How to accelerate the regeneration of the skin of the face and body.

Regeneration(from Latin regeneratio - rebirth) - the process of restoring lost or damaged structures by the body. Regeneration maintains the structure and functions of the body, its integrity. There are two types of regeneration: physiological and reparative. The restoration of organs, tissues, cells or intracellular structures after their destruction in the course of the life of the organism is called physiological regeneration. Restoration of structures after injury or the action of other damaging factors is called reparative regeneration. During regeneration, processes such as determination, differentiation, growth, integration, etc., occur, similar to the processes that take place in embryonic development. However, during regeneration, all of them go already a second time, i.e. in the formed organism.

Physiological regeneration is a process of updating the functioning structures of the body. Due to physiological regeneration, structural homeostasis is maintained and the possibility of continuous performance of organs of their functions is ensured. From a general biological point of view, physiological regeneration, like metabolism, is a manifestation of such the most important property life like self-renewal.

An example of physiological regeneration at the intracellular level are the processes of restoration of subcellular structures in the cells of all tissues and organs. Its significance is especially great for the so-called "eternal" tissues that have lost the ability to regenerate through cell division. First of all, this applies to the nervous tissue.

Examples of physiological regeneration at the cellular and tissue levels are the renewal of the epidermis of the skin, the cornea of ​​the eye, the epithelium of the intestinal mucosa, peripheral blood cells, etc. The derivatives of the epidermis are renewed - hair and nails. This so-called proliferative regeneration, i.e. replenishment of the number of cells due to their division. In many tissues there are special cambial cells and foci of their proliferation. These are crypts in the epithelium small intestine, bone marrow, proliferative zones in the skin epithelium. The intensity of cell renewal in these tissues is very high. These are the so-called "labile" tissues. All erythrocytes of warm-blooded animals, for example, are replaced in 2-4 months, and the epithelium of the small intestine is completely replaced in 2 days. This time is required for the cell to move from the crypt to the villus, perform its function and die. The cells of organs such as the liver, kidney, adrenal gland, etc., are updated much more slowly. These are the so-called "stable" tissues.

The intensity of proliferation is judged by the number of mitoses per 1000 counted cells. If we take into account that mitosis itself lasts on average about 1 hour, and the entire mitotic cycle in somatic cells lasts 22-24 hours on average, it becomes clear that in order to determine the intensity of renewal of the cellular composition of tissues, it is necessary to count the number of mitoses within one or several days. . It turned out that the number of dividing cells is not the same at different hours of the day. So it was opened daily rhythm of cell divisions, an example of which is shown in Fig. 8.23.

The daily rhythm of the number of mitoses was found not only in normal, but also in tumor tissues. It is a reflection of a more general pattern, namely the rhythm of all body functions. One of the modern areas of biology - chronobiology - studies, in particular, the mechanisms of regulation of daily rhythms of mitotic activity, which has a very importance for medicine. The existence of the daily periodicity of the number of mitoses indicates that physiological regeneration is regulated by the body. In addition to diurnal, there are lunar and annual renewal cycles of tissues and organs.

In physiological regeneration, two phases are distinguished: destructive and restorative. It is believed that the decay products of some cells stimulate the proliferation of others. Hormones play an important role in the regulation of cell renewal.

Physiological regeneration is inherent in organisms of all species, but it proceeds especially intensively in warm-blooded vertebrates, since they generally have a very high intensity of functioning of all organs in comparison with other animals.

Reparative(from Latin reparatio - restoration) regeneration occurs after tissue or organ damage. It is very diverse in terms of the factors that cause damage, in terms of the amount of damage, in terms of recovery methods. Mechanical trauma, such as surgery, action toxic substances, burns, frostbite, radiation exposure, starvation, other disease-causing agents - all these are damaging factors. The most extensively studied regeneration after mechanical injury. The ability of some animals, such as hydra, planaria, some annelids, starfish, ascidia, etc., to restore lost organs and parts of the body has long amazed scientists. C. Darwin, for example, considered amazing the ability of the snail to reproduce the head and the ability of the salamander to restore eyes, tail and legs exactly in those places where they were cut off.

The amount of damage and subsequent recovery are very different. The extreme option is to restore the whole organism from a separate small part of it, actually from a group of somatic cells. Among animals, such a restoration is possible in sponges and coelenterates. Among plants, it is possible to develop a whole new plant even from a single somatic cell, as is the case with carrots and tobacco. This type of recovery processes is accompanied by the emergence of a new morphogenetic axis of the organism and is named by B.P. Tokin "somatic embryogenesis", because in many respects it resembles embryonic development.

There are examples of restoration of large areas of the body, consisting of a complex of organs. An example is the regeneration of the oral end of the hydra, the head end of the annelids, and the restoration of a starfish from one ray (Fig. 8.24). The regeneration of individual organs is widespread, for example, the limbs of a newt, the tail of a lizard, and the eyes of arthropods. Healing of skin, wounds, bone damage and other internal organs is a less voluminous process, but no less important for restoring the structural and functional integrity of the body. Of particular interest is the ability of embryos at early stages of development to recover after a significant loss of material. This ability was the last argument in the struggle between supporters of preformism and epigenesis, and in 1908 G. Driesch led to the concept of embryonic regulation.

Rice. 8.24. Regeneration of the organ complex in some species of invertebrates. BUT - hydra; B - ringed worm; AT - starfish

(see text for explanation)

There are several varieties or methods of reparative regeneration. These include epimorphosis, morphallaxis, healing of epithelial wounds, regenerative hypertrophy, compensatory hypertrophy.

epithelialization during the healing of wounds with a disturbed epithelial cover, the process is approximately the same, regardless of whether the organ regenerates further by epimorphosis or not. Epidermal wound healing in mammals, when the wound surface dries to form a crust, proceeds as follows (Fig. 8.25). The epithelium at the edge of the wound thickens due to an increase in cell volume and expansion of intercellular spaces. The fibrin clot plays the role of a substrate for the migration of the epidermis into the depth of the wound. There are no mitoses in migrating epithelial cells, but they have phagocytic activity. Cells from opposite edges come into contact. Then comes the keratinization of the wound epidermis and the separation of the crust covering the wound.

Rice. 8.25. Scheme of some events taking place

during epithelialization of the skin wound in mammals.

BUT- the beginning of the ingrowth of the epidermis under the necrotic tissue; B- accretion of the epidermis and separation of the scab:

1 -connective tissue, 2- epidermis, 3- scab, 4- necrotic tissue

By the time the epidermis of the opposite edges meet, in the cells located directly around the edge of the wound, an outbreak of mitoses is observed, which then gradually decreases. According to one version, this outbreak is caused by a decrease in the concentration of an inhibitor of mitosis - kalon.

Epimorphosis is the most obvious way of regeneration, which consists in the growth of a new organ from the amputation surface. Newt and axolotl limb regeneration has been studied in detail. Allocate regressive and progressive phases of regeneration. Regressive phase begin with healing wound, during which the following main events occur: stop bleeding, contraction of the soft tissues of the limb stump, formation of a fibrin clot over the wound surface and migration of the epidermis covering the amputation surface.

Then begins destruction osteocytes at the distal end of the bone and other cells. At the same time, cells involved in the inflammatory process penetrate into the destroyed soft tissues, phagocytosis and local edema are observed. Then, instead of the formation of a dense plexus of connective tissue fibers, as occurs during wound healing in mammals, differentiated tissues are lost in the area under the wound epidermis. Characterized by osteoclastic bone erosion, which is a histological sign dedifferentiation. The wound epidermis, already permeated with regenerating nerve fibers, begins to thicken rapidly. The gaps between the tissues are increasingly filled with mesenchymal-like cells. The accumulation of mesenchymal cells under the wound epidermis is the main indicator of the formation of regenerative blastemas. The blastema cells look the same, but it is at this moment that the main features of the regenerating limb are laid.

Then begins progressive phase for which the processes of growth and morphogenesis are most characteristic. The length and mass of the regeneration blastema rapidly increase. The growth of the blastema occurs against the background of the formation of limb features in full swing, i.e. her morphogenesis. When the shape of the limb has already taken shape in general terms, the regenerate is still smaller than the normal limb. The larger the animal, the greater this difference in size. To complete morphogenesis, time is required, after which the regenerate reaches the size of a normal limb.

Some stages of regeneration of the forelimb in a newt after amputation at the level of the shoulder are shown in Fig. 8.26. The time required for complete regeneration of a limb varies with the size and age of the animal, as well as the temperature at which it takes place.

Rice. 8.26. Stages of forelimb regeneration in a newt

In young axolotl larvae, the limb can regenerate in 3 weeks, in adult newts and axolotls in 1-2 months, and in terrestrial ambistomes this takes about 1 year.

During epimorphic regeneration, an exact copy of the removed structure is not always formed. This regeneration is called atypical. There are many varieties of atypical regeneration. Hypomorphosis - regeneration with partial replacement of the amputated structure. So, in an adult clawed frog, an awl-shaped structure appears instead of a limb. Heteromorphosis - the appearance of another structure in place of the lost one. This can manifest itself in the form of homeotic regeneration, which consists in the appearance of a limb in place of antennas or an eye in arthropods, as well as in a change in the polarity of the structure. From a short planarian fragment, a bipolar planaria can be consistently obtained (Fig. 8.27).

There is the formation of additional structures, or excessive regeneration. After an incision in the stump during amputation of the head section of a planarian, regeneration of two or more heads occurs (Fig. 8.28). You can get it more fingers during regeneration of an axolotl limb by turning the end of the limb stump by 180°. Additional structures are a mirror image of the original or regenerated structures next to which they are located (Bateson's law).

Rice. 8.27. bipolar planaria

Morphallaxis - it is regeneration by rebuilding the regenerating site. An example is the regeneration of a hydra from a ring cut from the middle of its body, or the restoration of a planaria from one tenth or twentieth of its part. In this case, there are no significant shaping processes on the wound surface. The cut piece is compressed, the cells inside it are rearranged, and a whole individual arises.

reduced in size, which then grows. This method of regeneration was first described by T. Morgan in 1900. In accordance with his description, morphallaxis occurs without mitoses. Often there is a combination of epimorphic growth at the site of amputation with reorganization by morphallaxis in adjacent parts of the body.

Rice. 8.28. Multi-headed planarian obtained after amputation of the head

and incisions on the stump

Regenerative hypertrophy refers to internal organs. This method of regeneration consists in increasing the size of the remnant of the organ without restoring the original shape. An illustration is the regeneration of the liver of vertebrates, including mammals. With a marginal injury to the liver, the removed part of the organ is never restored. The wound surface heals. At the same time, cell proliferation (hyperplasia) intensifies inside the remaining part, and within two weeks after the removal of 2/3 of the liver, the original mass and volume are restored, but not the shape. The internal structure of the liver is normal, the lobules have a typical size for them. Liver function also returns to normal.

Compensatory hypertrophy consists in changes in one of the organs with a violation in another, related to the same organ system. An example is hypertrophy in one of the kidneys when another is removed, or an increase in lymph nodes when the spleen is removed.

The last two methods differ in the place of regeneration, but their mechanisms are the same: hyperplasia and hypertrophy.

Restoration of individual mesodermal tissues, such as muscle and skeletal, is called tissue regeneration. For muscle regeneration, it is important to preserve at least small stumps at both ends, and periosteum is necessary for bone regeneration. Regeneration by induction occurs in certain mammalian mesodermal tissues in response to the action of specific inducers that are injected into the damaged area. In this way, it is possible to obtain a complete replacement of the defect in the bones of the skull after the introduction of bone filings into it.

Thus, there are many different ways or types of morphogenetic phenomena in the restoration of lost and damaged parts of the body. The differences between them are not always obvious, and a deeper understanding of these processes is required.

The study of regenerative phenomena concerns not only external manifestations. There are a number of issues that are problematic and theoretical in nature. These include questions of regulation and conditions in which recovery processes take place, questions of the origin of cells involved in regeneration, the ability to regenerate in various groups, animals and features of recovery processes in mammals.

It has been established that real changes in electrical activity occur in the limbs of amphibians after amputation and in the process of regeneration. When conducting an electric current through an amputated limb in adult clawed frogs, an increase in the regeneration of the forelimbs is observed. In the regenerates, the amount of nervous tissue increases, from which it is concluded that the electric current stimulates the growth of nerves into the edges of the limbs, which do not normally regenerate.

Attempts to stimulate the regeneration of limbs in this way in mammals have been unsuccessful. Yes, under the influence electric current or by combining the action of an electric current with a nerve growth factor, it was possible to obtain in a rat only the growth of skeletal tissue in the form of cartilage and calluses, which did not resemble the normal elements of the skeletal limbs.

Undoubtedly, the regulation of regenerative processes by nervous system. With careful denervation of the limb during amputation, epimorphic regeneration is completely suppressed and a blastema never forms. Interesting experiments have been carried out. If the nerve of the newt's limb is taken under the skin of the base of the limb, then an additional limb is formed. If it is taken to the base of the tail, the formation of an additional tail is stimulated. Retraction of the nerve to the lateral region does not cause any additional structures. These experiments led to the concept regeneration fields. .

It was found that the number of nerve fibers is decisive for the initiation of regeneration. The type of nerve does not matter. The influence of nerves on regeneration is associated with the trophic action of nerves on limb tissues.

Data received in favor of humoral regulation regeneration processes. A particularly common model to study this is the regenerating liver. After the administration of serum or blood plasma from animals that had undergone liver removal to normal intact animals, stimulation of the mitotic activity of liver cells was observed in the former. On the contrary, with the introduction of serum from healthy animals to injured animals, a decrease in the number of mitoses in the damaged liver was obtained. These experiments may indicate both the presence of regeneration stimulators in the blood of injured animals and the presence of inhibitors of cell division in the blood of intact animals. The explanation of the experimental results is hampered by the need to take into account the immunological effect of injections.

The most important component of the humoral regulation of compensatory and regenerative hypertrophy is immunological response. Not only partial removal body, but many influences cause disturbances in immune status organism, the appearance of autoantibodies and stimulation of cell proliferation processes.

There is great disagreement on the issue of cellular sources regeneration. Where do undifferentiated blastema cells, morphologically similar to mesenchymal ones, come from or how do they arise? There are three assumptions.

1. Hypothesis reserve cells implies that the precursors of the regenerative blastema are the so-called reserve cells, which stop at some early stage of their differentiation and do not participate in the development process until they receive a stimulus for regeneration.

2. Hypothesis temporal dedifferentiation, or cell modulation suggests that, in response to a regeneration stimulus, differentiated cells may lose signs of specialization, but then differentiate again into the same cell type, i.e., having lost specialization for a while, they do not lose determination.

3. Hypothesis complete dedifferentiation specialized cells to a state similar to mesenchymal cells and with possible subsequent transdifferentiation or metaplasia, i.e. transformation into cells of another type, believes that in this case the cell loses not only specialization, but also determination.

Modern research methods do not allow to prove all three assumptions with absolute certainty. Nevertheless, it is absolutely true that in axolotl finger stumps, chondrocytes are released from the surrounding matrix and migrate to the regeneration blastema. Their further fate is not determined. Most researchers recognize dedifferentiation and metaplasia during lens regeneration in amphibians. The theoretical significance of this problem lies in the assumption that it is possible or impossible for a cell to change its program to such an extent that it returns to a state where it is again able to divide and reprogram its synthetic apparatus. For example, a chondrocyte becomes a myocyte or vice versa.

The ability to regenerate does not have an unambiguous dependence on organization level, although it has long been observed that lower organized animals have a better ability to regenerate external organs. This is confirmed by amazing examples of the regeneration of hydra, planarians, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, lower chordates, such as sea squirts. Of the vertebrates, tailed amphibians have the best regenerative capacity. It is known that different species of the same class can differ greatly in their ability to regenerate. In addition, when studying the ability to regenerate internal organs, it turned out that it is much higher in warm-blooded animals, for example, in mammals, compared with amphibians.

Regeneration mammals is unique in its own way. For the regeneration of some external organs, special conditions are needed. The tongue, ear, for example, do not regenerate with marginal damage. If a through defect is applied through the entire thickness of the organ, the recovery goes well. In some cases, regeneration of the nipples was observed even when they were amputated at the base. Regeneration of internal organs can go very actively. A whole organ is restored from a small fragment of the ovary. The features of liver regeneration have already been mentioned above. Various mammalian tissues also regenerate well. There is an assumption that the impossibility of regeneration of limbs and other external organs in mammals is adaptive in nature and is due to selection, since with an active lifestyle, gentle morphogenetic processes would make life difficult. Achievements of biology in the field of regeneration are successfully applied in medicine. However, there are a lot of unresolved issues in the problem of regeneration.

There are the following levels of regeneration: molecular, ultrastructural, cellular, tissue, organ.

23. Reparative regeneration can be typical (homomorphosis) and atypical (heteromorphosis). With homomorphosis, the same organ is restored as it was lost. In heteromorphosis, restored organs differ from typical ones. In this case, the restoration of lost organs can take place through epimorphosis, morphalaxis, endomorphosis (or regenerative hypertrophy), and compensatory hypertrophy.

Epimorphosis(from the Greek. ??? - after and ????? - form) - This is the restoration of an organ by growing from the wound surface, which is subject to sensory restructuring. The tissues adjacent to the damaged area are resorbed, an intensive division of cells occurs, giving rise to the rudiment of a regenerate (blastema). Then there is a differentiation of cells and the formation of an organ or tissue. The type of epimorphosis is followed by regeneration of the limbs, tail, gills in the axolotl, tubular bones from the periosteum after exfoliation of the diaphysis in rabbits, rats, muscles from the muscle stump in mammals, etc. Epimorphosis also includes scarring, in which wounds close, but without recovery lost organ. Epimorphic regeneration does not always give an exact copy of the removed structure. Such regeneration is called atypical. There are several types of atypical regeneration.

Hypomorphosis(from Greek ??? - under, below and ????? - form) - regeneration with partial replacement of the amputated structure (in an adult clawed frog, an osteo-like structure appears instead of a limb). Heteromorphosis (from Greek ?????? - different, different) - The appearance of another structure in place of the lost one (the appearance of a limb in place of antennas or an eye in arthropods).

Morphalaxis (from the Greek ????? - form, appearance, ?????, ?? - exchange, change) is a regeneration in which tissues are reorganized from the site left after damage, almost without cell reproduction by restructuring . A whole animal or smaller organ is formed from a part of the body by restructuring. Then the size of the individual that was formed, or the organ, increases. Morphalaxis is observed mainly in low-organized animals, while epimorphosis is observed in more highly organized ones. Morphalaxis is the basis of hydra regeneration. hydroid polyps, planaria. Often morphalaxis and epimorphosis occur simultaneously, in combination.

The regeneration that occurs inside the organ is called endomorphosis, or regenerative hypertrophy. In this case, not the shape is restored, but the mass of the organ. For example, with a marginal injury to the liver, the separated part of the organ is never restored. The damaged surface is restored, and inside the other part, cell reproduction is enhanced, and within a few weeks after the removal of 2/3 of the liver, the original mass and volume are restored, but not the shape. The internal structure of the liver is normal, its particles have a typical size and the function of the organ is restored. Close to regenerative hypertrophy is compensatory hypertrophy, or vicarious (replacement). This means of regeneration is associated with an increase in the mass of an organ or tissue caused by active physiological stress. An increase in the body occurs due to cell division and their hypertrophy.

Hypertrophy cells is to grow, increase the number and size of organelles. In connection with the increase in the structural components of the cell, its vital activity and working capacity increase. With compensatory one and a half hypertrophy, there is no damaged surface.

This type of hypertrophy is observed when one of the paired organs is removed. So, when one of the kidneys is removed, the other experiences an increased load and increases in size. Compensatory myocardial hypertrophy often occurs in patients with hypertension (with narrowing of peripheral blood vessels), with valve defects. In men, with the growth of the prostate gland, it is difficult to excrete urine and the wall of the bladder hypertrophies.

Regeneration occurs in many internal organs after various inflammatory processes of infectious origin, as well as after endogenous disorders (neuroendocrine disorders, tumor growth, the action of toxic substances). Reparative regeneration in different tissues takes place in different ways. In the skin, mucous membranes, connective tissue, after damage, intensive cell reproduction and tissue restoration, similar to the lost one, occur. Such regeneration is called complete, or pecmu- tic. In the case of incomplete restoration, in which replacement occurs with another tissue or structure, one speaks of substitution.

Regeneration of organs occurs not only after the removal of part of them by surgery or as a result of injury (mechanical, thermal, etc.), but also after the transfer of pathological conditions. For example, at the site of deep burns, there may be massive growths of dense connective scar tissue, but the normal structure of the skin is not restored. After a bone fracture in the absence of displacement of fragments, the normal structure is not restored, but grows cartilage tissue and a fake joint is formed. When the integument is damaged, both the connective tissue part and the epithelium are restored. However, the rate of reproduction of loose connective tissue cells is higher, so these cells fill the defect, form vein fibers, and after severe damage, scar tissue is formed. To prevent this, a skin graft taken from the same or another person is used.

Currently, for the regeneration of internal organs, artificial porous scaffolds are used, along which tissues grow, regenerate. Tissues grow through the pores and the integrity of the organ is restored. Regeneration behind the frame can restore the blood vessels, ureter, bladder, esophagus, trachea and other organs.

Stimulation of regeneration processes. Under normal experimental conditions in mammals, a number of organs are not regenerated (head and spinal cord) or recovery processes in them are weakly expressed (bones of the cranial vault, vessels, limbs). However, there are methods of influence that allow in the experiment (and sometimes in the clinic) to stimulate regeneration processes and, in relation to individual organs, to achieve a full recovery. These effects include the replacement of remote parts of organs with homo- and heterotransplants, which promotes replacement regeneration. The essence of replacement regeneration is the replacement or germination of grafts by regeneration tissues of the host. In addition, the graft is a scaffold, thanks to which the regeneration of the organ wall is directed.

To initiate the stimulation of regeneration processes, researchers also use a number of substances of a diverse nature - extracts from animal and plant tissues, vitamins, hormones of the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and drugs.

24. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGENERATION

Physiological regeneration is characteristic of all organisms. The life process necessarily includes two moments: loss (destruction) and restoration of morphological structures at the cellular, tissue, organ levels.

In arthropods, physiological regeneration is associated with growth. For example, in crustaceans and insect larvae, the chitinous cover is shed, which becomes tight and thus prevents the body from growing. A rapid change of integument, also called molting, is observed in snakes, when the animal is simultaneously freed from the old keratinized skin epithelium, in birds and mammals during the seasonal change of feathers and wool. In mammals and humans, the skin epithelium is systematically exfoliated, completely renewed almost within a few days, and the cells of the intestinal mucosa are replaced almost daily. Relatively quickly there is a change of erythrocytes, the average life expectancy of which is about 125 days. This means that about 4 million red blood cells die in the human body every second, and at the same time, the same number of new red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow.

The fate of cells that died in the process of life is not the same. The cells of the outer integument after death are exfoliated and enter the external environment. The cells of the internal organs undergo further changes and can play important role in the process of life. So, the cells of the intestinal mucosa are rich in enzymes and after desquamation, being part of the intestinal juice, they take part in digestion,

Dead cells are replaced by new ones formed as a result of division. The course of physiological regeneration is influenced by external and internal factors. Thus, a decrease in atmospheric pressure causes an increase in the number of erythrocytes, therefore, in people who constantly live in the mountains, the content of erythrocytes in the blood is higher than in those living in the valleys; the same changes occur in travelers when climbing mountains. The number of erythrocytes is influenced by physical activity, food intake, light baths.

About influence internal factors Physiological regeneration can be judged from the following examples. Denervation of the extremities changes the function of the bone marrow, which affects the decrease in the number of red blood cells. Densvation of the stomach and intestines leads to a slowdown and disruption of physiological regeneration in the mucosa of these organs.

B. M. Zavadovsky, feeding the birds with thyroid preparations, caused premature stormy molting. The cyclic renewal of the mucous membrane of the uterus is in connection with female sex hormones, etc. Therefore, the effect of the endocrine glands on physiological regeneration is undoubted. On the other hand, the activity of the glands is determined by the function of the nervous system and factors external environment such as complete nutrition, light, micronutrients from food, etc.

What is Cell Regeneration

Cell regeneration is the act of renewal, growth, or repair of cells involved in wound healing, tissue repair, and the like. biological functions. This biological feature is inherent in all living organisms, from bacteria to plants and from amphibians to mammals.

In humans, unfortunately, cellular regeneration has limited opportunities compared to some representatives of life on our planet. For example, representatives of extreme regeneration can be:

• Starfish and lizards are capable of growing broken or severed limbs.
• Flatworms can completely clone their entire body structure for the purpose of reproduction.

Cell regeneration as a process of reproduction.

Although all organisms, including bacteria, fungi and yeast, have the biological ability to regenerate cells, this process manifests itself differently in each separate organism. Maintaining the biological integrity of the body is the main goal of cellular regeneration. Some organisms also use cell regeneration as a form of asexual reproduction. For example, yeast reproduces through an asexual cell regeneration process known as budding. The new cell grows as a separate piece attached to the old cell. It collects information about DNA to reproduce an exact copy of the cell. After reaching maturity, the new cell separates and becomes independent of the host cell, allowing yeast and similar fungi to multiply and grow.

Complex regeneration.

Some reptiles and amphibians have the ability for complex cellular regeneration. This feature allows tissue structures to recover from damage through a process known as autotomy.

When an injury occurs or such creatures are in danger, the adult cells in the tails, fins, and other appendages can separate from the main body, leaving the appendage behind. As part of a natural biochemical process, cells at the edges of these lesions morph back into stem cells. This allows the process of cell regeneration to grow a new appendage to replace the lost one.

Cell regeneration in humans.

In humans, cell regeneration is a somewhat different process. Stem cells, as building blocks, allow the embryo to form organs, tissues and appendages, only in the process of formation. Once the cells develop, they cannot go back to being stem cells again, as is seen in some reptiles and amphibians.

Daily at human body billions of cells die due to necrosis or apoptosis.

apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that allows cells to fragment or otherwise die as part of the normal biochemical process associated with development, growth, and aging. Without any form of cell regeneration, necrosis and apoptosis will eventually lead to the destruction of entire organs and tissues. But thanks to cellular regeneration, our body grows new cells to replace the dead ones.

While we live, in our body, unnoticed by ourselves, flow critical processes. Division, self-renewal and replacement of aged cells with new ones is one of the most important. Thanks to the regeneration of body cells, we grow, mature, heal wounds, and simply live. It is worth slowing down the regeneration processes, as old age invariably sets in, and with their complete cessation, a quick death awaits us.

Types of regeneration

Our body can start two types of regeneration: for every day and for an emergency. Daily regeneration is physiological and never stops. So, we renew the cells of the skin, mucous membranes, blood, bone marrow and even the cornea. An example of such regeneration is constant growth nails and hair, it never stops as long as a person is alive. But updates in our body go at different speeds. They can take just a couple of days - from old tissue to completely new, in the intestines, or up to a month - for complete renovation skin. In the tissues of the liver and kidneys, the process of regeneration is much slower, and there is no cell division of nerve tissues at all. That's why they say that nerve cells are not restored.

Reparative regeneration is the very lifeline in an emergency. Thus, the body recovers from injuries. The process is the same - for a small wound on the finger and for skin damage after a major operation. By the same process, the lizard grows a new tail.

Start regeneration

Physiological regeneration has two phases, the formation of new cells and the destruction of old ones. Moreover, destruction comes first, and sometimes it is carried out more actively than restoration. Scientists have long found out that it is the processes of cell decay that stimulate the body to produce other cells to replace them. Hormones and peptides have a special role in starting the processes of cell restoration and production of new ones. They ensure the transfer of information from one cell and system to another, so the reducing cells know how many and which cells to produce. Over time, the number of peptides decreases, and they are not always able to transmit the necessary data, so the regeneration process is much slower.

What affects regeneration?

For regeneration to take place, peptides alone are not enough. Cells cannot be built if there is no building material. Therefore, it is imperative that nutrients from water, air and, of course, food. most important building material is an amino acid that produces peptide and protein, so food must contain enough proteins and peptides to normalize the process of cell repair. Lipids, acids, mononucleins, trace elements, polysaccharides - this is an incomplete list essential substances to restore the most complex systems of the human body.

Regeneration can also slow down. Suspends regeneration, as we have already mentioned, an insufficient amount of peptides, but, in addition to them, malnutrition, polluted Environment, circulatory disorders and stress. Reparative regeneration is strongly affected by inflammatory process in tissues.

To support on right level cell regeneration, scientists recommend the use of peptides, immunomodulators, as well as vitamins and mineral complexes, neutralizing the impact malnutrition. With hormonal and steroid complexes recommended by many doctors, we would advise you to be more careful - the effects of hormones are not fully understood, so even doctors cannot be fully responsible for possible Negative consequences. Peptide complexes to stimulate regeneration in combination with good rest and proper nutrition able to give the best results.

For more details, follow the links indicated in the publications !!!

How to start the regeneration of the body?

The strength of an organism, by which we mean its internal resource of recovery, depends on how often living cells undergo regeneration, that is, how often old cells are replaced by new ones. In general, the regeneration process is continuous. Each living cell with a certain frequency is replaced by a completely new one, similar to the old one. While a person is young, the process of cell replacement occurs intensively, and with increasing age, less and less and finally stops altogether. This is what lies main reason human aging and decline. The aging process from birth to middle age regulates the thymus gland. Thymus appears at the sixth week of embryo development, and reaches its maximum size by 15 years. During this period of life, it works with the greatest load, producing the hormones thymulin, thymosin, thymopoietin, and t-lymphocytes. With age, the body develops an immune memory that takes over the functions of the thymus gland. The gland decreases in size and weakens its activity. If you administer thymus hormones to older people, even if these are hormones of a large cattle, there is an unexpected, but temporary rejuvenation of the body.
Earlier, we clarified that pain is a signal of a malfunction in a living organism. And the disease is born due to the fact that too many old cells accumulate in some organ, which lead to a malfunction in its work. Can anything be done with this data? As you know, no one managed to avoid death, but some lucky ones managed to live to a ripe old age with a minimum of sores. Therefore, our goal with you will be to renew the whole organism as much as possible, and then keep this updated mechanism in good working order, like a favorite old watch. Without the comprehensive development of the individual, it is difficult to achieve success in such a matter.
I warn you right away: this is not an easy task for those who are weighed down by neglected chronic diseases, and the solution of the task requires time and a certain willpower, because you can’t do anything with a swoop - “in Chapaev’s way”, with a saber unsheathed, because miracles happen only to those who stubbornly seek them, and do not sit idly by. For greater clarity, we will sometimes consider examples from Everyday life, and I will try to avoid special medical terms whenever possible. Remember when the disciples asked Jesus: why, Teacher, do you explain the truth to the people in parables? He answered them that not everyone can understand the truth, as you do, and parables, that is, examples from everyday life, are understandable to everyone.
Here is such an example. Many now own cars, and if you take a case from this area, then it will be clear to everyone.
Let's say your car over the years has become great to bother you with various breakdowns. Now one thing, then another, then a third - and so on without end. After long-term operation, the wear of all systems and units has reached such a limit that it is required overhaul, involving the replacement of all major units and systems with refurbished or new ones. Moreover, the deplorable state of the car is not directly dependent on the age and mileage of the car. There are cars “killed”, as motorists say, in a year, and there are excellent specimens after ten or more years of operation. So is a person. For some, problems begin around the age of forty, and someone after sixty is vigorous and strong. Someone was engaged in the basics of self-development and minimally mastered simple methods like reiki, but someone thought that health would always be.
So. I took it in the car, and replaced everything worn out with a new one - and the point, as they say, is in the bag. And nothing can be changed in a biological living organism, except for the cases of transplantation of individual organs, available only to very rich patients. And even then you can change only one organ, and not all at once.
In a living organism, only one way is allowed - to include a program of restoration or, as we called it earlier, regeneration of worn out cells.
In this case, our task is to force the body to carry out a program of cell repair and regeneration. Then the aging process will slow down, and new diseases will not find a home in your body. This will be our main task - to make the body begin to restore its lost positions by running (as in a computer) a cell regeneration program.

Medicines that stimulate tissue regeneration are prescribed if a burn or frostbite is diagnosed, if a person is seriously injured or suffers from dermatitis, eczema and other skin pathologies. The best medications with a regenerative effect will help the fastest healing fabrics. Most often, such drugs are available in the form of ointments or creams, lotions or solutions for external use.

Regenerative preparations: ointments and other medicines

Argosulfan - Argosulfan.

Release form. Cream 2% for external use in tubes of 15 and 40 g.

Compound. For 1 g of fatty base - 20 mg of silver sulfathiazole.

Pharmachologic effect. A drug with an antibacterial effect for external use. Promotes healing of ulcers (wounds) trophic, burn, purulent. Silver sulfathiazole is a bacteriostatic agent a wide range antibacterial action. Characterized by local analgesic effect.

Indications. Burns of all degrees of any etiology, frostbite, festering wounds, cuts, abrasions, infected dermatitis, impetigo, microbial eczema, streptostaphyloderma, bedsores. Also, this drug for tissue regeneration is effective in the treatment of trophic ulcers of various origins.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to sulfonamides.

Side effect. Possible allergic reactions, and locally - burning, hyperemia of the skin. Sometimes, when using this remedy, which stimulates regeneration, itching may occur.

Application and doses. Locally as an open method, and in the form of occlusive dressings. The drug is applied 2-3 times with a layer of 2-3 mm. The cream should cover the entire lesion. Maximum daily dose- 25 g, and the duration of treatment - up to 60 days. Use with caution during pregnancy and lactation, the application area should be less than 20% of the body surface.

Special remarks. Not prescribed to premature babies and newborns; use with caution in patients with impaired liver and kidney function.

Viosept - Viosept.

Release form. This agent, which promotes regeneration, is available in the form of an ointment in tubes of 15 g.

Compound. Hydrochloric tripelenamine, clioquinol, domiphen bromide.

Pharmachologic effect. Antihistamine, antimicrobial, antifungal.

Indications. Trichophytosis, epidermophytosis, microbial and yeast diaper rash, inguinal epidermophytosis, infected wounds, superficial streptoderma.

Contraindications. This tissue regeneration preparation must not be applied to wet surfaces.

Side effect. Rarely - dermatitis.

Application and doses. Apply ointment to the focus 1-2 times a day.

Iruxol - Iruxol.

Release form. Ointment.

Compound. Clostridiopeptidase A and chloramphenicol.

Pharmachologic effect. Enzymatic cleansing of wounds, scabs melt. This is one of the best means regeneration promotes granulation.

Indications. Ulcerations and necrosis, varicose ulcers, bedsores, burns of 2-3 degrees, gangrene of the extremities, including diabetic, frostbite, long-term non-healing postoperative wounds, radiation damage, traumatic injuries.

Side effect. At the beginning of treatment with this drug, which stimulates tissue regeneration, burning and slight pain may occur, this does not prevent the continuation of the use of the ointment.

Application and doses. Apply in an even layer 1-2 times a day; the effect occurs after 6 days, after cleansing the wound, stop taking it. Avoid others at the same time local funds except saline.

Calendula ointment - Ung. Calendula.

Release form. Ointment in glass jars by 40

Compound. Active substance - alcohol tincture(1:10) marigold (flowers and marigold flower heads). They contain flavonoids, carotenoids, saponins, tannins, acids, etc.

Pharmachologic effect. Antiseptic, anti-inflammatory.

Indications. This medicine for tissue regeneration is recommended for lubrication with cuts, burns, inflammatory skin changes, etc.

Curiosin solution - Curiosin.

Sodium hyaluronate.

Release form. Solution for external use in bottles of 10 ml.

Compound. The active ingredient is sodium hyaluronate.

Pharmachologic effect. Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, improves tissue regeneration. Promotes migration and division of cells involved in wound healing; stimulates local angiogenesis, improves vascular microcirculation. Also, this drug, which improves tissue regeneration, reduces exudation.

Indications. Trophic ulcers, wounds of the skin and soft tissues, poorly healing, infected wounds, bedsores, fistulas.

Contraindications.

Side effect.

Application and doses. Before using this agent that accelerates regeneration, you need to treat the surface saline or 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, then apply the drug evenly on the surface (ulcers, etc.) or apply a moistened gauze napkin. The procedure is carried out 1-2 times a day.

Regenerative products for the skin

Propoceum ointment - Ung. Propoceum.

international generic name - Propolis.

Release form. Brownish-yellow ointment with an aromatic smell in tubes of 30 and 50 g.

Compound. The active substance is 10% thick propolis extract (bee glue is used by bees to cover the walls of the hives, strengthen honeycombs, etc.).

Pharmachologic effect. Reduces itching and soreness. Also, this drug to improve regeneration accelerates epithelialization.

Indications. Additional tool in the treatment of chronic eczema, neurodermatitis, itchy dermatosis, long-term non-healing trophic ulcers.

Contraindications. Acute eczema, allergic reactions to bee products.

Side effect. With the appearance of itching, redness of the skin, treatment with ointment is stopped.

Application and doses. This medicine for tissue regeneration is applied to the affected surface 1-2 times a day or every other day with or without a bandage for 2-3 weeks.

Radevit ointment - Ung. Radevit.

Combined drug.

Release form. Ointment in tubes of 35 g. From white to yellowish. Store at a temperature of 4 to 10 °C; do not freeze.

Compound. Retinol palmitate, alpha-tocopherol acetate, ergocalciferol, etc.

Pharmachologic effect. Emollient, moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, reparative, antipruritic, normalizes keratinization processes. In addition, this regeneration enhancer enhances protective function skin.

Indications. Prevention early aging skin, in the complex therapy of patients with ichthyosis and ichthyosiform dermatoses, seborrheic dermatitis, cracks, erosions, burns, uninfected ulcers, eczema, atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis without exacerbation, as an anti-relapse agent during remission in inflammatory and allergic diseases skin after cessation of treatment with their corticosteroid ointments, easily irritated skin, including those with increased sensitivity to cosmetics.

Contraindications. Hypervitaminosis A, D, E, taking retinoids. Caution required during pregnancy, acute inflammatory diseases skin.

Side effect. In acute inflammatory diseases of the skin, there may be an increase in itching, the severity of erythema - the drug is temporarily canceled until the severity of the process decreases.

Application and doses. Apply ointment thin layer 2 times a day, and with severe peeling of the skin - under an occlusive bandage. Before applying the ointment to cracks or ulcers, they are treated with an antiseptic.

Sicalphate cream. Sicalfate lotion - Cicalfate creame. cicalfate lotion.

Means of medical cosmetics.

Release forms. Cream in tubes of 40 ml, lotion - a bottle of 40 ml.

Compound. Thermal water Aven, sucralfate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate.

Pharmachologic effect. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, protection and healing.

Indications. The cream is suitable for healing and restoration of the epidermis. This is medication for tissue regeneration, it is effective on lesions of the skin and mucous membranes without weeping in infants, children and adults. Cuts, abrasions, irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, dry skin, atopic dermatitis, burns, seizures, condition after laser procedures, after peeling, suturing. Lotion - skin lesions with weeping, skin and mucous membranes, weeping gluteal erythema, cracks and weeping in the interdigital folds, non-allergic contact dermatitis in the skin folds, lesions in the outer ear canal, lesions in chicken pox.

Contraindications. There are no contraindications for the use of this drug, which accelerates tissue regeneration.

Effective drugs for tissue regeneration

Bepanthen (syn. Panthenol) - Bepanthen.

International non-proprietary name- Dexpanthenol.

Release forms. Cream in tubes (30 g, 100 g), ointment in jars (30 g, 100 g), bepantol cooling foam (75 ml).

Pharmachologic effect. Participation in the formation and regeneration of the skin and mucous membranes. This regenerative preparation activates the processes of healing and epithelialization of the skin.

Indications. Cream: care product for damaged skin (dry, rough, cracked), activation of healing and epithelialization in case of minor injuries, light burns, abrasions, erythema from diapers, bedsores, cracks, treatment of rubbed nipples and painful cracks in the breast during feeding, with painful sun tan. Ointment: same as cream; in infants, prevention and treatment of diaper rash, treatment of various kinds of uninfected wounds, chronic ulcers, cervical erosion; cooling foam: the same, also used for burns.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to components.

Side effect. Allergic skin reactions are very rare.

Application and doses. Apply to affected skin one or more times a day. When caring for the breast during feeding, the cream is applied to the nipples after each feeding. When caring for babies The cream is used after every diaper change. The cream can be used when the skin gets wet, on hairy areas. Ointment in the treatment of wounds and the prevention of abrasions is applied as needed one or more times a day. The affected area is treated with cooling foam 3-4 times a day from a distance of 10-20 cm for 1 minute. There are no indications of any risk during pregnancy, breastfeeding.

Bepanthen Plus - Bepanthen Plus.

International non-proprietary name- Dexpanthenol + Chlorhexidine. Dosage form. Antiseptic cream in tubes (30, 100 g).

Compound. 1 g of cream contains dexpanthenol (provitamin B5) - 50 mg, chlorhexidine hydrochloride - 5 mg.

Pharmachologic effect. During wound healing, it accelerates mitosis and increases the strength of collagen fibers, bactericidal effect on Gr + and, to a lesser extent, on Gr- microorganisms.

Indications. Abrasions, cuts, cracks and scratches, burns and diaper rash, bedsores, ulcers, infected dermatitis, eczema, neurodermatitis, treatment of painful cracks during breastfeeding.

Contraindications. This means of regenerating action is not recommended in case of hypersensitivity to the components.

Application and doses. Apply one or more times a day to the affected areas. During pregnancy and lactation - on small areas of the skin.

Special remarks. Avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes.

We see the ointment - Ung. Videstimum.

Release form. Ointment in tubes of 10, 20 and 35 g.

Compound. Vitamin A (retinol palmitate) 0.5%, antioxidants and stabilizers.

Pharmachologic effect. The ointment stimulates the reparative and physiological regeneration of the skin - enhances reproduction epithelial cells. Also, this regenerative restorative agent reduces keratinization.

Indications. Violation of keratinization processes - dry skin, common ichthyosis, etc., seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis in the stationary and regressing stages, atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, chronic eczema without exacerbation, age-related changes skin, violations of its integrity (burns, erosion, ulcers, cracks, wounds).

Contraindications. Pregnancy, hypervitaminosis A, acute inflammatory skin diseases, individual intolerance. Side effect. May increase itching and redness.

Application and doses. The ointment is applied in a thin layer to the affected areas of the skin in the morning and evening, and with severe peeling - under an occlusive bandage. Before applying the ointment to erosion, cracks, ulcers, wounds, they are pre-treated with an antiseptic.

Special remarks. It should not be combined with preparations containing vitamin A and retinoids in order to avoid hypervitaminosis A. Incompatible with tetracycline antibiotics, and the appointment of salicylates and corticosteroids reduces side effects. Store in a dry place protected from light at a temperature of 0 to 5 ° C, do not freeze. Shelf life - 2 years.

Carotolin - Carotolin.

International non-proprietary name- Betacarotene.

Release form. Bottles of 100 ml.

Compound. Oil extract of carotenoids from the pulp of rose hips. Also contains tocopherol, unsaturated fatty acid. oily liquid orange color with specific smell and taste.

Indications. Trophic ulcers, eczema, atrophic changes in the mucous membranes, psoriatic and desquamative erythroderma.

Application and doses. Apply napkins impregnated with the preparation to the affected areas of the skin 1-2 times a day and cover with waxed paper.

Special remarks. This tissue regenerating drug should be stored in a cool and dark place at a temperature not exceeding 20 ° C.

Curiosin gel - Curiosin.

Release form. Gel for external use in tubes of 15 g.

Compound. The active ingredient is zinc hyaluronate.

Pharmachologic effect. Blocks the action of Propionibacterium acnes lipases, replenishes zinc deficiency in the skin, anti-inflammatory, regenerating, antimicrobial effect.

Indications. Juvenile acne.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Side effect. Slight burning sensation at the beginning of treatment.

Application and doses. Apply to the affected areas of the skin 2 times a day; the preparation is well absorbed, does not leave marks on the skin.

Other agents that promote tissue regeneration

Rosehip oil.

Release form. In vials of 100 ml; store in a place protected from light at a temperature not exceeding 20 ° C. Oily liquid of brown color with a greenish tint, bitter taste and specific smell.

Compound. Obtained from rosehip seeds; contains unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols.

Pharmachologic effect. Epithelializing, granulating.

Indications. Shallow cracks, abrasions of the nipples in lactating women, bedsores. Also, this regenerating agent is effective for trophic ulcers of the legs.

Contraindications, side effects. Not marked.

Application and doses. Moistened gauze pads are applied to the affected areas of the skin.

Olazol - Olazolum.

Combined drug.

Release form. Aerosol in cylinders of 60 and 120 ml.

Compound. Active ingredients: levomycetin, anesthesin, boric acid, sea buckthorn oil.

Pharmachologic effect. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic, wound healing.

Indications. Trophic ulcers, long-term non-healing wounds, complicated bacterial infection, eczema, pemphigus vulgaris, erosive form lichen planus, exfoliative dermatitis, etc.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Side effect. Rarely, an allergic skin rash may occur when using this regenerating medicine.

Application and doses. Remove necrotic and purulent masses from the wound surface, then apply an aerosol (2-4 times a day).

Egallohit - Egallohit.

Release forms. Cream and gel in tubes of 30 g.

Compound. The active substance is 10% epigallocatechin-3-gallate.

Pharmachologic effect. Improves epithelialization and prevents the formation of pathological scars after any skin damage. Reduces the size of the scar, reduces inflammation and itching at the site of injury, normalizes the scarring process.

Indications. To prevent the formation of pathological scars after any skin damage, complex therapy existing scars. Also, this regenerating drug is used in the treatment acne, scleroderma.

Application and doses. After injuries from the moment of formation of the crust, after any operations - on the 2nd day after the removal of sutures, after burns of the 2nd degree - from the first day, after burns of the 3rd degree - from the time of the onset of epithelization, after any cosmetic procedures, after laser resurfacing scars - immediately after the procedure. Apply 2 times a day in a thin layer 30 minutes after applying antiseptics - for 4 weeks. The gel is used for superficial skin lesions of a small area, the cream - for deeper and / or extensive skin lesions.

Elovera - Elovera.

International non-proprietary name- Aloe + Vitamin E. Combined preparation.

Release form. Homogeneous cream white color for external use in jars of 50 g.

Compound. Active ingredients: dry juice of aloe barbados leaves, propylene glycol, alpha-tocopherol acetate.

Pharmachologic effect. Improvement of cellular metabolism, trophism and tissue regeneration, antioxidant, inhibition of free radical reactions.

Indications. Dry skin, dermatitis, sunburn, erythema, ichthyosiform skin conditions, skin cracks when it is coarsened; aid in the treatment of psoriasis, eczema, neurodermatitis, xeroderma with glucocorticosteroid drugs.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, pregnancy, period breastfeeding, age up to 18 years (due to insufficient clinical data).

Side effect. When using this regenerative agent, allergic reactions are possible.

Application and doses. Apply a thin layer to the affected areas of the skin as needed.

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