Law of the Russian Federation on general secondary education. Is secondary education compulsory?

Will come into force on the first of September new law a project according to which all citizens of the Russian Federation will be required to receive complete secondary education. As Moscow State University professor Lyudmila Kokhanova told Pravda.Ru, the innovation will make our society more highly educated.

On September 1, a new bill will come into force, according to which all citizens of the Russian Federation will be required to undergo three levels of education - primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general. In this regard, many innovations have appeared, and it turns out that people can study at school almost their entire lives.

Now in the 9th grade it is allowed to “sit” not until the age of 15, but until the age of 18, and for students in the 11th grade there are no age restrictions. Most likely, the first question many guys will have is: what about the army? The guys will have a deferment from service only up to 20 years. Another innovation will please poor students - it is prohibited to leave children for the second year in senior (10th and 11th) grades. Those who can't handle it school curriculum, will complete their education in other forms (correspondence, evening school, etc.).

Why were such changes needed? Russian Education Minister Andrei Fursenko said that this is being done to raise the authority of higher education: “Now there are 3.2 thousand universities and their branches in the country. When supporting the development of universities, planning their expansion and construction of new ones, it is necessary to understand who will come to study there.” The fact is that the number of people wishing to study at universities is declining, and if in 1998 the number of 11th grade school students was 22 million, then in 2006 it was 15 million. It is expected that in 2008 their number will decrease to 13 million. , and in 2010 - by another 30% compared to 2006.

Fursenko hopes that the exit from the “demographic hole” will begin after 2010.

According to the new amendments, secondary general education will be free. The law also stipulates the responsibility of parents and guardians to create opportunities for their children to receive secondary general education. Thus, all 11 classes will now be completed, whereas previously only 9 classes were required to be completed.

The attitude towards the new bill is rather ambiguous. Many people doubt how necessary compulsory secondary education is. Their argument is clear - cooks, seamstresses, etc. should remain in the country. We tried to understand this issue and turned to Moscow State University professor Lyudmila Kokhanova for comments:

The whole world is already talking about raising the standard of education. We all know that the prerogative of our country has always been education and science, so the state is returning to these frontiers again. Without them, we will not do anything in the technological information society, and everything will collapse and break down.

But what about professions such as cook, seamstress, mechanic, etc.? Will we now have to learn it after the 11th grade?

So what? This is high professionalism. Thus, the level of society rises, because machines become more complex, the same cook should already know the basics of biotechnology, etc. IN modern society Different standards are applied to any profession, and now skill is determined by the development of the information technology society.

- What will happen to those who do not want to receive complete education and leave school?

I think that life itself will force them to finish their studies. In any case, a person himself determines his path and what he wants to achieve in this life. I also believe that the state should create conditions so that people are motivated to study. Now we will no longer re-educate those who graduated from 9th grade, new program designed for those who are entering life today. And it seems to me that this good way make our society more highly educated.

Secondary general education is aimed at further development and formation of the student’s personality, development of interest in knowledge and creativity student, formation of independent skills educational activities based on individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choices, continuing education and starting professional activity. 4.

Obligated person It is not the subject of the constitutional right to education, the student, but his parents (legal representatives).

Imposing this responsibility on parents means prohibiting parents from preventing their children from acquiring an education of the named level, as well as facilitating in every possible way their acquisition of it. Thus, in fact, the subject of the constitutional right to education does not coincide with the subject of the corresponding constitutional duty.

student life

But this is not enough, because at school they will teach only general education subjects (and then without going into depth), we will be taught to write, read, count, but for an independent adult life we ​​will need much more knowledge. Moreover, in modern world Competition in the labor market is very high.

Therefore, sometimes, when asked what education is compulsory, you want to answer - one that will open up many prospects for you and provide you with a well-paid job.

Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

Education is a process of development, self-development and personal education associated with mastering the socially significant experience of humanity in various fields activities. The objectives of education are to know, understand, be able to, participate in creative activities, and have an established emotional and value-based attitude towards the world. The right to education is enshrined in the most important international legal acts.

In Art. 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and cultural rights 1966

Features of the school education system in our country

As an experiment, a four-year primary school was introduced, although children and their parents had the right to choose. If they decided to study for 10 years, then elementary education took 3 years.

If the full age is 11, then children studied for 4 years before primary school. Today everyone is studying according to an eleven-year program, and the standards for mastering the program provide for the following stages of education: First - 4 years corresponds to primary education; Second – 5 years of basic education; Third – 2 years of secondary or complete education. System school education in Russia defines as mandatory stage education is only primary and general, which is consistent with the Constitution of the country.

Freedom in Education

Blog of the inspector of public education

Russians also have the right to receive preschool, primary general and basic general education at native language. In addition, education can be obtained at foreign language in accordance with the educational program and in the manner established by law about education and local regulations organization carrying out educational activities. Primary general, basic general and secondary general education are compulsory levels of education.

Is compulsory secondary education necessary?

Most likely, the first question many guys will have is: what about the army?

The guys will have a deferment from service only up to 20 years. Another innovation will please poor students - it is prohibited to leave children for the second year in senior (10th and 11th) grades.

Those who are unable to complete the school program will complete their education in other forms (correspondence, evening school, etc.). Why were such changes needed?

Russian Education Minister Andrei Fursenko said that this is being done to raise the authority of higher education: “There are now 3.2 thousand in the country.

2 in ed. Federal Law dated June 25, 2002 N 71-FZ) (see.

text in previous edition) 3.

General education is compulsory.

(Clause 3 as amended by Federal Law No. 194-FZ of July 21, 2007) (see

text in the previous edition) 4. The requirement of compulsory general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

Law of the Russian Federation On Education

Establishment of a compulsory level of general education in the Russian Federation

One of the main guarantees for the implementation of the constitutional right to education is the establishment at the constitutional level of a compulsory level of general education. In accordance with Part 4 of Art. 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, “basic general education is compulsory. Parents or persons replacing them ensure that their children receive basic general education.” A similar rule is enshrined in paragraph 3 of Art. 19 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, according to which “basic general education and state (final) certification are mandatory.”

In constitutional law, there are two types of duties: some are imperative, imperative in nature (direct prohibition), others are indirect in nature. L.D. Voevodin notes that just like constitutional rights, constitutional duties have direct action, but the mechanism for their implementation and prosecution in case of non-compliance must be enshrined in current legislation.

The traditional understanding of constitutional obligation as a measure of socially necessary behavior of an obligated person established by the state and requirements constitutionally enshrined and protected by legal liability in relation to the obligation to receive a general education has a number of features:

1. The obligated person is not the subject of the constitutional right to education, the student, but his parents (legal representatives). Imposing this responsibility on parents means prohibiting parents from preventing their children from acquiring an education of the named level, as well as facilitating in every possible way their acquisition of it. Thus, in fact, the subject of the constitutional right to education does not coincide with the subject of the corresponding constitutional duty.

2. Lax formulation. The term “provide” instead of “shall” directly legal meaning in terms of obligatory performance of certain actions does not contain. In this regard, the scope of liability for violation of this constitutional obligation is very insignificant, which does not contribute to a decrease in the level of child illiteracy in Russia and a general increase educational level citizens.

3. Limited period of implementation: the requirement of compulsory basic general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of fifteen.

4. The ability to implement this constitutional duty in a non-state educational institution having state accreditation. It is impossible to design such a situation for the fulfillment of other constitutional duties in the non-state sector. So, for example, it is impossible to fulfill the constitutional obligation to perform military service - in a “private army” or to pay established by law taxes and fees to the current account of a non-governmental organization.

Compulsory education in the Russian Federation

The above allows us to conclude that the state functions of organizing the acquisition of a compulsory level of education, enshrined at the constitutional level, are “delegated” to a non-state educational institution in order to improve the educational level of the country as a whole.

Currently, the compulsory level of education is established within the framework of basic general education (9 grades). A number of subjects Russian Federation(Moscow, Altai Republic, etc.) at the level of regional legislation, they decided to increase the level compulsory education on the territory of a given subject of the federation until complete (secondary) general education. In connection with such a decision, the question arises: is there a violation of constitutional norms in terms of assigning additional responsibilities on parents of students (or persons replacing them) in a particular region, which creates inequality of rights of citizens on the territory of Russia.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation considered the issue of the legality of the introduction by a subject of the Russian Federation of the above norm and came to the conclusion that such provisions do not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation only if the responsibility assigned to parents for realizing the right of children to receive secondary (complete) general education corresponds to those adopted on itself as a subject of the Russian Federation is obliged to ensure such conditions. The Court motivated its decision by the fact that the Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people, including through development state support childhood and establishing guarantees social protection(Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Establishing that parents are obliged to ensure that their children receive secondary (complete) general education, the norm of the Constitution of the Altai Republic, in accordance with the goals social state, additionally guarantees greater opportunities for minors who would like to continue their education. The Altai Republic assumes obligations to finance and provide material and technical support for the right to education in the specified volume and entrusts the parents of minors with assistance in its implementation and protection. Such regulation does not violate the division of jurisdiction and powers established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, since the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as general issues formations are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities.

Currently, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation is working on a draft federal law that would make it possible to establish compulsoryness of all three levels of general education, for which it is proposed to rename the levels of general education. As a result of this transformation by introducing the intermediate level of “basic general education” (grades 5-9) and the abolition of the level of secondary (complete) general education, the mandatory level of basic general education established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation will fall on the last 11th grade.

For failure to fulfill this constitutional obligation, a number of legal penalties are provided. The subjects of this responsibility are also the parents (legal representatives) of children who prevent their children from receiving general education and/or do not ensure that they receive this type of education.

Art. 5.35 of the RF Code on administrative offenses(Administrative Code) establishes administrative responsibility for failure by parents or other legal representatives minor obligations for the training, maintenance and upbringing of minors, as well as for the protection of their rights and interests in the form of warning or imposition administrative fine in the amount of one to five times the minimum wage. For failure by parents to fulfill their responsibilities for raising a minor, it is established criminal liability in Art. 156 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. However, much more effective negative consequence For a person who has not received the compulsory level of education, in our opinion, it is impossible to continue his education at a higher educational institution.

Meanwhile, it should be noted that the scope of responsibility for violation of this constitutional obligation is not commensurate with the scale and degree of elaboration of the mechanism for bringing to responsibility for violation of other constitutional obligations: the obligation of everyone to pay legally established taxes and fees (Article 57 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and to preserve nature and environment, treat with care natural resources(Article 58 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), as well as the duties of a citizen of the Russian Federation to defend the Fatherland and bear military service(Article 59 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The above allows us to conclude that there is an unjustified understatement of the importance of this type of constitutional responsibility for the development of the education system, for raising the educational level of the country's citizens, for strengthening the national security and integrity of Russia.

1. Primary general education is aimed at the formation of the student’s personality, the development of his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, simple self-control skills, culture of behavior and speech, the fundamentals personal hygiene and healthy image life).

2. Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the student’s personality (formation of moral beliefs, aesthetic taste and healthy lifestyle, high culture interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastery of the basics of science, state language Russian Federation, mental and physical labor, development of inclinations, interests, ability for social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student’s personality, the development of interest in knowledge and the student’s creative abilities, the formation of skills in independent learning activities based on individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choices, and continued education and the beginning of professional activity.

4. Organization educational activities for educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education can be based on differentiation of content taking into account the educational needs and interests of students, ensuring in-depth study of individual academic subjects, subject areas of the relevant educational program (profile training).

5. Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

6. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, the commission on affairs of minors and the protection of their rights and the local government body that manages the field of education, a student who has reached the age of fifteen years may leave general education organization before receiving basic general education. The Commission on Minors' Affairs and the Protection of Their Rights, together with the parents (legal representatives) of a minor who left a general education organization before receiving basic general education, and the local government body that manages the field of education, no later than month period takes measures to continue the development of the minor’s educational program of basic general education in another form of education and with his consent for employment.

7. In an educational organization that implements educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education, conditions may be created for students to live in a boarding school, as well as for the supervision and care of children in after-school groups.

8. For the maintenance of children in an educational organization with a boarding school, including provision of students in accordance with established standards with clothing, shoes, soft equipment, personal hygiene items, school and writing supplies, games and toys, household equipment, food and their organization - consumer services, as well as for the provision of supervision and care for children in extended day groups, the founder of an educational organization has the right to establish the fee charged to parents (legal representatives) of minor students, and its amount, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law. The founder has the right to reduce the amount of the specified fee or not charge it to individual categories parents (legal representatives) of minor students in the cases and manner determined by him.

9. It is not allowed to include costs for the implementation of the educational program of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education, as well as maintenance costs real estate state and municipal educational organizations in parental fees for the maintenance of children in an educational organization that has a boarding school, for the provision of supervision and care for children in after-school groups in such organizations.

10. For students who need long-term treatment, disabled children who, for health reasons, cannot attend educational organizations, training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education is organized at home or in medical organizations.

Compulsory education in Russia, how many classes?

The procedure for formalizing relations between a state or municipal educational organization and students and (or) their parents (legal representatives) in terms of organizing training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education at home or in medical organizations is established by a regulatory legal act of the authorized government body subject of the Russian Federation.

12. For students with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior who need special conditions education, training and requiring a special pedagogical approach, in order for them to receive primary general, basic general and secondary general education, authorized bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or constituent entities of the Russian Federation create special educational institutions of open and closed types.

The procedure for sending minor citizens to special educational institutions of open and closed types and the conditions of their stay in such institutions are determined by Federal Law of June 24, 1999 N 120-FZ “On the fundamentals of the system for preventing neglect and delinquency of minors.”

Levels of education in the Russian Federation

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

From September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1. preschool education;
2. primary general education;
3. basic general education;
4. secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

1. secondary vocational education;
2. higher education - bachelor's degree;
3. higher education - specialty, master's degree;
4. higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each level.

Levels of general education

Preschool education aimed at the formation of a general culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of children’s health before school age.

Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the diversified development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by preschool children of a level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful development educational programs primary general education, based on individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certifications and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at the formation of the student’s personality, the development of his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, simple self-control skills, culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle life). Receiving preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Receiving primary general education in educational organizations begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the student’s personality (formation of moral beliefs, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastery of the basics of science, the Russian language, mental and physical labor skills, development of inclinations, interests, and the ability for social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student’s personality, the development of interest in knowledge and the student’s creative abilities, the formation of skills in independent educational activities based on individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, the preparation of the student for life in society, independent life choices, continued education and the beginning of a professional activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who fail to complete the programs at one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education of at least basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student in a secondary vocational education program has only basic general education, then simultaneously with his profession, he also masters the secondary general education program in the learning process.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained at technical schools and colleges. The standard regulations “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” give the following definitions: a) technical school - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, satisfying the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with secondary general education are allowed to study bachelor's or specialty programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to study master's programs.

Persons with at least a higher education degree (specialist's or master's degree) are allowed to study programs for training highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjunct) studies, residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher education degree are allowed to study residency programs medical education or higher pharmaceutical education. Persons with a higher education in the field of arts are allowed to participate in assistantship-internship programs.

Admission to educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's degree programs, specialty programs, master's programs, programs for training highly qualified scientific and pedagogical personnel on a competitive basis.

Admission to master's programs and training programs for highly qualified personnel is carried out based on the results of entrance tests conducted by the educational organization independently.

Bachelor's degree- this is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and is practice-oriented in nature. Upon completion of this program, the university graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree.

What kind of education is compulsory in Russia?

Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization; he has the right to occupy all those positions for which the qualification requirements require higher education. Examinations are provided as qualifying tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- it's more high level higher education, which is acquired for 2 additional years after completing a bachelor's degree and involves deeper mastery theoretical aspects areas of training, orients the student towards research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in a chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. Exams and a final defense are provided as qualifying tests for obtaining a master's degree. qualifying work- master's thesis.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for 5 years of study at a university, upon completion of which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded a degree certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 of December 30, 2009.

Based on materials: http://273-fz.rf/

Hello. In accordance with the Federal Law on Education general rule Such education is a must.

5. Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

But in accordance with paragraph 6 of this article, it is allowed that a minor may not continue studying at school if he is 15 years old.

6. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, the commission for minors’ affairs and protection of their rights and the local government body that manages the field of education, the student who has reached the age of fifteen years, may leave the general education organization until he receives basic general education. The Commission on the Affairs of Minors and the Protection of Their Rights, together with the parents (legal representatives) of a minor who left the general education organization before receiving basic general education, and the local government body that manages the field of education , no later than within a month, takes measures to continue the development by minors of the educational program of basic general education in another form of education and with his consent for employment.

But this applies to those moments when the child has not completed 9th grade. If you have completed them, you can then choose a further form of education together with your parents.

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1. Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expansion of education.

2. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to master educational programs of secondary vocational education, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law.

3. Obtaining secondary vocational education on the basis of basic general education is carried out with the simultaneous receipt of secondary general education within the framework of the relevant educational program of secondary vocational education. In this case, the educational program of secondary vocational education, implemented on the basis of basic general education, is developed on the basis of the requirements of the relevant federal state educational standards of secondary general and secondary vocational education, taking into account the profession or specialty of secondary vocational education being acquired.

4. Admission to educational programs of secondary vocational education at the expense of budgetary allocations from the federal budget, budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets is publicly available, unless otherwise provided by this part. When admitting students to educational programs of secondary vocational education in professions and specialties that require applicants to have certain creative abilities, physical and (or) psychological qualities, entrance tests in the manner established in accordance with this Federal Law. If the number of applicants exceeds the number of places, the financial support of which is carried out through budgetary allocations from the federal budget, budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, educational organization in accordance with the admission procedure established in accordance with Part 8 of Article 55 of this Federal Law, takes into account the results of the applicants’ mastery of the educational program of basic general or secondary general education, indicated in the documents on education and (or) documents on education and qualifications submitted by the applicants, the results individual achievements, information about which the applicant has the right to provide upon admission, as well as the existence of an agreement on targeted training with the organizations specified in Part 1 of Article 71.1 of this Federal Law.

5. Receiving secondary vocational education under training programs for mid-level specialists for the first time by persons who have a diploma of secondary vocational education with the qualification of a qualified worker or employee does not constitute obtaining a second or subsequent secondary vocational education again.

6. Students in educational programs of secondary vocational education who do not have secondary general education have the right to undergo state final certification, which completes the development of educational programs of secondary general education and upon successful completion of which they are issued a certificate of secondary education general education. These students undergo state final certification free of charge.

On the Internet you can often find statements that universal primary education was legally introduced back in Tsarist Russia. The year of introduction is indicated as 1908. In most cases, the chain of links leads to the well-known article by B.L. Brasol “The Reign of Emperor Nicholas II in Figures and Facts (1894-1917)” as the source of this statement. In it, Brasol indicates only the year in which “initial training ... became compulsory,” but does not indicate the specific legislative act that established this provision:

Initial training was free by law, and from 1908 it became compulsory. Since this year, about 10,000 schools have been opened annually. In 1913 their number exceeded 130,000. If the revolution had not broken out, compulsory primary education would have long been a fait accompli throughout the entire territory. Tsarist Russia .

The vice-rector of the Tambov Theological Seminary, Priest Viktor Lisyunin, writes in his article:

Participation of the clergy in the system public education intensified after the release of the law on May 3, 1908 on the gradual (over 10 years) introduction of universal compulsory primary education .

In the article by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Olga Anatolyevna Khasbulatova, “The Evolution of Russian public policy for women: an overview historical experience pre-revolutionary period" says:

In accordance with the law of May 3, 1908, it was planned to introduce compulsory free primary education for children from 8 to 12 years old within 10 years.

In the article by Olga Aleksandrovna Golikova “Creation of a network of universal primary education on the territory of the Tomsk province at the beginning of the 20th century.” we find the following:

The government issued a law on May 3, 1908, which marked the beginning of the introduction of universal education in Russia. He identified a number of important points:

Since the publication of the law of May 3, 1908, the country has begun to carry out the first activities related to the implementation of the project for the introduction of universal education in the country, which involved the creation of school networks of primary educational institutions .

Reality

In fact, the law of May 3, 1908 is called “On the release of 6,900,000 rubles for the needs of primary education,” and there is not a single word in it about the introduction of universal compulsory primary education on the territory of Russia. The text of this law can be viewed in the database "Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire" (page 228, No. 30328):

The highest approved law, approved by the State Council and the State Duma, On the release of 6,900,000 rubles for the needs of primary education.

On the original His Imperial Majesty’s Own hand it is written: “BE ACCORDING TO THIS.”

To release, from January 1, 1908, six million nine hundred thousand rubles a year according to the estimate of the Ministry of Public Education for the needs of primary education, in excess of the amounts allocated for this subject at present, so that the expenditure of this loan is carried out by the Minister of Public Education for the specified below (vv. 1-6) grounds.

Benefits from a loan of 6,900,000 rubles per year for the needs of primary education are intended for areas where there is a particular lack of schools or funds for the maintenance and further expansion of primary education.


The amount of benefits from the loan specified in Article 1 in provinces and regions in which the provision on zemstvo institutions has not been introduced is determined for one-class and two-class schools by a note to paragraph 1 of Article 3424 of the Statutes of Academic Institutions and Educational Institutions departments of the Ministry of Public Education (Sov. Zak., vol. XI, part 1, according to Prod. 1906).

Benefits from the loan referred to in Article 1 are issued to individual zemstvo and city self-government bodies and rural societies for the provision of maintenance to students in primary schools, both existing and newly opened, in the amount of 390 rubles for 50 school-age children (from 8 to 11 years old), counting the salary of a teacher per year at least 360 rubles and a teacher of law (per 100 school-age children) at least 60 rubles.

The benefits specified in Article 3 are issued only to those zemstvo and city self-government bodies and rural societies that undertake to continue to spend the amounts freed up as a result of receiving government benefits for the maintenance of primary schools, for construction needs, for the provision of additional allowances to students and for other needs of primary schools.

From the loan specified in Article 1 in 1908, one million nine hundred thousand rubles were applied for the issuance of benefits for one-time expenses for the construction of school buildings and equipment of schools. The balances that can be generated from a loan of 5,000,000 rubles, intended in 1908 for the costs of maintaining schools, due to their opening not from the beginning of the civil year, are used for the same need.

In all primary schools receiving benefits from the credit referred to in Article 1, education must be free.

Collection of laws. 1908 Division I. No. 73. Art. 447.

The list of events outlined in the article by O. A. Golikova (“all children of both sexes upon reaching school age should receive free primary education,” etc.) is in fact a retelling of the provisions of the bill “On the introduction of universal primary education in the Russian Federation.” Empire", introduced on February 20, 1907 by the Minister of Public Education P. von Kaufmann in State Duma:

The responsibility for opening a sufficient number of schools, corresponding to the number of school-age children, lies with local government institutions, while calculations regarding the number of schools required are made in relation to four age groups: 8, 9, 10 and 11 years.

The normal duration of education in primary school is 4 years.

The normal number of children in primary school per teacher is 50.

A normal area, which should be served by one school, is an area with a three-verst radius.

It is the responsibility of local government institutions to draw up, within two years from the date of entry into force of these provisions, a school network and a plan for its implementation to achieve universal education in a given area, indicating the deadline for this period and the funds expected from local sources for the implementation of the school network .
Note: Local church and school authorities participate in the development of the school network.

To be included in the school network, a school designed for four age groups, must meet the following requirements: to have a teacher of the law and a teacher who has the legal right to teach, to be provided with premises that meet school and hygienic needs, educational books and manuals, and to provide free education to children.

The designated (clause 6) school network and plan for its implementation are submitted by local self-government bodies in accordance with the established procedure to the Ministry of Public Education, which, after approving the said network and plan, communicates with the Ministry of Internal Affairs. If these plans and networks are approved, the Ministry of Public Education will issue loans, within the limits allocated according to the estimate of this ministry, for each school included in the network that is open or is to be opened within the next school year, allowance for the minimum remuneration of teachers and teachers of the law according to their actual number in the designated schools, counting 360 rubles each. teacher and 60 rubles. teacher of the law. Wherein overall size benefits to schools in a given area should not exceed the calculated amount of 390 rubles. for 50 school-age children.
Note: Parish schools included in the school network, both open and subject to opening during the next academic year, receive benefits from the treasury on an equal basis with schools affiliated with the Ministry of Public Education, from a loan allocated according to the financial estimate of His Holiness Synod; parochial schools that are not included in the network in those areas for which it is approved can only be maintained using local funds.

Other expenses, both for the maintenance and arrangement of premises for schools, and for increasing the salaries of students, depending on local conditions, are established by the founders of schools and are attributed to local sources.

Receiving benefits from the Ministry of Public Education does not restrict the rights of the founders of schools in the management of the school. Local government is given the organization and immediate management of primary schools, under the direction and supervision of the Ministry of Public Education.

To class and other legal organizations and individuals, if the schools they maintain are included in the general school network, the Ministry of Public Education provides benefits, if deemed necessary, according to the above calculation (clause 8) on the same basis as to institutions of public self-government .

Pending the receipt and approval of school networks and plans for the introduction of universal education from local governments, the Ministry of Public Education distributes the loan allocated according to its estimate, in accordance with local needs and requirements, in relation to the stated provisions, with a view to the implementation of universal education in a given area.

I have the honor to submit the above for the consideration of the State Duma.

Minister of Public Education
P. von Kaufmann

But this project was never destined to become law. The bill was submitted to the III State Duma on November 1, 1907, and on January 8, 1908 it was submitted for preliminary consideration to the commission on public education. The commission submitted its report to general meeting December 10, 1910

The main provisions of the government project were as follows: 1) the formation of a school network and a plan for its creation was entrusted to local government institutions, which were supposed to complete this work within two years from the date of introduction of the law; 2) the normal limit that one school should serve was an area with a three-verst radius; 3) the population was provided with free education in schools included in the school network; 4) the school network project had to be approved by the Minister of Public Education; 5) parochial schools included in the school network received government benefits on an equal basis with schools of the Ministry of Public Education; 6) loans issued from the treasury were intended to remunerate teachers.

The Duma made its own changes: 1) established a minimum amount (10 million rubles) by which the government allocation for the needs of primary schools should have increased annually, for 10 years, according to the estimate of the Ministry of Public Education; 2) recognized the deadline for the introduction of universal primary education ten years; 3) in areas where there were no provincial and district zemstvo institutions, the formation of a school network was entrusted to local bodies of the Ministry of Public Education, together with institutions in charge of zemstvo and city affairs; 4) the inspector of public schools and others were also involved in the compilation of all school networks.

The first discussion of the bill took place on January 24, the second on January 26, the third on February 12, 1911. The Duma decided to approve the project on March 19, 1911 and transferred it to the State Council. During the consideration, the State Council increased the minimum loan size (up to 10.5 million rubles), by which allocations for the needs of primary schools were to be increased over 10 years, eliminated the indication of a deadline for the introduction of universal education, etc.

On January 28, 1912, the State Council decided to form a conciliation commission, which, however, did not reach unanimous opinion. The commission's report was submitted to the State Duma on April 9, 1911, and the report was discussed on May 21, 1912. However, the Duma remained with its original decision on all fundamental issues. June 6, 1912 The State Council rejected the bill!

It only remains to add that the liberal-minded P. von Kaufmann did not last long as Minister of Education, and was dismissed on January 1, 1908. In his place was appointed the trustee of the Warsaw military district, Alexander Nikolaevich Schwartz, who carried out a number of reactionary measures: the actual abolition of university autonomy ( established in August 1905), prohibiting the admission of female volunteers to high school, strict application percentage norm for Jews, etc. Schwartz pursued a similar policy in relation to secondary and lower schools. In 1910 he was replaced by L. A. Kasso, an even more flamboyant reactionary, under whom more than 130 employees left or were fired from Moscow University, including 21 professors (see the Kasso case).

GATO. F. 126. Op. 3. D. 40.