What foods can diabetes patients eat? Alcoholic drinks for diabetes

To prevent a sharp rise or fall in sugar, diabetics are forced to adhere to a diet. This is a mandatory condition and treatment without it is impossible.

Table of what you can eat when diabetes mellitus, and what not to help maintain normal metabolism.

Some of the most popular questions related to dietary restrictions for diabetes:

If the diet is violated and sugar levels rise, vision decreases, general weakness and fatigue appear, urination becomes more frequent, weight drops, the patient suffers from headaches and dizziness, any wounds take a long time to heal, the body becomes defenseless against infections.

The basic principles of a diet for diabetes mellitus include the following:

• eat small portions several times a day;
• do not consume foods containing sugar and carbohydrates in large quantities;
• Limit consumption of foods low in carbohydrates and sugar.

What to do if you really want a product that you can’t?

Especially at first, the body experiences a lot of stress because it cannot receive the foods it is accustomed to. The patient himself experiences stress psychologically. Sometimes the condition depresses a person so much that even adults begin to cry, become hysterical, and demand that they be given sweets, fried foods, or fatty foods. The problem is not that the person is capricious or selfish. It’s just very difficult for him and his body can’t cope on its own.

In such cases, you need the support of loved ones who can encourage you, calmly remind you that health is more valuable than candy/meat, etc.

If you really want a certain product, think of something to replace it with. Sweets can be replaced with special confectionery products for diabetics. Sugar is a sweetener.

Diet for diabetes is the main, and in some cases, the only treatment therapy.

Treatment should prevent or completely eliminate ketoacidosis, glucosouria, hyperglycemia, and metabolic processes, the likelihood of weight gain and diabetic microangiopathy.

Nowadays, to prevent the development of this disease, diet therapy, insulin therapy and hypoglycemic drugs are prescribed.

The selection of treatment is carried out individually for each patient, based on general condition, stage of pathology and clinical picture.

Basic principles

The energy obtained from food should be equal to the patient's energy needs.

It is difficult for a person to sharply limit himself in food, so one should select foods in the diet that will increase the feeling of fullness (cabbage, spinach, tomatoes, green pea etc.).

Important to remember that the liver needs lipotropic components, which are present in oatmeal, cottage cheese, soy, etc.

Proper nutrition

For selection proper diet You can adhere to the following principles:

1. The more fiber, the better. But it’s worth minimizing your intake of refined carbohydrates and making a few healthy substitutions:

• white rice to brown;
• pasta into equal coarsely ground product;
• White bread on rye;
• potatoes for cauliflower or yams;
• corn flakes to oat flakes, etc.

2. Explore glycemic index products.
This gives a complete picture of how the food you eat affects your sugar levels.
Patients are advised to eat foods with low and medium GI.

3. You should not overuse products containing a large percentage of starch.

4. It is necessary to take advantage of every opportunity to consume unrefined grains.

5. You cannot combine sweets with foods that have a low GI index.

6. The diet should contain healthy fats.

7. Limit intake of saturated fats contained in animal products.

8. Portions should be small, but the number of such “snacks” can reach 5-7.

9. If there are sweets on the menu, you need to cut down on other foods that contain carbohydrates.

10. Controlling fat intake will help prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases.
You can use the following substitutions:

11. It is better to record the number and frequency of meals in a diary.

Physical activity plays an important role in the treatment of diabetes. There is no need to sign up for a gym if you are slightly overweight.

It is enough to replace a trip of one stop with a walk, walk more fresh air and do morning exercises.

Useful and harmful products

Diet therapy is prescribed with the aim of maintaining sugar within acceptable limits, reducing the risk of stroke and heart attack, improving the general well-being of the patient and reducing the risk of concomitant pathologies.

For many patients, weight loss is also important, which, in fact, is what the word “diet” itself implies.

To avoid confusion about what can and cannot be consumed if you have diabetes, it is better to present the information clearly, in the form of a table:

How to go on a diet correctly

It is very difficult for a person to change from a regular diet to a dietary one.

Not everyone can handle this well, so sometimes a smooth transition is required.

In such cases, it is better to gradually replace products.

For example, the first week you should get used to hard-ground bread, and then gradually replace all foods with dietary ones.

To simplify your diet for diabetes, it is better to use the following tips:

1. You should not buy products that can cause a rise in blood sugar.
This is true even for those cases when a person does not take for himself.
It's very easy to fall off your diet, so it’s better to always replace sweets with fruits, juices, jellies, etc.

2. To put it simply, I crave sweets unbearably, then you can make an equal exchange.
To do this, exclude food from the diet rich in carbohydrates(potatoes, cereals, bread), replacing it with vegetables.
This makes it possible to eat a little sweet dessert (about 100 g).

3. Get the right balance in food Visually separating the plate will help.

Fill half the plate with vegetables and eat them first. We set aside ¼ of the plate for proteins (fish, lean meat, etc.).

We leave the remaining space on the plate for carbohydrates (potatoes, cereals, etc.).

4. For a daily dose of cereals, two tablespoons raw are enough.
Bread must be reduced to 100 g.

5. You should avoid carbonated drinks and store-bought juices.
Such fluids are easy to replace mineral water, decoctions, tea, natural juice, etc.

6. When preparing cutlets, you should add cereals, carrots, greens, but not bread.

7. Not everyone can eat raw vegetables, so you can bake them or grind them into a pate with the addition of herbs.

8. Food should be chewed thoroughly and swallowed as slowly as possible.
The body needs time to analyze and process information.

When saturation reaches approximately 80%, you should stop eating and after a while (15-20 minutes) you will feel full.

Strict calorie cutting during a diet is not required, because this is one of the main reasons for therapy failures.

The patient should consume exactly as much as is consumed during normal mode day.

If you are faced with excessive physical activity, it is necessary to reconsider the energy value of the diet.

If you have diabetes, it is important to follow all the recommendations of your doctor and take necessary medications. This is the only way to normalize the general condition.

Diabetes is a death sentence! - So says Dr. Brand. What foods you can eat and what you can’t, you will learn about this while watching.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease endocrine system, is associated with a lack of insulin in the body.

As a result, the glucose content in the blood increases, which leads to metabolic disorders and gradual damage to almost all functional systems in the human body. The disease is divided into type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Today, issues of nutrition and diet for diabetes of any type are an extremely serious topic that is raised by every patient after he is diagnosed with the disease.

In general, proper nutrition for diabetes mellitus should be observed every day, since without a diet, a person’s health will deteriorate.

Diet is necessary for patients with diabetes of any type, but nutritional recommendations have certain differences for diabetes types I and II. At the last decrease overweight body through diet may be the only measure of therapeutic effect.

The type of diabetes mellitus is determined by the endocrinologist who is treating you.

1. For type 1 diabetes: proper nutrition is a necessary background for insulin therapy. If you do not pay attention to it, all efforts to reduce blood sugar will be in vain: this indicator does not stabilize, and this affects the condition of the blood vessels of all organs and systems.
2. Type 2 diabetes: does not always need drug therapy. First, the patient is recommended a diet that will help reduce weight. If the dynamics are good, in this case medications may not be required at all.

General tips to help reduce blood sugar:

1. Reduce your intake of soft drinks, lemonade and juices. At regular use Sweetened drinks increase the risk of developing diabetes by about 15%. When drinking tea and coffee, reduce the amount of cream and sweeteners.
2. Try to choose unsweetened foods, such as unsweetened iced tea, yogurt, or unsweetened oatmeal. You can sweeten the food to your liking. Most likely, you will add much less sugar to your food than the manufacturing company.
3. Replace your favorite sweets with healthier foods. Instead of ice cream, crush frozen bananas and beat the mixture with a mixer to make a wonderful dessert. Instead of your favorite milk chocolate, it is better to eat a piece of dark chocolate.

It is especially important to follow a diet when mild flow diabetes, since it is practically the main method of treatment.

Differences in diet for type 1 and type 2 diabetes

For the sick type 1 diabetes mellitus a low-calorie diet is required (25–30 kcal per 1 kg of body weight), preventing late complications diseases. In this case, the diet is extremely important and must be strictly followed. The main thing you should pay attention to when creating a diet is the balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Sick type 2 diabetes a subcalorie diet is prescribed (daily energy value food 1600–1800 kcal). On such a diet, patients should lose about 300–400 g of body weight per week. If you are severely overweight daily amount calories are reduced according to the percentage of excess body weight to 15–17 kcal per 1 kg.

Nutrition Basics

In each individual case, the doctor prescribes a patient with diabetes mellitus special diet which must be followed to maintain the body normally.

When starting to eat right, follow these simple rules every day:

1. You need to eat food 5-6 times in small portions during the day (every 2-3 hours).
2. The ratio of proteins, carbohydrates and fats should be balanced.
3. The amount of calories received from food should be equal to the patient’s energy expenditure.
4. A person must receive proper nutrition: certain vegetables and fruits, cereals, dietary meat and fish, natural juices no added sugar, dairy products, soups.

The food of a patient with diabetes should be rich in vitamins, so it is useful to introduce vitamin carriers into the diet: baker's yeast, brewer's yeast, rosehip decoction, dietary supplements, dietary supplements.

Diet rules for diabetes for every day

If you have diabetes, you can eat the following foods:

1. Bread - up to 200 grams per day, mostly black or special diabetic.
2. Prepare soups using vegetable broth; consuming weak meat and fish broths is acceptable 1-2 times a week.
3. Dishes from meat products and poultry. For diabetes mellitus, patients are allowed to eat boiled beef, chicken, and rabbit meat.
4. Vegetables and greens. Potatoes, beets, carrots are recommended to consume no more than 200 grams per day. But other vegetables (cabbage, lettuce, radishes, cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes) and greens (except spicy) can be consumed almost without restrictions, raw and boiled, and occasionally baked.
5. Cereals, legumes, and pasta products should not be consumed frequently. If you decide to eat a plate of spaghetti, give up bread and other carbohydrate foods and dishes that day.
6. Eggs can be consumed no more than 2 times a day, adding them to other dishes, soft-boiled or in the form of an omelet.
7. Fruits and berries of sour and sweet and sour varieties (Antonovka apples, oranges, lemons, cranberries, red currants...) - up to 200-300 grams per day.
8. Milk - with a doctor’s permission, kefir, yogurt (only 1-2 glasses per day), cottage cheese (50-200 grams per day) in in kind or in the form of cottage cheese, cheesecakes and puddings.
9. It is recommended to consume cottage cheese daily, up to 100-200 grams per day in its natural form or in the form of cottage cheese, cheesecakes, puddings, casseroles. Cottage cheese, as well as oatmeal and buckwheat porridge, bran, rose hips improve fat metabolism and normalize liver function, and prevent fatty changes in the liver.
10. Tea with milk, weak coffee, tomato juice, fruit and berry juices (total liquids together with soup up to 5 glasses per day).

Carefully plan your menu every day and eat only foods that are healthy and necessary for you.

Prohibited products

The diet of patients with diabetes must be thoughtful; first of all, people who have been diagnosed with this disease need to give up the following foods:

1. Sweets, chocolate, confectionery, baked goods, jam, honey, ice cream and other sweets;
2. Hot, spicy, salty and smoked snacks and dishes, lamb and pork fat;
3. Pepper, mustard;
4. Alcoholic drinks;
5. Grapes, bananas, raisins;
6. Sugar is allowed only in small quantities with a doctor's permission.

All foods for diabetes should be consumed according to a schedule, and in order to control blood glucose, the daily menu should contain fiber.

Sample menu for the day

Following a diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus, you can stick to simple menu, alternating products from among those allowed.

Example #1:

1. Breakfast – oatmeal, egg. Bread. Coffee.
2. Snack – natural yogurt with berries.
3. Lunch – vegetable soup, chicken breast with salad (beets, onions and olive oil) and stewed cabbage. Bread. Compote.
4. Afternoon snack – low-fat cottage cheese. Tea.
5. Dinner – hake baked in sour cream, vegetable salad (cucumbers, tomatoes, herbs or any other seasonal vegetables) with vegetable oil. Bread. Cocoa.
6. Second dinner (a few hours before bedtime) – natural yogurt, baked apple.

Example #2:

1. Breakfast: cottage cheese 150 g, buckwheat or oatmeal 150 g, black bread, unsweetened tea.
2. Second breakfast: unsweetened compote 250 ml.
3. Lunch: chicken broth 250 g, boiled lean meat 75 g, stewed cabbage - 100 g, sugar-free jelly - 100 g, bread, mineral water 250 ml.
4. Afternoon snack – apple 1 pc.
5. Dinner: stewed vegetables 150 g, meatballs 100 g, cabbage schnitzel - 200 g, bread, unsweetened rosehip broth.
6. Second dinner: drinking yoghurt – 250 ml.

Example #3:

1. Breakfast: carrot-apple salad – 100 g, low-fat cottage cheese with milk – 150 g Bread with bran – 50 g Tea without sugar – 1 glass. Second breakfast: mineral water – 1 glass, apple.
2. Lunch: vegetable soup with soy – 200 g, meat goulash – 150 g, vegetable caviar – 50 g. Rye bread – 50 g. Tea with xylitol – 1 glass.
3. Afternoon snack: fruit salad – 100 g. Tea without sugar – 1 glass.
4. Dinner: fish schnitzel – 150 g, millet milk porridge – 150 g. Bread with bran – 50 g Tea without sugar – 1 glass. Second dinner: kefir – 1 glass.

Remember: a diabetic patient should not be hungry. You should eat at the same time, but if slight hunger occurs between main meals, you should definitely muffle it with a cup of tea or vegetables. But it should be just a light snack - overeating is dangerous for a diabetic.

Pancreas. The main reason for it is overeating and consuming large amounts of fats and carbohydrates. This forces the pancreas to “work to the limit,” which is subject to a “carbohydrate attack.” When sugar levels rise after a meal, the gland increases the release of insulin. The disease is based on disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: impaired absorption of glucose by tissues and its increased formation from fats and glycogen .

The most common is type 2 diabetes , developing more often in adults over 40 years of age and in the elderly. The number of patients especially increases after 65 years. Thus, the prevalence of the disease is 8% at the age of 60 years and reaches 23% at 80 years. In older people, reduced physical activity, decreased muscle mass, which utilizes glucose, and abdominal obesity aggravate existing insulin resistance. In old age, glucose metabolism is determined by the sensitivity of tissues to insulin , as well as the secretion of this hormone. Insulin resistance is more pronounced in overweight elderly people, and reduced secretion dominates in non-obese individuals, which allows for a differentiated approach to treatment. A feature of the disease at this age is its asymptomatic course until complications appear.

This form of diabetes is more common in women and the likelihood of developing it increases with age. The overall prevalence of the disease among women aged 56-64 years is 60-70% higher than in men. And this is connected with hormonal disorders— the onset of menopause and a lack of estrogen activates a cascade of reactions and metabolic disorders, which is accompanied by weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, and the occurrence of dyslipidemia.

The development of the disease can be represented by the diagram: overweight- increased insulin resistance - increased sugar levels - increased insulin production - increased insulin resistance. It turns out to be such a vicious circle, and a person, without knowing it, consumes carbohydrates, reduces his physical activity and gets fatter every year. Beta cells wear out, and the body stops responding to the signal sent by insulin.

The symptoms of diabetes are quite typical: dry mouth, constant thirst, urge to urinate, fast fatiguability, fatigue, unexplained weight loss. The most important characteristic of the disease is hyperglycemia - high sugar in blood. One more characteristic symptom is a feeling of hunger in diabetes mellitus (polyphagia) and is caused by glucose starvation of cells. Even after having a good breakfast, the patient begins to feel hungry within an hour.

Increased appetite is explained by the fact that glucose, which serves as “fuel” for tissues, does not enter them. Responsible for the delivery of glucose into cells insulin , which patients either lack or the tissues are not susceptible to it. As a result, glucose does not enter the cells, but enters the blood and accumulates. Cells deprived of nutrition send a signal to the brain, stimulating the hypothalamus, and the person begins to feel hungry. At frequent attacks polyphagia can be said to be labile diabetes, which is characterized by a large amplitude of glucose fluctuations during the day (0.6 - 3.4 g/l). It is dangerous due to development ketoacidosis And .

At diabetes insipidus e, associated with disorders in the central nervous system, are noted similar symptoms (increased thirst, an increase in the amount of urine excreted to 6 liters, dry skin, weight loss), but the main symptom is absent - an increase in blood sugar levels.

Foreign authors tend to believe that the diet of patients receiving replacement therapy, should not limit simple carbohydrates. However, domestic medicine retains old approach to the treatment of this disease. Proper nutrition in diabetes mellitus is healing factor at initial stage diseases, the main point in diabetes while taking oral hypoglycemic drugs and necessary for insulin-dependent diabetes.

What diet should patients follow? They are prescribed or its varieties. This diet food normalizes carbohydrate metabolism(allows you to reduce blood sugar and stabilize it at a level close to normal, and prevents disorders of fat metabolism. The principles of diet therapy of this table are based on a sharp limitation or exclusion of simple carbohydrates and the inclusion complex carbohydrates up to 300 g per day.

The amount of proteins is within physiological norm. The amount of carbohydrates is adjusted by the doctor depending on the degree of increase in sugar, the patient’s weight and concomitant diseases.

Diet for type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes develops after age 40 and is usually associated with excess weight. One of the most important conditions effective treatment is to carry out self-control, which allows you to maintain normal level blood sugar This reliable means warnings diabetic complications. Treatment of type 2 diabetes begins with diet therapy, which helps normalize weight and control sugar levels.

What should be the diet for type 2 diabetics? Usually, with normal weight, a basic diet is prescribed with a caloric intake of up to 2500 kcal and an amount of carbohydrates of 275-300 g, which is distributed by the doctor between bread, cereals and vegetables.

Preference is given to products with a minimum glycemic index, high content plant fibers and, preferably, uncooked or minimally processed. The main table is shown for permanent use with type 2 diabetes mild and medium degree severity in patients with normal weight.

Nutrition is of great importance in the presence of obesity, since weight loss has a positive effect on the course of the disease. For obesity, varieties are prescribed - reduced diets (with reduced calorie content) containing 225 g, 150 g or 100 g of carbohydrates per day.

First of all, the 9th diet for type 2 diabetes excludes the consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates, which are quickly and easily absorbed (after 15 minutes), sharply increase sugar and do not create a feeling of satiety:

• sugar;
• jams, preserves, marmalade;
• confectionery;
• syrups;
• ice cream;
• White bread;
• sweet vegetables and fruits, dried fruits;
• pasta.

Limitation of use is provided:

• potatoes as a high starch product;
• beets, which have a high glycemic index;
• bread, cereals, corn, pasta and soy products.

To lose weight, the calorie content of the diet is reduced to 1700 kcal by limiting carbohydrates to 120 g per day, with protein (110 g) and fat (70 g) as normal. It is recommended to carry out fasting days. In addition to the above recommendations, high-calorie foods are excluded:

• oils (butter and vegetable), sour cream, margarine, mayonnaise, spreads;
• lard, sausages, frankfurters, sausages, smoked meats, fatty meat and fish, chicken with skin, canned food in oil;
• fatty cheeses, cottage cheese, cream;
• nuts, seeds, baked goods, mayonnaise, alcoholic drinks.

The consumption of vegetables in the form of side dishes increases:

• eggplant;
• cucumbers;
• cauliflower;
• leafy greens;
• red salad pepper (high content of vitamins);
• turnips, radishes;
• pumpkin, zucchini and squash, which have a beneficial effect on carbohydrate metabolism.

The diet should be varied, but contain fewer calories. This is doable if higher-calorie foods (for example, sausages) are replaced with an equal amount of boiled lean meat, and the butter in the sandwich is replaced with cucumber or tomato. This way, your hunger is satisfied and you consume fewer calories.

For non-insulin-dependent diabetes, you need to reduce the consumption of foods that contain “hidden fats” (sausages, sausages, nuts, seeds, sausages, cheeses). With these products we will quietly get a large amount of calories. Since fats are very high in calories, even a tablespoon of vegetable oil added to a salad will ruin your weight loss efforts. 100 g of seeds or nuts contain up to 600 kcal, but we do not count them as food. A piece of high-fat cheese (more than 40%) is much higher in calories than a piece of bread.

Since carbohydrates must be present in the diet, it is necessary to include slowly absorbed carbohydrates with a high content of dietary fiber: vegetables, legumes, bread coarse, whole grain cereals. You can use sugar substitutes ( xylitol , stevia, fructose or sorbitol) and count them into the total amount of carbohydrates. Xylitol is equivalent to regular sugar in terms of sweetness, so its dose is 30 g. Fructose is enough for 1 tsp. for adding to tea. Worth giving preference natural sweetener stevia.

It is very important for patients to know the glycemic index (GI) of all foods. When consuming foods with a high GI, hyperglycemia appears, and this causes increased production insulin . Products with medium and low GI break down gradually and almost do not cause an increase in sugar. You need to choose fruits and vegetables with an index of up to 55: apricots, cherry plums, grapefruits, lingonberries, cranberries, peaches, apples, plums, sea buckthorn, red currants, cherries, gooseberries, cucumbers, broccoli, green peas, cauliflower, milk, cashews, almonds , peanuts, soybeans, beans, peas, lentils, leaf salad. They are allowed to be consumed in limited quantities (no more than 200 g of fruit per serving). It must be remembered that heat treatment increases GI. Proteins and fats reduce it, so the diet of patients should be mixed.

The basis of nutrition should be vegetables and low-fat foods. Sample diet includes:

• Salads from fresh vegetables, boiled or baked vegetables. Try to limit beets and potatoes (you can exclude them completely).
• Lean meat and boiled fish, since the calorie content of fried foods increases by 1.3 times.
• Wholemeal bread, a moderate amount of cereals (rice and wheat cereals are excluded).
• Low-fat fermented milk products.

Sugar is excluded when mild degree diseases, and against the background of insulin therapy for moderate and severe diseases, the consumption of 20-30 g of sugar per day is allowed. Thus, diet therapy by the doctor varies depending on the severity of the disease, weight, intensity of work of the patient and age.

Patients are also recommended to increase physical activity. Physical activity is mandatory because it increases tissue sensitivity to insulin, reducing insulin resistance, and also lowers blood pressure and reduces atherogenicity of the blood. The exercise regimen is selected individually, taking into account concomitant diseases and the severity of complications. The most the best option for all ages there will be walks for an hour daily or every other day. Proper nutrition and an active lifestyle will help fight heightened feeling hunger.

Diet for type 1 diabetes

This form of diabetes is more common in at a young age and in children, whose peculiarity is a sudden onset with acute metabolic disorders (acidosis , ketosis , dehydration ). It has been established that the occurrence of this type of diabetes is not associated with a nutritional factor, but is caused by the destruction of b-cells of the pancreas, which leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin, impaired glucose utilization, and a decrease in the synthesis of proteins and fats. All patients require lifelong insulin therapy; if the dose is insufficient, ketoacidosis develops and diabetic coma. Equally important is that the disease leads to disability and high mortality caused by micro- and macroangiopathic complications.

Diet for type 1 diabetes is no different from normal healthy eating and it contains an increased amount of simple carbohydrates. The patient is free to choose a menu, especially with intensive insulin therapy. Now almost all experts believe that you can eat everything, with the exception of sugar and grapes, but you need to know how much and when you can eat. Strictly speaking, the diet comes down to correctly calculating the amount of carbohydrates in foods. There are several important rules: You can use no more than 7 at a time grain units and sweet drinks (tea with sugar, lemonade, sweet juices) are strictly excluded.

The difficulties lie in correctly counting bread units and determining the need for insulin. All carbohydrates are measured in bread units and their amount taken with food at one time is summed up. One XE corresponds to 12 g of carbohydrates and is contained in 25 g of bread - hence the name. Compiled special table based on bread units contained in different products and using it you can accurately calculate the amount of carbohydrates consumed.

When creating a menu, you can change foods without exceeding the amount of carbohydrates prescribed by your doctor. To process 1 XE, you may need 2-2.5 units of insulin for breakfast, 1.5-2 units for lunch, and 1-1.5 units for dinner. When creating a diet, it is important not to consume more than 25 XE per day. If you want to eat more, you will need to inject additional insulin. When using short-acting insulin, the amount of XE should be distributed over 3 main and 3 additional meals.

One XE is contained in two spoons of any porridge. Three spoons of pasta are equivalent to four spoons of rice or buckwheat porridge and two pieces of bread, and all contain 2 XE. The more boiled the foods are, the faster they are absorbed and the faster the sugar rises. Peas, lentils and beans can be ignored, since 1 XE is contained in 7 tablespoons of these legumes. Vegetables win in this regard: one XE contains 400 g of cucumbers, 350 g of lettuce, 240 g of cauliflower, 210 g of tomatoes, 330 g fresh mushrooms, 200 g green pepper, 250 g spinach, 260 g sauerkraut, 100 g carrots and 100 g beets.

Before eating sweets, you need to learn how to take an adequate dose of insulin. Those patients who monitor their blood sugar several times a day, know how to count the amount of XE and, accordingly, change the dose of insulin, can indulge in sweets. It is necessary to monitor sugar levels before and after consuming sugary foods and evaluate the adequate dose of insulin.

Number Diets 9B is indicated for patients with a severe form of the disease receiving large doses of insulin, and it is characterized by an increased carbohydrate content (400-450 g) - more bread, cereals, potatoes, vegetables and fruits are allowed. The amount of proteins and fats increases slightly. The diet is close in composition to the general table, 20-30 g of sugar and sweeteners are allowed.

If the patient receives insulin in the morning and afternoon, then 70% of carbohydrates should be in these meals. After an insulin injection, you need to eat twice - after 15 minutes and after 3 hours, when its maximum effect is noted. Therefore, in insulin-dependent diabetes fractional meals is given great importance: second breakfast and afternoon snack should be taken 2.5-3 hours after the main meal and it must necessarily contain carbohydrate foods (porridge, fruits, potatoes, fruit juices, bread, biscuits with bran). When administering insulin in the evening before dinner, you should leave some food overnight to prevent hypoglycemic reactions. The weekly menu for diabetics will be presented below.

Two largest research have convincingly proven the benefits of controlling carbohydrate metabolism in terms of preventing the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications. If your sugar level long time exceeds the norm, then various complications develop: fatty liver, but the most dangerous - diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).

Authorized Products

• The basis of the diet is fresh vegetables: cucumbers, cabbage, tomatoes, eggplants, bell peppers, onions, herbs, mushrooms, lemons, cranberries, sauerkraut, garlic, green beans. Vegetables are used raw or stewed. Rarely do you need to choose boiled or baked potatoes with their skins as a side dish. French fries and croquettes are not acceptable because they are cooked with fat.
• Potatoes are allowed with restrictions and most often up to 200 g in all dishes. You need to remember the high carbohydrate content in carrots and beets and limit their inclusion in your diet. Sometimes you can introduce rice, legumes, and pasta.
• Preference is given to products with a high fiber content (plant fibers reduce the ability of starch to increase sugar): bakery products made from wholemeal flour, grain bread and bran bread. Intended use rye bread and with bran up to 200 g per day. However, there is no difference between white and black bread. The same can be said about buckwheat, which is not much different from other cereals.
• The absorption of starch facilitates grinding, kneading and long-term processing, so its sugar-raising effect can be reduced if the products are not crushed or boiled. To do this, cook potatoes whole in their skins, and for porridges choose large grain cereals, do not overcook them.
• First courses can be cooked in meat or vegetable broth. Preference should be given to vegetable soups, okroshka, and mushroom soup. Potatoes may be present in limited quantities in first courses.
• Lean meats and chicken are allowed. All meat dishes should be cooked boiled or baked, which reduces the calorie content of the dishes. From fish you need to choose dietary varieties: pike perch, pollock, pike, cod, hake, navaga. Give preference to fish and seafood over meat.
• The amount of cereal is limited to the norm - usually 8-10 tablespoons. It can be buckwheat, pearl barley, barley, whole oatmeal. If you eat pasta (occasionally), then you need to reduce the amount of bread. Legumes (lentils) are allowed.
• Low-fat fermented milk drinks, milk and low-fat cottage cheese should be in the diet daily. Cheeses with a fat content of no more than 30% can be consumed in small quantities; low-fat sour cream is added only to dishes. It should be noted that milk is also a carbohydrate-containing product (it contains milk sugar), but it does not cause such a pronounced increase in sugar, since the absorption of lactose is inhibited by the proteins and fats of milk.
• You can eat one egg per day (3-4 per week) - soft-boiled or as an omelet.
• Various vegetable oils in the amount of 1 tbsp. l. (for the whole day) should be added to prepared dishes.
• Fruits and berries contain simple carbohydrates, but at the same time contain fiber, which inhibits their absorption. They should be consumed raw, and not juices, which are absorbed very quickly. The recommended fruit is grapefruit. Apples, oranges, and tangerines are consumed to a limited extent. If you want to make compote, it is prepared without sugar; you can sweeten it with sorbitol. Sweet fruits should be avoided: grapes, pears, plums, and dried fruits.
• Drinks used are unsweetened or with sugar substitutes: coffee with milk, tea, vegetable juices. Useful herbal teas, for which it is recommended to use blueberry shoots, bean pods, strawberry leaves, nettle, rose hips, hazel leaves, dandelion roots and leaves, or ready-made antidiabetic medicinal preparations.
• You can eat sweets, waffles, and cookies for diabetics. But even in this case, the norm should be 1-2 candies once or twice a week.

Table of permitted products

Fully or partially limited products

• Baked goods, sweet desserts, honey, confectionery, preserves and jams are excluded (preparations for xylitol ), sugar, ice cream, curd, sweet cheeses, sweet juices, sweet drinks, beer.
• Products made from flour (dumplings, dumplings, pancakes, pies).
• Sweet fruits and dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, bananas, dates, figs, grapes, pineapple, persimmon, apricot, melon.
• Semolina and pasta.
• You should not eat fatty broths and fatty meats, fatty sauces, smoked meats, lard, ham, sausages and cream. Liver, egg yolks, and honey are allowed in limited quantities.
• It is better to avoid fried foods, eating spicy and too salty foods, and hot sauces.

Limit:

• Potato, wheat cereal, White rice.
• Beets and carrots.
• The consumption of fats, even vegetable ones, is reduced as much as possible.

Table of prohibited products

* data is per 100 g of product

Menu (Power Mode)

The diet should include up to 60% carbohydrates, 25% fats and 25% proteins. The nutritional menu for diabetics should have an even distribution of carbohydrates, which is determined by the doctor for each patient individually. The daily menu needs to be adjusted taking into account the allowed amount of carbohydrates and calories that need to be counted daily.

The diet includes 5-6 small meals. This is explained by the fact that glucose-lowering drugs act for 24 hours, and to avoid hypoglycemia , you need to eat often and preferably at the same hours.

An approximate diet for each day may include: bread - 150 g, cereals - 50 g, potatoes - 70 g, other vegetables 550 g, meat - 110-130 g, eggs - 1-2 pcs., milk and fermented milk drinks 400-500 g, apples - 200 g, butter - 10 g, cottage cheese - 150 g, vegetable oil - 2 g, sour cream - 10 g, xylitol - 30 g. One serving of soup - 0.25 l.

Below is a menu according to generally accepted recommendations dietary nutrition. When creating a weekly menu for yourself, try to diversify it more and include your favorite vegetables and fruits, meat and fish dishes, the allowed amount of sweeteners in jelly, drinks and casseroles. A menu for type 1 diabetes may look like this:

Recipes

Dietary meals should be low in calories and foods such as mushrooms, leafy greens, cabbage, cucumbers, radishes, lemons, grapefruits, bell peppers, eggplants, onions and garlic have almost no effect on sugar levels. Therefore, they can be included in food recipes for diabetes mellitus 2 type. Vegetables can be used to make puddings, cutlets, casseroles, cabbage rolls, cucumbers, tomatoes and zucchini can be stuffed with meat, eggs, spinach.

Considering that many have accompanying illnesses Gastrointestinal tract, most the best way Preparing dishes for patients will include steaming, boiling or baking. Since dishes should be lower in calories, frying and baking with oil is completely excluded. The taste of unsalted food can be improved with various seasonings: dill, cumin, marjoram, thyme, basil, onion, garlic, lemon juice.

First meal

Borsch with prunes and mushrooms

Mushroom broth, tomato paste, mushrooms, beets, cabbage, carrots, roots, onions, potatoes, herbs, prunes, salt.

Wash the dried mushrooms and leave for 3 hours to swell, then cook until tender. The broth is filtered and used to prepare borscht. Potatoes and white roots are dipped into the broth. Beets, carrots, and onions are sautéed with the addition of tomato paste and add to potatoes. 5 minutes before readiness, add shredded cabbage and chopped mushrooms and salt. Separately, boiled prunes, sour cream and herbs are added to the plate.

Mixed vegetable soup

Broth, onions, carrots, vegetable oil, different types cabbage, potatoes, bell peppers, green beans, greens.

First, put the potatoes into the boiling broth, after 10 minutes add carrots, cabbage and green beans. In a frying pan with oil, sauté the onion and add it to the vegetables, bring to readiness. Sprinkle the finished soup with herbs.

Stewed cabbage with apples

Vegetable oil, onion, peeled apples, cabbage, 1 tbsp. lemon juice, salt pepper.

To warm vegetable oil in a saucepan. Add onions, shredded cabbage and apples. Simmer until done, add salt and pepper and lemon juice at the end.

Hake baked in sour cream

Hake, vegetable oil, onion, sour cream, salt, herbs.

Cut the fish into portions and place on a baking sheet. Place onion rings on top, salt and pepper, sprinkle with oil and grease big amount sour cream. Bake for 20 minutes. Serve with salad and tomatoes.

Dessert

Cottage cheese and pumpkin casserole

Pumpkin, cottage cheese, egg, sour cream, semolina, xylitol, butter.

Prepare the pumpkin by cutting it into cubes. Mix cottage cheese, butter, sour cream, egg, xylitol and semolina. After this add pumpkin. Place the curd and pumpkin mixture in a mold and bake in the oven.

During pregnancy and lactation

Stands out separately gestational diabetes , found during pregnancy. It does not develop in all pregnant women, but only in those who have genetic predisposition. Its cause is reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin (so-called insulin resistance) and is associated with a high content of hormones. Some ( , lactogen , ) have a blocking effect on insulin - this “counter-insulin” effect appears at the 20-24th week of pregnancy.

After delivery, carbohydrate metabolism most often normalizes. However, there is a risk of developing diabetes. Hyperglycemia is dangerous for mother and child: the possibility of miscarriage, complications during childbirth, pyelonephritis a woman has complications from the fundus of the eye, so the woman will have to strictly monitor her diet.

• Simple carbohydrates are excluded and complex carbohydrates are limited. It is necessary to exclude sugary drinks, sweets, pastries, cakes, white bread, bananas, grapes, dried fruits, and sweet juices. Eat foods containing large amounts of fiber (vegetables, unsweetened fruits, bran), which slows down the flow of glucose into the blood.
• Pasta and potatoes should be present in small quantities in a woman’s diet.
• Fatty and fried foods are excluded; it is recommended to avoid semi-finished products, sausages, and smoked meats.
• You need to eat every two hours (3 main meals and 2 additional ones). After dinner, if you feel hungry, you can drink 150 g of kefir or eat a small apple.
• You can steam, stew or bake food.
• Drink up to 1.5 liters of liquid.
• During the day, measure your sugar level after meals.

Compliance with these recommendations is necessary after childbirth for 2-3 months. After this, you should examine your blood sugar and consult an endocrinologist. If after childbirth, fasting sugar is still high, then diabetes mellitus is diagnosed, which was hidden and appeared for the first time during pregnancy.

A diagnosis of diabetes forces a person to reconsider their lifestyle. Properly organize food and rest. The quality and health of a diabetic patient depends on how well the regimen is drawn up.

The first important changes occur in nutrition. A number of products are excluded from the menu completely, and some products are limited. A menu is drawn up that strictly takes into account the amount of carbohydrates in food.

The main components of the daily menu for diabetics:

• vegetables and fruits,
• cereals and
• meat,
• fish,

Each food group provides the body with a specific set of nutrients. Let's look at what grains, meat, vegetables and fruits provide us with. And, provide it nutrients and prevent the rise in blood sugar.

What is the correct menu for a diabetic?

The rules for creating a menu for diabetics take into account several factors.

1. The amount of carbohydrates is measured by the XE () indicator in each food product. Total XE per day should not exceed 20-22, for one meal you should not consume more than 7 XE, preferably 4-5 XE.
2. Fractional meals (provide glucose into the blood in small portions). Diabetic patients need five to six meals a day.
3. Calorie content of the menu is important for type 2 diabetics. With this type of disease, the daily amount of calories is limited, and weight control and its normalization are stimulated.
4. (GI) - indicates the rate of absorption of carbohydrates in the intestines. Honey, sugar, juice, those products that quickly break down into simple sugars, have a high glycemic index. They are severely restricted in their diet because they cause a sharp increase in blood sugar. They can be consumed together with a large amount of fiber (vegetables), which makes it difficult to absorb simple carbohydrates.

The listed factors have a vital important for diabetic patients.

• Failure to comply with the amount of carbohydrates and bread units.
• Eating foods with a high glycemic index is fraught with headaches and loss of consciousness.
• With any incorrect calculations of the menu or quantity, a diabetic patient may fall into a coma with paralysis of the brain centers.
• When stable high sugar Various complications develop:
  1. gangrene

Let's consider what products can be used to create a safe nutritious menu for a diabetic.

Vegetables

Vegetables are the basis of nutrition for a diabetic patient.

Low-starch vegetables contain small amounts of carbohydrates and fiber. Therefore, diabetic patients can consume vegetables in almost unlimited quantities. For variety, vegetable dishes are made from raw and cooked vegetables.

Vegetable fiber ensures slow absorption of substances in the intestines. This creates a feeling of satiety and ensures a slow release of sugars into the blood.

Among the vegetable dishes, we highlight the following:

• vegetable soups,
• borscht,
• beetroots,
• braised cabbage,
• baked eggplants,

• fresh vegetable salads according to the season (cabbage, cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes),
• salads from boiled vegetables,
• vegetable caviar (eggplant or squash),
• the vinaigrette,
• freshly squeezed vegetable juices.

A serving of a vegetable dish contains no more than 1 XE of carbohydrates and up to 20-25 kcal. The total amount of vegetables in the daily menu is up to 900 g. Moreover, each meal should consist of half a vegetable dish and begin with a vegetable.

There is a recommendation for a diabetic: fill the plate half with vegetables, a quarter and a quarter with vegetables. Then eat a salad first, then a protein and at the end of the meal - a carbohydrate. This ensures slow absorption of sugars in the intestines and prevents an increase in blood sugar. Read more in the section

Fruits and berries

Eating fruits for diabetics is necessary

Cereals: cereals and porridges

and also refer to grain products. For diabetics, it is preferable to eat bread made from wholemeal flour. It contains fiber and provides a low glycemic index. Pasta is usually made from premium flour with a low amount of fiber. Therefore, their presence on the menu is permissible in small doses, no more than 200 g per day (calculated by XE).

Cereals form the daily menu of a diabetic. Some grains provide additional benefits. For example, oat grains supply plant analogues