the suffix -IK must be written (lock - lock, finger - finger)

2. Suffixes of verbs -ova (-eva), -yva (iva)

If in the present or future tense the verb ends in -yva, -ivayu, then you need to write the suffixes -yva, -iva.

If it ends in -yu, -yu, then you need to write the suffixes -ova, -eva.

(conversations ova l, conversations ova th - conversations wow, story yva l – story I feel)

3. Suffixes of participles –ush, -yush, -ashch, -yash.

If the participle is formed from a verb of the 1st conjugation, then you need to write the suffixes -ush, -yush.

If the participle is formed from a verb of 2 conjugations, then you need to write the suffixes –ash, -yash.

(piercing – to prick (1 reference), dyeing – to paint (2 references))

4. Participle suffixes –EM, -OM, -IM

If the participle is formed from a verb of 1 conjugation, then we write the suffix -EM, -OM, if from a verb of 2 conjugations, then the suffix -IM

(visible – see (2 spr.), burnt – burn (1 spr.))

5. The letters O, A at the end of adverbs with prefixes –IZ, -DO, -S

If adverbs are formed from adjectives that do not have these prefixes, then we write the letter A.

If adverbs are formed from adjectives that contain these prefixes, then we write the letter O.

(before dry – dry, before urgently - before urgent)

On dull , V left (no prefixes –iz, -to, -s)

6. Suffixes –K-, -SK- of adjectives.

The suffix -K- is written:

1) in adjectives that have a short form (number To y – kolok, elm To y – mating)

2) in adjectives formed from some nouns with a stem in k, ch, c (German To y – German, weaver To yi – weaver)

In other cases the suffix –SK- (French) is written sk y - French h)

7. Suffixes –CHIK-, -SHCHIK-

After the letters d - t, z - s, zh, the letter Ch is written. In other cases, the letter sch is written. (bound Tchick, stone box- No letters d, t, h, s, g)

8. Vowels before -N, -NN in suffixes of participles, before the suffix of the past tense verb -L-.

If a participle or verbal adjective is formed from a verb ending in –at, -yat, then it is written before Н,НН letter A,Z(weigh A nnny – hung at).

If a participle or verbal adjective is formed from verbs that do not end in -at, -yat, then the letter E is written before N, NN

(roll up e ny - zasoch it, crush e ny – red it).

Hyphen between parts of words.

Hyphenated spelling of adverbs.

Adverbs are written with a hyphen between parts of the word, which include:

1) the prefix po- and the suffixes -oom, -em, -i (in a new way, in a comradely way)

2) the prefix v-, vo- and the suffixes –ы, -и (secondly, thirdly)

3) prefix somehow (somehow)

4) suffixes -to, -or, -ni (kolda, somewhere)

5) complex adverbs that contain the same roots (little by little)

Indefinite pronouns with the prefix ko- and the suffixes that-or-, nibo are written with a hyphen (someone, some)

Compound words with half are written with a hyphen if the second root begins with L, with a capital letter, with a vowel. In other cases, gender in complex words is written together. (half a moon, half a watermelon, half a Volga, half a house)

Interjections, formed by repetition of basics (ooh-ooh)

Particles are joined to other words through a hyphen. (come on, take it)

Merged and separate writing homonymous independent and function words.

Prepositions with other words are written separately. (on the river, on me, by five)

Derivative prepositions, formed on the basis of adverbs, are written together (to go towards the delegates).

Continuously derived prepositions are written: in view of (= for a reason), like (= like), about (= about), instead of, like, as a result of (due to)

Talk about exams, but put money into the account (noun)

Derivative prepositions are written separately during, in continuation of, according to

reason, for purposes, from the outside).

Unions also, too, so that are written together. They should be distinguished from combinations in the same way, the same as that. In these combinations, the particles could be omitted or rearranged to another place.

Mother studied at the institute. My father also studied there.

The same word, but not to say it that way.

Morphology(parts of speech).

Grammatical features independent parts of speech.

Part of speech

Gram. meaning

Question to the beginning form

Constant signs

Variable signs

Syntactic.

role in the sentence

Noun

Item

Who? What?

Inanimate-inanimate, own or vernacular, gender, declension

Case, number

Subject,

Addition

Adjective

Sign

Which? Whose?

Qualitative, relative possessive; full - short, degrees of comparison

Gender, number, case

Definition, predicate

(short adj.)

Numeral

Quantity, order when counting

How many? Which?

Simple-composite, quantitative, ordinal, collective

Case, number, gender (for ordinal ones)

As part of any member of a sentence, definition (ordinal)

Pronoun

The meaning of the part of speech instead of which it is used

Who? What? Which? How many? Which?

Rank, person (for personal)

Case (for some), number, gender

Any member of the sentence

Verb

Action, state

What to do? what to do?

Aspect, transitivity, conjugation, reflexivity

Mood, tense, number, person or gender

Personal forms – predicate, n.f. – any member of the sentence

Participle

Item attribute by action

Which?

What do you do? What did he do? and etc.

Active or passive, time, aspect

Case, number, gender, full or short

Definition

Participle

Additional action

Doing what? What did you do?

How?

Type, return

No

circumstance

Adverb

Sign of action or other sign

How? Where? Where? When? For what? and etc.

Degrees of comparison

No

circumstance

Classes of adjectives.

Discharge

Signs

Examples

Quality

1. Answer the questions Which? Which? Which?

2. denote various qualities of objects: color, internal qualities of a person, state of mind, age, size of the object; qualities perceived by the senses, etc.

3. may have diminutive suffixes –ist, -ovat, - -enk, etc.

4. can have a short form and degrees of comparison

5. complex adjectives and adjectives are formed. With prefix not-

6. combined with adverbs very, extremely, etc.

More pleasant

Sick

Too light light – light

difficult

Relative

1.answer the questions which? Which? Which?

2. indicate the material from which the item is made; time, place, purpose of the item, etc.

3. have the suffixes –an, -yan, - sk-, -ov-,

4. do not have a short form, do not form degrees of comparison

5. do not go well with adverbs, too much.

Wood

Nautical

Possessives

Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose?

2. denote belonging to a person or animal

3. have the suffixes –ov, -ev, -in, -yn, -iy

Fox, fathers, wolf

Pronoun categories.

Discharge

Pronouns

personal

1st person: I, we

2nd person: you, you

3rd person: he, she, it, they

Returnable

Myself

Possessives

Mine, yours, ours, yours, yours

Interrogative-relative

Who, what, which, which, whose, which, how many

Undefined

Someone, something, some, several, some, something, etc.

Negative

Nobody, nothing, no, no one's, not at all, no one, nothing

Index fingers

That, this, such, such, such, so much

Definitive

Himself, most, every, all, every, any, different, other

Digits of numerals.

By conception

By structure

quantitative

Ordinal

Simple

Complex

composite

Whole

Fractional

Gathering

Three,

Twenty five

One third,

One and a half

Two

Three

seven

Third, thirty-fifth

Fourteen, thirty

Five hundred, one hundred thousandth

One hundred and seventy-three, three point eight

Verb mood and tense.

Indicative

Conditional

Imperative

Denotes an action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen

Denotes an action that is possible under some condition (would read, would read)

Denotes an action to which the speaker encourages someone to perform (advises, asks, orders)

Present tense

Past tense

Future

What is he doing?

What did you do?

What did you do?

What will it do? (future complex)

What will he do? (future simple)

Is reading

I read, I told

will read

Formation of participles

From the present tense verb stem

From the stem of the infinitive

Present participles

Past participles

Valid

Passive

Valid

passive

1 reference

2 references

1 reference

2 references

Vsh

Enn

Nn

Ush, - yush

Ash

Box

Eat

Ohm

Them

Ym

Bole yushch th

Scream asch th

Ozarya eat th

Storage them th

Jump Vsh th

Carried w th

Pulled out enne th

Uvencha nn th

washouts T th

Formation of gerunds

Imperfect participles

Perfect participles

Suffixes -а, -я

Suffixes

Vsh

Lice

Lying down - lying down A

We are sitting - sitting I

Think - think V, I think lice

Get carried away - carried away shi sya

Classification of adverbs by meaning.

Adverb category

Questions answered by adverbs

Examples

Mode of action and degree

How?

How?

Fast, fun, new, frequent, great

Measures and degrees

How many? How many times?

In what degree?

To what extent? How much?

A little, a little, a little, five times, too, completely, completely, twice

Places

Where?

Where?

Where?

Far, nearby, around, from within, from afar, everywhere

Time

When?

How long?

Since when?

How long?

Now, soon, long ago, now, on the eve, during the day, at night, in summer, early

Causes

Why?

From what?

For what reason?

In the heat of the moment, blindly, involuntarily

Goals

For what?

For what?

For what purpose?

On purpose, out of spite, intentionally

A special group consists of pronominal adverbs:

Demonstrative adverbs – here, there, there, from there, then

Indefinite adverbs – somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere

Negative adverbs – nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere

Interrogative relative adverbs - where, where, when, why, why.

Lilac blooms (when?) in the spring. (adverb)

Behind the spring(when? Why?) summer will come. (noun)

Adverbs with prefixes must be distinguished from consonant combinations of nouns, adjectives and pronouns with prepositions.

At first it was difficult. (when? – circumstance – adverb)

At first year (noun with a preposition, because there is a dependent word).

Got sick That's why and didn't come. (adverb, why?)

That's why The bridge is closed to traffic. (adj., over a bridge (which one?) – definition)

In the distance blue sand spinning. (in what? Where?)

In the distance The shepherd played annoyingly. (adverb, where?)

State category words - indicate the state of nature, environment, living beings, humans (damp, cloudy, offensive, funny, joyful). They are used in single-component impersonal sentences and are predicate.

Formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs .

Parts of speech

comparative

Superlative

Simple

Composite

Simple

Composite

Adjective

Her(s)

She

Stronger

Earlier

Less often

more…

less…

More strong

Less strict

Aish(ii)

Eish (ii)

Strict

strongest

total (all)..

most…

least…

Deepest, highest quality

Adverb

Her(s)

She

Stronger, sooner, less often

more…

less…

More strongly

Less strict

Aishe

Yeishe

Strictly

total (all)..

most…

least…

deepest of all

best quality

To distinguish the comparative degree of an adjective from the comparative degree of an adverb, you need to look at which word in the sentence the form of the comparative degree depends on. If it depends on a noun, then it is comparative adjective (in a sentence it is a predicate) – person thinner, Class friendlier.

If it depends on the verb, then this is an adverb (in a sentence it is a circumstance) - cut thinner, sing more friendly.

Functional parts of speech.

Pretext – serves to connect words in phrases and sentences. They can be simple and compound, derivative and non-derivative.

non-derivatives

Derivatives from

Adverbs

noun

Participles

In, to, with, at, about, on, at, for, from, through, etc.

Along, opposite, in front, according to, around

As a result, like, in continuation, during, in relation to, in contrast to, towards, in view of, in conclusion, over, in connection with, due to

Thankfully, after, in spite of, in spite of, based on

Union – serves for communication homogeneous members and parts complex sentence. There are simple and compound, coordinating and subordinating.

Places of conjunctions by meaning.

Essays

Subordinates

1. Connecting (both this and that): and, yes, also, also, not only...but also, both...and

1. Explanatory: what, as if to

2. Adverse (not this, but this): but, ah, yes, but, however

2. Circumstantial:

Time: when, only, while, barely , as soon as, after, before, just

Target: in order to, in order to, in order to, for the sake of

Comparison: as, as if, as if, exactly

Cause: because, since, because, for

Condition: if (if), if

Consequence: So

Concession: even though, despite the fact that, let, let

3. Dividing (either this or that): or, either, neither...nor, then...that, either...either, not that...not that

Particle - conveys shades of meaning and serves to form some forms of independent words. By meaning there are formative and semantic. By category – simple, complex, compound.

(even, precisely, after all, just, hardly, as if not, etc.)

Particle discharges by meaning and function.

Semantic (express different meanings)

Form-building

(form word forms)

1. Denial: no, neither

1. form of the conditional mood of the verb: would, b

2. Statement: yes, yes, exactly, of course, yeah, yeah, definitely

2. form of the imperative mood of the verb: let, let, yes, come on, let's

3. Strengthening: even, even, already, and, really, well, still, after all, well

3. comparative form and superlatives adj.: more, less, most

4. Question: is it really, really, what, what, how, how, what if

Exclamation: what the, how, well

Doubt: hardly, hardly, maybe

7. Clarification: exactly, exactly, exactly, directly, slightly, just, at least, at least, almost

8. Selection, limitation: only, only, only, almost, exclusively

9. Direction: here, and here, there, and there, this

10. Relaxation of the requirement: -ka

Distinguishing particles He and Ni

Particle NOT

NI particle

Not – meaning of negation

Misha Not went to the skating rink.

Not Misha went to the skating rink, and Yura.

Ni is a negative particle with an intensifying value:

A) increasing denial

In the sky Not was neither one lumen.

No neither wind, neither sun, neither noise.

In the sky neither clouds.

Two particles NOT – the meaning of the statement

Not Can Not talk about this trip. - I have to tell you.

B) strengthening the statement

Where neither I look around, thick rye everywhere. (I'll look everywhere)

The words may be: where neither, who nor, whatever and etc.

Interjection is neither an independent nor an auxiliary part of speech. Interjections are used to express:

Feelings, emotions (fear, joy, doubt, surprise, sadness, delight, sadness, etc.): oh, well, bravo, my God, wow, God be with you.

Speech etiquette (greetings, farewells, wishes, thanks, requests, etc.): thank you, thank you, goodbye, farewell, forgive me, please, all the best, hello.

Commands, orders, requests: na, fas, shh, hello, bye-bye, stop, chick-chick.

Syntax.

Collocation – several words related in meaning and grammatically.

According to the main word, phrases can be nominal (the main word is an adjective, a noun, a pronoun), verbal (the main word is a verb, participle, gerund), adverbial (the main word is an adverb).

Types of connections between words in phrases (by dependent word).

Coordination

Control

Adjacency

The dependent word is used in the same gender, number and case (adj., participle, pronoun = adj., ordinal number)

The dependent word is placed in the case required by the main word (noun, pronoun = noun)

The dependent word is related to the main word only in meaning

(adverb, gerund)

Prepositional

(with preposition)

Unprepositional (without preposition)

To an experienced teacher

Grew up by the road

Land development

Work with passion

Types of offers.

Types of offers

Examples

By the nature of the expressed attitude to reality

Affirmative(affirm the connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it).

Negative(the connection between the subject of speech and what is said is denied).

The long evening in October is sad. (I. Bunin)

No, I don't value rebellious pleasure. (A. Pushkin)

By the number of grammatical bases

Simple (consist of one grammatical stem)

Complex (consist of two or more grammatical stems)

A clear breeze rushes along the narrow street. (N. Rubtsov)

Dawn bids farewell to the earth, steam falls at the bottom of the valley. (A. Fet)

By the nature of the grammatical basis

Two-piece(the grammatical basis consists of a subject and a predicate)

One-piece(the grammatical basis consists of either only the subject or only the predicate)

I loved late autumn in Russia. (I. Bunin)

It's already quite dawn. (K. Fedin)

By the presence of minor members

Common(includes grammatical basis and minor members of the sentence)

Undistributed(have only grammatical basis)

Two drops splashed onto the glass. (A. Fet)

The lake was white. (I. Bunin)

According to the context and speech situation

Full(all necessary members of the sentence are present)

Incomplete(one or more sentence members are missing)

The whole city lay in darkness. (A. Fadeev)

Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing. (A. Pushkin)

Types of predicate.

Simple verb expressed in one verb form

Composite

Verbal auxiliary can, desire, want, begin, continue, finish or short adj. Glad, ready, able, must, intends+ infinitive

Nominal

Linking verb to be, to become, to do, to appear, to become, to seem, to be called+ nominal part: noun, adj., numeral, place, short adverb, adverb

In childhood, the rains were replaced by a rainbow. (S. Marshak)

The monkey decided to work. (I. Krylov)

The gold of the cross became white. (S. Marshak)

Minor members offers.

Definition

(which? which? Which? Which? Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose?) is emphasized by a wavy line

Addition

(who? What? To whom? What? Whom? What? By whom? What? About whom? About what?) is underlined with a dotted line

Circumstance

(where? When? Where? From where? Why? Why? How?)

underlined by a dotted line with a dot

Agreed

(adjective, participle, pronoun = adj., ordinal)

Direct (vin. case without preposition)

Mode of action (how? In what way?)

Inconsistent

(noun)

Indirect (indirect cases or vin. case with preposition)

Places (where? Where? From?)

Time (when? Since when? Until when? How long?)

Reasons (why? For what reason?)

Measures and degrees (To what extent? To what extent?)

Goals (why? For what purpose?)

Conditions (under what condition?)

Concessions (in spite of what?)

Types of one-part sentences and ways of expressing the main member of the sentence.

Personalized

Verbal

Nominal offer ( main member sentences – subject, noun. in I.p.)

Midnight. Haze and wind.

Definitely personal(verb 1st, 2nd person, singular, plural; indicative, behavioral)

I'm going. Are you going for a walk? Come with me.

Vaguely personal(verb 3rd person, plural, present, everyday tense; plural, past tense)

Vita was given a player.

Impersonal(impersonal verb, personal verb in the meaning of impersonal, infinitive, words of the state category, short participle, word No)

It's getting dark. It's cold outside.

Generalized-personal(verb 2 persons, singular; 3 persons plural present or future; 2 persons led moods)

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.

Types of definitions.

Homogeneous

Heterogeneous

Characterize an object on one side (you can put the conjunction I between them)

Characterize an object with different sides, for example, by color and size (big red ball), you cannot put the conjunction I between them)

Depend on one word and answer the same question

They explain each other, that is, one of the definitions depends on the phrase that includes the noun being defined. and another definition (red ball Which? big)

Connected by a coordinating connection, i.e. do not depend on each other

Deprived of enumerative intonation

Pronounced with enumerative intonation

Isolated members of a sentence.

I. Separate definitions .

Any definitions in the form of a phrase (adverbial phrase, adjective phrase) or individual words are separated by commas on one side or on both sides (within a sentence), if:

Refers to a personal pronoun

Exhausted, dirty, wet, we reached the shore.

They come after the noun they define.

Forest, finally shaking off the remnants of the night darkness, stood up in all his majesty. (B. Polevoy)

Before a qualifying noun, if they express a reason.

Driven by spring rays, the snow had already flowed from the surrounding mountains in muddy streams into the flooded meadows. (A. Pushkin)

II. Dedicated Applications .

Attachments in a letter are separated by a comma or two commas within a sentence if:

They refer to the personal pronoun

Us, doctors, this truly boundless patience is amazing. (N. Ostrovsky)

Common applications that come after the qualified noun.

A pineapple,a wonderful gift of tropical nature looks like a big one pine cone weighing two to three kilograms.

Clauses appearing before a qualified noun if it has a causal meaning.

Native sailor, Voropaev first saw the sea as an adult. (P. Pavlenko)

III Special circumstances.

1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrase, are always separated by commas in writing.

Suddenly she ran past me, humming something else.

The waves are rushing thundering and sparkling, alien stars look from above.

2. Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition despiteIn houses,despite the early hour , the lamps were on.

Note:

are not isolated

Participles with the meaning of an adverb. Yazykov covered his face with his palm and satwithout moving . (not moving = motionless)

Stable combinations and phraseological units, which include gerunds. He workedtirelessly .

IV. Separate clarifying members of the sentence.

To clarify detached member suggestions, you can pose an additional question Where exactly? How exactly? Who exactly? When exactly?

1. Circumstances of place and time: Left,at the dam , the axes were knocking.

2. Definitions: It was dominated by brown,almost red , the color of the soil and the unbearably blue hue of the sea.

3 . Isolated clarifying members of a sentence can be joined using conjunctionsthat is, or, as well as words especially, even, mainly, in particular, for example .

He's pretty good even with some special pronunciation , spoke Russian .

Additions with prepositions except, apart from, instead of, excluding, apart from, along with, over, etc..

Everyone has , with the exception of the commissioner, things were going well.

Introductory words and sentences.

Groups of introductory words by meaning

example

Various degrees confidence:

a) a high degree of confidence (of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, really, etc.)

b) lesser degree of confidence (seems, probably, obviously, perhaps, perhaps)

Mountain air, without any doubts, has a beneficial effect on human health.

Seems, your story made a lot of noise there.

Different feelings (fortunately, to general joy, unfortunately, to surprise)

Fortunately, our horses were not exhausted.

Source of the message (according to someone, according to someone, according to someone)

According to the doctor, the patient will be discharged from the hospital in a week.

The order of thoughts and their connection (firstly, secondly, finally, therefore, means, so, vice versa, for example, etc.)

Firstly, you need to learn the rule.

So, one desire for benefit made me publish this excerpt. (M. Lermontov)

Notes on ways to formulate thoughts (in one word, in other words, better to say, etc.)

In a word, this man had a desire to create a case for himself. (A. Chekhov)

Introductory words and sentences should be distinguished from other members of the sentence (introductory words are not part of the sentence, they are not grammatically related to other words, they can be removed from the sentence).

Printing pages:

13,14 15,12

11,16 17,10

9,18 19,8

7,20 21,6

5,22 23,4

3,24 25,2

1,26

COLLECTION

RULES

IN RUSSIAN

58. Principles of Russian spelling, spelling

SPELLING - a system of spelling rules. Main sections of spelling:

• writing morphemes in various parts speeches,
• continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words,
• use of uppercase and lowercase letters,
• hyphenation.

Principles of Russian spelling. The leading principle of Russian orthography is the morphological principle, the essence of which is that morphemes common to related words retain a single outline in writing, and in speech they can change depending on phonetic conditions. This principle applies to all morphemes: roots, prefixes, suffixes and endings.

Also based on morphological principle a uniform spelling of words belonging to a certain grammatical form is drawn up. For example, b ( soft sign) formal sign of the infinitive.

The second principle of Russian orthography is phonetic spelling, i.e. words are written the same way they are heard. An example would be the spelling of prefixes with з-с (mediocre - restless) or a change in the root of the initial and ы after prefixes ending in a consonant (to play).

There is also a differentiating spelling (cf.: burn (noun) - burn (verb)) and a traditional spelling (the letter and after the letters zh, sh, ts - live, sew).

Spelling is a case of choice where 1, 2 or more different spellings are possible. It is also a spelling that follows the rules of spelling.

A spelling rule is a rule for spelling the Russian language, which spelling should be chosen depending on language conditions.

59. Consumption capital and lowercase letter .

60. Word hyphenation rules

1. Words are transferred syllable by syllable (ma-ma, ba-ra-ban),
2. You cannot separate a consonant from the following vowel (ge-ro"y),
3. You cannot leave a part of a syllable on a line or move part of a syllable (push-tyak, pus-tyak - correct; pust-yak (incorrect),
4. You cannot leave or transfer one vowel on a line, even if it represents a whole syllable (ana-to-miya - correct; a-na-to-mi-ya - incorrect),
5. You cannot tear off ь (soft sign) and ъ ( solid sign) from the previous consonant (detour, less),
6. The letter does not break away from the previous vowel (district),
7. When combining several consonants, transfer options are possible (sister, sister, sister); in such cases, such a transfer is preferable in which the morphemes are not parsed (pod-zhat).

61. Spelling vowels in the root.

If the root vowel is in a weak (unstressed) position, then in writing the problem of choosing which letter to write arises.

1. If you can find a related word or change the word so that this vowel is stressed, then such a vowel is called verifiable. For example, pillars - one hundred foreheads; to reconcile (friends) - mi"r.
2. If an unstressed vowel cannot be verified by stress, then such vowels are called unverifiable, and the spelling of words with such vowels must be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary (potato, elixir).
3. The Russian language has a number of roots with alternating vowels. As a rule, the vowel that is heard is written under stress; The choice of a letter in an unstressed position depends on certain conditions:

• from accent:

Gar-gor: with an accent it is written a (zaga"r, razga"r), without an accent - o (tanned, burn), exceptions: vy"garki, i"zgar, smoldering;

Zar-zor: without stress it is written a (zarnitsa, illuminate), under stress - what is heard (zarka, zareva), exception: zareva;

Klan-clone: ​​without emphasis it is written about (bow, bow), with emphasis - what is heard (bow, bow);

Creation - creation: without emphasis it is written about (create, creation), with emphasis - what is heard (creativity, creature), exception: at "creation;

• from subsequent letters or combinations of letters:

Kaskos: if the root is followed by a consonant n, then it is written o (touch, touch), in other cases it is written a (tangential, touch);

Lag-lozh: before g it is written a (adjective, adjective), before w it is written o (application, offer), exceptions: po "log;

Rast- (-rasch-) - grew: before st and sch it is written a (grow", nasar"shchivag), before s it is written o (za"rosl, grown up), exceptions: o"brass", rostok"k, you "rostok, usurers" k. Rosto"v;

Skak-skoch: before k it is written a (jump), before h it is written o (jump “jump”), exceptions: jump “k, jump”;

• From the presence or absence of the suffix -a- after the root:

Ver-vir-, -der-dir, -mer- world, -per- pir, -ter- tier, -blest- blest, -zheg-zhig, -steel- became, -reads: before the suffix -a- it is written and (collect, light, lay), in other cases it is written e (bleat, light), exceptions; combine, combination;

Roots with alternation a (ya) - im (in): before the suffix -a- it is written im (in) (jam, clamp), in other cases it is written a(ya) (jam, clamp) ;

• from value:

Mak-mok: -mak- is used in the meaning of “immerse in liquid, make wet” (dipping bread in milk), -mok - in the meaning of “passing liquid” (shoes get wet);

Equal: -ravt- is used in the meaning of “equal, identical, on par” (to become equal), -rovn - in the meaning of “even, straight, smooth” (level, level);

• -float-float-float: o is written only in the words swimmer"ts and plavchi"ha, y - only in the word quicksand, in all other cases it is written I (lavu"honor, float"k).

62. Spelling of vowels after sibilants and C.

• After the hissing consonants zh, ch, sh, shch, the vowels a, u, i are written, and the vowels i, yu, y (thicket, bold) are never written. This rule does not apply to words of foreign origin (parachute) and to complex abbreviated words in which any combination of letters is possible (Interjury Bureau).
• Under stress after sibilants it is written in, if you can find related words or another form of this word where e is written (yellow - yellowness); if this condition is not met, then o (clink glasses, rustle) is written.
• It is necessary to distinguish the noun burn and its related words from the past tense verb burn and its related words.
• A fluent vowel sound under stress after a hissing sound is indicated by the letter o (sheath - nozho "n).

Spelling vowels after c.

• At the root, after c, u are written (civilization, mat); exceptions: gypsies, on tiptoes, tsyts, chicks are their cognate words.
• The letters i, yu are written after ts only in proper names of non-Russian origin (Zurich).
• Under stress after c it is written o (tso "kot").

Vowel selection; and or e.

• IN foreign words ah is usually written e (adequate); exceptions: mayor, peer, sir and their derivatives.
• If the root begins with the letter e, then it is preserved even after prefixes or a cut with the first part of a compound word (save, three-story).
• After the vowel it is written e (requiem), after the other vowels - e (maestro).

The letter is written at the beginning of foreign words (yod, yoga).

63. Spelling of consonants in the root.

1. In order to check dubious voiced and voiceless consonants, you need to choose such a form or related word so that these consonants stand in strong position(before a vowel or sonorant (l, m, i, r)) sound: fairy tale - say.
2. If a dubious consonant cannot be verified, then its spelling must be remembered or found out in a spelling dictionary. ;
3. Double consonants are written:
   - at the junction of morphemes: prefix and root (tell), root and suffix (long),
   - at the junction of two parts of compound words (maternity hospital),
   - in words that need to be remembered or identified in a spelling dictionary (reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and words with the same root; words of foreign language origin (for example, group, class) and derivatives from them (group, class).
4. In order to check the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants, having a combination of letters branches, zdn, ndsk, ntsk, stl, stn, etc. it is necessary to choose a word with the same root or change the form of the word so that after the first or second consonant there is a vowel (sad - sad, whistle - whistle); exceptions: shine (although “shine”), ladder (although “ladder”), splash (although “splash”), flask (although “glass”).

64. Spelling of prefixes.

1. The spelling of some prefixes must be remembered; they do not change under any circumstances (convey, carry, enter, etc.). The same prefixes include the prefix s-, which is voiced before voiced consonants in speech, but does not change in writing (to run away, to do).
2. In prefixes on e-s (without- - bes-, voz (vz) - - vos- (vs-), iz- - is-, niz- - nis-, raz- (ros-) - races (ros- ), through- (through-) - worm- (cross-)) is written z before eaon-, kimi consonants or vowels (anhydrous, flare up), and before voiceless consonants it is written s (boundless, rise).
3. It is particularly difficult to write the prefixes pre- - pri-. Basically, their difference is based on their lexical meaning.

The prefix is ​​used to mean:

• high degree of quality (it can be replaced with the words “very”, “very”): exaggerated (= “very enlarged”), preinteresting (= “very interesting”);
• “through”, “in a different way” (this meaning is close to the meaning of the prefix pere-): transgress (= “to step over).

The prefix is ​​used to mean:

• spatial proximity (suburban, border);
• approaching, joining (to approach, to sail);
• incomplete action (cover, pause);
• bringing the action to the end (nail, tap);
• performing an action in someone else's interests (hide).

In some words, the prefixes pre- and pre- are not emphasized and the spelling of such words must be remembered: abide (meaning “to be in some place or state”), despise (meaning “hate”), neglect, president (the word foreign language origin); device, order, charity (meaning “care”), etc.

4. If the prefix ends with a consonant, and the root begins with the vowel and, then instead of and it is written ы (pre-June, play); exceptions:

• compound words (pedagogical institute), -collect,
• prefixes inter- and super- (inter-institute, super-interesting),
• the word "double-pulse", etc.
• foreign language prefixes dez-, counter-, post-, super-, trans-, pan- (counterplay, subindex).

65. Spelling of separators b and b Spelling of separator b (hard sign).

1. The separating ъ (hard sign) is written before the vowels e, e, yu, i:

• after a prefix ending in a consonant: entrance, detour;
• in words of foreign language origin after prefixes ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, per-, trans-) or after the compound particle pan- : adjutant, trans-European;
• in compound words, the first part of which is the numerals two-, three-, four-: two-tier, three-story;

2. This rule does not apply to complex abbreviated words: children.

Spelling of the separator ь (soft sign).

The separating ь (soft sign) is written:

• inside the word before the vowels e, e, yu, i: peasant, blizzard;
• in some words of foreign origin before the letter o: medallion, champignon.

Spelling of vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings.

1. In the endings and suffixes of nouns, adjectives and suffixes of adverbs, under stress after hissing and c, o is written, without stress - e (knife "m, big" go, book "n", kontsom"m, okol'tso"vy-vat; BUT ekila "jewel, p"look for, ry"zhego, merchants, okoltseva".

2. After hissing words, ё is written under stress:

• at the endings of verbs (neighing, lying),
• in the suffix of the verb -yovyva- (to uproot),
• in the noun suffix -ёr- (trainee),
• in the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk- (uprooting),
• with the suffix of passive participles -yon(n)- (struck, harnessed),
• in the suffix of verbal adjectives (zhzheny) and in words derived from these adjectives (zhzhenka),
• in the pronoun about what,
• nothing to do with words.

66. Spelling of nouns.

Spelling of endings in nouns:

1. in masculine and neuter nouns, in which a vowel is written before the case ending and, in an unstressed position in P.p. the ending is written -i; in nouns female this rule applies to D.l. and P.p.; I.p. police, genius, blade R.p. police, genius, blade D.p. police, genius, blade V.p. police, genius, blade, etc. police, genius, blade P.p. about the police, about the genius, about the blade
2. in neuter nouns in -ye in P.p. without stress it is written e, and under stress - i: about happiness, in oblivion;
3. in nouns ending in -ni with a preceding consonant or and in Rod.p. plural ь (soft sign) is not written at the end: bedroom - bedrooms; exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawthorns, kitchens.
4. in nouns ending in -ov, -ev, -ev, yn, in, denoting Russian surnames, in Tv.p. the singular ending is written -im, and in nouns na-ov, -in, denoting foreign names. -end: Ivanov, but Darwin.
5. nouns in -ov, -ev, -ii, yn, -ovo, -ino, yno, denoting the names of settlements, have in the like. ending -th: near Lvov, beyond Khotkov;
6. if a noun with the suffix -ish- is masculine or neuter, then the ending is written -e, if feminine - -a: swamp - swamp, but hand - ruchsha;
7. animate nouns with suffixes - ushk-, -yushk-, -im-, -ishk- masculine and feminine nouns with the same suffixes in I.l. have the ending -a: dolyushka, grandfather; inanimate masculine nouns and neuter nouns with these suffixes have the ending -o: bread, little house;
8. in neuter nouns after the suffix -a- the letter o is written: chisel, and in animate masculine and neuter nouns - a: crammed.

Spelling of noun suffixes:

1. If the suffix -ik- (-chik-) is written in a noun, then it is also preserved in indirect cases, and if the suffix -ek- (-chek-) is written, then in indirect cases e alternates with a zero sound (cf.: piece - piece, finger - finger);
2. In masculine nouns the suffix -ets- is written, in feminine nouns - the suffix -its-, and in neuter nouns the suffix is ​​written -ets- if the stress falls on the ending and -its- if the stress falls on the syllable before the suffix ( cf.: handsome man (m.b.) - beauty (f.b.) - letter" (m.b.) - dress;
3. The diminutive suffix -ink-is written in nouns formed from feminine nouns ending in -ina (scratch - scratch, straw - straw); BUT in words denoting female persons (for example, refugee, Frenchwoman) the combination -eik- is written (there is no diminutive meaning);
4. The combination -enk- is also written in words formed from nouns ending in -na or -nya, and not having ь (soft sign) at the end of the word in the genitive plural (cherry - cherries - cherry);

note: if nouns with -na, -nya have a plural ending in ь (soft sign) in the genitive case, then the combination is written -enk- (kitchen - kitchens - kitchenette);

5. In the affectionate suffixes -oniye- (written after hard consonants) and -enk- (written after soft consonants, less often - after hard ones) after n is written ь (soft sign) (for example, kisonka, Nadenka),

note: in modern Russian the suffixes -ynye-, -other-, -ank- do not exist; words with such suffixes are found only in works of art up to the 19th century inclusive and in folklore (for example, lolosynka, Nadinka; cf. modern polosonka, Nadenka ), Exceptions: good girl, bunny, bayinki (suffix -others-);

6. The suffix -yshk is written in neuter nouns (sun-sun, feather-feather); the suffix -ushk- is written in masculine and feminine nouns (neighbor - neighbor, head - little head); the suffix -yushk-is written in nouns of all genders, formed from the nouns pine with a soft consonant (field - pole, uncle - uncle); some masculine nouns are formed using the suffixes -yshek-, eshek-, ush- (wedges, pegs, pellets, pimples, sparrows; pebble, edge; the words sparrow, pebble are used in folk, colloquial speech);
7. With nouns denoting people by the type of their activity, the suffix -chik- is written before the consonants d, t, a, s, zh (translator, librarian, defector, etc.), and in all other cases the suffix -schik- is written. (compositor, layout designer);

note 1: in some words of foreign origin the suffix -schik- (flute maker, asphalt worker) is written after t.

note 2: ь (soft sign) is written before the suffix -schik- only after the consonant l (roofer),

note 3: if the stem ends with the consonants k, ts, ch, then before the suffix -chik- they are replaced with the consonant t (distribution - distributor);

8. In many female patronymics one hears [ishna], but is written -ichna (Ilyinichna, Fominichna).

67. Spelling adjectives. Spelling the endings of adjectives.

declension of qualitative and relative adjectives; declension of possessive adjectives with a stem ending in j (for example, fox, bear); declension of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in-, (-y-), -ov- (-ev-): Lisitsyn, mamin.

In plural the endings of all genera are the same.

Note: accusative adjectives in the masculine singular coincide with the genitive case form if the adjective refers to an animate noun or pronoun, and with the nominative case - if the adjective depends on an inanimate noun or pronoun.

1. Russian male surnames starting with -ov (-ev), -in (-yn) in instrumental case the singular ending in -ym (like short adjectives): Pushkin - Pushkin.
2. Geographical names ending in -ov, -ev, -yno, -ino, -yn, -in, -ovo, -evo, in the instrumental case of the singular have the ending -om: under the city of Pushkin.
3. The adjectives zagorodny, mzhduzhdus-ny, podaorodny, suburban have endings -й (-я, -ов) in the nominative singular case, and the adjective non-resident-endings - “и (-я, -ов).
4. Adjectives starting with -yiny in short form have the ending - “n (slim - slender), exception: worthy - worthy;
5. It is possible to have two spellings and pronunciations of the adjective endless (-yaya, -ee) - endless (-aya, -ov).

Spelling of suffixes imvn adjectives:

1. Under stress the suffix -iv- is written, without stress - the suffix -ev- (cf.: beautiful - combative), Exceptions: merciful, yuro marvelous;
2. With the suffixes -chiv-, -liv- it is always written and (ugly, arrogant);
3. The suffixes -ovat-, -ov-, -ovit- are written after hard consonants, and after soft consonants, after sibilants and c, the suffixes -evat-, -ev-, -vvit- are written (cf., greenish, business - glossy , bluish);
4. In adjectives ending in -chy, formed from nouns ending in -shka, a is written before h under stress, without stress - e (cf. frog: frog "chiy - frog" shechy);
5. Before the suffix -or- the letter u is written if the sound it denotes belongs to the same morpheme (for example, board - plank); if in the generating stem the letters ad, s, st, w appear before the suffix -k-, then they are preserved in the new word, and k alternates with h (freckle - freckled);
6. If the base ends with ts, and the suffix begins with h, then ts alternates with t (tile - tiled);
7. Spelling of the suffix -sk-:

• if the stem ends in d or t, then before the suffix -sk- they are preserved (flesh - carnal, cattle - bestial);
• if the stem ends in k, ch, c, then after them the suffix -sk- is simplified and becomes simply -k-, and k and ch change to c (fisherman - fisherman, weaver),

note: in some adjectives the alternation of k, ch with c does not occur (Tajik - Tajik, Uglich - Uglich):

• if the stem of a word of foreign origin ends in sk, then before the suffix -sk- k is omitted and the combination sec is obtained (San Francisco - San Francisco),

Exceptions: Basque, Oscan;

• if the stem ends in s, then it is omitted and only the letter combination sk is written (Welsh-Welsh),
• if the stem ends in se, then one with is omitted, since in the Russian language there cannot be a combination of trbx identical consonant letters (Odessa - Odessky);
• if the stem ends in -н or -рь, then before the suffix -к-ь (the soft sign is omitted),

Exceptions: ь (soft sign) is written

- in adjectives formed from the names of months (July - July),
- in adjectives formed from some foreign geographical names (Taiwanese),
- in combination day-to-day,
8. Before the suffix -and- final the consonants k, c turn into h, and x - into sch (boredom - boring, turmoil - hectic);

Spelling n and nn in adjective suffixes:

Note 1: N is written in adjectives: spicy, crimson, red, drunk, ruddy, young, green, windy, pork.

Note 2: It is written windy, but windless.

Note 3. It is necessary to distinguish between the adjectives oily (for oil, on oil) and oily (stained, soaked in oil); compare: oil stain - oily hands.

Note 4. It is necessary to distinguish between the adjectives windy (day, person), windy (pump) and windy (chicken pox).

68. Spelling difficult words.

1. Compound words can be formed using two simple stems connected by a connecting vowel o (written after the stem on a hard consonant) or e (written after the stem on a soft consonant, hissing or c): whirlpool, birdcatcher.

2. Spelling complex words without a connecting vowel:

• it is necessary to distinguish between complex words formed with the help of a connecting vowel (locomotive) and without it (psychasthenia;
• numerals in the genitive case are part of compound words without a connecting vowel (three-story, two-year);
• prefixes of foreign language origin are written together with the root: anti-, archn-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra-Anti-national, ultra-important, counterattack);
• words in -fication are not complex; this combination of letters is preceded by and (gasification).

3. Spelling compound nouns:

a) written together:

• compound nouns with the first part: auto-, agro-, aero-, bicycle-, helio-, geo-, hydro-, zoo-, io-, cinema-, stereo-, radio-, macro-, etc. (cinema, stereo system, radio station);
• compound nouns with the first part of the verb ending in and (deriver, daredevil),

Exception: tumbleweed;

• all compound words (Sberbank, Baltic Fleet).

b) written with a hyphen

• complex nouns without a connecting vowel, denoting scientific, technical and socio-political terms and names (stop crane, prime minister);
• names of intermediate cardinal directions (southeast, northwest);
• complex owls, denoting names of plants containing a verb in personal form or a conjunction (coltsfoot, love-not-love);
• words with foreign language elements: chief-, untv-, life-, staff-, vice-, ex- (vice-president, non-commissioned officer).

4. Spelling of complex adjectives: a) written together:

• adjectives formed from complex nouns written together (stereosystem - stereosystem);
• compound adjectives formed from phrases where one word is subordinate to another ( Railway- railway);
• complex adjectives representing scientific and technical terms or belonging to bookish styles of speech (highly paid, thick-skinned, above);
• complex adjectives, the first part of which cannot be used in speech as an independent word;

b) written with a hyphen:

• adjectives formed from compound nouns written with a hyphen (southeast-southeast);
• complex adjectives formed from a combination of proper names (jack-londonovskiy, petr-petrovichev);
• complex adjectives formed from combinations of words with equal members connected by a coordinating connection (convex-concave);
• compound adjectives denoting shades of colors (pale pink, blue-brown);\
• compound adjectives denoting geographical or administrative names and having the first part of the words west-, south-, -ogo-, north-, north-, east- (East European Plain).

69. Spelling of numerals.

1. Complex numerals are written together (thirty);
2. Compound and fractional numbers are written separately (forty-five, three-sevenths);
3. Ordinal numbers that end in -thousandth, -millionth, -billionth are written together (thirty-thousandth);
4. The numerals five-nineteen and twenty, thirty are written with ь (soft sign) at the end, and the numerals fifty - eighty, five hundred - nine hundred ь (soft sign) are written in the middle of the word between two stems;
5. There are two forms: zero and zero. The second is used in terminological meaning in indirect cases; both forms are found in stable expressions.
6. The numeral gender is written as part of a compound word

• through a hyphen if the second part of the word begins with a vowel or with l (half a liter, half a watermelon), or if it is a proper noun (half Russia);
• together, if the second part of a complex word begins with a consonant letter (except l): half a kilogram;
• separately if it has an independent meaning and is separated from the noun by the definition: half a teaspoon.

Note: the numeral semi- in compound words is always written together: half-breed, half-naked.

Spelling of numeral endings.

1. Declension of cardinal numbers:

The numeral one is declined in the same way as a singular adjective:

The numerals two, three, four have special case endings:

The numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten and the numerals ten and two are declined in the same way as third declension nouns:

The numerals forty, ninety, one hundred have a special declension (the accusative case coincides with the nominative case, in other cases - the ending -a):

In quantitative compound numerals, each word is declined:

The numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half have a special declension:

3. Collective numbers are declined in the same way as plural adjectives:

4. Declension of ordinal numbers:

Ordinal numbers are declined in the same way as adjectives of the first type:

For compound ordinal numbers, only the last word changes when declension:

70. Spelling pronouns.

1. Spelling of negative pronouns:

• under stress it is written not, and without stress - neither, (cf., kikto" - not "who, not at all" - not "how much);
• if negative pronouns do not have 48 prepositions, then they are written together, and if there are, then in three words (cf.: someone - no one, nothing - for nothing),
• combinations of none other than, nothing else, have the meaning of opposition and are written separately, and combinations of none other, nothing else have this meaning of opposition and therefore are written together (cf. This can be resolved by none other than the school principal. - no one else could do it better.).

2. Spelling of indefinite pronouns:

• indefinite pronouns containing the particles some-, some-, -that, -or-, - are written with a hyphen (someone, something, anyone),
• if a preposition follows a particle, then the pronoun is written in three words (some with someone, some because of someone).

71. Spelling verbs.

Spelling verb endings.

1. Depending on the personal endings, verbs are divided into two large groups: for verbs of I and II conjugations.

The II conjugation includes:

• verbs in -it (except for the verbs shave, lay, build, which belong to the first conjugation),
• 7 verbs in -et (twist, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure),
• 4 verbs ending in -at (to melt, breathe, hold, hear).

Personal endings of verbs in the present or future past tense:

2. There are several differently conjugated verbs that do not belong to either of the two conjugations: want, run, eat, create, give.

3. If a verb with the prefix obez- (obes-) is transitive, then it is conjugated according to the II conjugation, and if intransitive, then according to the I conjugation (for example, compare the conjugation of the verbs to weaken (someone) and to weaken (yourself).

4. In verbs of the first conjugation in the form of the future tense the ending is written -“ those, and in the form of the imperative mood - the ending - ite (cf.: You will send this letter tomorrow. - Send this document urgently.)

b (soft sign) in verb forms.

1. b (soft sign) is written:

• in the infinitive (to write, to wish, to want, to wash),
• in the endings of the 2nd person singular of the present or simple future tense (choose, wash, do, wash),
• V imperative mood(correct, hide), BUT lie down, lie down,
• in a reflexive particle that comes after a vowel (bent, turned, come back);

2. b (soft sign) is not written:

• in the form of the 3rd person singular present or simple future tense (washes, does).

Spelling verb suffixes

1. If in the 1st person of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in -yu(-yu), then the suffixes -ova-, -eva- are written in the infinitive and in the past tense (manage - manage, was in charge, war - fight, fought );

if in the 1st person of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in -yu, -ivayu, then the suffixes -ыва-, -iva- (I impose - impose, imposed) are written in the infinitive and in the past tense.

2. Verbs ending in -five, -vayu have the same vowel before the suffix -va- as in the infinitive without this suffix (extend - prolong).

Exception: if the adjective begins with a vowel, then the preposition in is written separately (openly),

• if the nouns from which the adverbs are derived are not used independently in the modern Russian language (locked up, to pieces),
• adverbs with spatial meaning, formed from nouns such as distance, height, beginning, etc. (away, first)

note: if a sentence contains an explanation for a noun, then such words are no longer adverbs, but combinations of a noun with a preposition and are written separately (from the beginning of the book),

• if it is impossible to put a definition between the prefix-preposition and the noun from which the adverb is formed, but if this can be done, then these words are a combination of a noun with a preposition and are written separately (cf.: to exhaust completely - to come to the horse corridor):

4. Adverbs are written with a hyphen:

• if they are formed using the prefix po- from full adjectives or adverbs ending in -oma, -em, -ni, ii (in my opinion, no-old, in Russian, in a cat’s way),
• if they are formed using the prefix v-(vo-) from ordinal numbers (firstly, secondly, thirdly),
• if they are formed by repeating the same adverb or by adding synonymous words (barely, quietly);

5. Adverb combinations are written separately:

• if they consist of nouns with a preposition between them (with gas to the eye, shoulder to captivity),
• if they are combinations with prepositions without, before, on, with, etc. (without holding back, on the run, right away),
• if the noun in this combination has retained some meaning case form(abroad, in good faith),
• if the adjective from which the adverb is formed begins with a vowel, then the preposition in is written separately (openly).

74. Spelling prepositions.

The spelling of prepositions must be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary. Sometimes, to correctly spell a word, it is very important to determine whether it is a preposition or not.

1. Complex prepositions iechza, from under, due to, etc. are written with a hyphen. (due to illness, due to steel);
2. The following prepositions are written together: in view of, instead of, like, over, as a result of (due to absence, like a hole), BUT include in a consequence;
3. Prepositions such as in form, in connection, etc. are written separately.
4. The prepositions in continuation, during, as a result have an e at the end (during the lesson), BUT during the river.

75. Spelling conjunctions.

1. Written together:

• union so that (He asked me to come early.); it is necessary to distinguish between the conjunction so and the combination of the pronoun and the particle that (Whatever you say, I don’t believe you);

note: remember! through thick and thin,

• conjunctions too and are also written together (Are you also/will you also go to the concert?); it is also necessary to distinguish between conjunctions, also with combinations of a pronoun with a particle (the same) and an adverb with a particle (also): if the particle can be omitted or placed in another place in the sentence, then these combinations are written separately (You brought the same), and me too.);
• particles of something, something, either, -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko, -yes (yes, someone, give it to him, enough),

Spelling particles NOT with different parts of speech

Part of speech		apart
noun	1. if without is not used (ignorant, adversity), 2. if you can find a synonym without not (untruth - lie, foe - friend),	1. if there is or is implied opposition; not a friend, but an enemy), 2. in an interrogative, it is assumed with a logical emphasis on negation (Your father put you here, didn’t he?
adj.	1. if the base is not used (careless, nondescript). 2. if you can find a synonym without (not small - big, gvmslody - old), 3. if there is a contrast with the conjunction but (the river is not yaubok, but cold), 4. with short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are formed are written in a non-continuous form, low - low)	1. if there is or is implied opposition with the conjunction a (not big, small), 2. with relative adjectives (the sky here is southern), 3. with short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are formed are not written separately (the book is not interesting, but boring)
number	with indefinite and negative pronouns without prepositions (several, no one, something)	always written separately (not three, not seventh)
pronoun		with other categories of pronouns (not in my class, not on our floor)
verb	if without it is not used (to hate, to be perplexed) note: verbs like nedomostat are written together, since they include a single prefix nedo-,	with all other verbs (not to know, to cry
gerundish	if without not not used (hating, perplexed) note: gerunds formed from verbs with a prefix are not written together, just like verbs (overlooked)	with all other participles (not knowing, for crying)
participle

having given communion	if full participles do not have dependent words with them (unattended student)	1 . if full participles have dependent words (a student who did not arrive on time), 2. with short participles (test papers not verified) if there is or is supposed to be opposition (not finished, but just started work)
adverb	1 . if without is not used (ridiculously, carelessly), 2. adverbs ending in -o, -e, if you can find a synonym for white not (not stupid - smart)	1. adverbs ending in -o, -e, if there is or implies opposition (not funny, but sad), 2, adverbs ending in -o, -e, if they have explanatory words not at all, not at all, far from not at all (not funny at all). 3. if the adverb is written with a hyphen (not in Russian)

Spelling particles NOT and NI