Galvanization is a method of physiotherapy. Description of the procedure, equipment

Galvanization– a therapeutic effect on the body with a constant, continuous electric current of low strength (up to 50 mA) and low voltage (30-80 V) through electrodes placed in contact on the patient’s body.

Galvanic current is a direct current characterized by a constant direction and amplitude in an electrical circuit. It was named after the physiologist Luigi Galvani, who observed an electrical discharge in the muscle of a frog when it came into contact with two dissimilar metals (1789). Soon, physicist Alexandro Volta discovered that a similar process occurs in the case of two dissimilar metals immersed in an electrolyte solution, and is the result chemical reaction between the metal of the electrodes and the solution. On this basis, Volta developed a source of electromotive force, which he named a galvanic cell in honor of the discoverer of the Galvani phenomenon. Since then, for many decades, the current of a galvanic cell has been used in medicine for physiological research and for medicinal purposes under the name "galvanization". This term has been preserved in medicine to this day, despite the fact that this type of current is already obtained from machine generators or by rectification alternating current.

One of the common methods of use galvanic current is the method medicinal electrophoresis, proposed by V. Rossi in 1801.

Direct electric current in biological tissues causes the following physicochemical phenomena: electrolysis, polarization, electrodiffusion, electroosmosis.

Under the influence of an external electromagnetic field applied to human tissues, conduction current. Cations move towards the negative pole - the cathode, and anions - towards the positively charged pole - the anode. Directly approaching the metal plate of the electrode, the ions lose their charge and turn into atoms with high chemical activity (electrolysis). An alkali (KOH, NaOH) is formed under the cathode, and an acid (HCI) is formed under the anode.

Human skin has high resistance (low electrical conductivity), so current enters the body mainly through the excretory ducts of the sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, intercellular spaces of the epidermis and dermis. The maximum conduction current density is observed in liquid media body: blood, lymph, urine, interstitium, neural spaces. The electrical conductivity of tissues increases with shifts in acid-base balance, which can occur as a result of inflammatory edema and hyperemia.

It costs money to overcome the epidermis most of current energy. Therefore, during galvanization, the skin receptors are irritated first, and the most pronounced changes are noted in it.

After overcoming the resistance of the epidermis and subcutaneous fatty tissue, the current further spreads along the path of least resistance, mainly through the blood and lymphatic vessels, intercellular spaces, nerve sheaths and muscles, sometimes significantly deviating from a straight line, which can be used to conditionally connect two electrodes.

Body tissues contain a large number of electrolytes, mainly in the form of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium and other metal ions. As the number of monovalent potassium and sodium ions increases, tissue excitability increases in the corresponding areas; with the predominance of two valence ions, calcium and magnesium, it is inhibited.

Galvanization is characterized increased activity ions in tissues, which is due to their transition from a bound state to a free one. Important role Among the primary mechanisms of direct current action, the phenomenon plays electric polarization, that is, accumulations of oppositely charged ions near membranes with the formation of additional polarization currents having a direction opposite to that from the outside. Polarization leads to changes in cell hydration, membrane permeability, and affects the processes of diffusion and osmosis.

Depending on the current parameters, functional state the patient and the galvanization technique, local, segmental - metameric or generalized reactions occur in the body. Physico-chemical changes that occur in the tissues of the body lead to the formation of a complex set of reactions that develop according to the neurohumoral mechanism. As a result, there is a change in the functional state nervous system, improvement of blood and lymph circulation, trophic, metabolic and regenerative processes, increased immunological reactivity.

Indications for galvanization

Indications for galvanization: consequences of injuries and diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system; autonomic dystonia, neurasthenia and other neurotic conditions; diseases of the digestive system ( chronic gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, peptic ulcer); hyper- and hypotensive diseases, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis in the initial stages; chronic inflammatory processes in various organs and fabrics; some dental diseases (periodontal disease, glossalgia, etc.); eye diseases (keratitis, glaucoma, etc.); chronic arthritis and periarthritis of various origins, bone fractures, chronic osteomyelitis.

Contraindications

Contraindications: individual intolerance to current, skin sensitivity disorders, violation of integrity skin in places where electrodes are applied, acute purulent inflammatory processes, eczema, neoplasms or suspicion of them, systemic diseases blood, pronounced atherosclerosis, cardiac decompensation, fever, pregnancy, cachexia.

130. Electrophoresis medicinal method of physiotherapy, which consists in the simultaneous impact on the body of constant electric current and ions introduced by it (through the skin or mucous membranes) medicinal substances. With E. l. the sensitivity of receptors to medicinal substances increases, which fully retain their pharmacological properties.

Main features of E. l. - pronounced and prolonged therapeutic effect small doses of medicinal substances due to the creation of a kind of skin depot of the drugs used, as well as the ability to provide a local effect in certain pathological conditions (for example, local vascular disorders) that make it difficult for the drug to enter the pathological focus from the blood. With E. l. simultaneous use of several drugs is possible. In some cases for E. l. also used impulse current constant direction, which increases the therapeutic effect of the method. For E. l. both electrodes with pads moistened with a solution of the medicinal substance are placed on the skin, or one of them is placed in the nasal cavity, ear, vagina, etc.; in some cases, instead of a gasket, a bath with a solution of a medicinal substance is used, into which a carbon electrode is lowered. E. l. used for diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system, musculoskeletal system, gynecological diseases and etc.

readings

Neurology: neuromyositis, radiculitis, neuritis, neuralgia, neurasthenia, migraine, neuroses, organic diseases CNS. Cardiology: heart disease (ischemic, chronic) without exacerbation, hypertension of both stages I and II. Therapy: chronic and acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia. ENT: tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis. Gynecology: cervical erosion, endometriosis, colpitis, endometritis, cervicitis. Urology: prostatitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis. Gastroenterology: ulcers, colitis, gastritis with decreased and increased secretion, cholecystitis. Surgery: consequences of burns, postoperative wounds. Dermatology: acne scars, seborrhea

contraindications

Inflammatory processes; - Acute dermatitis; - Purulent processes; - Current intolerance; - Malignant tumors; - Fever; - Bronchial asthma (severe form).

Ultraphonophoresis is a medical procedure based on the introduction of anti-inflammatory drugs into a certain area of ​​the patient’s body using ultrasound.

The use of ultraphonophoresis makes it possible to achieve an increase in the activity of cellular metabolic processes, improves blood and lymph circulation. With its help, stimulation of the cells of the deep layers of the skin is achieved, enriching them with oxygen, improving the structure of collagen. In addition, this method allows you to normalize the pH of the skin, stabilize metabolic processes and cell functioning mechanisms.

Thanks to ultrasonic influence it is achieved increased permeability skin for drug molecules. During prolonged exposure, the required volume of the active substance penetrates the skin to a specified depth, where it accumulates. Thus, after the procedure is completed, the drug long time affects the problem area, providing a lasting therapeutic effect.

Advantages.

Ultraphonophoresis allows you to introduce vitamins (A, D, E, B) into the skin, antibacterial agents, hormonal (hydrocortisone) and anti-inflammatory drugs. The advantage of this procedure is the possibility of contactless transport of medicinal substances to the lesion, bypassing the bloodstream and ensuring a minimal likelihood of developing side effects.

Indications for use.

· Inflammatory skin diseases;

· Overgrowth of connective tissue in the area of ​​scars after surgical interventions, cellulite, stretch marks on the skin;

· Diseases of the muscular system;

· Arthritis and other joint diseases;

· Acne;

· Wrinkles.

Contraindications.

In general, ultrasonic phonophoresis is a non-traumatic procedure and has almost no contraindications or side effects. However, patients should avoid this procedure if they have:

· Eczema, herpes;

· Paralysis facial nerve;

· Infectious diseases in the acute stage (including viral);

Benign and cancer skin;

Neuralgia of the facial and trigeminal nerves, as well as other superficial nerves at the site of the proposed intervention;

· Dilation of the saphenous veins in the area of ​​influence;

· System and autoimmune lesions skin and connective tissue diseases.

Due to the lack of research, ultraphonophoresis is contraindicated in pregnant women and during breastfeeding.

This method should be used with caution in case of diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as in the first three months. rehabilitation period after extensive surgical interventions and after any maxillofacial surgery.

Electroplating is a physiotherapeutic procedure related to the electrotherapy department in which the patient is exposed to direct current. It is conventionally classified as low-frequency currents (0-1000 Hz). Treatment is carried out at the request of the doctor. Due to the positive effect on the patient’s body and wide range activity. Electroplating is a very common treatment. This treatment is relatively simple and almost every physical therapy center offers it.

Electroplating is a procedure that uses direct current to move ions within the body, causing overload in the tissue. Direct current improves, among other things, the ability of motor nerves to function and respond, and also acts as an analgesic, pain reliever, anti-inflammatory and stimulating cell growth. Depending on what effect you want to achieve, electrodes with different poles are used:

• cathode (negative pole) - as an active electrode, it works as an alkaloid, which leads to irritation of nerve endings, causing muscle tension, intense redness of the skin, slight swelling and depolarization of nerve fibers;
• anodal (positive pole) - as an active electrode, it works acidic, due to which it calms the nerve endings and reduces blood flow, which causes muscle tension, mild redness and dryness of the skin and hyperpolarization of nerve fibers.

Most often we are dealing with local galvanization, where current flows through a designated area of ​​the body between the electrodes. When determining the dose of the current, the type of disease, period of the disease, location of changes and individual sensitivity to electricity are taken into account.

Preparation for the procedure

Before surgery, the patient must take care of the hygiene and cleanliness of the area of ​​the body undergoing treatment. In particular, it should cleanse the skin of all ointments, creams and cosmetics. In addition, in case of heavily overgrown areas, depilation is recommended. The presence of hair is not absolute contraindication to the procedure, but in practice it turns out to be less effective. The patient should remove metal objects such as jewelry so as not to disturb the current signal. To facilitate the procedure, the patient should dress in such a way that required area was easily accessible.

Methodology of the procedure

Two flat electrodes are used for galvanizing, usually made of tin or plates of special conductive rubber. They are usually shaped like a square or rectangle of varying sizes, but other electrodes are also used, such as the Bergonier mask used to galvanize half the face. They should always have rounded edges, otherwise the current will become compacted in the corners, which can lead to burns to the patient. Tin electrodes are placed on a gas thickness of at least 2 cm or on special sponges in the case of carbon rubber electrodes.

Their surface should be larger than the surface of the electrode. Electrodes are placed on the patient's body near the area undergoing the procedure. Correct location allows you to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. The flow of current between the electrodes depends on their size, their position relative to each other, the distance between them, or the shape of the body part being treated. A unipolar technique is used, where one of the electrodes is smaller or bipolar - the electrodes are the same size. Depending on how the electrodes are connected to the device, one of them is the cathode and the other is the anode. Before the procedure begins, the patient should inform the physical therapist of any pain medications they have taken over the past few days and any sensory disturbance in the area being galvanized. If necessary, the therapist will carry out appropriate tests for this purpose. The skin in the area being treated should be free of damage or inflammation.

During the procedure, the patient sits or lies comfortably, avoiding changes in body position, as this may lead to movement of the electrodes. After fixing the electrodes, the physical therapist slowly increases the intensity of the current until tingling sensations, prickles and vibrations are felt. During galvanization, these sensations may increase or decrease, depending on the patient's sensitivity to electricity. If pain occurs, the physical therapist should be notified immediately as this may result in injury. During the procedure, the patient should not touch the electrodes or cables, as this may lead to electric shock.

Dosage

When determining the dose, the type of disease, its period (acute, subacute, chronic), the area of ​​the body on which the operation will be performed, the surface of the active electrode, the frequency and duration of treatment and individual sensitivity to electricity are taken into account. Treatment can last from 5 to 20 minutes. Sessions are held daily for 10-12 days or even several times a day with an interval of 3-4 hours in case of acute conditions.

Galvanization effect on the body

Galvanization has a very positive influence on the human body. Under the electrodes, the vessels first narrow and then quickly expand. First it touches the vessels on the skin, and then affects the tissue deeper. This process manifests itself as galvanic erythema. It is very intense under the cathode, but also appears under the anode. It usually lasts about 20-30 minutes. The fabric fading effect lasts about 1.5-2 hours. During this time, absorption of exudates, edema or hematomas occurs. The action of the current improves circulation in the treated area, due to which the tissues are better oxidized and nourished, and metabolites are removed. He provides beneficial influence to therapy aimed at preventing the disappearance of infected muscles. To others positive aspect is to accelerate the healing of wounds and chronic ulceration by accelerating cell division. Direct current promotes changes in the excitability of the neuromuscular system. An increase in excitability is observed under the cathode, and a decrease in excitability follows the anode, which is associated with an analgesic effect under this electrode.

The effect of direct current on the patient's body depends on the area on which the operation is performed, or more precisely on the resistance of the tissues through which it flows. Individual tissues and body fluids have different forward currents. The best conductors are blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, connective tissue and muscles. Nerves, tendons, bones, joint capsules and adipose tissue poorly conductive. However, the stratum corneum of dry skin, nails and hair does not conduct electricity at all. Electrical conductivity also depends on the content of water and electrolytes (ionic substances such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium) in the tissues. Biological action DC current depends on the current density (mA (milliamps) / cm2). They are affected by the current intensity and the size and location of the electrodes.

Indications and contraindications

The most important signs are:

• neuralgia;
• Nerve inflammation;
• Pain syndromes in osteoarthritis;
• Facial nerve paralysis;
• Root assemblies;
• Peripheral circulation disorders;
• Difficulty merging bones;
• Ulcers, difficult-to-heal wounds;
• Post-traumatic conditions (edema, hematomas);
• Muscle overload;
• Painful muscle tension;
• Sciatica, shoulder pain.

Main contraindications:

• Implanted pacemaker, insulin pump;
• Metal elements in the treated area (such as connecting plates, nails, etc.);
• Acute inflammatory processes and general infections;
• fever;
• Cancerous changes;
• Spastic paralysis;
• Local sensory disorders;
• endoprosthesis;
• Advanced cardiovascular failure;
• Threat of embolism, clots;
• Difficult contact with the patient (for example, impaired consciousness).

Conclusion

Galvanics refers to one of the methods of electrotherapy. The treatment uses the healing effect of direct current on the patient's body The treatment causes expansion blood vessels in the field of treatment, improves the overall trophic (nutrition) of tissues, accelerates regeneration and increases the absorption of hematomas and edema. Galvanization has an analgesic effect. A correctly performed procedure is completely safe. The dosage depends on the type of disease, area of ​​treatment and period of the disease (acute, chronic condition). Galvanic current can be used in infants and children, but it should be remembered that the dose of electricity in small patients is much less than in an adult. Treatment is carried out at the request of the doctor.

Video: Physiotherapy, apparatus for galvanization and electrophoresis POTOK-01M

Galvanization in physiotherapy: indications and contraindications

Every year medicine becomes more and more developed. And today she can present many procedures that help maintain our health at the proper level. One such procedure is galvanotherapy. We will tell you about what this interesting procedure is in this article.

What is galvanization and what is the essence of the procedure

Galvanization is comparatively new procedure in medicine. During it, with the help of a special apparatus, weak direct current impulses are applied to the body. The procedure received its name in honor of the Italian scientist Luigi Galvani. He studied the basics of electrophysiology. It was his teachings that formed the basis of galvanotherapy.

This procedure is becoming more and more popular every day. And this is not surprising. After all, with its help you can get rid of many diseases. The essence of the procedure is very simple. The human body is exposed to constant, continuous pulses of low voltage current (up to 80 V). This current passes through the tissues of the body and causes physical and chemical reactions. Each of us knows that the human body contains various solutions salts and colloids that are part of glandular tissues, fluids and muscles. The current splits the molecules of these substances into electrically charged ions. Due to this, a change in ionic concentration occurs, which subsequently leads to irritation of skin receptors. The receptors, in turn, transmit impulses to the central nervous system. This leads to the occurrence of general and local reactions in the body, which in the case of galvanotherapy have a positive effect.

The galvanic current causes the blood vessels to dilate, thereby accelerating blood flow. In the area where the current is actively exposed, strong bioproduction occurs. active substances: histamine, serotonin and others. Galvanic discharges also stimulate the production of internal secretion, normalize the functioning of the central nervous system and increase functionality heart muscle.

After galvanotherapy procedures, tissue regeneration processes are accelerated and protective properties are increased. immune system. Today, doctors recommend galvanic therapy to their patients not only for treatment, but also for the prevention of such diseases:

rheumatism;

• acute inflammation joints;

  disorders of the cardiovascular system;

  radiculitis;

  gastritis and ulcers;

  nerve damage;

  neuralgia;

  hypertension;

• myositis;

• bronchial asthma.

Galvanotherapy has a wide effect on the body. It is prescribed for diseases of the genital organs, women's diseases, for migraines, for cerebrovascular accidents, for skin problems, for scars. Some doctors believe that this procedure will also be beneficial for eye diseases, for dental problems, for fractures, trophic disorders and the like.

However, no matter how useful galvanotherapy is, it, like all procedures, has some contraindications. The procedure cannot be done with: pustules, inflammation on the body, with wounds and cuts, with atherosclerosis, with cancer, with fever, intoxication, cachexia, problems with blood circulation, with individual intolerance, as well as during pregnancy and lactation.

Before undergoing the procedure, you must consult your doctor. Only a doctor can prescribe required amount procedures and determine the intensity of the applied current. Also, before undergoing the procedure, you need to carefully examine the body for wounds, pustules and other defects. If there is damage to the skin, the procedure can harm the body.

How is galvanotherapy performed?

The procedure is very simple and does not take much time. One session can last from ten minutes. The duration of the session will directly depend on the diagnosis and well-being of the patient. A course of galvanotherapy treatment consists of ten to twenty procedures. The interval between sessions is 1-2 days. The entire procedure must be carried out under the supervision of a doctor. To carry out galvanization, a special apparatus is used. The device emits a weak direct current, which is supplied to the human body using special wires that are connected to metal plates and electrodes. Metal plates are attached to the human body.

In order not to cause harm to the body, a thin fabric pad that absorbs water must be placed between the metal plate and the body. When all the plates are placed in the desired areas of the body, the doctor turns on the current. Throughout the entire procedure, the current strength is either reduced or increased for a more positive effect.

A small vascular reaction should appear in the places where the plates were located. It looks like skin hyperemia and may not go away for a couple of hours. This reaction is completely normal and there is no need to worry.

The effectiveness of galvanotherapy

Galvanization can have an effect on human body different impact. It all depends on the duration of the procedure, as well as on the strength of the incoming current. It is very important to undergo this procedure only in a specialized clinic with a competent doctor. Because if the procedure is carried out incorrectly, this can cause serious harm to your body.

If the procedure is carried out correctly, even after the first session a positive effect will be noticeable. Galvanotherapy helps speed up the healing of damaged tissues; it stimulates blood circulation and the functioning of the nervous system. The procedure is very useful after injuries, because it will not only speed up healing, but also help eliminate pain. In addition, thanks to galvanotherapy:

water-salt metabolism accelerates;

joint mobility improves;

disappears chronic swelling;

protein synthesis and circulation in the body is activated;

muscle atrophy is prevented;

absorption mechanisms are stimulated;

the intestinal muscles are strengthened;

fecal and urinary incontinence is cured;

neuromuscular dysfunction is cured.

Many people have been cured of many ailments with the help of galvanization. Today, thanks to this procedure, it is possible to cure even those diseases that require surgical intervention. One of the advantages of the procedure is that it is safe for health.

The procedure is safe even for children. It has a positive effect on the children's body. Many studies have proven that current improves metabolic processes in a child’s body, so that the baby grows healthy. Today, many children's sanatoriums have installed galvanotherapy devices.

Galvanotherapy can be used not only for treatment, but also for the prevention of many diseases. Usually, for preventive purposes, doctors prescribe no more than ten such procedures. Upon completion of a course of galvanotherapy, a person’s overall body tone increases and the body’s condition improves. A person feels cheerfulness and a surge of strength. Insomnia and apathy disappear, appetite and metabolic processes in the body improve.

Galvanization is the use of direct electric current for medicinal purposes with low voltage up to 80 V (volts) and low current up to 50 mA (milliamps).

Galvanization: treatment with electric current - how does it happen?

When passing through the skin, the galvanic current encounters great resistance from the epidermis, overcoming which absorbs a significant part electrical energy. It is in this place that the body’s most obvious reactions to the effects of galvanization develop.

This is, firstly, the phenomenon of hyperemia (redness) of the skin, when the blood vessels of the skin expand, and, secondly, a burning sensation with tingling at the site of exposure to the electrodes. These sensations are consequences of changes under the influence of current in the body’s usual ratio of tissue ions, pH environment and heat generation. In addition, biochemically active substances are released, the production of enzymes (complex organic substances of protein nature) and metabolic processes are stimulated, which cause increased blood flow to the area under the influence of current.

The burning and tingling sensation increases significantly with increasing current intensity and duration of the procedure. Manifestation discomfort allows you to stop the procedure in time to avoid skin burns.

Healing properties exposure to electric shock

Treatment using direct electric current (galvanization and medicinal electrophoresis), galvanization treatment is a relatively new trend in medicine. After passing through the epidermis, the electric current disperses through the tissues of the body, which have high electrical conductivity. Then the effect of the current on the surface of the skin decreases, but it begins to have a stronger effect on tissues located at a deeper level and with less density.

Galvanization treatment stimulates blood and lymph circulation, activates metabolic and trophic processes, enhances secretory function glands, has an analgesic effect.

Drug electrophoresis is a combination of simultaneous exposure to a galvanic current and a small amount of a drug at the site of injury. When using this method, the drug enters the body in the form of ions, i.e. in the most active current form.

The strong resistance of the outer layer of skin to the passage of current causes the low speed of ion passage. Since the procedure time and current strength are limited, drug ions are introduced only into the upper layer of the skin. They form a kind of depot in the epidermis, from which the flow of blood and lymph washes out drug ions and distributes them throughout the body within several days. Thus, the duration of the effect of the treatment procedure is extended over time.

Electrophoresis as a galvanization method

The therapeutic effect of the use of medicinal electrophoresis lies in the synergy (combination) of the effects of electric current and medication. The current increases the sensitivity of tissues to the effects of the drug. The medicine enhances the effect of direct current.

The amount of substance entering the skin depot is very small - only 2-3% of total number the drug used. Therefore, one cannot expect a rapid therapeutic effect when administering a drug using electrophoresis.

Therapeutic effect medicinal electrophoresis allows you to focus the action of the procedure on a specific superficial area of ​​the body, for example on a joint. In addition, this method of treatment completely eliminates the side effect due to the inability of the drug to enter the digestive system.

Indications and contraindications for galvanization treatment

Galvanization treatment and medicinal electrophoresis are used in the treatment of local and peripheral pathological processes using appropriate medications. The reflex effect of these methods is used to treat functional vegetative-vascular disorders in those disease states where microdoses of medications are sufficient to relieve its acute symptoms.

The use of therapeutic mud during galvanization and electrophoresis procedures has effective impact during treatment various diseases peripheral nervous system; consequences traumatic injuries head and spinal cord and their shells. It can be recommended for functional diseases of the central

nervous system with autonomic disorders and sleep disorders, as well as with hypertension stages I and II, with vasomotor and trophic disorders. Galvanic mud therapy is used in the treatment of joint diseases of various origins and dysfunctions of the digestive organs. But it is not recommended if you are individually intolerant to the effects of direct current, as well as if the skin is damaged in the area where the electrodes are applied.

Galvanization in medicine

When conducting medical procedures Electrodes are used to supply direct current to the site of exposure. required form and size. They consist of a metal plate and gaskets made of conductive sponge material. In preparation for medical manipulation, the pads are immersed in hot water, then wrung out and applied to the affected area along with the plates.

Between the sponge pad and the metal plate, place a pad of filter paper or gauze in 1-2 layers, soaked in a solution of the drug.

In some cases, as medicinal drug They use medicinal mud, which is an effective natural coolant.

Galvanization: application of therapeutic mud

Silt (sulfide) mud of salt water bodies, sapropels - silt deposits of fresh water bodies and mud of peat bogs are used as heat sources. They have the greatest thermal impact, and therapeutic effect their chemical composition.

The thermal effect of mud on the body normalizes the activity of the thermoregulation system, the functioning of which depends on the active functioning of the circulatory system, the efficiency of the metabolic process, hormonal and vitamin metabolism. They also promote the resorption of pathological formations, eliminate inflammatory process, remove painful sensations, promote the development of restoration processes in affected tissues.

When performing galvanic mud procedures, mud cakes are used instead of hydrophilic sponge pads

Applications made from mud coolants are usually used as local remedy For therapeutic effects to a specific area of ​​the body. Therefore, they can be used in the procedure of galvanization or medicinal electrophoresis.

Salicylic and iodine preparations, calcium chloride and many other drugs can be injected into the healing mud. The cakes are placed in special gauze bags, and metal plates connected to a special apparatus are placed on top of them. The metal plates should be slightly smaller than the mud patches.

The electrodes are covered with oilcloth, and sand bags are placed on top of the oilcloth. In order to preserve heat as much as possible, the patient is covered with a sheet and a blanket, and then the galvanization device is connected to a power source.

The temperature of the mud during the procedure is 38-42 ° C, the density of direct electric current is approximately 0.04-0.06 mA per 1 cm 2. The duration of the procedure is 20-30 minutes, the course of treatment is 10-15 sessions. After the procedure, the healing mud is washed off with warm water.

Galvanization is the application with therapeutic purpose continuous direct current of low strength (up to 50 mA) and low voltage (30-80 V), supplied to the body contactally, through electrodes.

Direct current causes complex biophysical processes in tissues associated with a violation of the quantitative and qualitative ratio of ions.

The multilayered nature and different electrical conductivity of body tissues determine the passage of current not in a straight line, but along the path of least resistance - through the intercellular spaces, blood and lymphatic vessels.

A specific feature of the action of direct current is the directional movement of positively or negatively charged ions contained in complex tissue solutions that are located between the electrodes. Negative ions move towards the positive pole (anode) and positive charges move towards the negative pole (cathode). Approaching a metal electrode, the ions lose their discharge as electrolysis occurs and turn into chemically active atoms that react with water and form electrolysis products on metal plates (Fig. 2.2).

The positive electrode produces acid, and the negative electrode produces alkali. These electrolysis products can cause chemical burn tissues in contact with the metal electrode. Inside the tissues located between the electrodes, the concentration of ions near the membranes changes. Cell membranes, with their protein substance, under the influence of direct current change their permeability, while the processes of diffusion and osmosis intensify, and exchange occurs more intensely.

When current passes through the tissues, biologically active substances are formed: under the cathode, the content of histamine and acetylcholine in the tissues increases and the activity of cholinesterase decreases, which increases the excitability of tissues (especially neuromuscular), causes more pronounced hyperemia of the skin, and increases the permeability of cell membranes.

In the skin under the anode, the amount of histamine and acetylcholine decreases and the activity of cholinesterase increases, which leads to a decrease in tissue excitability, as they become denser cell membranes. This phenomenon has practical application and is taken into account when applying electrodes to reduce pain.

Galvanic current irritates skin receptors. This irritation is transmitted to the cerebral cortex and returns from there in the form of a certain reflex, most often a vasodilator. As a result, hyperemia forms under the electrodes, which lasts from 30 minutes to 1.5 hours - the effect after the procedure.

The effect of galvanization causes not only local reaction. Thus, an example of the emergence of predominantly general reaction the body in response to the influence of galvanic current is galvanization of the collar zone, in which in response through irritation of the cervical sympathetic nodes gets involved the cardiovascular system, blood circulation in organs innervated from the corresponding segment of the spinal cord improves, metabolic processes improve.

When electrodes are placed in the head area, reactions may occur that are characteristic of irritation not only of the skin analyzer, but also of others: gustatory (sensation of a metallic taste in the mouth), visual (appearance of phosphenes), etc.

When the electrodes are placed transversely in the temple area, dizziness may occur as a result of irritation of the vestibular apparatus.

Direct current does not only act at the point of application. Its influence extends to other organs and tissues, primarily to those innervated by the corresponding segment of the spinal cord.

Galvanization stimulates the regulatory function of the nervous and endocrine systems, helps normalize the secretory and motor functions of the digestive organs, stimulates trophic and energy processes in the body, increases the body's reactivity, resistance to external influences, in particular, increases protective functions skin.

With general galvanization, the number of leukocytes in the blood increases, the ESR increases slightly, hemodynamics improve, the number of heartbeats decreases, and metabolism increases (especially carbohydrate and protein).

Low-intensity direct current (at a density of up to 0.05 mA/cm 2) helps accelerate coronary circulation, increase oxygen absorption and glycogen deposition in the myocardium. However, higher current strength causes the opposite effect.

How to dose energy?

There is the concept of “current density” (CT). Current density is the current divided by the electrode area. The unit of current density is mA/cm2.

1 mA/cm 2 is a current equal to 1 mA acting on an active electrode area equal to 1 cm 2.

Therapeutic current density - small values: from 0.01 to 0.1-0.2 mA/cm 2.

PT 0.5 mA/cm 2 or more causes irreversible changes in tissues.

For energy dosage in medicine, a therapeutic current density corridor is used in 3 ranges:

I. Low therapeutic current density: from 0.01 to 0.04 mA/cm 2 (current strength is from 1 to 4 mA). Used for acute processes, pain syndromes in children under 4 years of age.

II. Average therapeutic current density: from O.04 to O.08 mA/cm 2 .

III. High therapeutic current density: from 0.08 to 0.1 (0.2) mA/cm 2 . Used for local effects: protracted and chronic diseases.

The dosage of procedures is also carried out according to exposure (exposure time): from 10 to 30 minutes. The optimal effect occurs after exposure for 10 minutes.

Galvanization techniques

Galvanization techniques can be divided into three groups:

1. Are common - use a small therapeutic dose, for example, a four-chamber hydrogalvanic bath (Fig. 2.3).

2. Segmental - use a small and medium therapeutic dose (for example, endonasal galvanization, galvanization of the spine).

3. Local - use the entire corridor of therapeutic effects.

Indications and contraindications

Main indications for galvanization:

Diseases internal organs(stages I and II hypertension, bronchial asthma, gastritis, colitis, pancreatitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, scleroderma);

Diseases of the nervous system (plexitis, neuritis, radiculitis, neuromyositis, injuries: peripheral nerves, brain and spinal cord, neurosis, migraine, solaritis).

Galvanization is also used for a number of diseases of the skin, female genital organs, eyes, etc.

Contraindications:

1. Individual intolerance to current.

2. Violation of the integrity of the skin at the site of localization (eczema, hyperkeratosis).

3. Severe vegetotrophic disorders.

4. Malignant diseases.

5. Increased blood pressure above 180/100 mmHg. Art., frequent vascular crises.

6. Atrial fibrillation.

7. Polytonic extrasystole.

8. Circulatory disorders II -III degree.

9. Feverish conditions.

Galvanizing equipment

Direct current is obtained using galvanizing devices. For galvanization, they are used, in particular, the following devices: AGN-1, AGN-2, Potok-1, Potok-01M, Potok-Br, Elfor-Prof .

As an example, let's describe one of the devices.

Therapeutic device Elfor-Prof designed for galvanization and electrophoresis procedures. It is an improved functional analogue of the physiotherapeutic device for electrophoresis Potok-1.
made on a modern element base using a microcontroller. This made it possible to expand the functionality of the device, making it at the level of modern medical technology.

The device uses a multi-turn current regulator, which does not have stops in the extreme left and extreme right positions. With such a decision in Elfor-Prof device Firstly, the current value is always automatically set to zero when the device is turned on, which is an important electrical safety measure. Secondly, adjusting the current value during operation occurs more smoothly and accurately.

IN Elfor-Prof device There is a built-in timer, which greatly simplifies monitoring the time of the procedure. The operator has the ability to set one of the following discrete time values: 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes. after the set time interval has expired, the procedure stops automatically.

IN Elfor-Prof device A current stabilization mode has been implemented, in which the set current value is automatically maintained throughout the entire procedure. In electrophoresis mode can be introduced medications more than 150 titles.

Technical characteristics of the Elfor-Prof device

During procedures, current is supplied to the patient through electrodes along current-carrying wires. The electrodes consist of lead plates 0.3-1 mm thick, damp hydrophilic fabric gaskets and cord.

Gaskets made from 12-16 layers of white flannel. They should be warm enough to open the skin pores. To avoid the danger of contact of the patient's skin with the metal plate, it is necessary that the gasket protrudes from all sides beyond the edges of the plate by 1.5-2 cm. The purpose of the gasket is to create uniform density of contact between the electrode and the patient's body, reducing high skin resistance.

Electrodes there are various shapes and sizes. Most often, rectangular electrodes are used, but sometimes a special form of electrode is needed, for example, a half mask for galvanizing the face area, a “collar” for galvanizing the upper back and shoulder girdles, a funnel for galvanizing the ear area, a bath for galvanizing the eye area. In gynecological practice, special cavity electrodes are used - vaginal, in surgery (proctology) - rectal, etc. The area of ​​the electrodes is different, therefore the area of ​​the pads is also different.

Lead plates are used as electrodes, since they are very flexible and easily take the shape of the areas of the body on which they are applied. The plates must be smooth, without sharp corners, so that the current density is uniform.

The cathode and anode electrodes can be of the same area, or one of them can be smaller - the so-called active electrode. The current density per 1 cm 2 of spacer at the active electrode turns out to be greater because the field lines become thicker. During the procedure, the active electrode is applied to the area where it is necessary to ensure the maximum effect of the current.

When prescribing galvanization, the permissible current strength is set according to the area of ​​the active electrode With taking into account the characteristics of the area of ​​the body exposed, and most importantly, taking into account the condition of the patient.

There are transverse and longitudinal arrangement of electrodes. With a transverse arrangement, the electrodes are placed opposite each other on opposite parts of the body (the effect is provided on deeper tissues). With a longitudinal arrangement, the electrodes are located on one side of the body (superficially located tissues are exposed).

Progress of the procedure

Before applying electrodes, it is necessary to carefully examine the relevant areas of the skin. The skin should be clean. Areas with damaged epidermis are smeared with Vaseline and covered with pieces of cotton wool, thin rubber or oilcloth.

During the procedure, it is necessary to monitor the patient’s sensations and the device’s readings, ensuring that the specified current strength is not exceeded. Galvanization, carried out in compliance with the specified rules, usually causes a tingling sensation, “crawling goosebumps” on the areas of the skin located under the electrodes, with a sharp burning sensation or pain, even; on small areas of skin, it is necessary to smoothly turn off the device and establish the cause of the adverse reactions. They may depend both on technical conditions and on the state of the body.

During a course of galvanization, it is recommended to lubricate the skin with Vaseline to avoid peeling of the track and the appearance of cracks. After the procedure, the pads should be washed and boiled.

To remove addiction to the procedure, use degabituiru reception : turn off the device or change the polarity for 2 minutes.

It must be remembered that after 5-7 procedures there may be physiotherapeutic reactions slight exacerbation of the disease (worsening of the condition), which indicates a positive therapeutic effect appointments.

The use of direct current for therapeutic purposes for galvanization is currently gradually narrowing, giving way to electrophoresis - the introduction of medicinal substances into the body through the skin or mucous membranes.

Types of rehabilitation: physiotherapy, physical therapy, massage: textbook allowance / T.Yu. Bykovskaya [and others]; under general ed. B.V. Kabarukhina. - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2010. - 557, p.: ill. - (Medicine). pp. 34-40.