Hormones are part of enzymes. Currently, many changes in metabolism in vitamin deficiency are considered as a consequence of a violation of enzymatic systems.

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STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MARI EL

OLYMPIC RESERVE SCHOOL

Independent work

in biology

"Vitamins, enzymes, hormones and their role in the body"

Fulfilled: student11groups

GuryevEvgeniyGennadievich

Checked: ZeynalovaD. M.

Yoshkar-Ola2012.

Content

I. Introduction
II. Enzymes
1. History of discovery
2. Properties of enzymes
III. vitamins
1. General characteristics
2. Classification of vitamins
IV. Hormones
1. General characteristics
3. Properties of hormones
4. Use of vitamins
V. Conclusion
Literature

I Introduction

To biologically active substances relate: enzymes,vitaminsandhormones. These are vital and necessary connections, each of which performs an irreplaceable and very important role in the life of an organism.

Digestion and assimilation of food occurs with the participation of enzymes. Synthesis and breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, hormones and other substances in body tissues is also a set of enzymatic reactions. However, any functional manifestation of a living organism - breathing, muscle contraction, neuropsychic activity, reproduction, etc. - are also directly related to the action of the corresponding enzyme systems. In other words, without enzymes no life. Their meaning for human body not limited to normal physiology. Many human diseases are based on violations of enzymatic processes.

vitamins can be assigned to the group biologically active compounds that have an effect on the metabolism in negligible concentrations. These are organic compounds of various chemical structures that are necessary for the normal functioning of almost all processes in the body. They increase the body's resistance to various extreme factors and infectious diseases, contribute to the neutralization and elimination of toxic substances, etc.

Hormones - these are products internal secretion, which are produced by special glands or individual cells, are released into the blood and are carried throughout the body normally causing a certain biological effect.

themselves hormones do not directly affect any cell response. Only by contacting a certain, peculiar only to him receptor, a certain reaction is caused.

Often hormones some other metabolic products are also called, which are formed in all [eg. carbon dioxide] or only in some [eg. acetylcholine] tissues that have a greater or lesser degree of physiological activity and are involved in the regulation of the functions of the animal organism. However, such a broad interpretation of the concept " hormones" deprives it of any qualitative specificity. The term " hormones" only those active metabolic products that are formed in special formations should be designated - glands internal secretions.

II. Enzymes

1. History of discovery

All life processes are based on thousands of chemical reactions. They go in the body without application high temperature and pressure, i.e. in mild conditions. Substances that are oxidized in human and animal cells burn quickly and efficiently, enriching the body with energy and building material. But the same substances can be stored for years both in canned [isolated from air] form, and in air in the presence of oxygen. The ability to quickly digest products in a living organism is due to the presence of special biological catalysts in the cells - enzymes. Term " enzyme" (fermentum in Latin means "fermented", "sourdough") was proposed by the Dutch scientist Van Helmont at the beginning of the 17th century. So he called an unknown agent that takes an active part in the process of alcoholic fermentation.

Experimental study of enzymatic processes began in the 18th century, when the French naturalist R. Reaumur set up experiments to find out the mechanism of food digestion in the stomach of birds of prey. He gave birds of prey to swallow pieces of meat, enclosed in a drilled metal tube, which was attached to a thin chain. A few hours later, the tube was pulled out of the bird's stomach and it turned out that the meat had partially dissolved. Since it was in a tube and could not be subjected to mechanical grinding, it was natural to assume that it was affected by gastric juice. This assumption was confirmed by the Italian naturalist L. Spallanzani. In a metal tube, which was swallowed by birds of prey, L. Spallanzani placed a piece of sponge. After removing the tube from the sponge, gastric juice was squeezed out. Then the meat was heated in this juice, and it completely "dissolved" in it.

Much later (1836) T. Schwann discovered in gastric juice enzyme pepsin(from Greek word pepto - "cook") under the influence of which the digestion of meat in the stomach occurs. These works served as the beginning of the study of the so-called proteolytic enzymes.

2. Properties of enzymes

Being proteins, enzymes have all their properties. At the same time, biocatalysts are characterized by a number of specific qualities, also arising from their protein nature. These qualities distinguish enzymes from conventional catalysts. These include the thermolability of enzymes, the dependence of their action on the pH value of the medium, specificity, and, finally, susceptibility to the influence of activators and inhibitors.

Thermolability enzymes is explained by the fact that the temperature, on the one hand, affects the protein part of the enzyme, leading at too high values to protein denaturation and a decrease in the catalytic function, and on the other hand, it affects the reaction rate of the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex and all subsequent stages transformation of the substrate, which leads to an increase in catalysis.

The dependence of the catalytic activity of the enzyme on temperature is expressed by a typical curve. Up to a certain temperature value (up to 50°C on average), the catalytic activity increases, and for every 10°C, the rate of substrate conversion increases approximately by a factor of 2. At the same time, the amount of inactivated enzyme gradually increases due to the denaturation of its protein part. At temperatures above 50°C, the denaturation of the enzyme protein sharply increases and, although the rate of substrate transformation reactions continues to increase, the enzyme activity, expressed in the amount of converted substrate, decreases.

III. vitamins

1. General characteristics

vitamins(from lat. YITA - life) - a group of organic compounds of diverse chemical nature necessary for human and animal nutrition and of great importance for normal exchange substances and vital functions of the body Vitamins perform certain catalytic functions in the body and are required in negligible amounts compared to the main nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates and mineral salts.)

When taken with food, vitamins are assimilated (assimilated) by the body, forming various derivative compounds (ether, amide, nucleotide, etc.) which, in turn, can combine with proteins. Along with assimilation, processes of decomposition (dissimilation) are continuously going on in the body. vitamins, moreover, the decay products (and sometimes slightly altered vitamin molecules) are released into the external environment.

Diseases that occur due to the lack of certain vitamins in food, began to be called beriberi. If the disease occurs due to the lack of several vitamins, it is called multivitaminosis. However, avitaminosis, typical in its clinical picture, is now quite rare. More often you have to deal with the relative lack of any vitamin; this disease is called hypovitaminosis. If the diagnosis is made correctly and in a timely manner, then beriberi and especially hypovitaminosis easily cured by introducing the appropriate vitamins into the body.

Excessive intake of certain vitamins in the body can cause a disease called hypervitaminosis.

Currently, many changes in metabolism in vitamin deficiency are considered as a consequence of a violation of enzymatic systems.

2. Classification of vitamins

vitamins divided into two large groups: vitamins solubleinfats, and vitamins , solubleinwater. Each of these groups contains a large number of various vitamins, which are usually denoted by the letters "of the Latin alphabet. It should be noted that the order of these letters does not correspond to their usual arrangement in the alphabet and is not quite

corresponds to the historical sequence of the discovery of vitamins.

In the given classification of vitamins, the most characteristic biological properties of this vitamin are indicated in brackets - its ability to prevent the development of a particular disease. Usually the name of the disease is preceded by the prefix "anti", indicating that this vitamin prevents or eliminates this disease.

1 . VITAMINS, RAS T SPEAKABLE AT FAT .

Vitamin A (antixerophthalic).

Vitamin D (antirachitic).

Vitamin E (vitamin of reproduction).

Vitamin K (antihemorrhagic)

2 . VITAMINS, RAS T SPEAKABLE AT WATER .

Vitamin B1 (antineuritic).

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin).

Vitamin PP (anti-pelgric).

Vitamin B6 (anti-dermatitis).

Pantothene (anti-dermatitis factor).

Biotite (vitamin H, growth factor for fungi,

yeast and bacteria, anti-seborrheic).

Inositol. Para-aminobenzoic acid

(bacteria growth factor and pigmentation factor).

Folic acid (antianemic vitamin, growth vitamin for chickens and bacteria).

Vitamin B12 (antianemic vitamin).

Vitamin B15 (pangamic acid).

Vitamin C (antiscorbutic).

Vitamin P (permeability vitamin).

Many also refer to the number of vitamins choline and

unsaturated fatty acids with two or more double bonds. All of the above water-soluble vitamins, with the exception of inositol and vitamins C and P, contain nitrogen in their molecule, and they are often combined into one complex of vitamin groups.

ROLE AT EXCHANGE SUBSTANCES.

Apparently, the physiological significance of vitamin C is closely related to its redox properties. Perhaps this should explain the changes in carbohydrate metabolism with scorbut, consisting in the gradual disappearance of glycogen from the liver and at first an increased and then a decreased content of sugar in the blood.

IV. Hormones

1. General characteristics

Hormones- specific substances that are produced in the body and regulate its development and functioning. Translated from Greek - hormones - mean move, excite. Hormones are produced by special organs - glands internal secretions(or endocrine glands). These organs are so named because the products of their work are not released into the external environment (as, for example, in sweat or digestive glands), but are "picked up" by the blood stream and carried throughout the body. "True" hormones (as opposed to local regulatory substances) are secreted into the blood and act on almost all organs, including those far removed from the site of hormone formation.

Biologically active substances, which are formed in organs and tissues other than the endocrine glands, are usually called "parahormones", "histohormones", "biogenic stimulants". The participation of these substances in the regulation of body functions was first indicated by the Russian physiologist V.Ya. Danilevsky (in 1899 at the 7th Congress of the Society of Russian Doctors in memory of N.I. Pirogov). hormones" was first used by W. Bayliss and E. Starling in 1902. In relation to the specific secretion product of the mucous membrane of the upper intestine - the so-called. secretinu stimulating the secretion of pancreatic juice. However, secretin should be attributed to histohormones.

Biologically active metabolic products are also formed in plants, but it is completely wrong to classify these substances as “hormones”.

Invertebrates do not have a well-formed endocrine system (i.e., functionally interconnected endocrine glands). So, in insectivores, only separate glandular formations were found, in which, apparently, the production of hormonal substances (for example, causing molting, pupation, etc.) occurs. invertebrates to vertebrates - ascidians (tunicates) - there are homologues of the pituitary gland and thyroid gland. The endocrine system with specific physiological functions reaches its full development only in vertebrates and humans.

2. Options for the action of hormones

Currently, the following options for the action of hormones are distinguished:

1) hormonal, or hemocrine, i.e. action at a considerable distance from the place of formation;

2) isocrine, or local, when a chemical synthesized in one cell has an effect on a cell located in close contact with the first, and the release of this substance is carried out into the interstitial fluid and blood;

3) neurocrine, or neuroendocrine (synaptic and non-synaptic), action, when the hormone, being released from nerve endings, performs the function of a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, i.e. a substance that alters (usually enhances) the action of a neurotransmitter;

4) paracrine - a kind of isocrine action, but at the same time, the hormone formed in one cell enters the intercellular fluid and affects a number of cells located in close proximity;

5) juxtacrine - a kind of paracrine action, when the hormone does not enter the intercellular fluid, and the signal is transmitted through plasma membrane next to another cell;

6) autocrine action, when a hormone released from a cell affects the same cell, changing its functional activity;

7) solinocrine action, when a hormone from one cell enters the lumen of the duct and thus reaches another cell, having a specific effect on it (for example, some gastrointestinal hormones).

The synthesis of protein hormones, like other proteins, is under genetic control, and typical mammalian cells express genes that encode between 5,000 and 10,000 different proteins, and some highly differentiated cells up to 50,000 proteins. Any protein synthesis begins with the transposition of DNA segments, followed by transcription, post-transcriptional processing, translation, post-translational processing, and modification. Many polypeptide hormones are synthesized in the form of large prohormone precursors (proinsulin, proglucagon, proopiomelanocortin, etc.). The conversion of prohormones into hormones is carried out in the Golgi apparatus.

3. Properties of hormones

Of particular interest is the body's ability to keep hormones in an inactivated (inactive) state.

Hormones, being specific products of the endocrine glands, do not remain stable, but change structurally and functionally in the process of metabolism. The products of hormone transformation may have new biocatalytic properties and play a certain role in the life process: for example, the oxidation products of adrenaline - dehydroadrenaline, adrenochrome, as shown by A.M. Utevsky, are a kind of catalyst for internal metabolism.

The work of hormones is carried out under control and in close dependence with the nervous system. Role nervous system in the processes of hormone formation was first proven in the early 20th century. Russian scientist N.A. Mislavsky, who studied the nervous regulation of the activity of the endocrine glands. They discovered a nerve that enhances the secretion of thyroid hormone; his student M.N. Cheboksarov owns (1910) a similar discovery in relation to the hormone of the adrenal gland. I.P. Pavlov and his students showed the enormous regulatory significance of the cortex hemispheres brain in hormonal formation.

The specificity of the physiological action of hormones is relative and depends on the state of the organism as a whole. Great importance has a change in the composition of the environment in which the hormone acts, in particular, an increase or decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions, sulfhydryl groups, potassium and calcium salts, the content of amino acids and other metabolic products that affect the reactivity of nerve endings and the relationship of hormones with enzyme systems. Thus, the action of the hormone of the adrenal cortex on the kidneys and the cardiovascular system is largely determined by the content of sodium chloride in the blood. The ratio between the amount of active and inactive forms of adrenaline is determined by the content of ascorbic acid in the tissues.

It has been proven that hormones are closely dependent on conditions. external environment, the influence of which is mediated by receptors of the nervous system. Irritation of pain, temperature, visual, and other receptors affects the secretion of the hormone of the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and other glands. The constituent parts of food can serve, on the one hand, as a source of structural material for building hormones (iodine, amino acids, sterols), and on the other hand, by changing the internal environment and influencing interoreceptors, affect the function of the glands that form hormones. So, it was found that carbohydrates predominantly affect the release of insulin; proteins - on the formation of pituitary hormone, sex hormones, adrenal cortex hormone, thyroid hormone; vitamin C - on the function of the thyroid gland and adrenal gland, etc. Some chemical substances, introduced into the body, can specifically disrupt hormone formation.

4. Use of vitamins

AT medical practice hormonal preparations are used to treat diseases of the endocrine glands, in which the function of the latter is reduced. For example, insulin is used to treat diabetes (diabetes).

In addition to the treatment of diseases of the endocrine glands, hormones and hormonal preparations are also used for other diseases: insulin - for pathological exhaustion, liver diseases, schizophrenia; thyroidin - in some forms of obesity; male sex hormone (testosterone) - with breast cancer in women, female sex hormone (or sinestrol and stilbestrol) - with hypertrophy and prostate cancer in men, etc.

vitamin enzyme hormone metabolism

V. Conclusion

Biologically active substances: enzymes, vitamins and hormones are vital and necessary components of the human body. Being in small quantities, they ensure the full functioning of organs and systems. Not a single process in the body can do without the participation of certain enzymes. These protein catalysts are capable of not only performing the most amazing transformations of substances, but also doing it extremely quickly and easily, at ordinary temperatures and pressures.

Literature

1) General biology. (Textbook for colleges) Undered.Konstantinov AT.M. ( 2008, 256s.)

2) General biology. Lecture notes. Kozlova E.BUT.,Kurbatov H.FROM. ( 2007, 160s.)

3) Wikipedia.ru

4) http://yandex.ru/yandsearch? text=%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%r=213

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What is the function of each substance?

Enzymes

Let's figure it out. So enzymes. are protein molecules that speed up the rate of all chemical reactions. These are biocatalysts involved in the metabolism, synthesis, and breakdown of fats and nucleic acids. Digestion and assimilation of food also occurs with the participation of enzymes. Enzyme systems have an effect on respiration, reproduction, muscle contraction, blood circulation and neuropsychic activity. All bio without enzymes chemical reactions will not be able to pass, and the human body will begin to die.

vitamins

We are all familiar with the term "vitamins". But not every one of us thought about how important they are for our body. - organic compounds that have their effect on the metabolic process in small quantities. Vitamins are necessary for the body to strengthen and improve the performance of the immune system. They help build a protective barrier against viral infections and other diseases. They increase the body's resistance to various extreme factors and help to eliminate harmful toxins. Vitamins increase the intensity of all physiological processes. Therefore, they must constantly enter the body.

Hormones

As for hormones, they play an indispensable function in the development and functioning of the body. These biologically active substances are able to influence in significant quantities on the organs of the tissue and the body as a whole. Hormones take part in chemical reactions. They have a direct impact on the vital activity of those organs for which they are intended. change chemical reactions by inhibiting or activating enzymatic processes. Hormones are chemical messengers that carry information to target cells with which they are associated. Hormones are responsible for the growth and development of a living organism, the formation of systems.

Enzymes, vitamins, hormones: effects on the body

The action of hormones, vitamins and enzymes together ensures the full functioning of the human body and protects it from negative impacts. In chemical reactions, all biological compounds are closely interconnected, but at the same time, each of the elements performs its function. No process is complete without the participation of enzymes, hormones or vitamins. The lack of certain compounds leads to serious consequences and diseases. First of all, the performance of the immune system is significantly reduced. And this is fraught with the appearance of various diseases in humans and exacerbation of chronic diseases.

Vital substances must constantly enter the human body. To do this, you need to eat food containing nutrients, refuse bad habits, which also provoke a deficiency of substances necessary for the body. Doctors recommend using for prevention and treatment. Food supplements are used in medical and pediatric practice. - this is generic drug containing only natural ingredients and absolutely safe for human health.

To the question Clearly: how do enzymes differ from hormones? given by the author Oleg Kononov the best answer is Enzymes - these are substances that accelerate the breakdown complex substances to simple. Hormones are biologically active substances that affect the metabolism in the body (i.e., affect all biochemical reactions in the body). Vitamins are substances that activate enzymes and hormones. apparently, it was hydrolases that impressed a person)) and the rest are not enzymes like

Answer from 22 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: Clearly: what is the difference between enzymes and hormones?

Answer from Fitted[guru]
Metabolism in the body can be defined as the totality of all chemical transformations undergone by compounds coming from outside. These transformations include all known types of chemical reactions: intermolecular transfer functional groups, hydrolytic and non-hydrolytic cleavage of chemical bonds, intramolecular rearrangement, new formation of chemical bonds and redox reactions. Such reactions proceed in the body at an extremely high rate only in the presence of catalysts. All biological catalysts are substances of a protein nature and are called enzymes or enzymes.
HORMONES, organic compounds produced by certain cells and designed to control the functions of the body, their regulation and coordination. Higher animals have two regulatory systems by which the body adapts to constant internal and external changes. One is the nervous system, which rapidly transmits signals (in the form of impulses) through a network of nerves and nerve cells; the other is endocrine, which carries out chemical regulation with the help of hormones that are carried by the blood and have an effect on tissues and organs distant from the place of their release.

Answer from Elena Kazakova[guru]
Enzymes are biocatalysts of protein nature, accelerating the course of biochemical reactions.
Synthesized on ribosomes. They show their activity both in the cells themselves (in the cytoplasm, on membranes and organelles), and outside the cell (for example, digestive enzymes).
They carry out not only decomposition reactions (according to the first respondent), but also reactions of synthesis, isomerization, oxidation, etc.
Hormones are biologically active substances that regulate the life processes of the body (for example, growth, transition from calm state to active, etc.). Hormones have different chemical nature. They are produced by the endocrine glands, enter the bloodstream, are carried throughout the body, act on target cells, changing their metabolism.
That is, they differ in biological role, chemical nature, place of synthesis, localization in the body.

on the topic:

Chemistry teacher

and biology

Tokhchukova V.B.

MOU "Secondary school p. Caucasian"

2008

Integrated lesson in chemistry and biology

Target: the study of the biochemical nature of enzymes, hormones, vitamins.

Tasks. educational: consider enzymes, hormones, vitamins from the chemical side, summarize and consolidate students' knowledge about the role of enzymes, hormones and vitamins for the human body, reveal the essence of the mechanism of action of enzymes; implement interdisciplinary connections;

developing: develop cognitive interest by performing laboratory experiments, develop logical thinking, the ability to draw conclusions; develop interest in the subject, curiosity;

educational: educate responsibility, accuracy, careful handling of chemical reagents.

Lesson Plan

I Organizing time.

II 1. Checking students' knowledge (conversation).

2. Generalization of students' knowledge.

5. Homework.

DURING THE CLASSES:

“The thinking mind does not feel happy,

until he manages to tie together

disparate facts he observes”

D. Hevesy

Checking students' knowledge.

Frontal survey of students. Questions:

What are enzymes? What role do they play in the body?

What enzymes do you know?

What are hormones? Where are they produced?

What hormones do you know? What functions do they perform?

Define the term vitamin. Who discovered vitamins?

What two groups can vitamins be divided into?

Name the vitamins you know.

What is the role of vitamins in the body?

Generalization of students' knowledge.

Today in the lesson we will continue our acquaintance with organic matter: enzymes, hormones, vitamins. In the process of studying the material, we will try to solve the tasks of the lesson.

Our lesson will be held under the motto (D. Hevesy).

Before we start learning new material about enzymes, let's listen to a little fairy tale.

Dying, the old Arab bequeathed to his sons 17 beautiful white camels. The older half, the middle one a third, the younger one a ninth. When the Arab died, the sons began to divide their inheritance, but 17 camels are not divisible by 2, 3, or 9. At that time, a poor scholar, a dervish, was walking through the desert and leading an old black camel. He approached the brothers and asked what they were grieving about. The brothers told about their inheritance and the impossibility of dividing it. Then the dervish gave them his camel. They had 18 camels and everything worked out: the elder received 9 camels, the middle one - 6 camels, the youngest - 2 camels, the old camel of the scientist remained. "What to do with him?" the brothers asked. “Give it to me,” the scientist asked, and the brothers returned the camel to him. That's enzymes , just like the old dervish camel help carry out reactions in the body.

So what are enzymes?

Enzymes are protein molecules synthesized by living cells.

Each cell has hundreds various enzymes. With their help, numerous chemical reactions are carried out, which can proceed at high speed at temperatures suitable for given organism, that is, in the range from 5 o to 40 o. For these reactions to proceed outside the body at the same rate, it would take high temperatures and sudden changes in conditions. For the cell, this would mean death, since all the work of the cell is structured in such a way as to avoid any noticeable changes in normal conditions her existence.

Thus, it can be said that enzymes are biological catalysts, that is, substances that speed up biochemical reactions. They are absolutely necessary, because without them the reactions in the cell would proceed too slowly.

What does the term enzyme mean?

Term "enzyme" (from lat. fermentum - leaven) was proposed in early XVII century by the Dutch scientist Van Helmond. Almost all enzymes are proteins (but not all proteins are enzymes). The idea that enzymes are proteins was not immediately established. To do this, it was necessary to learn how to isolate them in a highly crystalline form. For the first time, enzymes in this form were isolated in 1926 by J. Sumner. After that, it took another 10 years, during which several more enzymes were obtained in crystalline form, so that the idea of the protein nature of enzymes became proven and received general recognition.

Enzymes(enzymes) are specific proteins of a globular nature that are present in all living organisms and play the role of biological catalysts. (Remember what a catalyst is.)
Enzyme Properties. Enzymes are characterized by high activity, but it varies depending on pH (concentration of hydrogen ions), temperature, pressure.
Specificity enzymes is that each of them acts on only one reaction (for example, urease breaks down only urea). The enzyme has the ability to distinguish among the many molecules exactly those that should enter into the reaction - these molecules are called substrate(S). Only a very small part of the enzyme molecule (3–5 amino acid residues) comes into contact with the substrate. This part is active center enzyme (Fig. 1).

The mechanism of action of enzymes. The interaction of the substrate (S) with the enzyme was first studied by the German scientist Emil Fischer. He put forward a hypothesis (1880) according to which the substrate fits the active site of the enzyme like a “key to a lock” (Fig. 2).

The resulting products no longer correspond in shape to the active site. They are separated from the "lock" of the enzyme and enter the environment, after which the released active center can accept new substrate molecules.

The names of enzymes are derived from the names of the substrates on which they act, according to the scheme: the type of reaction catalyzed by this enzyme + the name of one of the reaction products (or one of its participants) with the addition of an ending - aza .
The ending - aza serves to indicate the enzymatic nature. For example: enzyme glycosidase participates in the reactions of hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in sugars; transaminases contribute to the transfer of the NH 2 group from amino acids to various α-keto acids. Dairy oxidase(other name - dehydrogenase) catalyzes the conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid:

Conclusion . By the name of the enzyme, you can understand the essence of the reaction.

Group	catalyzed reaction
Oxidoreductases. 480 enzymes, a big role in energy processes	Catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions, the transfer of H and O atoms or electrons from one to another.
Transferases	The transfer of certain groups of atoms from one substance to another
Hydrolases. 460 enzymes, these include digestive enzymes that are part of lysosomes and other organelles, where they contribute to the breakdown of larger biomolecules into simple	Hydrolysis reactions in which two products are formed from the substrate.
Liase. 230 enzymes involved in the regulation of the synthesis and breakdown of metabolic intermediates	Enzymes that catalyze bond breaking reactions in a substrate without water addition or oxidation.
Isomerases. 80 enzymes	Enzymes that catalyze transformations within a single molecule, they cause intramolecular rearrangements.
Ligases (synthetases) (about 80 enzymes)	The catalyzed connection of 2 molecules using the energy of the phosphate bond is associated with the breakdown of ATP.

e) Practical application of enzymes

Can a person use knowledge about enzymes in his practical activities?

Is there a specific science that deals with the study of enzymes?

Enzymology - the doctrine of enzymes is singled out as an independent science.

Enzymes received wide application in light, food and chemical industry as well as in medical practice.

In the food industry, enzymes are used in the preparation of soft drinks, cheeses, canned food, sausages, and smoked meats.

In animal husbandry, enzymes are used in the preparation of feed.

Enzymes are used in the manufacture of photographic materials.

Enzymes are used in the processing of oats and hemp.

Enzymes are used to soften leather in the leather industry.

Enzymes are part of washing powders, toothpastes.

In medicine, enzymes have a diagnostic value - the determination of individual enzymes in the cell helps to recognize the nature of the disease (for example, viral hepatitis - by the activity of the enzyme in the blood plasma), they are used to replace the missing enzyme in the body.

Now let's talk about vitamins.

Message 1. History of the Discovery of Vitamins(3 min). The student's message contains the following information. In 1880, Nikolai Ivanovich Lunin conducted experiments with white mice fed on whole milk and its artificial analogue. In 1886, H. Aikman established a connection between a monotonous diet of polished rice and the incidence of beriberi.
Clarified definition: “Vitamins are low molecular weight organic compounds of various chemical structure united on the basis of their strict necessity for the life of organisms.

K. Funk's definition: "Vitamins are vital substances that play an important role in metabolism and come from outside with food."
The teacher talks about the classification of vitamins, their functions in the body, using the table. one.

Table 1

Classification and nomenclature of vitamins

· Signs of vitamin deficiency in the lesson can not be considered in detail, and after familiarizing yourself with the classification of vitamins, give a task according to the textbook, according to the text of which the children will complete the table.
· The work can also be built as follows: divide the students into groups and invite them, using the text of the textbook, to fill out a table in which not all, but only the facts not given in the textbook are indicated. One group will look at water-soluble vitamins and the other at fat-soluble vitamins. The table must be prepared in advance, duplicated and distributed to the children before the lesson.
· You can invite students to listen to the messages while filling out the table under the guidance of the teacher. With this option of studying the topic, more children do homework.

Message 2. "The need of the human body for vitamins"(3 min). Work with the textbook, filling in the table. 3.

table 2

Vitamin	daily requirement

Message 3. "Vitamin table"(3–4 min). See table. 2.

Table 3

The concepts of hypervitaminosis (overabundance of vitamins in food), hypovitaminosis and avitaminosis (a sharp lack of vitamins) are introduced, and the symptoms of vitamin deficiency are described. In the work, you can use photographs of people with beriberi, give clinical descriptions.
The teacher concludes: to fill the daily requirement for vitamins, you need to eat a lot natural products or take artificial vitamins, but you must remember that vitamins are medicines, you can’t use them without measure.
Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. It is a white crystalline substance.
Chemical structure:

Vitamin C is not synthesized in the body of humans and animals, but comes in finished form mainly with vegetable food th. Vitamin C is produced in plants from the carbohydrate glucose. The content of vitamin C in the leaves of plants reaches a maximum in the flowering phase, and then sharply decreases. During the fall of the leaves, this vitamin is almost not contained in them.

Vitamin C

Ecological and geographical dependence of vitamin C synthesis. There is the following relationship: the further north (colder), the more intensively vitamin C is formed in plants. The greater the soil moisture, the faster the synthesis of vitamin C occurs.
Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers increase the content of vitamin C in plants, and nitrogen fertilizers, on the contrary, lower it.
This stage of the lesson can be carried out either with the help of a student’s message, which should be prepared in advance, or by drawing the children’s attention to Table. 2, which shows the concentration of vitamin C in different foods, and ask to find out the relationship based on the proposed facts. At the end of the oral work, the main information about vitamin C should be written in a notebook: the daily human need for vitamin C is 50–100 mg, excess and deficiency of vitamin C are dangerous with hyper- and hypovitaminosis.
Work with the text of the book according to the plan proposed above. Finding out the symptoms of beriberi C, ways to combat beriberi C (scurvy).
At this stage of the lesson, children's attention should be focused on the behavior of the main characters of J. London's work "The Mistake of the Lord God." Ask them to evaluate the moral qualities of the main characters, to approach the question of the meaning of the title of the work. In conclusion, write down the main symptoms of beriberi C, methods of treatment.

MAIN HUMAN HORMONES

Hormones are biologically active substances that perform a regulatory function.

Pituitary hormones: anterior pituitary. The glandular tissue of the anterior lobe produces:

- growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin, which affects all tissues of the body, increasing their anabolic activity (i.e., the processes of synthesis of body tissue components and increasing energy reserves).

- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which enhances the production of pigment by certain skin cells (melanocytes and melanophores);

- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland;

- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), related to gonadotropins: their action is directed to the sex glands (see also HUMAN REPRODUCTION).

Prolactin, sometimes referred to as PRL, is a hormone that stimulates the formation of mammary glands and lactation.

The posterior pituitary hormones are vasopressin and oxytocin. Both hormones are produced in the hypothalamus but are stored and released in the posterior pituitary gland, which lies inferior to the hypothalamus. Vasopressin maintains the tone of blood vessels and is an antidiuretic hormone that affects water exchange. Oxytocin causes uterine contractions and has the property of "letting go" of milk after childbirth.

Thyroid and parathyroid hormones. Thyroid located on the neck and consists of two lobes connected by a narrow isthmus (see THYROID). The four parathyroid glands are usually located in pairs, on the posterior and lateral surfaces of each lobe of the thyroid gland, although sometimes one or two may be slightly displaced.

The main hormones secreted by the normal thyroid gland are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis and breakdown of nutrients to release heat and energy, which is manifested by increased oxygen consumption. These hormones also affect the metabolism of carbohydrates and, along with other hormones, regulate the rate of mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue. In short, thyroid hormones have a stimulating effect on metabolic processes.

Adrenal hormones. The adrenal glands are small structures located above each kidney. They consist of an outer layer called the cortex and an inner part called the medulla. Both parts have their own functions, and in some lower animals they are completely separate structures. Each of the two parts of the adrenal glands plays an important role in both normal condition as well as in diseases. For example, one of the hormones of the medulla - adrenaline - is necessary for survival, as it provides a reaction to a sudden danger. When it occurs, adrenaline is released into the blood and mobilizes carbohydrate stores for a rapid release of energy, increases muscle strength, causes pupil dilation and constriction of peripheral blood vessels. Thus, reserve forces are sent for “flight or fight”, and in addition, blood loss is reduced due to vasoconstriction and rapid blood clotting. Adrenaline also stimulates the secretion of ACTH (i.e. the hypothalamic-pituitary axis). ACTH, in turn, stimulates the release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex, resulting in an increase in the conversion of proteins into glucose, which is necessary to replenish the glycogen stores in the liver and muscles used during the anxiety reaction.

Hypofunction (reduced activity) of the adrenal glands occurs in acute or chronic form. The cause of hypofunction is severe, rapidly developing bacterial infection: it can damage the adrenal gland and lead to deep shock. In the chronic form, the disease develops due to partial destruction of the adrenal gland (for example, by a growing tumor or tuberculous process) or the production of autoantibodies. This condition, known as Addison's disease, is characterized by severe weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, gastrointestinal disorders, increased need for salt and skin pigmentation. Addison's disease, described in 1855 by T. Addison, became the first recognized endocrine disease.

Adrenaline and norepinephrine are the two main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. Adrenaline is considered a metabolic hormone due to its effect on carbohydrate stores and fat mobilization. Norepinephrine is a vasoconstrictor, i.e. it narrows blood vessels and raises blood pressure. The adrenal medulla is closely related to the nervous system; thus, norepinephrine is released by sympathetic nerves and acts as a neurohormone.

Excessive secretion of adrenal medulla hormones (medullary hormones) occurs in some tumors. Symptoms depend on which of the two hormones, epinephrine or noradrenaline, is produced in more, but most often observed sudden attacks hot flashes, sweating, anxiety, palpitations, and headache and arterial hypertension.

testicular hormones. The testicles (testicles) have two parts, being glands of both external and internal secretion. As external secretion glands, they produce sperm, and the endocrine function is carried out by the Leydig cells contained in them, which secrete male sex hormones (androgens), in particular D4-androstenedione and testosterone, the main male hormone. Leydig cells also produce small amounts of estrogen (estradiol). Androgens, in particular testosterone, are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in men. Violation of the endocrine function of the testes is reduced in most cases to insufficient secretion of androgens.

Ovarian hormones. The ovaries have two functions: egg development and hormone secretion (see also HUMAN REPRODUCTION). The ovarian hormones are estrogens, progesterone and D4-androstenedione. Estrogens determine the development of female secondary sexual characteristics. Ovarian estrogen, estradiol, is produced in the cells of the growing follicle, the sac that surrounds the developing egg. As a result of the action of both FSH and LH, the follicle matures and ruptures, releasing the egg. Reduced secretion of estradiol occurs with underdevelopment of the ovaries. Ovarian function also decreases at menopause, as the supply of follicles is depleted and, as a result, estradiol secretion decreases, which is accompanied by a number of symptoms, the most characteristic of which are hot flashes. Excess estrogen production is usually associated with ovarian tumors. Largest number menstrual disorders are caused by an imbalance of ovarian hormones and ovulation disorders.

Hormones of the pancreas. The pancreas performs both internal and external secretion. The exocrine (relating to external secretion) component is digestive enzymes that, in the form of inactive precursors, enter the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. Internal secretion is provided by the islets of Langerhans, represented by several types of cells: alpha cells secrete the hormone glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin. The main action of insulin is to lower the level of glucose in the blood, carried out mainly in three ways: 1) inhibition of the formation of glucose in the liver; 2) inhibition in the liver and muscles of the breakdown of glycogen (a polymer of glucose, which the body can convert into glucose if necessary); 3) stimulation of the use of glucose by tissues. Insufficient secretion insulin or its increased neutralization by autoantibodies leads to high blood glucose levels and the development of diabetes mellitus. The main action of glucagon is to increase the level of glucose in the blood by stimulating its production in the liver. While insulin and glucagon are primarily responsible for maintaining physiological blood glucose levels, other hormones such as growth hormone, cortisol, and adrenaline also play a significant role.

Gastrointestinal hormones. Hormones gastrointestinal tract- gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin and pancreozymin. These are polypeptides secreted by the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract in response to specific stimulation. It is believed that gastrin stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid; cholecystokinin controls the emptying of the gallbladder, and secretin and pancreozymin regulate the secretion of pancreatic juice.

Neurohormones are a group of chemical compounds secreted by nerve cells (neurons). These compounds have hormone-like properties, stimulating or inhibiting the activity of other cells; they include the releasing factors mentioned earlier, as well as neurotransmitters whose function is to transmit nerve impulses through the narrow synaptic cleft that separates one nerve cell from another. Neurotransmitters include dopamine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, acetylcholine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid.

In the mid-1970s, a number of new neurotransmitters with morphine-like analgesic effects were discovered; they got the name "endorphins", i.e. "internal morphine". Endorphins are able to bind to special receptors in brain structures; as a result of this association spinal cord impulses are sent that block the conduction of incoming pain signals. The analgesic effect of morphine and other opiates is undoubtedly due to their similarity to endorphins, ensuring their binding to the same pain-blocking receptors.

3. Laboratory experiments "Detection of ascorbic acid" and "Discovery of the enzyme catalase".

Laboratory experience

"Detection of ascorbic acid in some products"

Vitamin C is very unstable, is destroyed in the air, in contact with metal objects, when heated. The study is based on the property of vitamin C to decolorize iodine. We carry out work according to the instruction card.

INSTRUCTION CARD.

alcohol solution dilute iodine with water to the color of strong tea.

Add starch paste to the solution until a blue color is obtained.

Take 1 ml of lemon juice, add a paste to it drop by drop. Watch the coloring. If a solution of iodine ( Blue colour) is discolored - then there is a lot of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), if not, then it is not enough.

Do a similar experiment with apple juice.

Heat apple juice in a spirit stove. Repeat the experiment with heated juice.

Make a conclusion.

Laboratory experience
"Discovery of the enzyme catalase"

Target: to prove the presence of enzymes in animal and plant cells.
Equipment and reagents: stand with test tubes, microscope, glass slide, splinter, matches; a glass with H 2 O 2 (3% solution), sand, plant and animal tissues.

Progress

Exercise 1. Enzymes are found in every animal and plant cell. Most of enzymes associated with certain cellular structures(nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, lysosomes, etc.), where their function is carried out. Catalase is found in microbodies ( peroxisomes). These bodies have an oval shape, a granular structure, and are located in the cytoplasm (Fig. 4).

The enzyme catalase catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen molecules:

By breaking down H 2 O 2 , catalase plays a protective role. It neutralizes the toxic substance (hydrogen peroxide), which is continuously formed in the cell in the course of life. The activity of the enzyme is very high: at 0 ° C - 1 molecule of the catalyst decomposes in 1 second up to 40,000 molecules of H 2 O 2.

Task 2.Complete the practical part.

Pour 2 ml of H 2 O 2 into five test tubes with:
a) raw liver;
b) boiled liver;
c) raw potatoes;
d) boiled potatoes;
d) sand.

Put a begonia leaf in a drop of water on a glass slide and examine it under a microscope.

Apply two drops of hydrogen peroxide to a begonia leaf and observe the rapid release of oxygen bubbles from the cells of the begonia leaf under a microscope.

4. Answer the questions.

What causes the splitting of hydrogen peroxide in test tubes with pieces of raw liver, raw potatoes and under the action of hydrogen peroxide on a begonia leaf?

What levels of organization of the catalase protein-enzyme molecule are destroyed during the cooking of potatoes and liver in our experiment, and the rupture of which molecular bonds led to the denaturation of this protein?

Why was the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide in test tubes with pieces of boiled potatoes and liver, as well as in a test tube with sand, not observed?

Experiment results:

4. Consolidation of students' knowledge.

Questions for consolidation:

Now let's remember what was discussed in today's lesson.

What are enzymes?

List the properties of enzymes.

What is the specificity of enzymes?

What underlies the mechanism of interaction between a substrate and an enzyme?

What are the principles of enzyme nomenclature?

Name the classes of enzymes and indicate the reactions they catalyze.

Define vitamins. Who discovered them?

What vitamins do you know?

What are hormones? What are the similarities and differences between an enzyme and a hormone? Where are hormones formed?

What are the functions of hormones?

5. Homework.

Learn the topic "Enzymes. Vitamins. Hormones”, prepare a report on the topic “Drugs”, complete the laboratory experiment “Detection of ascorbic acid in various products”.

Literature:

Green N., Stout W., Taylor D. Biology. M.: Mir, 1990, vol. 1, p. 195–209;
Demyanenkov E.N. Biology in questions and answers. M.: Enlightenment, 1996, p. 38;

Ermolaev M.V. Biological chemistry. M.: Medicine, 1983, p. 92–114;

Korsunskaya V.M., Mironenko G.N., Mokeeva Z.A., Verzilin N.M. General biology lessons. M.: Enlightenment, 1986, p. 137–141;

Murtazin G.M. Tasks and exercises in general biology. M.: Enlightenment, 1981, p. 81–82, 91–92;

Ovchinnikov Yu.A., Shamin A.N. The structure and functions of proteins. (Library of the Children's Encyclopedia.) M .: Pedagogy, 1983, p. 49–74;

Rudzitis G.E., Feldman F.G. Chemistry-11. Moscow: Education, 1998.

D.V.KUZNETSOVA, teacher of chemistry "Enzymes".

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1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE IRKUTSK REGION STATE BUDGET PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF THE IRKUTSK REGION "IRKUTSK TECHNICAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING IM. N.P. TRAPEZNIKOVA Vitamins, enzymes and hormones and their role in the body. Violations in their deficiency and excess. Individual project. Completed by: Lelikov Evgeny Alexandrovich, gr. ES-5 Head: Maksimova Tatyana Vasilievna. irkutsk,

2 Contents Introduction.3 p. Vitamins and their role in the body..3 p. Enzymes and their role in the body..5 p. Human hormones and their effect on the body.6 p. Disorders with deficiency and excess of hormones, enzymes, vitamins ...7 p. General information.8 p. Literature.10 p. 2

3 Introduction Living matter, like any other substance, is formed by atoms chemical elements, which are part of inorganic and organic compounds, the totality of which makes up living matter. For organisms, the constancy of the content of many elements and compounds is important. Often a deficiency or excess of any element (substance) can cause various diseases. So, cobalt, which is part of vitamin B12, stimulates hematopoiesis. At the same time, its excess in the body can cause the development malignant tumors. With a lack of iodine, endemic goiter develops, and a lack of zinc reduces fertility and causes growth retardation in humans and animals. Therefore, the purpose of my project work is to search for information for a clear understanding of the role of vitamins, enzymes and hormones in our body. And also to find out what disorders occur in the body with their deficiency and excess. Vitamins and their role in the body Vitamins are low molecular weight organic compounds of various chemical nature, necessary for the normal functioning of organisms. With the exception of nicotinic acid, vitamins are not synthesized by the human body and come mainly with food. Some vitamins, such as vitamin C and B vitamins, enough produced normal microflora intestines. In the presence of intestinal dysbacteriosis, the normal biosynthesis of vitamins is significantly disrupted. intestinal flora, as well as absorption by the intestines of vitamins coming from food from the outside. Vitamins are involved in a variety of biochemical reactions, have a regulatory effect on metabolism and thus provide normal course almost all biochemical and physiological processes in the body. They are divided into: water-soluble and fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins include: vitamin C and B vitamins: thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, B6, B12. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is a water-soluble vitamin that requires daily replenishment. Known as the "peace of mind" vitamin. The need for it increases during illness, stress, operations. Functions: promotes growth, improves digestion, especially the digestion of carbohydrates, normalizes the functioning of the nervous system, muscles and heart, helps with seasickness and motion sickness, helps in the treatment of herpes zoster. 3

5 legumes, herring, vegetables, cod, soybean oil, beef, wheat, halibut, milk, rye. Enzymes and their role in the body Enzymes are special protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes are also called biological catalysts. At least 1000 enzymes have been identified in the human body, each of which selectively catalyzes some kind of metabolic reaction. For example, the catalase enzyme promotes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide, which is formed in cells and is very toxic for them, into water and oxygen. The enzyme itself does not participate in the reactions, but it is able to instantly start chemical process with very little energy consumption. At the same time, one molecule of catalase is enough to utilize 10 thousand molecules of toxic peroxide in 1 second. Enzyme mechanisms. Enzymatic activity is usually determined by a small part of the protein molecule of the enzyme, called the active site. Sometimes the composition of active centers, in addition to amino acids, includes metal ions, vitamins and other non-protein compounds, which are called coenzymes. The active center of the enzyme must have a structure that will enable it to momentarily bind to the molecule strictly certain substance the substrate of this enzyme (Fig. 54). For example, the active site of lysozyme, found in saliva and tears, exactly corresponds to the site of one of the saccharides of the shell of some bacteria. By decomposing this saccharide, lysozyme also kills bacteria, preventing them from entering the human body. The role of enzymes in the human body. Enzymes, due to their catalytic activity, are very important for normal operation systems of our body. Therefore, the absence or violation of the activity of any enzyme can lead to disease, and sometimes death. Enzymes are necessary for protein synthesis, digestion and assimilation of nutrients, energy metabolism reactions, muscle contraction, neuropsychic activity, reproduction, excretion of substances from the body, etc. Temperature and metabolism. The rate of numerous biochemical processes in living organisms depends on the temperature at which they occur. Fish, for example, have the same body temperature as their surroundings. water environment, therefore, the intensity of their processes directly depends on the temperature of the surrounding water. Birds and mammals, including humans, have 5

6 constant body temperature. Therefore, the rate of metabolic reactions in these organisms does not depend on temperature fluctuations. environment. Maintaining a constant body temperature is the most important manifestation of homeostasis in the human body. Brief description of enzymes: Ptyalin is an enzyme produced by the human salivary glands, which promotes the primary digestion (hydrolysis) of starch; active in alkaline environment. Trypsin is an enzyme containing in the secret of the pancreas (pancreatic juice), in an alkaline environment (in small intestine), causing the final digestion of proteins to a mixture of natural alpha-amino acids. Lipase - breaks down fats that have entered the body to glycerol and higher fatty acids in an alkaline environment (lipases are part of pancreatic juice). Human hormones and their effect on the body Hormones are specific substances that are produced in the body and regulate its development and functioning. Translated from Greek - hormones - mean move, excite. Hormones are produced by special organs - endocrine glands (or endocrine glands). These organs are so named because the products of their work are not released into the external environment (as, for example, in the sweat or digestive glands), but are "picked up" by the blood flow and carried throughout the body. "True hormones (unlike local regulatory substances) are released into the blood and act on almost all organs, including those far from the place where the hormone is formed. Human hormones are designed to control the functions of the body, their regulation and coordination. Thanks to their work, our appearance, activity, excitement is manifested. These biologically active chemicals have a powerful effect on the entire body, through interaction with receptors. Hormones transmit information from one organ to another, connect one organ to another. This allows you to achieve balance in the work of the whole organism. Growth hormone (Somatotropin) - is responsible for enhancing the processes of growth and physical development. It regulates the growth of the whole organism, stimulates muscle growth, and prevents the deposition of fat. Anomalies associated with this hormone include pituitary dwarfism (decreased pituitary function) and gigantism (excess GH). There is also a condition of acromegaly. It occurs with greater production of GH after maturity. Accordingly, only certain parts of the body grow, because. some bones lose their ability to 6

7 elongation. Those. in a person, eyebrows, nose, jaw begin to protrude, feet increase, hands, nose and lips thicken. Pancreatic hormones Glucagon - increases blood glucose (promotes gluconeogenesis - the breakdown of glycogen and the release of glucose from the liver). Insulin - lowers blood sugar (promotes glucose into the cell, where it will be used as "fuel" for muscles or stored in fat cells). With a lack of insulin production, diabetes mellitus occurs. Symptoms: intense thirst, copious excretion urine, skin itching. Further, it develops into pain in the limbs, visual impairment, loss of appetite, dry skin and the most severe complication - diabetic coma! Thyroid hormones Thyroxine - accelerates the metabolism in the body, increases the excitability of the central nervous system. Triiodothyronine is similar to thyroxine in many respects. It is important to remember that a lack of thyroid hormones in children leads to a delay in mental and physical development. In adults with hypofunction of the thyroid gland, inhibition of neuropsychic activity is observed (lethargy, drowsiness, apathy); with an excess of hormones, on the contrary, excitation, insomnia are observed. Thyrocalcitonin - regulates calcium metabolism in the body. Those. reduces the amount of calcium in the blood and increases in bone tissue. Parathyroid glands Parathyroid hormone (Parathyrin) - the parathyroid glands secrete this hormone. With a decrease in the level of calcium in the blood, parathyroid hormone increases. For example, with rickets (caused low content calcium in the blood) there is an increase in the activity of the parathyroid glands. Disorders due to deficiency and excess of hormones, enzymes, vitamins Biologically active substances: enzymes, vitamins and hormones are vital and necessary components of the human body. Being in small quantities, they ensure the full functioning of organs and systems. Not a single process in the body can do without the participation of certain enzymes. These protein catalysts are capable of not only performing the most amazing transformations of substances, but also doing it extremely quickly and easily, at ordinary temperatures and pressures. It is hard to imagine that such a well-known word as "vitamin" entered our lexicon only at the beginning of the 20th century. It is now known that at the core of vital important processes metabolism in the human body 7

8 take part vitamins. Vitamins are vital organic compounds that are necessary for humans and animals in negligible amounts, but are of great importance for normal growth, development and life itself. Most vitamins are enzyme precursors, and some compounds perform signaling functions. AT recent times ideas about the role of vitamins in the body have been enriched with new data. It is believed that vitamins can improve the internal environment, increase functionality basic systems, the body's resistance to adverse factors. Consequently, vitamins, enzymes and hormones are considered by modern science as important tool general primary prevention of diseases, increasing efficiency, slowing down the aging process. General information Everyone knows the word "vitamin" comes from the Latin "vita" - life. These various organic compounds received such a name not by chance: the role of vitamins in the life of the body is extremely large. Vitamins have the ability to increase the intensity of all physiological processes of the body, help in protecting it from the adverse effects of the external environment, increase resistance to infectious diseases, and during the period of illness contribute speedy recovery. Absence, deficiency, as well as oversaturation of the body with vitamins leads to a violation of a number of its most important functions. In winter, if it is irrational to approach the diet, the intake of vitamins usually drops sharply, which in turn can lead to spring beriberi. Compared with the main nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates and mineral salts, vitamins are required by the body in very small quantities: from a few hundredths of a milligram per day, depending on the type of vitamin. But even in these small amounts, vitamins have a beneficial effect on metabolism, stimulate proper growth, development, and have a positive effect on general state, increase resistance to various diseases, strengthen the muscular, bone, circulatory and other systems, and they act interrelatedly. Currently, about 20 different vitamins are known. And if the benefits of vitamins obtained artificially are disputed by many, then vitamins of natural origin, contained, for example, in plant foods, are not in doubt by almost anyone. We give a list of only some vitamins, consider their effect on the body, and also give as an example food products containing these useful elements. The uniqueness of vitamins of natural origin is that the possibility of hypervitaminosis when consuming plant products or animal products is negligible. Optimal Vitamin 8

9 balance in the body - pledge good health and beauty. Diversify your menu with fresh products, combine them, and spend more time in the air and sunlight and beriberi will bypass you! Hormones are far from unimportant in all processes occurring in the human body, so you should pay attention to which hormones are responsible for certain processes in our body so that you can fully appreciate and understand the role of hormones in the human body and his life. The main role of hormones is to ensure that the body is fine-tuned so that it functions properly. Hormones are biologically active signaling chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands in the body and have a remote effect on the body or certain of its organs and target tissues. Hormones play the role of humoral regulators of certain processes, they function in various bodies and systems. In the human body, hormones are used to maintain homeostasis and regulate many functions such as growth, metabolism, development, and response to changes in environmental conditions. What are hormones? They not only manage all the processes that occur in the body, hormones are what is responsible for human behavior. In addition, love, affection, self-sacrifice, the desire for intimacy, altruism, romance, all these feelings depend on hormones. The human body contains a huge variety of hormones responsible for certain functions. The role of various hormones is to ensure that the body is fine-tuned and functions properly. The name of the enzyme comes from the Latin word "fermentum" - sourdough. A synonym for this word is enzyme from the Greek word "en zyme" - in yeast. Characteristically, both roots are associated with yeast fermentation, which is impossible without the participation of biological substances that play a key role in fermentation processes, which are chemical reactions associated with the digestion and breakdown of sugars. The term "enzyme" was first proposed by the Dutch naturalist Van Helmont, who designated by him an unknown agent that promotes alcoholic fermentation. Louis Pasteur, observing the processes of fermentation, believed that enzymes are components of living cells. In 1871, the German chemist Buechner confirmed the possibility of enzymes working outside of living cells, and another German scientist, Kuehne, in 1878, suggested designating extracellular enzymes with the term "enzyme". 9

10 Literature 1. Tupikin E.I. General biology with the basics of ecology and environmental protection: Proc. allowance for the beginning prof. Education: Proc. allowance for Wednesdays. prof. education. M.: Prof. arr. Publisher, p. 2. Biology. General biology classes: textbook for educational institutions/ A.A. Kamensky, E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Beekeeper. 9th edition stereotype. M.: Bustard, p. : ill. Internet resources: gormony_cheloveka_i_ih_vliyanie_na_organizm Human Physiology. Vitamins and their importance for the body. Development and research of bread with the addition of pumpkin powder. VITAMINS Health and nutrition. The use of organic synthesis and biosynthesis in the production of biologically active substances. Hormones. Fiso Pokrovsky Volume 1-page 28 10

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I Introduction

To biologically active substances relate: enzymes,vitaminsandhormones. These are vital and necessary connections, each of which performs an irreplaceable and very important role in the life of an organism.

Hormones - these are products internal secretion, which are produced by special glands or individual cells, are released into the blood and are carried throughout the body normally causing a certain biological effect.

themselves hormones do not directly affect any cell response. Only by contacting a certain, peculiar only to him receptor, a certain reaction is caused.

II. Enzymes

1. History of discovery

Much later (1836) T. Schwann discovered in gastric juice enzyme pepsin(from Greek word pepto - "cook") under the influence of which the digestion of meat in the stomach occurs. These works served as the beginning of the study of the so-called proteolytic enzymes.

2. Properties of enzymes

III. vitamins

1. General characteristics

Excessive intake of certain vitamins in the body can cause a disease called hypervitaminosis.

Currently, many changes in metabolism in vitamin deficiency are considered as a consequence of a violation of enzymatic systems.

2. Classification of vitamins

corresponds to the historical sequence of the discovery of vitamins.

1 . VITAMINS, RAS T SPEAKABLE AT FAT .

Vitamin A (antixerophthalic).

Vitamin D (antirachitic).

Vitamin E (vitamin of reproduction).

Vitamin K (antihemorrhagic)

2 . VITAMINS, RAS T SPEAKABLE AT WATER .

Vitamin B1 (antineuritic).

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin).

Vitamin PP (anti-pelgric).

Vitamin B6 (anti-dermatitis).

Pantothene (anti-dermatitis factor).

Biotite (vitamin H, growth factor for fungi,

yeast and bacteria, anti-seborrheic).

Inositol. Para-aminobenzoic acid

(bacteria growth factor and pigmentation factor).

Folic acid (antianemic vitamin, growth vitamin for chickens and bacteria).

Vitamin B12 (antianemic vitamin).

Vitamin B15 (pangamic acid).

Vitamin C (antiscorbutic).

Vitamin P (permeability vitamin).

Many also refer to the number of vitamins choline and

unsaturated fatty acids with two or more double bonds. All of the above water-soluble vitamins, with the exception of inositol and vitamins C and P, contain nitrogen in their molecule, and they are often combined into one complex of vitamin groups.

ROLE AT EXCHANGE SUBSTANCES.

IV. Hormones

1. General characteristics

Biologically active metabolic products are also formed in plants, but it is completely wrong to classify these substances as “hormones”.

2. Options for the action of hormones

Currently, the following options for the action of hormones are distinguished:

1) hormonal, or hemocrine, i.e. action at a considerable distance from the place of formation;

2) isocrine, or local, when a chemical synthesized in one cell has an effect on a cell located in close contact with the first, and the release of this substance is carried out into the interstitial fluid and blood;

3) neurocrine, or neuroendocrine (synaptic and non-synaptic), action, when the hormone, being released from nerve endings, performs the function of a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, i.e. a substance that alters (usually enhances) the action of a neurotransmitter;

4) paracrine - a kind of isocrine action, but at the same time, the hormone formed in one cell enters the intercellular fluid and affects a number of cells located in close proximity;

5) juxtacrine - a kind of paracrine action, when the hormone does not enter the intercellular fluid, and the signal is transmitted through plasma membrane next to another cell;

6) autocrine action, when a hormone released from a cell affects the same cell, changing its functional activity;

7) solinocrine action, when a hormone from one cell enters the lumen of the duct and thus reaches another cell, having a specific effect on it (for example, some gastrointestinal hormones).

3. Properties of hormones

Of particular interest is the body's ability to keep hormones in an inactivated (inactive) state.

4. Use of vitamins

AT medical practice hormonal preparations are used to treat diseases of the endocrine glands, in which the function of the latter is reduced. For example, insulin is used to treat diabetes (diabetes).

V. Conclusion

Literature

1) General biology. (Textbook for colleges) Undered.Konstantinov AT.M. ( 2008, 256s.)

2) General biology. Lecture notes. Kozlova E.BUT.,Kurbatov H.FROM. ( 2007, 160s.)

3) Wikipedia.ru

4) http://yandex.ru/yandsearch? text=%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%r=213

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