How many measles vaccinations are needed? Common effects of measles vaccination in adults

– an airborne viral infection, children under 5 years of age are most susceptible to this disease. Older children and adults rarely get measles, but they suffer from it more severely than children.

What is the danger of measles

The infection represents mortal danger for children due to complications from the nervous and respiratory systems: slowly progressive pathology nervous system and even disability. The frequency of such severe complications is 1 case per 1000 cases.

80% of sick children develop complications in the form of tracheitis, or, which can subsequently become chronic.

In older children frequent complications are optic neuritis or auditory nerves, .

Mortality from this infection even with timely full treatment V different years reaches 5-10%. The disease poses the greatest danger to children in the first 5 years of life.

What does vaccination give?

From birth to 6-9 months, a child is to some extent protected from measles by maternal antibodies (if the mother has previously had measles or has been vaccinated against it). But even infants can get sick if the titer of maternal antibodies is low or the virus is highly aggressive.

Importance of measles vaccination:

• Protects against infections that are dangerous for children and the complications it leads to;
• prevents the occurrence of epidemics;
• limits the circulation of the pathogen in the population;
• the vaccine attenuated virus reduces the load on the immune system (compared to fighting the wild virus) during formation.

Vaccines used

The following vaccines can be used for vaccinations:

• monovalent - live dry measles vaccine (Russia) and "Ruvax" - (France);
• polyvalent vaccines (with several components): measles and (Russia); against measles, rubella, mumps (Priorix Belgium, Ervevax UK, MMR II USA);

The effectiveness of all vaccines is the same, any of them can be used, they are all safe. Moreover, they are interchangeable: if one drug was used first, then another can be administered: negative consequences it won’t and it won’t affect the efficiency.

If a child has previously had one of the infections, then you can choose a drug without this component, or you can vaccinate with a vaccine containing a component of the previous disease: this will not cause harm, the component will be destroyed by specific antibodies. This will not affect the formation of immunity against other infections.

The live viruses in the vaccine are weakened and are not dangerous for the child or unvaccinated children around him.

Vaccination calendar

According to the calendar, measles immunization is carried out for children of the following age categories:

• at 1 year;
• at 6 years of age;
• from 15 to 17 years of age.

The first injection of the vaccine can be carried out at 9 months. in the event that the mother has never been vaccinated against measles and has not had it (that is, the baby has not received protective antibodies from mother). Subsequent injections of the vaccine are carried out from 15 to 18 months, at 6 years and from 15 to 17 years.

If a child under 6 years of age has not received measles vaccinations for any reason, then the vaccine is administered at the first opportunity, and the second dose is administered at 6 years of age (but not earlier than six months from the first vaccination); The third vaccination is given at 15-17 years of age.

If a child over 6 years of age has not been vaccinated against measles, then, if possible, the vaccine is administered twice with an interval of 6 months, and according to the calendar - at 15-17 years of age.

The measles vaccine is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Optimal places for introduction – outside surface shoulder, subscapularis or thigh.

The effectiveness of immunization when vaccinated at 9 months. – 85-90%, at one year of age – reaches 96%. Immunity is formed from the 2nd week after vaccination. The second dose of the drug is administered with the goal of providing 100% coverage of children with reliable protection against measles before starting school. The third dose is administered to maintain immunity for a longer period.

Reaction to vaccination

The reactogenicity of the measles vaccine is very low, and there are practically no complications after vaccination. Live, but significantly weakened viruses in the composition of the drug cannot cause full-fledged measles disease. During the day after the injection, there may be a slight increase in temperature, a slight thickening and mild pain at the injection site.

Depending on the individual reaction of the body, the temperature rise can reach high numbers. Fever lasts up to 4 days. Since it does not affect the formation of immunity, the child can be given antipyretics (Ibuprofen, Paracetamol) to avoid the development of febrile seizures.

Sometimes (5%-15%) post-vaccination reaction may manifest as skin rashes.

Delayed reactions to the vaccine may occur 5-15 days after injection. In this case, the symptoms resemble measles, and many parents consider the reaction to be vaccine-related measles. However, the phenomena soon disappear on their own. More often, a delayed reaction occurs after the first dose of the vaccine.

If morbilliform symptoms appear more than late period(more than 2 weeks after vaccination), then they should be regarded as measles due to unformed immunity.

Summary for parents

Parents who consider measles to be a minor childhood disease that is best dealt with during childhood should reconsider their opinion. The argument for this is the frequency of severe complications of measles, especially in young children.

Reliable protection against the disease is vaccination, which can be combined with vaccinations against other infections using polyvalent vaccines.

Parents who are afraid of complications after vaccination should know the statistics: encephalitis after vaccination develops with a frequency of 1 case per 100,000 vaccinated people and 1 case per 1000 cases of measles. That is, the risk of severe complication after vaccination is 100 times less likely than in the case of a full-fledged measles infection in a child.

Which doctor should I contact?

Before vaccination, the child must be examined by a pediatrician. He also develops an individual vaccination schedule. If necessary, parents can consult an infectious disease specialist, allergist, or immunologist.

In some situations, your doctor may suggest getting a measles vaccine. Everyone who is responsible for maintaining health, in this case, faces a choice - to agree or refuse. What is vaccination, why is disease prevention needed, and what are the consequences of the decision made?

What is measles

Measles is a viral infection transmitted by airborne droplets and the disease is highly contagious. According to research, its contagiousness ranges from 40 to 100%, depending on the duration of contact with the pathogen.

Course of the disease:

Complications after an illness may include:

• ENT organs and respiratory system(otitis media, pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis);
• gastrointestinal tract (colitis, intestinal dysfunction);
• central nervous system (meningoencephalitis, myelitis, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis).

The latter are the most dangerous. Blindness due to eye inflammation is also possible.

Before the advent of antibiotics, 1 in 100 sick children died from measles, after - 1 in 10,000. To this day, measles is one of the most common reasons mortality of children under 5 years of age.

There is no specific treatment for measles. Therapy tactics are aimed only at combating symptoms. The only one in an effective way The fight against disease is vaccination. Thanks to her, it was possible to reduce mortality from measles by 73% over 13 years. Currently, there is a WHO Global Measles Elimination Plan and a National Measles Control Program in Russia.

Video by Dr. Komarovsky about the disease

A person who has had measles develops lasting, lifelong immunity, but cases of recurrent illness still occur. Vaccinated people can become infected, but this probability is extremely low, and the disease will be much milder, causing virtually no complications.

Specific prevention of measles

Types of vaccines

The first measles vaccine appeared in 1966. Today, all measles vaccines, no matter whether they are domestic or imported, are produced on the basis of a live, attenuated virus that cannot cause disease, but is capable of forming full immunity. Vaccines are available only against measles (monovaccines) or against measles and other diseases (associated/combined). Which vaccine is used depends on the patient's age and individual characteristics.

Single vaccines:

• ZhKV L-16 (Russia);
• monocomponent Indian;
• Rouvax, Sanofi Pasteur (France).

Combined:

• associated measles-mumps;
• MMP-II, USA, MERK company (measles, rubella, mumps);
• Priorix by SmithKline Beecham (measles, rubella, mumps);
• GICV (measles, rubella);
• three-component vaccine produced by Serum Institute of India (measles, rubella, mumps).

All these vaccines are produced in the form of a powder - lyophilisate; they must be dissolved before administration.

Vaccination of children

According to National calendar preventive vaccinations vaccination of children against measles is carried out twice - at the age of 12–15 months and 6 years. Previously, this was done once, but it turned out that in this case, about 5% of children did not produce strong immunity. Babies under one year old are not vaccinated because they are still protected by their mother’s immunity. Children who have not been vaccinated before are vaccinated until they are 17 years old. The drug is administered twice, 3 months or more apart.

The vaccination schedule for vaccinating children includes the mumps-measles vaccine and Priorix.

For children, the vaccine is injected into the shoulder, for children aged 10 years and older - under the shoulder blade. Immunity is developed 3-4 weeks after vaccination and usually lasts for about 20 years. Active immunity is developed in 95% of children under 1 year and 98% - from 1 to 1.5 years.

Healthy children do not require any preparation for vaccination. It is important for a doctor to examine the child to make sure. Sometimes doctors recommend taking antihistamines. But this is only necessary to be on the safe side, because only a few children have an allergic reaction to the measles vaccine.

The vaccine is fully compatible with others, but it is better to administer no more than two drugs at a time. Other vaccinations can be done after a month. If there is a need to perform the Mantoux test, measles vaccine can be administered immediately after assessing its results. After vaccination, the Mantoux test can be performed after 1.5 months.

After vaccination, the child is not contagious and can visit kindergarten or school. Occasionally (in 5–15% of cases), vaccination causes fever, catarrhal symptoms, conjunctivitis, and measles-like rash in the second week after vaccination. Children prone to allergies may experience skin rashes several hours after administration of the drug. All these reactions usually disappear without a trace after 2–3 days. And even their appearance does not give reason to consider the child contagious.

Vaccination for adults

Vaccination is also carried out in adults. According to the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations - up to 35 years of age, but this only means that up to this age it is free. It is during this period that it is worth getting vaccinated again, since immunity from vaccinations carried out in childhood fades away.

People who have not had measles have not been vaccinated, as well as people from outbreak areas can be vaccinated at public expense at any age.

To determine whether you need to be vaccinated against measles, you can take a blood test for antibodies (immune strength). Numerical indicators in different laboratories may differ, but the form will always indicate the norm by which you can navigate.

Interpretation of antibody test results - table

But the analysis is not mandatory, since vaccination in the presence of immunity will not lead to negative consequences.

Measles vaccination should not be given to pregnant women. If you plan to conceive, it is better to get vaccinated no later than 3 months before it. However, if after vaccination it turns out that the woman was pregnant at the time of vaccination, this is not an indication for termination of pregnancy, but the expectant mother should be under the strict supervision of doctors.

Contraindications and possible complications

Contraindications for vaccination include:

• spicy respiratory diseases, exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• complications from previous vaccination;
• anaphylactic reactions to chicken or quail egg white, aminoglycosides or neomycin;
• active tuberculosis;
• malignant tumors lymphatic system or bone marrow, leukemia, lymphoma;
• immunosuppressive therapy;
• administration of immunoglobulins or blood plasma no more than 3 months ago;
• AIDS, immunodeficiency;
• exhaustion of the body;
• pregnancy.

Side effects after vaccination may include:

• allergic manifestations - from local reaction to hives and anaphylactic shock(rarely);
• increased body temperature;
• vaccine-associated measles;
• in isolated cases - subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (occurs in one case per million);
• thrombocytopenia (one case in 40,000);
• toxic shock syndrome due to contamination of the vaccine ampoule with Staphylococcus aureus.

How to behave after vaccination

Catarrhal symptoms and fever may occur in the second week after vaccination. Therefore, vaccination should be done in moments of relative peace - when there are no planned trips to the sea, vocal competitions and similar events. No restrictions on the regime are required, you just need not to provoke disruptions in the body - eat properly and nutritiously, do not overexert yourself, avoid stress, climate change, hypothermia and overheating. The vaccination site can be wetted; walking on the ground is not prohibited. fresh air. Not installed and negative influence alcohol on the immunization process or the manifestation of complications.

During the period of vaccination and the formation of immunity (a month after vaccination), it is undesirable to consume:

• antiviral agents;
• immunostimulants (Isoprinosine, Groprinosin);
• immunocorrectors (Ceruloplasmin, Encad).

Clinical data indicate a positive effect on the effect of vaccination of immunomodulators such as Imunofan, Polyoxidonium, Myelopid. However, the use of these drugs should be recommended by a doctor and carried out under his strict supervision.

There are opponents of immunoprophylaxis. Their arguments cannot be discounted. We have legal right refuse vaccination, but it is equally important to understand that in Lately in connection with big amount migrants from developing countries, where measles is still common, none of us are immune from contact with a sick person, and therefore from infection with it dangerous virus. Outbreaks of measles are not so rare today. Therefore, any decision - for or against - must be balanced and deliberate.

Last article updated: 05/08/2018

Currently, the so-called anti-vaccination movement has gained great momentum in the world, who claim that vaccinations are harmful to humans. But it’s precisely thanks to timely vaccination It is possible to prevent an epidemic of dangerous diseases. Due to refusal of vaccinations, the world has seen an increase in the number of measles cases over the past two years. Russia is no exception.

It's no secret that the most best protection against illness is prevention. An infection such as measles is no exception to the rule. Before the invention of the vaccine, measles claimed thousands of children's lives. This was only 50 - 70 years ago. Let’s try to figure out whether it is necessary to vaccinate a child against this seemingly mild childhood disease (maybe it’s worth getting sick in childhood?), how the measles vaccine works and what side effects possible after vaccination.

Pediatrician

Infectious disease doctors say that for outbreaks of this insidious disease periodicity is characteristic. Increases in incidence occur at intervals of 5 or 6 years. It is no secret that in Russia over the past 2 years the number of people with measles has increased. Until July 2017, 127 cases of the disease were registered, mainly in Moscow and Dagestan. The increase in the number of cases is associated with numerous refusals of vaccination.

In order to prevent measles from entering the country, 95% of its population must be vaccinated. The so-called herd immunity is created. It will also protect those for whom vaccination is contraindicated. And a decrease in vaccination coverage by just 5% triples the incidence!

A similar situation is observed not only in the Russian Federation. Europe is also suffering from measles. Many cases of infection have been reported in Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, and Austria. Romania has the highest mortality rate among cases.

What you need to know about measles

Measles is serious viral disease childhood, the main manifestations of which are high fever and rash. The measles virus is easily transmitted through airborne droplets. Only humans get measles. It begins to secrete the virus 5 - 7 days before the first signs of the disease appear. After the symptoms disappear, the measles virus will be released for another 4 to 5 days.

Measles is very easy to get! Even after a short exposure of an unvaccinated child to this virus, the chances of getting sick are more than 90%!

This disease can be very mild. On average, a week after infection, the child’s body temperature rises to 38 - 39 degrees, and his health is impaired. The baby is capricious, does not play, refuses to eat, and tries to be in his mother’s arms. He appears severe weakness, cough, nasal discharge, eyes turn red, lacrimation appears. Such symptoms can easily be confused with symptoms of commonplace viral infection.

2 - 3 days after the onset of the disease upon examination oral cavity In a child, white spots can be found on the mucous membranes of the cheeks. And after some time, a rash appears on the face, which within a day spreads to the whole body. With the appearance of the rash, the body temperature rises sharply, and then it becomes clear that the child has measles. The rash lasts up to 7 days.

No drugs have been developed that will cure the disease. There are only those that will relieve the symptoms.

Only timely vaccination can protect against measles. But following the banal rules of hygiene: frequent washing hands, wearing masks, etc. are ineffective if the child lives in an area where there is an outbreak of this disease.

How dangerous is measles?

At first glance, measles seems to be a fairly mild disease. Some opponents of vaccinations even believe that it is useful, as it strengthens the child’s body. And epidemics are a thing of the past because hygiene has improved.

The measles virus greatly disrupts the baby's immune system. Protection against other, more severe infections is weakened. Because of this feature, dangerous complications often arise.

The immune system spends a lot of effort to defeat the disease and eventually becomes exhausted. The child’s body simply will not have the strength to resist dangerous complications which will cause bacteria. IN normal conditions the baby would not get sick at all, but his strength is exhausted, and the body becomes defenseless.

More often, complications of measles occur in children under five years of age, adolescents, the elderly, and women at any stage of pregnancy. Among the consequences are the following:

• one child out of ten will develop otitis media caused by measles dangerous bacteria and will lose hearing for a long time;
• one in ten people who get sick will develop severe diarrhea;
• Every 20th sick child will have pneumonia. Because of such a terrible complication, children die most often;
• one in a thousand develops severe viral infection brain, which is incurable and leads to complete immobility and mental retardation;
• One or two children out of a thousand who have had measles die.

Measles vaccination schedule

As you can see, measles is not such a harmless infection. To completely protect a child from the unpleasant and disastrous consequences of this disease, there is only one way - vaccination.

Up to six to nine months of life, the mother’s antibodies will protect the baby from measles if she herself has been vaccinated or was ill in childhood. Children of this age are vaccinated only when exceptional cases. For example, if everyone in the family was infected with measles. This is done very rarely. In the future, vaccinations are given according to schedule.

According to the rules, the baby receives the first vaccination against measles at one year. And already from the beginning of the 2nd week from the date of vaccination, the body produces the amount of antibodies that is necessary to reliably protect the child from infection. Immunity can last up to 25 years.

It happens that 2 - 5% of vaccinated children develop insufficient or short-lived immunity due to a special reaction immune system or due to inadequate quality of the vaccine (unfortunately, this happens). Therefore, at the age of 6 - 7 years, the child is given a booster vaccination against measles. It aims to protect children who have not developed immunity to the first vaccination. Immunity after revaccination is developed in 99% of children.

If you have not had measles and unvaccinated child contacted with a carrier of the infection or a sick person, you need to get vaccinated within 72 hours after contact. This way you are less likely to get sick. When it comes to pregnant women, people with immunodeficiency and children under 12 months, immunoglobulin can be administered to protect them from infection.

In order for the baby to be completely protected from measles, it is necessary to get vaccinated according to the calendar - at 12 months, and then at 6 - 7 years.

Older people must have proof of being vaccinated twice. If there is no confidence in full vaccination, then the level of antibodies to measles in the blood can be determined. If they are present, you should not get vaccinated. In the absence of antibodies to measles, it is recommended to give 2 doses of the vaccine with an interval of 1 month. Or you can just get vaccinated once. The minimum dose of the vaccine will not harm, but will increase immunity.

What is the measles vaccine? Types of vaccines

To prevent measles, dry (lyophilized) vaccines are used. They contain live measles virus, but it is not capable of causing disease (it will be non-pathogenic). Such vaccines are called attenuated.

Russia uses a combined mumps-measles vaccine own production and monovalent vaccine. The latter contains only the measles virus. The Priorix vaccine is produced in Belgium and additionally contains rubella and mumps viruses.

In the production of the Russian vaccine, the measles virus is grown on the cells of Japanese quail embryos, and the Belgian vaccine is grown on the cells of chicken embryos. This feature must be taken into account for people who are allergic to chicken eggs.

Vaccines are also produced in India, the USA, and France. There is a vaccine that will immediately protect against measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, but it is not registered in Russia.

All vaccines are produced together with a solvent. Storage is carried out in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 - 8 degrees. Sun rays are able to destroy the measles virus in the vaccine, so it is produced in vials with darkened glass.

If parents themselves buy the measles vaccine at the pharmacy, you need to deliver it to the clinic as quickly as possible in a special thermal container or in a thermos with ice, so as not to violate storage conditions.

How is the measles vaccination done?

At 12 months, the baby gets his first measles vaccination. 2 weeks before vaccination, all contacts with patients with acute respiratory and other infectious diseases should be excluded. If someone in the family is sick, it is better to postpone vaccination for a while.

When the child does not have chronic diseases, special training no vaccination required. If the baby has a concomitant pathology, the pediatrician will give recommendations on medications and measures to ensure that the vaccination takes place with minimal side effects.

Before vaccination, the doctor conducts an examination, measures the child’s body temperature and informs parents about possible side effects and reactions to the vaccine. The examination data is entered into the outpatient card. If, according to the doctor's opinion, the baby is healthy, you can safely go to vaccination room. Before vaccination, parents must fill out an informed voluntary consent form.

In the vaccination room, the nurse also fills out the necessary documentation. Before opening a vaccine ampoule, she must check the expiration dates. The injection site (this is outer area shoulder or subscapular area) is treated with an antiseptic and 0.5 ml of vaccine is injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly.

The measles virus contained in the vaccine loses its protective effect when exposed to alcohols and ethers, so the skin at the injection site must dry after treatment.

The vaccine is diluted immediately before administration. A pre-diluted vaccine, which has also been stored at room temperature, cannot be administered - it will lose all its beneficial properties.

After vaccination, parents and their child must spend some more time in the clinic.

The baby should be supervised for 30 minutes after the injection nurse, it is at this time that acute allergic reactions. The vaccination office has all the necessary equipment to help him in such a situation.

After vaccination, the child’s immune system recognizes the measles virus, and intensive production of antibodies begins - special immune cells that are able to neutralize the virus when they encounter it again. Antibodies will be contained both in the blood and in the secretions of the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth. This is where the virus will penetrate first. By the end of the 2nd week after vaccination, the baby is already protected from insidious disease.

Measles vaccination often coincides with the Mantoux test at the age of 12 months. This combination is not dangerous for a child. According to the rules, the Mantoux test is performed first. With her negative result Any vaccine can be administered. If Mantoux is not performed for any reason, then after vaccination it is done no earlier than 6 weeks later. Immediately after vaccination, there may be a false negative test result due to decreased sensitivity to tuberculin.

Reactions to the measles vaccine

After vaccination, some unpleasant symptoms for the child may occur. They do not pose a health hazard and easily go away without treatment.

The child may complain of pain at the injection site or be capricious about it. The unpleasant symptom usually goes away by the end of the first day after vaccination.

Since the vaccine contains a live virus, but not dangerous to the baby, on the 7th to 12th day after vaccination, one out of six vaccinated children may have a fever of up to 39.4 degrees. The temperature drops on its own within 24 hours.

In one out of 75 vaccinated people, enlargement of the cervical and submandibular lymph nodes can be observed.

In one out of 3,000 babies, a rise in temperature can provoke febrile seizures, which in themselves do not pose a danger to the child and do not develop into a chronic pathology.

Every 4th vaccinated teenager may experience joint pain that goes away on its own.

One in every 30,000 people vaccinated may have a decreased platelet count.

Allergic reactions of an adult to the measles vaccine develop in one case per million vaccinated people.

The pediatrician will definitely take these side effects into account when planning to vaccinate a child with diseases of the heart, brain, blood, joints, or immune system.

Who should not be vaccinated against measles?

If your baby has ever had severe reaction in the form of anaphylactic shock to the administration of the antibiotic Neomycin, is allergic to gelatin, egg, sorbitol, it cannot be vaccinated against measles, since the vaccine contains these components.

You should not get a second vaccination if you had a severe allergic or general reaction to the previous one.

If a baby has a congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, he is prohibited from receiving all live vaccines, which include the measles vaccine.

If the child was given immunoglobulin for the purpose of prevention, then vaccination is carried out only after 2 - 3 months. After a blood transfusion or intravenous infusions immunoglobulin, this period increases to 6 - 9 months.

Such a delay from vaccination is necessary to completely remove the antibodies from the baby’s body that he received with these drugs. Otherwise they will just get in the way normal operation immune system after vaccination, and the child will not receive full protection against measles.

Vaccination is temporarily contraindicated in acute viral diseases. It can be done immediately after the temperature drops and your health improves. Atopic dermatitis, anemia, dysbacteriosis are not contraindications to vaccination.

How to prepare for the measles vaccination and how can it be easier to get through it?

It is written above that before vaccination the child must be examined by a doctor. The doctor will determine whether the baby is ready for vaccination and prescribe necessary medications, if available chronic diseases.

If after vaccination the child experiences discomfort or is capricious, you can do the following:

• attach cold compress to the injection site to relieve pain;
• Give medicine to relieve pain (ibuprofen and paracetamol).

If after a few days the temperature rises and you feel unwell, there is no need to panic. As mentioned above, this is a normal reaction to the vaccine. In this case, you can wipe the child warm water, ventilate the room, don’t wrap it up, give warm drink. If the temperature causes discomfort, antipyretic drugs (Ibuprofen, Paracetamol) are given.

Scientists say that the measles virus does not have the ability to change.

This means that thanks to mass vaccination, the disease can be defeated and measles will disappear from the face of the planet forever. This could save millions of children's lives. It is important not to give in to fears and panic before vaccinations and to take timely care of the baby’s future. You don’t need to wait for an epidemic in your city or country, but protect yourself and your child now.

(No ratings yet)

Most parents are interested in the question of how long the measles vaccine lasts. After all, it is easier to prevent any disease than to treat it later. Moreover, almost everything medications have not only medicinal properties, but many of them can negatively affect the body, especially children’s. Therefore, it is always better to resort to preventive measures than to later eliminate the disease with medications.

Symptoms and features of the disease

Symptoms of the disease begin to appear 1-2 weeks after infection. The temperature rises sharply to high values, sometimes even above 40. The patient cannot look at the light, it is difficult for him to speak - his voice is hoarse. A cough appears, mainly it is dry, that is, without discharge. Symptoms of conjunctivitis also appear: swelling of the eyelids and conjunctival hyperemia. But the most important thing is the rash in the form of spots that appear 3-4 days after the first symptoms.

The patient's condition stabilizes 4-5 days after the first elements of the rash appear. The temperature returns to normal, the rashes begin to fade and peel. All symptoms weaken and soon disappear completely.

How dangerous is the disease?

Measles is a viral disease with an acute course. It is extremely easily transmitted from a sick person to a healthy one, provided that the second does not have specific immunity. Contagiousness is almost 100%; it is rare that a person who has not been vaccinated manages to avoid infection through contact with a sick person.

In addition to being easy to catch, measles is also quite dangerous. The virus mainly affects children under 5 years of age. During this period they are extremely vulnerable; measles is one of the common causes of death in children preschool age. Fortunately, thanks routine vaccination and then revaccination, the disease was defeated, it began to occur much less frequently. But children whose parents abandoned specific prevention are at risk.

And even a seemingly complete recovery does not guarantee that the measles has passed without a trace. After all, complications may appear later.

The virus can cause the following lesions:

• Croup (narrowing of the larynx);
• Otitis;
• Laryngitis;
• Encephalitis;
• Lymphadenitis;
• sclerosing panencephalitis;
• hepatitis.

Measles is especially often severe and causes complications not only in children under 5 years of age, but also in people with immunodeficiency.

Probability of infection in vaccinated children

Unfortunately, in some cases, absolute immunity is not developed, and the risk of getting sick remains, although it is minimal. But even if a child becomes infected, the measles goes away without obvious symptoms, and complications are extremely rare.
Vaccinated children are more likely to survive the disease. Their symptoms may appear 3 weeks after contact with the pathogen. The temperature will not reach high values, and the rash will be uncharacteristic and will pass quickly.
The risk of infection depends on the age of vaccination. After all, every year the specific immunity gradually weakens and then practically ceases to function.

Schedule and principle of action of vaccinations

It is thanks to immunization that the number deaths decreased by more than 70%. After vaccination, specific protection is developed in 85-95% of children. And after revaccination, almost 100% of people are immune.

The measles vaccine consists of a weakened pathogen. Once in the body, it activates the human defense system. Which, in turn, attacks the virus, “eats” it and remembers it. Thus, immunity is developed, but over time it weakens.

Scientists have noticed that a one-time live vaccination measles vaccine leads to a stable reduction in morbidity. But the question arose: how long does such immunization last? After 6-7 years, cases of the disease began to be recorded among previously vaccinated children. Moreover, the disease progressed exactly the same as in people who had never been given the vaccine. Therefore, it was concluded that revaccination was needed.

On this moment active immunization is carried out in the second year of life. Optimal age for revaccination – this is 5-6 years, that is, before entering school.

No one can say exactly how many years the measles vaccination will be valid. It depends on the individual characteristics of the body, the state of the immune system and other factors.

In addition to routine vaccination, there is also emergency vaccination. It consists of introducing human immunoglobulin those who have been in contact with sick people. It is important that post-exposure prophylaxis is carried out no later than 6 days after possible infection. If a person has been vaccinated previously, and less than 5 years have passed since the last vaccine administration, then there is no need to use immunoglobulin.

Measles vaccine compatibility

The measles vaccine can be combined with almost all other vaccines. Most often, routine immunization against measles is carried out simultaneously, mumps and rubella.

Revaccination often falls during the period of mantoux testing. There's nothing wrong with that. It is recommended to be tested for tuberculosis before receiving the vaccine or 1-2 months after. But in emergency cases, both procedures can be performed without a long time interval.

Preparing for vaccination

You can’t just come and get vaccinated any day. First of all, you need to visit your doctor, who will conduct an examination and prepare directions for testing. This is necessary in order to identify possible diseases in organism. After all, if immunity is lowered, then the reaction to the introduction of a weakened virus can be unpredictable. Therefore, at the time of vaccination, the patient must be completely healthy.

Children usually do not need any specific preparation. The exception is children prone to allergic reactions. In this case, before immunization, a course of desensitizing drugs is prescribed - Claritin, Tavegil.

Contraindications

Contraindications may be temporary or permanent. The first include such body conditions that can be eliminated with the help of drugs or physiotherapeutic procedures:

• allergic manifestations;
• acute illness;
• relapse of a chronic disease;

There are also cases when vaccination is strictly contraindicated, and no medications can change this:

• severe allergic reactions to neomycin or egg white (constituents of the vaccine);
• immunodeficiency (primary or secondary);
• pregnancy;
• malignant formations in the body or blood diseases;
• severe complications after previous vaccine administrations.

Body reaction

The consequences of the measles vaccination frighten many parents, because a live virus is introduced into the body. In fact, there is nothing to be afraid of; complications arise extremely rarely. But various physiological reactions of the body occur in almost 80% of cases. They are divided into local and general.

The first include itching at the injection site, swelling and hyperemia (redness). Typically, these symptoms disappear within two days.

General clinical picture manifests itself with symptoms similar to those that occur with measles. A cough, swelling of the eyelids, redness of the throat, and conjunctivitis may appear. In some cases, the patient complains of general weakness, fatigue, nosebleeds, and sometimes a measles rash may occur. Also, after vaccination, the temperature may rise, often this does not happen immediately, but within 6 days.

It is important to note that what less for a child years, those greater risk development of similar reactions in the body. That is, it is more difficult for a one-year-old child to undergo vaccination than a 1.5-year-old child. There are three degrees of severity of manifestations:

1. Symptoms of intoxication are absent or mild. The temperature rises no higher than 37.5 degrees.
2. The previously described manifestations are added. The temperature can reach 38.5 degrees, but the patient’s condition is slightly impaired.
3. Body temperature rises to high values. A cough, rash, weakness, and redness of the throat appear. The symptoms are quite pronounced, but pass quickly.

Possible complications

Unfortunately, it is not always possible to predict what the body's reaction will be. Sometimes active immunization can cause a number of complications. Most often this happens due to non-compliance with contraindications, improper storage of the vaccine and mistakes made during injection.

• Anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, urticaria - these are all allergic reactions that develop due to the body's inadequate response to the protein particles contained in the vaccine.
• Convulsions are most often not associated with the components of the administered substance. Usually occur against the background of rising temperatures to high values.
• Glomerulonephritis – develops due to excessive sensitization of the body.
• Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in the number of platelets in the circulating blood. Leaks without clinical manifestations and does not cause any harm to humans.
• Inflammatory process in the membranes of the brain (post-vaccination encephalitis).

Having learned about the possibility of developing various complications, many parents begin to wonder whether it is worth getting vaccinated at all. Of course it's worth it. After all, measles itself can also cause similar complications, but their manifestations can be much more severe, and they will occur more often.

Measles is serious infectious disease, which can be prevented with competent and timely prevention. The measles vaccination is recognized as the only option that guarantees complete protection against the terrible disease. According to official statistics, the percentage of sick people (children and adults) after vaccination decreases by 85%.

Should you get vaccinated against measles?

The measles virus is transmitted by airborne droplets and has high degree distribution. Because the incubation period is two weeks, the sick person infects many others before symptoms become obvious. Despite being transferred to early childhood measles is not dangerous, medical data on mortality are not reassuring. According to WHO, even with modern therapy 5-10% of deaths from the disease are recorded. Therefore, using the vaccine is simply necessary!

Primary manifestations can easily be confused with colds. Temperature increases, catarrhal manifestations, signs of general intoxication of the body. Then spots appear on the mucous membrane of the mouth and by the third day a characteristic rash appears.

Even if infection has occurred, vaccination against measles will significantly alleviate the course of the disease and prevent serious complications.

Disorders of the central nervous system, respiratory or digestive system can become chronic from the damage suffered or lead to profound disability.

Widespread vaccination prevents the spread of infection, reduces mortality and disability. Most people have a mild reaction to the measles vaccine and no complications.

Preparations for immunization

Vaccination against measles is carried out separately or is included in the complex against measles, and (). Immunization of children is considered mandatory and is noted in the state vaccination calendar. The procedure can be performed various drugs containing weakened or “dead” viruses. In the future, children will not be able to become infected, but when the vaccine is administered, antibodies will be produced, which will optimally protect the person.

• "Microgen" (live, Russia);
• "Rouvax" (France);
• "" (Belgium);
• MMR (combined, USA).

The vaccine includes a strain of the virus that is grown on chicken or quail eggs. The second option: protecting the body with inactivated drugs, so-called “dead” strains. Combined products allow you to simultaneously protect the body from three dangerous diseases. Domestic funds are not provided comprehensive protection, you will need to take a one-component measles injection.

Children's clinics provide the domestically produced Microgen vaccine for free. If desired, parents can purchase at the pharmacy imported analogues for your baby. The attending physician will choose the most best option taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient. A child with a weakened immune system may get sick from the procedure, but the course of the disease will be much milder and serious complications will not occur.

Rules for preparing a child for vaccination

No special preparation of the child is required, but a mandatory condition for admission is the state of health and well-being on the eve of vaccination. The pediatrician conducts an examination and gives a medical report that the patient is completely healthy. The certificate is presented by parents to the vaccination office. If a child has a history of chronic diseases, then it is recommended to undergo a preventive course of therapy two weeks in advance.

If the immune system is sufficiently weak, the child is prescribed antihistamines to prevent possible allergic reactions.

Three days before the vaccine is administered, you should not include new foods in your diet, change your regimen, or visit public places. Since there will be significant stress on the immune system, parents are advised to warn the child against hypothermia or direct sunlight.

Carrying out preventive vaccinations

With proper implementation of the program and the use of high-quality vaccination material, immunity to measles is guaranteed to be developed for 20 years. Parents should be familiar with the medical regulations for measles vaccinations, how they feel after vaccination, and others. important points. Currently, all vaccination activities are carried out with written consent parents.

The refusal is also recorded in outpatient card, but parents must understand the significance of the risks involved.

Mandatory vaccination schedule

According to the current regulations, children under the age of 1 year are diagnosed with measles. The second time a child is given the vaccine before entering school, the third time a teenager is given the vaccine at the age of 15-17. As a rule, the vast majority of children develop antibodies from the first procedure. Sometimes required emergency measures if the child has been in contact with a sick person. A positive effect can be achieved in the first three days after possible infection.

According to existing standards, the age limit for vaccination is 35 years, but in practice there are exceptions. If a person cannot confirm that they were immunized against measles in childhood, the procedure can be done at any time. When planning a trip to an epidemiologically dangerous area, you should get vaccinated a month before departure.

Measles vaccination should be carried out taking into account the timing of other vaccinations. If we're talking about about a living weakened strain, then a month should pass after the previous procedure. Inactivated drugs can be administered at any convenient time without taking into account other drug effects.

Which part of the body is the vaccine given to?

Measles vaccination is carried out intramuscularly, following an examination of the patient and proper selection of the injection site. In the standard case, children are vaccinated in the hip a year, and six-year-olds are vaccinated in the shoulder. The drug must be injected deep into the muscle, and pediatricians do not recommend injecting the vaccine into the buttock. If it works subcutaneous injection, then the substance will be absorbed slowly, the effect of administering the selected vaccine will be lower than required. For adult patients and adolescents, the vaccine is given in the shoulder or under the shoulder blade.

Be sure to pay attention to ensure that the vaccine solution does not come into contact with the skin. As a result of incorrect administration, a compaction is formed and the product does not enter the bloodstream. Revaccination will be required, since the intended purpose of the procedure will not be fully fulfilled.

Rules of conduct after measles vaccination

How you feel after the procedure is performed depends on the individual characteristics of the body. If the condition worsens on days 5-15 of vaccination, then we can talk about a delayed reaction to the administered drug. There may be a lump or pain when moving at the injection site, but these symptoms go away within a couple of days.

As for preschool children, it is recommended to take care of the child, reduce the risk of contracting ARVI, and not take the child to kindergarten. Pediatricians warn against bathing children until the redness from the vaccine disappears. All deviations from normal health are natural, especially in weakened children. Normally, 16 days after measles vaccination are not observed painful signs. If the child’s condition is of concern, then you should call a doctor at home.

What is considered normal after vaccination?

After some time from the measles strain entering the body, the production of antibodies to this virus. Children's body puts up a barrier to infection and this is expressed by the following reactions:

1. swelling and redness at the injection site;
2. catarrhal phenomena: cough, redness of the throat, conjunctivitis;
3. skin rash that goes away after 1 day;
4. problems with appetite and general malaise, drowsiness;
5. elevated temperature, relieved by antipyretic medications.

It should be understood that the discomfort from the injection passes quickly enough; this is not a pathology, but a protective reaction.

Complications after vaccination

Significant disturbances in well-being during measles vaccination are recorded quite rarely. Deviations are caused by individual intolerance to the selected drug or a general weakening of the immune system. Negative reactions may be caused by incorrect injection technique or poor quality of the vaccine. Persistent health problems include:

• convulsive febrile reaction;
• toxic reaction - 6–11 days of vaccination;
• post-vaccination encephalitis;
• bacterial complications, gastrointestinal disorders;
• allergic reactions of varying severity;
• pneumonia, decreased platelet levels.

Allergies to the measles vaccine are associated with the inclusion of antibiotics and protein fragments in the product. Abdominal pain signals an exacerbation of chronic gastrointestinal lesions. It should be noted that vaccination encephalitis is considered an extremely rare complication; in unvaccinated patients, the risk of cerebral complications is several times higher.

Convulsions in themselves are not a sign of intolerance to measles protection. This adequate reaction body on high temperature, which needs to be controlled and reduced at high numbers.

Contraindications for immunization

In cases regulated by the rules, vaccination is not recommended. Sometimes from preventive measure done by doctors for a certain period. In other situations, you should never be vaccinated against measles or until specifically directed by an infectious disease specialist.

If you have health problems and elevated temperature, after healing and restoration of immunity, you will need to skip one month. Reasons for temporarily postponing measles vaccination:

1. acute infection of various nature;
2. relapse of chronic pathologies;
3. pregnancy and lactation;
4. pulmonary tuberculosis;
5. administration of immunoglobulins, blood products.

If contraindicated, vaccinations can cause harm, complicate the course of the underlying disease and cause a severe reaction.

Reasons for permanent refusal to vaccinate:

1. intolerance to antibiotics (aminoglycosides);
2. malignant tumors;
3. negative reactions to previous injections;
4. allergy to egg white;
5. severe form of acquired immunodeficiency.

Active human immunization against measles has been proven to be reliable and the only way prevention of serious illness. Infectious lesion poses a mortal danger, and there is no medical cure for measles. Parents are advised to carefully observe the timing of vaccinations so that the baby grows healthy and is reliably protected.

In case the vaccine causes you to develop a fever or other complications during treatment, consult your doctor immediately so as not to aggravate the consequences caused by the rash. Including rubella, measles infection and mumps.